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Zhong X, Liu F, Liang T, Lu R, Shi M, Zhou X, Yang M. The two-component system TtrRS boosts Vibrio parahaemolyticus colonization by exploiting sulfur compounds in host gut. PLoS Pathog 2024; 20:e1012410. [PMID: 39038066 PMCID: PMC11293645 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1012410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Revised: 08/01/2024] [Accepted: 07/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/24/2024] Open
Abstract
One of the greatest challenges encountered by enteric pathogens is responding to rapid changes of nutrient availability in host. However, the mechanisms by which pathogens sense gastrointestinal signals and exploit available host nutrients for proliferation remain largely unknown. Here, we identified a two-component system in Vibrio parahaemolyticus, TtrRS, which senses environmental tetrathionate and subsequently activates the transcription of the ttrRS-ttrBCA-tsdBA gene cluster to promote V. parahaemolyticus colonization of adult mice. We demonstrated that TsdBA confers the ability of thiosulfate oxidation to produce tetrathionate which is sensed by TtrRS. TtrRS autoregulates and directly activates the transcription of the ttrBCA and tsdBA gene clusters. Activated TtrBCA promotes bacterial growth under micro-aerobic conditions by inducing the reduction of both tetrathionate and thiosulfate. TtrBCA and TsdBA activation by TtrRS is important for V. parahaemolyticus to colonize adult mice. Therefore, TtrRS and their target genes constitute a tetrathionate-responsive genetic circuit to exploit the host available sulfur compounds, which further contributes to the intestinal colonization of V. parahaemolyticus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojun Zhong
- College of Animal Science and Technology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang A & F University, Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Animal Health Inspection & Internet Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fuwen Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang A & F University, Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Animal Health Inspection & Internet Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Tianqi Liang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang A & F University, Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Animal Health Inspection & Internet Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ranran Lu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang A & F University, Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Animal Health Inspection & Internet Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Mengting Shi
- College of Animal Science and Technology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang A & F University, Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Animal Health Inspection & Internet Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiujuan Zhou
- College of Animal Science and Technology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang A & F University, Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Animal Health Inspection & Internet Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Menghua Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang A & F University, Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Animal Health Inspection & Internet Technology, Hangzhou, China
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2
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Pires PM, Santos D, Calisto F, Pereira M. The monotopic quinone reductases from Staphylococcus aureus. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. BIOENERGETICS 2024; 1865:149488. [PMID: 38950690 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2024.149488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus, a Gram-positive bacterium, is an opportunistic pathogen and one of the most frequent causes for community acquired and nosocomial infections that has become a major public health threat due to the increased incidence of its drug resistance. Although being a prominent pathogen, its energetic metabolism is still underexplored, and its respiratory enzymes have been escaping attention. S. aureus can adapt to different environmental conditions by performing both aerobic and anaerobic respirations, which is particularly important as it frequently colonizes niches with different oxygen concentrations. This adaptability is derived from the composition of its respiratory chain, specifically from the presence of terminal electron acceptor reductases. The plasticity of S. aureus energy metabolism is enlarged by the ten quinone reductases encoded in its genome, eight of them being monotopic proteins. The role of these proteins is critical as they connect the different catabolic pathways to the respiratory chain. In this work, we identify, describe, and revise the monotopic quinone reductases present in S. aureus, providing an integrated view of its respiratory chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia M Pires
- University of Lisbon, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and BioISI - Biosystems & Integrative Sciences Institute, Campo Grande, C8, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - David Santos
- University of Lisbon, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and BioISI - Biosystems & Integrative Sciences Institute, Campo Grande, C8, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Filipa Calisto
- University of Lisbon, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and BioISI - Biosystems & Integrative Sciences Institute, Campo Grande, C8, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Manuela Pereira
- University of Lisbon, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and BioISI - Biosystems & Integrative Sciences Institute, Campo Grande, C8, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal.
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3
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Xuan G, Xun L, Xia Y. MarR family proteins sense sulfane sulfur in bacteria. MLIFE 2024; 3:231-239. [PMID: 38948149 PMCID: PMC11211675 DOI: 10.1002/mlf2.12109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
Members of the multiple antibiotic resistance regulator (MarR) protein family are ubiquitous in bacteria and play critical roles in regulating cellular metabolism and antibiotic resistance. MarR family proteins function as repressors, and their interactions with modulators induce the expression of controlled genes. The previously characterized modulators are insufficient to explain the activities of certain MarR family proteins. However, recently, several MarR family proteins have been reported to sense sulfane sulfur, including zero-valent sulfur, persulfide (R-SSH), and polysulfide (R-SnH, n ≥ 2). Sulfane sulfur is a common cellular component in bacteria whose levels vary during bacterial growth. The changing levels of sulfane sulfur affect the expression of many MarR-controlled genes. Sulfane sulfur reacts with the cysteine thiols of MarR family proteins, causing the formation of protein thiol persulfide, disulfide bonds, and other modifications. Several MarR family proteins that respond to reactive oxygen species (ROS) also sense sulfane sulfur, as both sulfane sulfur and ROS induce the formation of disulfide bonds. This review focused on MarR family proteins that sense sulfane sulfur. However, the sensing mechanisms reviewed here may also apply to other proteins that detect sulfane sulfur, which is emerging as a modulator of gene regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanhua Xuan
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial TechnologyShandong UniversityQingdaoChina
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Food Processing & Safety ControlOcean University of ChinaQingdaoChina
| | - Luying Xun
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial TechnologyShandong UniversityQingdaoChina
- School of Molecular BiosciencesWashington State UniversityPullmanWashingtonUSA
| | - Yongzhen Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial TechnologyShandong UniversityQingdaoChina
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4
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Wang Q, Zhang X, Du Z, Liu H, Xia Y, Xun L, Liu H. The Activity of YCA1 Metacaspase Is Regulated by Reactive Sulfane Sulfur via Persulfidation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Antioxidants (Basel) 2024; 13:589. [PMID: 38790694 PMCID: PMC11118234 DOI: 10.3390/antiox13050589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2024] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
YCA1, the only metacaspase in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, plays important roles in the regulation of chronological lifespan, apoptosis, and cytokinesis. YCA1 has protein hydrolase activity and functions by cleaving itself and target proteins. However, there are few reports about the regulation of YCA1 activity. In this study, we observed that reactive sulfane sulfur (RSS) can inhibit the activity of YCA1. In vitro experiments demonstrated that RSS reacted with the Cys276 of YCA1, the residue central to its protein hydrolase activity, to form a persulfidation modification (protein-SSH). This modification inhibited both its self-cleavage and the cleavage of its substrate protein, BIR1. To investigate further, we constructed a low-endogenous-RSS mutant of S. cerevisiae, BY4742 Δcys3, in which the RSS-producing enzyme cystathionine-γ-lyase (CYS3) was knocked out. The activity of YCA1 was significantly increased by the deletion of CYS3. Moreover, increased YCA1 activity led to reduced chronological lifespan (CLS) and CLS-driven apoptosis. This study unveils the first endogenous factor that regulates YCA1 activity, introduces a novel mechanism of how yeast cells regulate chronological lifespan, and broadens our understanding of the multifaceted roles played by RSS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingda Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China; (Q.W.); (X.Z.); (Z.D.); (H.L.); (Y.X.); (L.X.)
| | - Xiaokun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China; (Q.W.); (X.Z.); (Z.D.); (H.L.); (Y.X.); (L.X.)
| | - Zhuang Du
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China; (Q.W.); (X.Z.); (Z.D.); (H.L.); (Y.X.); (L.X.)
| | - Honglei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China; (Q.W.); (X.Z.); (Z.D.); (H.L.); (Y.X.); (L.X.)
| | - Yongzhen Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China; (Q.W.); (X.Z.); (Z.D.); (H.L.); (Y.X.); (L.X.)
| | - Luying Xun
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China; (Q.W.); (X.Z.); (Z.D.); (H.L.); (Y.X.); (L.X.)
- Department of Chemistry, School of Molecular Biosciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-4630, USA
| | - Huaiwei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China; (Q.W.); (X.Z.); (Z.D.); (H.L.); (Y.X.); (L.X.)
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5
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Wu X, Wan J, Wang Q, Liu Z, Xia Y, Xun L, Liu H. Using the sulfide-oxidizing bacterium Geobacillus thermodenitrificans to restrict H 2S release during chicken manure composting. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2024; 354:120416. [PMID: 38408391 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.120416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a toxic gas massively released during chicken manure composting. Diminishing its release requires efficient and low cost methods. In recent years, heterotrophic bacteria capable of rapid H2S oxidation have been discovered but their applications in environmental improvement are rarely reported. Herein, we investigated H2S oxidation activity of a heterotrophic thermophilic bacterium Geobacillus thermodenitrificans DSM465, which contains a H2S oxidation pathway composed by sulfide:quinone oxidoreductase (SQR) and persulfide dioxygenase (PDO). This strain rapidly oxidized H2S to sulfane sulfur and thiosulfate. The oxidation rate reached 5.73 μmol min-1·g-1 of cell dry weight. We used G. thermodenitrificans DSM465 to restrict H2S release during chicken manure composting. The H2S emission during composting process reduced by 27.5% and sulfate content in the final compost increased by 34.4%. In addition, this strain prolonged the high temperature phase by 7 days. Thus, using G. thermodenitrificans DSM465 to control H2S release was an efficient and economic method. This study provided a new strategy for making waste composting environmental friendly and shed light on perspective applications of heterotrophic H2S oxidation bacteria in environmental improvements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohua Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266200, PR China
| | - Jiahui Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266200, PR China
| | - Qingda Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266200, PR China
| | - Zongzheng Liu
- Qingdao Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, PR China
| | - Yongzhen Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266200, PR China
| | - Luying Xun
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266200, PR China; School of Molecular Biosciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 991647520, USA.
| | - Huaiwei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266200, PR China.
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6
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Hayes JA, Lunger AW, Sharma AS, Fernez MT, Carrier RL, Koppes AN, Koppes R, Woolston BM. Engineered bacteria titrate hydrogen sulfide and induce concentration-dependent effects on the host in a gut microphysiological system. Cell Rep 2023; 42:113481. [PMID: 37980564 PMCID: PMC10791167 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.113481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a gaseous microbial metabolite whose role in gut diseases is debated, with contradictory results stemming from experimental difficulties associated with accurate dosing and measuring H2S and the use of model systems that do not accurately represent the human gut environment. Here, we engineer Escherichia coli to titrate H2S across the physiological range in a gut microphysiological system (chip) supportive of the co-culture of microbes and host cells. The chip is engineered to maintain H2S gas tension and enables visualization of co-culture in real time with confocal microscopy. Engineered strains colonize the chip and are metabolically active for 2 days, during which they produce H2S across a 16-fold range and induce changes in host gene expression and metabolism in an H2S-concentration-dependent manner. These results validate a platform for studying the mechanisms underlying microbe-host interactions by enabling experiments that are infeasible with current animal and in vitro models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin A Hayes
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Anna W Lunger
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Aayushi S Sharma
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Matthew T Fernez
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Rebecca L Carrier
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Biology, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Abigail N Koppes
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ryan Koppes
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Benjamin M Woolston
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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7
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Loi VV, Busche T, Schnaufer F, Kalinowski J, Antelmann H. The neutrophil oxidant hypothiocyanous acid causes a thiol-specific stress response and an oxidative shift of the bacillithiol redox potential in Staphylococcus aureus. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0325223. [PMID: 37930020 PMCID: PMC10715087 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.03252-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Staphylococcus aureus colonizes the skin and the airways but can also lead to life-threatening systemic and chronic infections. During colonization and phagocytosis by immune cells, S. aureus encounters the thiol-reactive oxidant HOSCN. The understanding of the adaptation mechanisms of S. aureus toward HOSCN stress is important to identify novel drug targets to combat multi-resistant S. aureus isolates. As a defense mechanism, S. aureus uses the flavin disulfide reductase MerA, which functions as HOSCN reductase and protects against HOSCN stress. Moreover, MerA homologs have conserved functions in HOSCN detoxification in other bacteria, including intestinal and respiratory pathogens. In this work, we studied the comprehensive thiol-reactive mode of action of HOSCN and its effect on the reversible shift of the E BSH to discover new defense mechanisms against the neutrophil oxidant. These findings provide new leads for future drug design to fight the pathogen at the sites of colonization and infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vu Van Loi
- Institute of Biology-Microbiology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Tobias Busche
- Microbial Genomics and Biotechnology, Center for Biotechnology, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Franziska Schnaufer
- Institute of Biology-Microbiology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jörn Kalinowski
- Microbial Genomics and Biotechnology, Center for Biotechnology, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Haike Antelmann
- Institute of Biology-Microbiology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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8
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Giedroc DP, Antelo GT, Fakhoury JN, Capdevila DA. Sensing and regulation of reactive sulfur species (RSS) in bacteria. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2023; 76:102358. [PMID: 37399745 PMCID: PMC10526684 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2023.102358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023]
Abstract
The infected host deploys generalized oxidative stress caused by small inorganic reactive molecules as antibacterial weapons. An emerging consensus is that hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and forms of sulfur with sulfur-sulfur bonds termed reactive sulfur species (RSS) provide protection against oxidative stressors and antibiotics, as antioxidants. Here, we review our current understanding of RSS chemistry and its impact on bacterial physiology. We start by describing the basic chemistry of these reactive species and the experimental approaches developed to detect them in cells. We highlight the role of thiol persulfides in H2S-signaling and discuss three structural classes of ubiquitous RSS sensors that tightly regulate cellular H2S/RSS levels in bacteria, with a specific focus on the chemical specificity of these sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- David P Giedroc
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405-7102, USA; Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA.
| | - Giuliano T Antelo
- Fundación Instituto Leloir, Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Buenos Aires (IIBBA-CONICET), C1405BWE Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Joseph N Fakhoury
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405-7102, USA
| | - Daiana A Capdevila
- Fundación Instituto Leloir, Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Buenos Aires (IIBBA-CONICET), C1405BWE Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
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9
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Du H, Qi Y, Qiao J, Li L, Wei L, Xu N, Shao L, Liu J. Transcription factor OxyR regulates sulfane sulfur removal and L-cysteine biosynthesis in Corynebacterium glutamicum. Appl Environ Microbiol 2023; 89:e0090423. [PMID: 37768042 PMCID: PMC10537588 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00904-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 07/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Sulfane sulfur, a collective term for hydrogen polysulfide and organic persulfide, often damages cells at high concentrations. Cells can regulate intracellular sulfane sulfur levels through specific mechanisms, but these mechanisms are unclear in Corynebacterium glutamicum. OxyR is a transcription factor capable of sensing oxidative stress and is also responsive to sulfane sulfur. In this study, we found that OxyR functioned directly in regulating sulfane sulfur in C. glutamicum. OxyR binds to the promoter of katA and nrdH and regulates its expression, as revealed via in vitro electrophoretic mobility shift assay analysis, real-time quantitative PCR, and reporting systems. Overexpression of katA and nrdH reduced intracellular sulfane sulfur levels by over 30% and 20% in C. glutamicum, respectively. RNA-sequencing analysis showed that the lack of OxyR downregulated the expression of sulfur assimilation pathway genes and/or sulfur transcription factors, which may reduce the rate of sulfur assimilation. In addition, OxyR also affected the biosynthesis of L-cysteine in C. glutamicum. OxyR overexpression strain Cg-2 accumulated 183 mg/L of L-cysteine, increased by approximately 30% compared with the control (142 mg/L). In summary, OxyR not only regulated sulfane sulfur levels by controlling the expression of katA and nrdH in C. glutamicum but also facilitated the sulfur assimilation and L-cysteine synthesis pathways, providing a potential target for constructing robust cell factories of sulfur-containing amino acids and their derivatives. IMPORTANCE C. glutamicum is an important industrial microorganism used to produce various amino acids. In the production of sulfur-containing amino acids, cells inevitably accumulate a large amount of sulfane sulfur. However, few studies have focused on sulfane sulfur removal in C. glutamicum. In this study, we not only revealed the regulatory mechanism of OxyR on intracellular sulfane sulfur removal but also explored the effects of OxyR on the sulfur assimilation and L-cysteine synthesis pathways in C. glutamicum. This is the first study on the removal of sulfane sulfur in C. glutamicum. These results contribute to the understanding of sulfur regulatory mechanisms and may aid in the future optimization of C. glutamicum for biosynthesis of sulfur-containing amino acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanmin Du
- Key Laboratory of Engineering Biology for Low-Carbon Manufacturing, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuting Qi
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Jinfang Qiao
- College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Lingcong Li
- Key Laboratory of Engineering Biology for Low-Carbon Manufacturing, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Liang Wei
- Key Laboratory of Engineering Biology for Low-Carbon Manufacturing, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China
| | - Ning Xu
- Key Laboratory of Engineering Biology for Low-Carbon Manufacturing, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China
| | - Li Shao
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Jun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Engineering Biology for Low-Carbon Manufacturing, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China
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Obata S, Hisatsune J, Kawasaki H, Fukushima-Nomura A, Ebihara T, Arai C, Masuda K, Kutsuno S, Iwao Y, Sugai M, Amagai M, Tanese K. Comprehensive Genomic Characterization of Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from Atopic Dermatitis Patients in Japan: Correlations with Disease Severity, Eruption Type, and Anatomical Site. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0523922. [PMID: 37432109 PMCID: PMC10434064 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.05239-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) shows frequent recurrence. Staphylococcus aureus is the primary microbial component in AD and is associated with disease activity. However, traditional typing methods have failed to characterize virulent AD isolates at the clone level. We conducted a comprehensive genomic characterization of S. aureus strains isolated from the skin of AD patients and healthy donors, comparing the whole-genome sequences of the 261 isolates with anatomical and lesional (AD-A)/nonlesional (AD-NL)/healthy sites, eruption types, clinical scores, virulence, and antimicrobial resistance gene repertoires in Japan. Sequence type (ST) diversity was lost with worsening disease activity; ST188 was the most frequently detected ST in AD-A and had the strongest correlation with AD according to the culture rate and proportion with worsening disease activity. ST188 and ST20 isolates inhabited all skin conditions, with significantly higher proportions in AD skin than in healthy skin. ST8, ST15, and ST5 proportions were equivalent for all skin conditions; ST30 was detected only in healthy skin; and ST12 was detected only in AD skin. ST97 detected in AD-A and healthy skin was clearly branched into two subclades, designated ST97A and ST97H. A comparison of two genomes led to the discovery that only ST97A possessed the complete trp operon, enabling bacterial survival without exogenous tryptophan (Trp) on AD skin, where the Trp level was significantly reduced. Primary STs showing an AD skin inhabitation trend (ST188, ST97A, ST20, and ST12) were all trp operon positive. The predominant clones (ST188 and ST97) possessed almost no enterotoxin genes, no mecA gene, and few other antimicrobial resistance genes, different from the trend observed in Europe/North America. IMPORTANCE While Staphylococcus aureus is a member of the normal human skin flora, its strong association with the onset of atopic dermatitis (AD) has been suggested. However, previous studies failed to assign specific clones relevant to disease activities. Enterotoxins produced by S. aureus have been suggested to aggravate and exacerbate the inflammation of AD skin, but their role remains ambiguous. We conducted a nuanced comprehensive characterization of isolates from AD patients and healthy donors, comparing the whole-genome sequences of the isolates with anatomical and lesional/nonlesional/healthy sites, eruption types, clinical scores, virulence, and antimicrobial resistance gene repertoires in Japan. We demonstrate that specific clones are associated with disease severity and clinical manifestations, and the dominant clones are devoid of enterotoxin genes and antimicrobial resistance genes. These findings undermine the established notion of the pathophysiological function of S. aureus associated with AD and introduce a new concept of S. aureus colonization in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoko Obata
- Department of Dermatology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Junzo Hisatsune
- Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Antimicrobial Resistance, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
- Project Research Center for Nosocomial Infectious Diseases, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kawasaki
- Department of Dermatology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Laboratory for Skin Homeostasis, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
- Laboratory for Developmental Genetics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
| | | | - Tamotsu Ebihara
- Department of Dermatology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Chika Arai
- Department of Antimicrobial Resistance, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
- Project Research Center for Nosocomial Infectious Diseases, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Kanako Masuda
- Department of Antimicrobial Resistance, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
- Project Research Center for Nosocomial Infectious Diseases, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Shoko Kutsuno
- Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Antimicrobial Resistance, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Yasuhisa Iwao
- Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Motoyuki Sugai
- Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Antimicrobial Resistance, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
- Project Research Center for Nosocomial Infectious Diseases, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Masayuki Amagai
- Department of Dermatology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Laboratory for Skin Homeostasis, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Keiji Tanese
- Department of Dermatology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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11
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Hayes JA, Lunger AW, Sharma AS, Fernez MT, Koppes AN, Koppes R, Woolston BM. Engineered bacteria titrate hydrogen sulfide and induce concentration-dependent effects on host in a gut microphysiological system. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.05.16.538950. [PMID: 37293009 PMCID: PMC10245736 DOI: 10.1101/2023.05.16.538950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a gaseous microbial metabolite whose role in gut diseases is debated, largely due to the difficulty in controlling its concentration and the use of non-representative model systems in previous work. Here, we engineered E. coli to titrate H2S controllably across the physiological range in a gut microphysiological system (chip) supportive of the co-culture of microbes and host cells. The chip was designed to maintain H2S gas tension and enable visualization of co-culture in real-time with confocal microscopy. Engineered strains colonized the chip and were metabolically active for two days, during which they produced H2S across a sixteen-fold range and induced changes in host gene expression and metabolism in an H2S concentration-dependent manner. These results validate a novel platform for studying the mechanisms underlying microbe-host interactions, by enabling experiments that are infeasible with current animal and in vitro models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin A. Hayes
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Ave., Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Anna W. Lunger
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Ave., Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Aayushi S. Sharma
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Ave., Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Ave., Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Matthew T. Fernez
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Ave., Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Abigail N. Koppes
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Ave., Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Ave., Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ryan Koppes
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Ave., Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Benjamin M. Woolston
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Ave., Boston, MA 02115, USA
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12
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Barrows JK, Van Dyke MW. A CsoR family transcriptional regulator, TTHA1953, controls the sulfur oxidation pathway in Thermus thermophilus HB8. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:104759. [PMID: 37116710 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.104759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2023] [Revised: 04/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Transcription regulation is a critical means by which microorganisms sense and adapt to their environments. Bacteria contain a wide range of highly conserved families of transcription factors that have evolved to regulate diverse sets of genes. It is increasingly apparent that structural similarities between transcription factors do not always equate to analogous transcription regulatory networks. For example, transcription factors within the CsoR/RcnR family have been found to repress a wide range of gene targets, including various metal efflux genes, as well as genes involved in sulfide and formaldehyde detoxification machinery. In this study, we identify the preferred DNA binding sequence for the CsoR-like protein, TTHA1953, from the model extremophile Thermus thermophilus HB8 using the iterative selection approach, restriction endonuclease, protection, selection and amplification (REPSA). By mapping significant DNA motifs to the T. thermophilus HB8 genome, we identify potentially regulated genes that we validate with in vitro and in vivo methodologies. We establish TTHA1953 as a master regulator of the sulfur oxidation (Sox) pathway, providing the first link between CsoR-like proteins and Sox regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- John K Barrows
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, Georgia, USA
| | - Michael W Van Dyke
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, Georgia, USA.
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13
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Shimizu T, Ida T, Antelo GT, Ihara Y, Fakhoury JN, Masuda S, Giedroc DP, Akaike T, Capdevila DA, Masuda T. Polysulfide metabolizing enzymes influence SqrR-mediated sulfide-induced transcription by impacting intracellular polysulfide dynamics. PNAS NEXUS 2023; 2:pgad048. [PMID: 36909821 PMCID: PMC9995734 DOI: 10.1093/pnasnexus/pgad048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
Sulfide plays essential roles in controlling various physiological activities in almost all organisms. Although recent evidence has demonstrated that sulfide is endogenously generated and metabolized into polysulfides inside the cells, the relationship between polysulfide metabolism and polysulfide-sensing mechanisms is not well understood. To better define this interplay between polysulfide metabolism and sensing in cells, we investigated the role of polysulfide-metabolizing enzymes such as sulfide:quinone oxidoreductase (SQR) on the temporal dynamics of cellular polysulfide speciation and on the transcriptional regulation by the persulfide-responsive transcription factor SqrR in Rhodobacter capsulatus. We show that disruption of the sqr gene resulted in the loss of SqrR repression by exogenous sulfide at longer culture times, which impacts the speciation of intracellular polysulfides of Δsqr vs. wild-type strains. Both the attenuated response of SqrR and the change in polysulfide dynamics of the Δsqr strain is fully reversed by the addition to cells of cystine-derived polysulfides, but not by glutathione disulfide (GSSG)-derived polysulfides. Furthermore, cysteine persulfide (CysSSH) yields a higher rate of oxidation of SqrR relative to glutathione persulfide (GSSH), which leads to DNA dissociation in vitro. The oxidation of SqrR was confirmed by a mass spectrometry-based kinetic profiling strategy that showed distinct polysulfide-crosslinked products obtained with CysSSH vs. GSSH. Taken together, these results establish a novel association between the metabolism of polysulfides and the mechanisms for polysulfide sensing inside the cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Shimizu
- Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
| | - Tomoaki Ida
- Department of 8 Environmental Medicine and Molecular Toxicology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Giuliano T Antelo
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E. Kirkwood Dr, Bloomington, IN 47405-7102, USA.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Indiana University, 212 S. Hawthorne Dr, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA.,Fundación Instituto Leloir, Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Buenos Aires (IIBBA-CONICET), Av. Patricias Argentinas 435, Buenos Aires C1405BWE, Argentina
| | - Yuta Ihara
- Department of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8501, Japan
| | - Joseph N Fakhoury
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E. Kirkwood Dr, Bloomington, IN 47405-7102, USA
| | - Shinji Masuda
- Department of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8501, Japan
| | - David P Giedroc
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E. Kirkwood Dr, Bloomington, IN 47405-7102, USA.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Indiana University, 212 S. Hawthorne Dr, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Takaaki Akaike
- Department of 8 Environmental Medicine and Molecular Toxicology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Daiana A Capdevila
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E. Kirkwood Dr, Bloomington, IN 47405-7102, USA.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Indiana University, 212 S. Hawthorne Dr, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA.,Fundación Instituto Leloir, Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Buenos Aires (IIBBA-CONICET), Av. Patricias Argentinas 435, Buenos Aires C1405BWE, Argentina
| | - Tatsuru Masuda
- Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
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14
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Tang C, Li J, Shen Y, Liu M, Liu H, Liu H, Xun L, Xia Y. A sulfide-sensor and a sulfane sulfur-sensor collectively regulate sulfur-oxidation for feather degradation by Bacillus licheniformis. Commun Biol 2023; 6:167. [PMID: 36765168 PMCID: PMC9918477 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-04538-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacillus licheniformis MW3 degrades bird feathers. Feather keratin is rich in cysteine, which is metabolized to produce hazardous sulfide and sulfane sulfur. A challenge to B. licheniformis MW3 growing on feathers is to detoxify them. Here we identified a gene cluster in B. licheniformis MW3 to deal with these toxicity. The cluster contains 11 genes: the first gene yrkD encodes a repressor, the 8th and 9th genes nreB and nreC encode a two-component regulatory system, and the 10th and 11th genes encode sulfide: quinone reductase (SQR) and persulfide oxygenase (PDO). SQR and PDO collectively oxidize sulfide and sulfane sulfur to sulfite. YrkD sensed sulfane sulfur to derepress the 11 genes. The NreBC system sensed sulfide and further amplified the transcription of sqr and pdo. The two regulatory systems synergistically controlled the expression of the gene cluster, which was required for the bacterium to grow on feather. The findings highlight the necessity of removing sulfide and sulfane sulfur during feather degradation and may help with bioremediation of feather waste and sulfide pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Tang
- grid.27255.370000 0004 1761 1174State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237 People’s Republic of China
| | - Jingjing Li
- grid.27255.370000 0004 1761 1174State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237 People’s Republic of China ,grid.10388.320000 0001 2240 3300Present Address: Institut für Mikrobiologie & Biotechnologie of Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Yuemeng Shen
- grid.27255.370000 0004 1761 1174State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237 People’s Republic of China
| | - Menghui Liu
- grid.27255.370000 0004 1761 1174State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237 People’s Republic of China
| | - Honglei Liu
- grid.27255.370000 0004 1761 1174State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237 People’s Republic of China
| | - Huaiwei Liu
- grid.27255.370000 0004 1761 1174State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237 People’s Republic of China
| | - Luying Xun
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, People's Republic of China. .,School of Molecular Biosciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164-7520, USA.
| | - Yongzhen Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, People's Republic of China.
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15
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The Transcriptional Repressor PerR Senses Sulfane Sulfur by Cysteine Persulfidation at the Structural Zn 2+ Site in Synechococcus sp. PCC7002. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12020423. [PMID: 36829981 PMCID: PMC9952342 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12020423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyanobacteria can perform both anoxygenic and oxygenic photosynthesis, a characteristic which ensured that these organisms were crucial in the evolution of the early Earth and the biosphere. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced in oxygenic photosynthesis and reactive sulfur species (RSS) produced in anoxygenic photosynthesis are closely related to intracellular redox equilibrium. ROS comprise superoxide anion (O2●-), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and hydroxyl radicals (●OH). RSS comprise H2S and sulfane sulfur (persulfide, polysulfide, and S8). Although the sensing mechanism for ROS in cyanobacteria has been explored, that of RSS has not been elucidated. Here, we studied the function of the transcriptional repressor PerR in RSS sensing in Synechococcus sp. PCC7002 (PCC7002). PerR was previously reported to sense ROS; however, our results revealed that it also participated in RSS sensing. PerR repressed the expression of prxI and downregulated the tolerance of PCC7002 to polysulfide (H2Sn). The reporter system indicated that PerR sensed H2Sn. Cys121 of the Cys4:Zn2+ site, which contains four cysteines (Cys121, Cys124, Cys160, and Cys163) bound to one zinc atom, could be modified by H2Sn to Cys121-SSH, as a result of which the zinc atom was released from the site. Moreover, Cys19 could also be modified by polysulfide to Cys19-SSH. Thus, our results reveal that PerR, a representative of the Cys4 zinc finger proteins, senses H2Sn. Our findings provide a new perspective to explore the adaptation strategy of cyanobacteria in Proterozoic and contemporary sulfurization oceans.
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16
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Han S, Li Y, Gao H. Generation and Physiology of Hydrogen Sulfide and Reactive Sulfur Species in Bacteria. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11122487. [PMID: 36552695 PMCID: PMC9774590 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11122487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Sulfur is not only one of the most abundant elements on the Earth, but it is also essential to all living organisms. As life likely began and evolved in a hydrogen sulfide (H2S)-rich environment, sulfur metabolism represents an early form of energy generation via various reactions in prokaryotes and has driven the sulfur biogeochemical cycle since. It has long been known that H2S is toxic to cells at high concentrations, but now this gaseous molecule, at the physiological level, is recognized as a signaling molecule and a regulator of critical biological processes. Recently, many metabolites of H2S, collectively called reactive sulfur species (RSS), have been gradually appreciated as having similar or divergent regulatory roles compared with H2S in living organisms, especially mammals. In prokaryotes, even in bacteria, investigations into generation and physiology of RSS remain preliminary and an understanding of the relevant biological processes is still in its infancy. Despite this, recent and exciting advances in the fields are many. Here, we discuss abiotic and biotic generation of H2S/RSS, sulfur-transforming enzymes and their functioning mechanisms, and their physiological roles as well as the sensing and regulation of H2S/RSS.
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17
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Xu H, Xuan G, Liu H, Liu H, Xia Y, Xun L. Sulfane Sulfur Is an Intrinsic Signal for the Organic Peroxide Sensor OhrR of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11091667. [PMID: 36139741 PMCID: PMC9495516 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11091667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 08/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Sulfane sulfur, including organic persulfide and polysulfide, is a normal cellular component, and its level varies during growth. It is emerging as a signaling molecule in bacteria, regulating the gene regulator MarR in Escherichia coli, MexR in Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and MgrA of Staphylococcus aureus. They are MarR-family regulators and are often repressors for multiple antibiotic resistance genes. Here, we report that another MarR-type regulator OhrR that represses the expression of itself and a thiol peroxidase gene ohr in P. aeruginosa PAO1 also responded to sulfane sulfur. PaOhrR formed disulfide bonds between three Cys residues within a dimer after polysulfide treatment. The modification reduced its affinity to its cognate DNA binding site. An Escherichia coli reporter system, in which mKate was under the repression of OhrR, showed that PaOhrR derepressed its controlled gene when polysulfide was added, whereas the mutant PaOhrR with two Cys residues changed to Ser residues did not respond to polysulfide. The expression of the PaOhrR-repressed mKate was significantly increased when the cells enter the late log phase when cellular sulfane sulfur reached a maximum, but the mKate expression under the control of the PaOhrR-C9SC19S double mutant was not increased. Furthermore, the expression levels of ohrR and ohr in P. aeruginosa PAO1 were significantly increased when cellular sulfane sulfur was high. Thus, PaOhrR senses both exogenous and intrinsic sulfane sulfur to derepress its controlled genes. The finding also suggests that sulfane sulfur may be a common inducer of the MarR-type regulators, which may confer the bacteria to resist certain stresses without being exposed to the stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huangwei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Guanhua Xuan
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
- Food Safety Laboratory, College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Huaiwei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Honglei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Yongzhen Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
- Correspondence: (Y.X.); (L.X.); Tel.: +86-532-58631572 (Y.X.); +1-509-335-2787 (L.X.)
| | - Luying Xun
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
- School of Molecular Biosciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-7520, USA
- Correspondence: (Y.X.); (L.X.); Tel.: +86-532-58631572 (Y.X.); +1-509-335-2787 (L.X.)
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18
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Walsh BJC, Costa SS, Edmonds KA, Trinidad JC, Issoglio FM, Brito JA, Giedroc DP. Metabolic and Structural Insights into Hydrogen Sulfide Mis-Regulation in Enterococcus faecalis. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:1607. [PMID: 36009332 PMCID: PMC9405070 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11081607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is implicated as a cytoprotective agent that bacteria employ in response to host-induced stressors, such as oxidative stress and antibiotics. The physiological benefits often attributed to H2S, however, are likely a result of downstream, more oxidized forms of sulfur, collectively termed reactive sulfur species (RSS) and including the organic persulfide (RSSH). Here, we investigated the metabolic response of the commensal gut microorganism Enterococcus faecalis to exogenous Na2S as a proxy for H2S/RSS toxicity. We found that exogenous sulfide increases protein abundance for enzymes responsible for the biosynthesis of coenzyme A (CoA). Proteome S-sulfuration (persulfidation), a posttranslational modification implicated in H2S signal transduction, is also widespread in this organism and is significantly elevated by exogenous sulfide in CstR, the RSS sensor, coenzyme A persulfide (CoASSH) reductase (CoAPR) and enzymes associated with de novo fatty acid biosynthesis and acetyl-CoA synthesis. Exogenous sulfide significantly impacts the speciation of fatty acids as well as cellular concentrations of acetyl-CoA, suggesting that protein persulfidation may impact flux through these pathways. Indeed, CoASSH is an inhibitor of E. faecalis phosphotransacetylase (Pta), suggesting that an important metabolic consequence of increased levels of H2S/RSS may be over-persulfidation of this key metabolite, which, in turn, inhibits CoA and acyl-CoA-utilizing enzymes. Our 2.05 Å crystallographic structure of CoA-bound CoAPR provides new structural insights into CoASSH clearance in E. faecalis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenna J. C. Walsh
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405-7102, USA
| | - Sofia Soares Costa
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | | | | | - Federico M. Issoglio
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
- Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN)-CONICET and Departamento de Química Biológica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires C1428EHA, Argentina
| | - José A. Brito
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - David P. Giedroc
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405-7102, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405-7003, USA
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19
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A Caveat When Using Alkyl Halides as Tagging Agents to Detect/Quantify Reactive Sulfur Species. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11081583. [PMID: 36009302 PMCID: PMC9405219 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11081583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Using alkyl halides to tag reactive sulfur species (RSSs) (H2S, per/polysulfide, and protein-SSH) is an extensively applied approach. The underlying supposition is that, as with thiols, RSS reacts with alkyl halides via a nucleophilic substitution reaction. We found that this supposition is facing a challenge. RSS also initiates a reductive dehalogenation reaction, which generates the reduced unloaded tag and oxidized RSS. Therefore, RSS content in bio-samples might be underestimated, and its species might not be precisely determined when using alkyl halide agents for its analysis. To calculate to the extent of this underestimation, further studies are still required.
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20
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Synechococcus sp. PCC7002 Uses Peroxiredoxin to Cope with Reactive Sulfur Species Stress. mBio 2022; 13:e0103922. [PMID: 35861504 PMCID: PMC9426444 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01039-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyanobacteria are a widely distributed group of microorganisms in the ocean, and they often need to cope with the stress of reactive sulfur species, such as sulfide and sulfane sulfur. Sulfane sulfur refers to the various forms of zero-valent sulfur, including persulfide, polysulfide, and element sulfur (S8). Although sulfane sulfur participates in signaling transduction and resistance to reactive oxygen species in cyanobacteria, it is toxic at high concentrations and induces sulfur stress, which has similar effects to oxidative stress. In this study, we report that Synechococcus sp. PCC7002 uses peroxiredoxin to cope with the stress of cellular sulfane sulfur. Synechococcus sp. PCC7002 contains six peroxiredoxins, and all were induced by S8. Peroxiredoxin I (PrxI) reduced S8 to H2S by forming a disulfide bond between residues Cys53 and Cys153 of the enzyme. A partial deletion strain of Synechococcus sp. PCC7002 with decreased copy numbers of the prxI gene was more sensitive to S8 than was the wild type. Thus, peroxiredoxin is involved in maintaining the homeostasis of cellular sulfane sulfur in cyanobacteria. Given that peroxiredoxin evolved before the occurrence of O2 on Earth, its original function could have been to cope with reactive sulfur species stress, and that function has been preserved. IMPORTANCE Cyanobacteria are the earliest microorganisms that perform oxygenic photosynthesis, which has played a key role in the evolution of life on Earth, and they are the most important primary producers in the modern oceans. The cyanobacterium Synechococcus sp. PCC7002 uses peroxiredoxin to reduce high levels of sulfane sulfur. That function is possibly the original role of peroxiredoxin, as the enzyme evolved before the appearance of O2 on Earth. The preservation of the reduction of sulfane sulfur by peroxiredoxin5-type peroxiredoxins may offer cyanobacteria an advantage in the complex environment of the modern oceans.
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21
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Fakhoury JN, Capdevila DA, Giedroc DP. Protocol for using organic persulfides to measure the chemical reactivity of persulfide sensors. STAR Protoc 2022; 3:101424. [PMID: 35634358 PMCID: PMC9136346 DOI: 10.1016/j.xpro.2022.101424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and downstream reactive sulfur species (RSS), including organic persulfides, protect bacterial cells against diverse oxidative stressors. Specialized dithiol-based transcriptional repressors sense persulfides directly to control cellular H2S/RSS and avoid toxicity. Here, we present a protocol to quantify the kinetics of chemical reactivity of cysteines in two bacterial persulfide sensors toward cysteine persulfide and glutathione persulfide, with a LC-ESI-MS analysis that results in a kinetic model. This protocol has potential applications to other cysteine-containing proteins and oxidants. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Fakhoury et al. (2021) and Capdevila et al. (2021).
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph N. Fakhoury
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E. Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, IN 47405-7102, USA,Corresponding author
| | - Daiana A. Capdevila
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E. Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, IN 47405-7102, USA,Corresponding author
| | - David P. Giedroc
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E. Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, IN 47405-7102, USA,Corresponding author
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22
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Sulfane Sulfur Posttranslationally Modifies the Global Regulator AdpA to Influence Actinorhodin Production and Morphological Differentiation of Streptomyces coelicolor. mBio 2022; 13:e0386221. [PMID: 35467418 PMCID: PMC9239190 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.03862-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor AdpA is a key regulator controlling both secondary metabolism and morphological differentiation in Streptomyces. Due to its critical functions, its expression undergoes multilevel regulations at transcriptional, posttranscriptional, and translational levels, yet no posttranslational regulation has been reported. Sulfane sulfur, such as hydro polysulfide (HSnH, n ≥ 2) and organic polysulfide (RSnH, n ≥ 2), is common inside microorganisms, but its physiological functions are largely unclear. Here, we discovered that sulfane sulfur posttranslationally modifies AdpA in Streptomyces coelicolor via specifically reacting with Cys62 of AdpA to form a persulfide (Cys62-SSH). This modification decreases the affinity of AdpA to its self-promoter PadpA, allowing increased expression of adpA, further promoting the expression of its target genes actII-4 and wblA. ActII-4 activates actinorhodin biosynthesis, and WblA regulates morphological development. Bioinformatics analyses indicated that AdpA-Cys62 is highly conserved in Streptomyces, suggesting the prevalence of such modification in this genus. Thus, our study unveils a new type of regulation on the AdpA activity and sheds a light on how sulfane sulfur stimulates the production of antibiotics in Streptomyces.
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Wang T, Yang Y, Liu M, Liu H, Liu H, Xia Y, Xun L. Elemental Sulfur Inhibits Yeast Growth via Producing Toxic Sulfide and Causing Disulfide Stress. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11030576. [PMID: 35326226 PMCID: PMC8945482 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11030576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Elemental sulfur is a common fungicide, but its inhibition mechanism is unclear. Here, we investigated the effects of elemental sulfur on the single-celled fungus Saccharomyces cerevisiae and showed that the inhibition was due to its function as a strong oxidant. It rapidly entered S. cerevisiae. Inside the cytoplasm, it reacted with glutathione to generate glutathione persulfide that then reacted with another glutathione to produce H2S and glutathione disulfide. H2S reversibly inhibited the oxygen consumption by the mitochondrial electron transport chain, and the accumulation of glutathione disulfide caused disulfide stress and increased reactive oxygen species in S. cerevisiae. Elemental sulfur inhibited the growth of S. cerevisiae; however, it did not kill the yeast for up to 2 h exposure. The combined action of elemental sulfur and hosts’ immune responses may lead to the demise of fungal pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianqi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao 266237, China; (T.W.); (Y.Y.); (M.L.); (H.L.); (H.L.)
| | - Yuqing Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao 266237, China; (T.W.); (Y.Y.); (M.L.); (H.L.); (H.L.)
| | - Menghui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao 266237, China; (T.W.); (Y.Y.); (M.L.); (H.L.); (H.L.)
| | - Honglei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao 266237, China; (T.W.); (Y.Y.); (M.L.); (H.L.); (H.L.)
| | - Huaiwei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao 266237, China; (T.W.); (Y.Y.); (M.L.); (H.L.); (H.L.)
| | - Yongzhen Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao 266237, China; (T.W.); (Y.Y.); (M.L.); (H.L.); (H.L.)
- Correspondence: (Y.X.); (L.X.); Tel.: +86-532-58631572 (Y.X.); +1-509-335-2787 (L.X.)
| | - Luying Xun
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao 266237, China; (T.W.); (Y.Y.); (M.L.); (H.L.); (H.L.)
- School of Molecular Biosciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 991647520, USA
- Correspondence: (Y.X.); (L.X.); Tel.: +86-532-58631572 (Y.X.); +1-509-335-2787 (L.X.)
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Bacterial Transcriptional Regulators: A Road Map for Functional, Structural, and Biophysical Characterization. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23042179. [PMID: 35216300 PMCID: PMC8879271 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23042179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The different niches through which bacteria move during their life cycle require a fast response to the many environmental queues they encounter. The sensing of these stimuli and their correct response is driven primarily by transcriptional regulators. This kind of protein is involved in sensing a wide array of chemical species, a process that ultimately leads to the regulation of gene transcription. The allosteric-coupling mechanism of sensing and regulation is a central aspect of biological systems and has become an important field of research during the last decades. In this review, we summarize the state-of-the-art techniques applied to unravel these complex mechanisms. We introduce a roadmap that may serve for experimental design, depending on the answers we seek and the initial information we have about the system of study. We also provide information on databases containing available structural information on each family of transcriptional regulators. Finally, we discuss the recent results of research about the allosteric mechanisms of sensing and regulation involving many transcriptional regulators of interest, highlighting multipronged strategies and novel experimental techniques. The aim of the experiments discussed here was to provide a better understanding at a molecular level of how bacteria adapt to the different environmental threats they face.
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Fakhoury JN, Zhang Y, Edmonds KA, Bringas M, Luebke JL, Gonzalez-Gutierrez G, Capdevila DA, Giedroc DP. Functional asymmetry and chemical reactivity of CsoR family persulfide sensors. Nucleic Acids Res 2021; 49:12556-12576. [PMID: 34755876 PMCID: PMC8643695 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkab1040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
CstR is a persulfide-sensing member of the functionally diverse copper-sensitive operon repressor (CsoR) superfamily. While CstR regulates the bacterial response to hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and more oxidized reactive sulfur species (RSS) in Gram-positive pathogens, other dithiol-containing CsoR proteins respond to host derived Cu(I) toxicity, sometimes in the same bacterial cytoplasm, but without regulatory crosstalk in cells. It is not clear what prevents this crosstalk, nor the extent to which RSS sensors exhibit specificity over other oxidants. Here, we report a sequence similarity network (SSN) analysis of the entire CsoR superfamily, which together with the first crystallographic structure of a CstR and comprehensive mass spectrometry-based kinetic profiling experiments, reveal new insights into the molecular basis of RSS specificity in CstRs. We find that the more N-terminal cysteine is the attacking Cys in CstR and is far more nucleophilic than in a CsoR. Moreover, our CstR crystal structure is markedly asymmetric and chemical reactivity experiments reveal the functional impact of this asymmetry. Substitution of the Asn wedge between the resolving and the attacking thiol with Ala significantly decreases asymmetry in the crystal structure and markedly impacts the distribution of species, despite adopting the same global structure as the parent repressor. Companion NMR, SAXS and molecular dynamics simulations reveal that the structural and functional asymmetry can be traced to fast internal dynamics of the tetramer. Furthermore, this asymmetry is preserved in all CstRs and with all oxidants tested, giving rise to markedly distinct distributions of crosslinked products. Our exploration of the sequence, structural, and kinetic features that determine oxidant-specificity suggest that the product distribution upon RSS exposure is determined by internal flexibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph N Fakhoury
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E. Kirkwood Ave, Bloomington, IN 47405-7102, USA
| | - Yifan Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E. Kirkwood Ave, Bloomington, IN 47405-7102, USA.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Indiana University, 212 S. Hawthorne Drive, Bloomington, IN 47405 USA
| | - Katherine A Edmonds
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E. Kirkwood Ave, Bloomington, IN 47405-7102, USA
| | - Mauro Bringas
- Fundación Instituto Leloir, Av. Patricias Argentinas 435, Buenos Aires C1405BWE, Argentina
| | - Justin L Luebke
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E. Kirkwood Ave, Bloomington, IN 47405-7102, USA
| | - Giovanni Gonzalez-Gutierrez
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Indiana University, 212 S. Hawthorne Drive, Bloomington, IN 47405 USA
| | - Daiana A Capdevila
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E. Kirkwood Ave, Bloomington, IN 47405-7102, USA.,Fundación Instituto Leloir, Av. Patricias Argentinas 435, Buenos Aires C1405BWE, Argentina
| | - David P Giedroc
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E. Kirkwood Ave, Bloomington, IN 47405-7102, USA.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Indiana University, 212 S. Hawthorne Drive, Bloomington, IN 47405 USA
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Wang Q, Chen Z, Zhang X, Xin Y, Xia Y, Xun L, Liu H. Rhodanese Rdl2 produces reactive sulfur species to protect mitochondria from reactive oxygen species. Free Radic Biol Med 2021; 177:287-298. [PMID: 34748908 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2021.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria damage is related to a broad spectrum of pathologies including Alzheimer's, Parkinson's disease, and carcinogenesis. Recently, it has been found that reactive sulfur species (RSS) has a close connection with mitochondrial health. However, the enzyme involving in mitochondrial RSS generation and the mechanism of how RSS affects mitochondrial health are not well understood. In this study, we discovered that rhodanese 2 (Rdl2) is the main enzyme responsible for RSS generation in S. cerevisiae mitochondria, in which no sulfide:quinone oxidoreductase (Sqr) is present. Rdl2 releases sulfane sulfur atoms (S0) from stable S0 carriers (thiosulfate and dialkyl polysulfide) to produce RSS. Rdl2 deletion leads to morphological change, dysfunction, and DNA degradation of mitochondria. Rdl2-generated RSS can protect DNA from HO• attack. The reaction rate between RSS and HO• is ∼1010 M-1s-1, two magnitudes higher than that of HO• reacting with DNA. Surprisingly, hydrogen sulfide (H2S) promotes HO• production through stimulating the Fenton reaction, leading to increased DNA damage. This study highlights the antioxidation function of RSS in vivo and sheds a light on the elusive connection between RSS biogenesis and mitochondrial health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingda Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, PR China
| | - Zhigang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, PR China
| | - Xi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, PR China
| | - Yuping Xin
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, PR China
| | - Yongzhen Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, PR China
| | - Luying Xun
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, PR China; Department of Chemistry, School of Molecular Biosciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164-4630, USA.
| | - Huaiwei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, PR China.
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Sulfane Sulfur Is a Strong Inducer of the Multiple Antibiotic Resistance Regulator MarR in Escherichia coli. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10111778. [PMID: 34829649 PMCID: PMC8614764 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10111778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Sulfane sulfur, including persulfide and polysulfide, is produced from the metabolism of sulfur-containing organic compounds or from sulfide oxidation. It is a normal cellular component, participating in signaling. In bacteria, it modifies gene regulators to activate the expression of genes involved in sulfur metabolism. However, to determine whether sulfane sulfur is a common signal in bacteria, additional evidence is required. The ubiquitous multiple antibiotic resistance regulator (MarR) family of regulators controls the expression of numerous genes, but the intrinsic inducers are often elusive. Recently, two MarR family members, Pseudomonas aeruginosa MexR and Staphylococcus aureus MgrA, have been reported to sense sulfane sulfur. Here, we report that Escherichia coli MarR, the prototypical member of the family, also senses sulfane sulfur to form one or two disulfide or trisulfide bonds between two dimers. Although the tetramer with two disulfide bonds does not bind to its target DNA, our results suggest that the tetramer with one disulfide bond does bind to its target DNA, with reduced affinity. An MarR-repressed mKate reporter is strongly induced by polysulfide in E. coli. Further investigation is needed to determine whether sulfane sulfur is a common signal of the family members, but three members sense cellular sulfane sulfur to turn on antibiotic resistance genes. The findings offer additional support for a general signaling role of sulfane sulfur in bacteria.
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Zhang X, Xin Y, Chen Z, Xia Y, Xun L, Liu H. Sulfide-quinone oxidoreductase is required for cysteine synthesis and indispensable to mitochondrial health. Redox Biol 2021; 47:102169. [PMID: 34688157 PMCID: PMC8577491 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2021.102169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 10/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction is related to common age-related disorders, including neurodegenerative diseases, metabolic syndrome, and carcinogenesis. Therefore, maintaining the functionality and integrity of mitochondria is important for human health. Herein, we found that sulfide:quinone oxidoreductase (Sqr), which oxidizes hydrogen sulfide to reactive sulfur species (RSS), was indispensable to mitochondria health in the eukaryotic model microorganism Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Sqr knock-out led to morphological changes and functional deficiencies of mitochondria and apoptosis in S. pombe. The Sqr knock-out strain displayed the same phenotypes as the cysteine-synthesis-deficient strain, and cysteine addition complemented the effects caused by Sqr knock-out. In S. pombe, Sqr was the main RSS producer in mitochondria, and RSS instead of H2S was used by cysteine synthase to synthesize cysteine. This finding rewrites the cysteine biosynthesis route in S. pombe and may also in other eukaryotes and prokaryotes, and highlights the importance of cysteine and RSS in maintaining mitochondrial health. Sqr is an important RSS producer in mitochondria. RSS is involved in cysteine de novo biosynthesis. It is the de facto substrate of cysteine synthase. Sqr is required for maintaining the health of mitochondria, might be a new target for inhibiting cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, PR China
| | - Yuping Xin
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, PR China
| | - Zhigang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, PR China
| | - Yongzhen Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, PR China
| | - Luying Xun
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, PR China; Department of Chemistry, School of Molecular Biosciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164-4630, USA.
| | - Huaiwei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, PR China.
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Xuan G, Lv C, Xu H, Li K, Liu H, Xia Y, Xun L. Sulfane Sulfur Regulates LasR-Mediated Quorum Sensing and Virulence in Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10091498. [PMID: 34573130 PMCID: PMC8469610 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10091498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Sulfane sulfur, such as inorganic and organic polysulfide (HSn- and RSn-, n > 2), is a common cellular component, produced either from hydrogen sulfide oxidation or cysteine metabolism. In Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1, LasR is a quorum sensing master regulator. After binding its autoinducer, LasR binds to its target DNA to activate the transcription of a suite of genes, including virulence factors. Herein, we report that the production of hydrogen sulfide and sulfane sulfur were positively correlated in P. aeruginosa PAO1, and sulfane sulfur was able to modify LasR, which generated Cys188 persulfide and trisulfide and produced a pentasulfur link between Cys201 and Cys203. The modifications did not affect LasR binding to its target DNA site, but made it several-fold more effective than unmodified LasR in activating transcription in both in vitro and in vivo assays. On the contrary, H2O2 inactivates LasR via producing a disulfide bond between Cys201 and Cys203. P. aeruginosa PAO1 had a high cellular sulfane sulfur and high LasR activity in the mid log phase and early stationary phase, but a low sulfane sulfur and low LasR activity in the declination phase. Thus, sulfane sulfur is a new signaling factor in the bacterium, adding another level of control over LasR-mediated quorum sensing and turning down the activity in old cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanhua Xuan
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao 266237, China; (G.X.); (C.L.); (H.X.); (K.L.); (H.L.)
| | - Chuanjuan Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao 266237, China; (G.X.); (C.L.); (H.X.); (K.L.); (H.L.)
| | - Huangwei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao 266237, China; (G.X.); (C.L.); (H.X.); (K.L.); (H.L.)
| | - Kai Li
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao 266237, China; (G.X.); (C.L.); (H.X.); (K.L.); (H.L.)
| | - Huaiwei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao 266237, China; (G.X.); (C.L.); (H.X.); (K.L.); (H.L.)
| | - Yongzhen Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao 266237, China; (G.X.); (C.L.); (H.X.); (K.L.); (H.L.)
- Correspondence: (Y.X.); (L.X.); Tel.: +86-532-5863-1572 (Y.X.); +1-509-335-2787 (L.X.)
| | - Luying Xun
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao 266237, China; (G.X.); (C.L.); (H.X.); (K.L.); (H.L.)
- School of Molecular Biosciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-7520, USA
- Correspondence: (Y.X.); (L.X.); Tel.: +86-532-5863-1572 (Y.X.); +1-509-335-2787 (L.X.)
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30
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Tomlinson BR, Malof ME, Shaw LN. A global transcriptomic analysis of Staphylococcus aureus biofilm formation across diverse clonal lineages. Microb Genom 2021; 7. [PMID: 34227933 PMCID: PMC8477394 DOI: 10.1099/mgen.0.000598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
A key characteristic of Staphylococcus aureus infections, and one that also varies phenotypically between clones, is that of biofilm formation, which aids in bacterial persistence through increased adherence and immune evasion. Though there is a general understanding of the process of biofilm formation - adhesion, proliferation, maturation and dispersal - the tightly orchestrated molecular events behind each stage, and what drives variation between S. aureus strains, has yet to be unravelled. Herein we measure biofilm progression and dispersal in real-time across the five major S. aureus CDC-types (USA100-USA500) revealing adherence patterns that differ markedly amongst strains. To gain insight into this, we performed transcriptomic profiling on these isolates at multiple timepoints, compared to planktonically growing counterparts. Our findings support a model in which eDNA release, followed by increased positive surface charge, perhaps drives initial abiotic attachment. This is seemingly followed by cooperative repression of autolysis and activation of poly-N-acetylglucosamine (PNAG) production, which may indicate a developmental shift in structuring the biofilm matrix. As biofilms mature, diminished translational capacity was apparent, with 53 % of all ribosomal proteins downregulated, followed by upregulation of anaerobic respiration enzymes. These findings are noteworthy because reduced cellular activity and an altered metabolic state have been previously shown to contribute to higher antibiotic tolerance and bacterial persistence. In sum, this work is, to our knowledge, the first study to investigate transcriptional regulation during the early, establishing phase of biofilm formation, and to compare global transcriptional regulation both temporally and across multiple clonal lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brooke R Tomlinson
- Department of Cell Biology, Microbiology and Molecular Biology, University of South Florida, 4202 East Fowler Avenue, ISA 2015, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Morgan E Malof
- Department of Cell Biology, Microbiology and Molecular Biology, University of South Florida, 4202 East Fowler Avenue, ISA 2015, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Lindsey N Shaw
- Department of Cell Biology, Microbiology and Molecular Biology, University of South Florida, 4202 East Fowler Avenue, ISA 2015, Tampa, FL, USA
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31
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Tomlinson BR, Malof ME, Shaw LN. A global transcriptomic analysis of Staphylococcus aureus biofilm formation across diverse clonal lineages. Microb Genom 2021. [PMID: 34227933 DOI: 10.1099/mgen0000598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Abstract
A key characteristic of Staphylococcus aureus infections, and one that also varies phenotypically between clones, is that of biofilm formation, which aids in bacterial persistence through increased adherence and immune evasion. Though there is a general understanding of the process of biofilm formation - adhesion, proliferation, maturation and dispersal - the tightly orchestrated molecular events behind each stage, and what drives variation between S. aureus strains, has yet to be unravelled. Herein we measure biofilm progression and dispersal in real-time across the five major S. aureus CDC-types (USA100-USA500) revealing adherence patterns that differ markedly amongst strains. To gain insight into this, we performed transcriptomic profiling on these isolates at multiple timepoints, compared to planktonically growing counterparts. Our findings support a model in which eDNA release, followed by increased positive surface charge, perhaps drives initial abiotic attachment. This is seemingly followed by cooperative repression of autolysis and activation of poly-N-acetylglucosamine (PNAG) production, which may indicate a developmental shift in structuring the biofilm matrix. As biofilms mature, diminished translational capacity was apparent, with 53 % of all ribosomal proteins downregulated, followed by upregulation of anaerobic respiration enzymes. These findings are noteworthy because reduced cellular activity and an altered metabolic state have been previously shown to contribute to higher antibiotic tolerance and bacterial persistence. In sum, this work is, to our knowledge, the first study to investigate transcriptional regulation during the early, establishing phase of biofilm formation, and to compare global transcriptional regulation both temporally and across multiple clonal lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brooke R Tomlinson
- Department of Cell Biology, Microbiology and Molecular Biology, University of South Florida, 4202 East Fowler Avenue, ISA 2015, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Morgan E Malof
- Department of Cell Biology, Microbiology and Molecular Biology, University of South Florida, 4202 East Fowler Avenue, ISA 2015, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Lindsey N Shaw
- Department of Cell Biology, Microbiology and Molecular Biology, University of South Florida, 4202 East Fowler Avenue, ISA 2015, Tampa, FL, USA
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32
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Mendes SS, Miranda V, Saraiva LM. Hydrogen Sulfide and Carbon Monoxide Tolerance in Bacteria. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:729. [PMID: 34063102 PMCID: PMC8148161 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10050729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrogen sulfide and carbon monoxide share the ability to be beneficial or harmful molecules depending on the concentrations to which organisms are exposed. Interestingly, humans and some bacteria produce small amounts of these compounds. Since several publications have summarized the recent knowledge of its effects in humans, here we have chosen to focus on the role of H2S and CO on microbial physiology. We briefly review the current knowledge on how bacteria produce and use H2S and CO. We address their potential antimicrobial properties when used at higher concentrations, and describe how microbial systems detect and survive toxic levels of H2S and CO. Finally, we highlight their antimicrobial properties against human pathogens when endogenously produced by the host and when released by external chemical donors.
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Walsh BJC, Giedroc DP. Proteomics Profiling of S-sulfurated Proteins in Acinetobacter baumannii. Bio Protoc 2021; 11:e4000. [PMID: 34124301 DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.4000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is emerging as an important modulator in bacterial cytoprotection against the host immune response in infected animals, which may well be attributed to downstream highly oxidized sulfur species, termed reactive sulfur species (RSS), derived from H2S. One mechanism by which H2S/RSS may signal in the cell is through proteome S-sulfuration (persulfidation), which is the conversion of protein thiols (-SH) to protein persulfides (-SSH). While several analytical methods have been developed to profile sites of protein persulfidation, few have been applied to bacterial cells. The analytical workflow presented here was recently utilized to profile proteome persulfidation in the major human pathogen Acinetobacter baumannii treated with an exogenous sulfide source, Na2S. The data obtained using this protocol allow quantitation of the change in persulfidation status of each cysteine in the proteome normalized to the change in protein abundance, thus identifying sites of persulfidation that may constitute regulatory modifications. These can be validated using follow-up biochemical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenna J C Walsh
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405 7102, USA
| | - David P Giedroc
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405 7102, USA.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
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Shimizu T, Hayashi Y, Arai M, McGlynn SE, Masuda T, Masuda S. Repressor Activity of SqrR, a Master Regulator of Persulfide-Responsive Genes, Is Regulated by Heme Coordination. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 62:100-110. [PMID: 33169162 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcaa144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Reactive sulfur species (RSS) are involved in bioactive regulation via persulfidation of proteins. However, how cells regulate RSS-based signaling and RSS metabolism is poorly understood, despite the importance of universal regulation systems in biology. We previously showed that the persulfide-responsive transcriptional factor SqrR acts as a master regulator of sulfide-dependent photosynthesis in proteobacteria. Here, we demonstrated that SqrR also binds heme at a near one-to-one ratio with a binding constant similar to other heme-binding proteins. Heme does not change the DNA-binding pattern of SqrR to the target gene promoter region; however, DNA-binding affinity of SqrR is reduced by the binding of heme, altering its regulatory activity. Circular dichroism spectroscopy clearly showed secondary structural changes in SqrR by the heme binding. Incremental change in the intracellular heme concentration is associated with small, but significant reduction in the transcriptional repression by SqrR. Overall, these results indicate that SqrR has an ability to bind heme to modulate its DNA-binding activity, which may be important for the precise regulation of RSS metabolism in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Shimizu
- Department of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Kanagawa, Japan
- Earth-Life Science Institute, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan
- Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuuki Hayashi
- Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Munehito Arai
- Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Physics, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shawn E McGlynn
- Earth-Life Science Institute, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tatsuru Masuda
- Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinji Masuda
- Department of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Kanagawa, Japan
- Earth-Life Science Institute, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan
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35
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Delgado Vela J, Bristow LA, Marchant HK, Love NG, Dick GJ. Sulfide alters microbial functional potential in a methane and nitrogen cycling biofilm reactor. Environ Microbiol 2020; 23:1481-1495. [PMID: 33295079 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.15352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Cross-feeding of metabolites between coexisting cells leads to complex and interconnected elemental cycling and microbial interactions. These relationships influence overall community function and can be altered by changes in substrate availability. Here, we used isotopic rate measurements and metagenomic sequencing to study how cross-feeding relationships changed in response to stepwise increases of sulfide concentrations in a membrane-aerated biofilm reactor that was fed with methane and ammonium. Results showed that sulfide: (i) decreased nitrite oxidation rates but increased ammonia oxidation rates; (ii) changed the denitrifying community and increased nitrous oxide production; and (iii) induced dissimilatory nitrite reduction to ammonium (DNRA). We infer that inhibition of nitrite oxidation resulted in higher nitrite availability for DNRA, anammox, and nitrite-dependent anaerobic methane oxidation. In other words, sulfide likely disrupted microbial cross-feeding between AOB and NOB and induced cross-feeding between AOB and nitrite reducing organisms. Furthermore, these cross-feeding relationships were spatially distributed between biofilm and planktonic phases of the reactor. These results indicate that using sulfide as an electron donor will promote N2 O and ammonium production, which is generally not desirable in engineered systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeseth Delgado Vela
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Howard University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Laura A Bristow
- Department of Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | | | - Nancy G Love
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Gregory J Dick
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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36
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Fritsch VN, Loi VV, Busche T, Tung QN, Lill R, Horvatek P, Wolz C, Kalinowski J, Antelmann H. The alarmone (p)ppGpp confers tolerance to oxidative stress during the stationary phase by maintenance of redox and iron homeostasis in Staphylococcus aureus. Free Radic Biol Med 2020; 161:351-364. [PMID: 33144262 PMCID: PMC7754856 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2020.10.322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 10/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Slow growing stationary phase bacteria are often tolerant to multiple stressors and antimicrobials. Here, we show that the pathogen Staphylococcus aureus develops a non-specific tolerance towards oxidative stress during the stationary phase, which is mediated by the nucleotide second messenger (p)ppGpp. The (p)ppGpp0 mutant was highly susceptible to HOCl stress during the stationary phase. Transcriptome analysis of the (p)ppGpp0 mutant revealed an increased expression of the PerR, SigB, QsrR, CtsR and HrcA regulons during the stationary phase, indicating an oxidative stress response. The (p)ppGpp0 mutant showed a slight oxidative shift in the bacillithiol (BSH) redox potential (EBSH) and an impaired H2O2 detoxification due to higher endogenous ROS levels. The increased ROS levels in the (p)ppGpp0 mutant were shown to be caused by higher respiratory chain activity and elevated total and free iron levels. Consistent with these results, N-acetyl cysteine and the iron-chelator dipyridyl improved the growth and survival of the (p)ppGpp0 mutant under oxidative stress. Elevated free iron levels caused 8 to 31-fold increased transcription of Fe-storage proteins ferritin (ftnA) and miniferritin (dps) in the (p)ppGpp0 mutant, while Fur-regulated uptake systems for iron, heme or siderophores (efeOBU, isdABCDEFG, sirABC and sstADBCD) were repressed. Finally, the susceptibility of the (p)ppGpp0 mutant towards the bactericidal action of the antibiotics ciprofloxacin and tetracycline was abrogated with N-acetyl cysteine and dipyridyl. Taken together, (p)ppGpp confers tolerance to ROS and antibiotics by down-regulation of respiratory chain activity and free iron levels, lowering ROS formation to ensure redox homeostasis in S. aureus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena Nadin Fritsch
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute of Biology-Microbiology, D-14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Vu Van Loi
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute of Biology-Microbiology, D-14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Tobias Busche
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute of Biology-Microbiology, D-14195, Berlin, Germany; Center for Biotechnology, Bielefeld University, D-33594, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Quach Ngoc Tung
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute of Biology-Microbiology, D-14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Roland Lill
- Institute of Cytobiology, Philipps-University of Marburg, D-35037, Marburg, Germany; Research Center for Synthetic Microbiology SynMikro, Hans-Meerwein-Str., D-35043, Marburg, Germany
| | - Petra Horvatek
- Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine, University of Tübingen, D-72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Christiane Wolz
- Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine, University of Tübingen, D-72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jörn Kalinowski
- Center for Biotechnology, Bielefeld University, D-33594, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Haike Antelmann
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute of Biology-Microbiology, D-14195, Berlin, Germany.
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González-García P, Hidalgo-Gutiérrez A, Mascaraque C, Barriocanal-Casado E, Bakkali M, Ziosi M, Abdihankyzy UB, Sánchez-Hernández S, Escames G, Prokisch H, Martín F, Quinzii CM, López LC. Coenzyme Q10 modulates sulfide metabolism and links the mitochondrial respiratory chain to pathways associated to one carbon metabolism. Hum Mol Genet 2020; 29:3296-3311. [PMID: 32975579 PMCID: PMC7724311 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddaa214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Abnormalities of one carbon, glutathione and sulfide metabolisms have recently emerged as novel pathomechanisms in diseases with mitochondrial dysfunction. However, the mechanisms underlying these abnormalities are not clear. Also, we recently showed that sulfide oxidation is impaired in Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) deficiency. This finding leads us to hypothesize that the therapeutic effects of CoQ10, frequently administered to patients with primary or secondary mitochondrial dysfunction, might be due to its function as cofactor for sulfide:quinone oxidoreductase (SQOR), the first enzyme in the sulfide oxidation pathway. Here, using biased and unbiased approaches, we show that supraphysiological levels of CoQ10 induces an increase in the expression of SQOR in skin fibroblasts from control subjects and patients with mutations in Complex I subunits genes or CoQ biosynthetic genes. This increase of SQOR induces the downregulation of the cystathionine β-synthase and cystathionine γ-lyase, two enzymes of the transsulfuration pathway, the subsequent downregulation of serine biosynthesis and the adaptation of other sulfide linked pathways, such as folate cycle, nucleotides metabolism and glutathione system. These metabolic changes are independent of the presence of sulfur aminoacids, are confirmed in mouse models, and are recapitulated by overexpression of SQOR, further proving that the metabolic effects of CoQ10 supplementation are mediated by the overexpression of SQOR. Our results contribute to a better understanding of how sulfide metabolism is integrated in one carbon metabolism and may explain some of the benefits of CoQ10 supplementation observed in mitochondrial diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pilar González-García
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Universidad de Granada, Granada 18016, Spain
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Granada, Granada 18016, Spain
| | - Agustín Hidalgo-Gutiérrez
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Universidad de Granada, Granada 18016, Spain
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Granada, Granada 18016, Spain
| | - Cristina Mascaraque
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Granada, Granada 18016, Spain
| | - Eliana Barriocanal-Casado
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Universidad de Granada, Granada 18016, Spain
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Granada, Granada 18016, Spain
| | - Mohammed Bakkali
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, Granada 18071, Spain
| | - Marcello Ziosi
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York 10032, NY, USA
| | | | | | - Germaine Escames
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Universidad de Granada, Granada 18016, Spain
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Granada, Granada 18016, Spain
| | - Holger Prokisch
- Institute of Human Genetics, Technische Universität München, München 81675, Germany
| | - Francisco Martín
- Genomic Medicine Department, Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research, Granada 18007, Spain
| | - Catarina M Quinzii
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York 10032, NY, USA
| | - Luis C López
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Universidad de Granada, Granada 18016, Spain
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Granada, Granada 18016, Spain
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38
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Linzner N, Loi VV, Fritsch VN, Antelmann H. Thiol-based redox switches in the major pathogen Staphylococcus aureus. Biol Chem 2020; 402:333-361. [PMID: 33544504 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2020-0272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a major human pathogen, which encounters reactive oxygen, nitrogen, chlorine, electrophile and sulfur species (ROS, RNS, RCS, RES and RSS) by the host immune system, during cellular metabolism or antibiotics treatments. To defend against redox active species and antibiotics, S. aureus is equipped with redox sensing regulators that often use thiol switches to control the expression of specific detoxification pathways. In addition, the maintenance of the redox balance is crucial for survival of S. aureus under redox stress during infections, which is accomplished by the low molecular weight (LMW) thiol bacillithiol (BSH) and the associated bacilliredoxin (Brx)/BSH/bacillithiol disulfide reductase (YpdA)/NADPH pathway. Here, we present an overview of thiol-based redox sensors, its associated enzymatic detoxification systems and BSH-related regulatory mechanisms in S. aureus, which are important for the defense under redox stress conditions. Application of the novel Brx-roGFP2 biosensor provides new insights on the impact of these systems on the BSH redox potential. These thiol switches of S. aureus function in protection against redox active desinfectants and antimicrobials, including HOCl, the AGXX® antimicrobial surface coating, allicin from garlic and the naphthoquinone lapachol. Thus, thiol switches could be novel drug targets for the development of alternative redox-based therapies to combat multi-drug resistant S. aureus isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nico Linzner
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute of Biology-Microbiology, Königin-Luise-Straße 12-16, D-14195Berlin, Germany
| | - Vu Van Loi
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute of Biology-Microbiology, Königin-Luise-Straße 12-16, D-14195Berlin, Germany
| | - Verena Nadin Fritsch
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute of Biology-Microbiology, Königin-Luise-Straße 12-16, D-14195Berlin, Germany
| | - Haike Antelmann
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute of Biology-Microbiology, Königin-Luise-Straße 12-16, D-14195Berlin, Germany
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39
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Lu T, Cao Q, Pang X, Xia Y, Xun L, Liu H. Sulfane sulfur-activated actinorhodin production and sporulation is maintained by a natural gene circuit in Streptomyces coelicolor. Microb Biotechnol 2020; 13:1917-1932. [PMID: 32776457 PMCID: PMC7533328 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.13637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Sulfane sulfur, including polysulfide and persulfide, is a newly identified cellular component present in microorganisms; however, its physiological functions are unclear. Streptomyces coelicolor M145 is a model strain of actinomycetes, which produces several polyketides, including actinorhodin. Herein, we found that both exogenously added and endogenously generated sulfane sulfur increased the actinorhodin production and accelerated spore formation of S. coelicolor M145. This bacterial species carries a natural gene circuit containing four genes that encode a CsoR-like transcription factor (ScCsoR), persulfide dioxygenase (ScPDO), rhodanese and a sulfite transporter, which were shown to be responsible for sensing and removal of excessive sulfane sulfur. ScCsoR was observed to bind to the promoters of the four genes, thus repressing their transcription. Sulfane sulfur modified Cys37 of ScCsoR, and the modified ScCSoR did not bind to the promoters, thereby activating the transcription of ScPDO. The deletion of ScCsoR decreased cellular sulfane sulfur, while the deletion of ScPDO increased its levels. The increased sulfane sulfur promoted actinorhodin production and sporulation. This study unveiled a natural gene circuit for maintaining sulfane sulfur homeostasis in bacteria. Further, we identified the trigger effect of sulfane sulfur on actinorhodin production, presenting a new approach for activating polyketide gene clusters in actinomycetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial TechnologyShandong UniversityQingdao266200China
| | - Qun Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial TechnologyShandong UniversityQingdao266200China
| | - Xiuhua Pang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial TechnologyShandong UniversityQingdao266200China
| | - Yongzhen Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial TechnologyShandong UniversityQingdao266200China
| | - Luying Xun
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial TechnologyShandong UniversityQingdao266200China
- School of Molecular BiosciencesWashington State UniversityPullmanWA991647520USA
| | - Huaiwei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial TechnologyShandong UniversityQingdao266200China
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40
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The Heterotrophic Bacterium Cupriavidus pinatubonensis JMP134 Oxidizes Sulfide to Sulfate with Thiosulfate as a Key Intermediate. Appl Environ Microbiol 2020; 86:AEM.01835-20. [PMID: 32917752 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01835-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Heterotrophic bacteria actively participate in the biogeochemical cycle of sulfur on Earth. The heterotrophic bacterium Cupriavidus pinatubonensis JMP134 contains several enzymes involved in sulfur oxidation, but how these enzymes work together to oxidize sulfide in the bacterium has not been studied. Using gene-deletion and whole-cell assays, we determined that the bacterium uses sulfide:quinone oxidoreductase to oxidize sulfide to polysulfide, which is further oxidized to sulfite by persulfide dioxygenase. Sulfite spontaneously reacts with polysulfide to produce thiosulfate. The sulfur-oxidizing (Sox) system oxidizes thiosulfate to sulfate. Flavocytochrome c sulfide dehydrogenase enhances thiosulfate oxidation by the Sox system but couples with the Sox system for sulfide oxidation to sulfate in the absence of sulfide:quinone oxidoreductase. Thus, C. pinatubonensis JMP134 contains a main pathway and a contingent pathway for sulfide oxidation.IMPORTANCE We establish a new pathway of sulfide oxidation with thiosulfate as a key intermediate in Cupriavidus pinatubonensis JMP134. The bacterium mainly oxidizes sulfide by using sulfide:quinone oxidoreductase, persulfide dioxygenase, and the Sox system with thiosulfate as a key intermediate. Although the purified and reconstituted Sox system oxidizes sulfide, its rate of sulfide oxidation in C. pinatubonensis JMP134 is too low to be physiologically relevant. The findings reveal how these sulfur-oxidizing enzymes participate in sulfide oxidation in a single bacterium.
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41
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Capdevila DA, Walsh BJC, Zhang Y, Dietrich C, Gonzalez-Gutierrez G, Giedroc DP. Structural basis for persulfide-sensing specificity in a transcriptional regulator. Nat Chem Biol 2020; 17:65-70. [PMID: 33106663 DOI: 10.1038/s41589-020-00671-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Cysteine thiol-based transcriptional regulators orchestrate the coordinated regulation of redox homeostasis and other cellular processes by 'sensing' or detecting a specific redox-active molecule, which in turn activates the transcription of a specific detoxification pathway. The extent to which these sensors are truly specific in cells for a singular class of reactive small-molecule stressors, for example, reactive oxygen or sulfur species, is largely unknown. Here, we report structural and mechanistic insights into the thiol-based transcriptional repressor SqrR, which reacts exclusively with oxidized sulfur species such as persulfides, to yield a tetrasulfide bridge that inhibits DNA operator-promoter binding. Evaluation of crystallographic structures of SqrR in various derivatized states, coupled with the results of a mass spectrometry-based kinetic profiling strategy, suggest that persulfide selectivity is determined by structural frustration of the disulfide form. These findings led to the identification of an uncharacterized repressor from the bacterial pathogen Acinetobacter baumannii as a persulfide sensor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daiana A Capdevila
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA.,Fundación Instituto Leloir, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Brenna J C Walsh
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Yifan Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Christopher Dietrich
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Giovanni Gonzalez-Gutierrez
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - David P Giedroc
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA.
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42
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A Red Fluorescent Protein-Based Probe for Detection of Intracellular Reactive Sulfane Sulfur. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9100985. [PMID: 33066305 PMCID: PMC7602056 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9100985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Reactive sulfane sulfur, including persulfide and polysulfide, is a type of regular cellular component, playing an antioxidant role. Its function may be organelle-dependent; however, the shortage of probes for detecting organellar reactive sulfane sulfur has hindered further investigation. Herein, we reported a red fluorescent protein (mCherry)-based probe for specifically detecting intracellular reactive sulfane sulfur. By mutating two amino acid residues of mCherry (A150 and S151) to cysteine residues, we constructed a mCherry mutant, which reacted with reactive sulfane sulfur to form an intramolecular –Sn– bond (n ≥ 3). The bond largely decreased the intensity of 610 nm emission (excitation at 587 nm) and slightly increased the intensity of 466 nm emission (excitation at 406 nm). The 466/610 nm emission ratio was used to indicate the relative abundance of reactive sulfane sulfur. We then expressed this mutant in the cytoplasm and mitochondria of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The 466/610 nm emission ratio revealed that mitochondria had a higher level of reactive sulfane sulfur than cytoplasm. Thus, the mCherry mutant can be used as a specific probe for detecting reactive sulfane sulfur in vivo.
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43
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Walsh BJC, Giedroc DP. H 2S and reactive sulfur signaling at the host-bacterial pathogen interface. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:13150-13168. [PMID: 32699012 PMCID: PMC7504917 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.rev120.011304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial pathogens that cause invasive disease in the vertebrate host must adapt to host efforts to cripple their viability. Major host insults are reactive oxygen and reactive nitrogen species as well as cellular stress induced by antibiotics. Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is emerging as an important player in cytoprotection against these stressors, which may well be attributed to downstream more oxidized sulfur species termed reactive sulfur species (RSS). In this review, we summarize recent work that suggests that H2S/RSS impacts bacterial survival in infected cells and animals. We discuss the mechanisms of biogenesis and clearance of RSS in the context of a bacterial H2S/RSS homeostasis model and the bacterial transcriptional regulatory proteins that act as "sensors" of cellular RSS that maintain H2S/RSS homeostasis. In addition, we cover fluorescence imaging- and MS-based approaches used to detect and quantify RSS in bacterial cells. Last, we discuss proteome persulfidation (S-sulfuration) as a potential mediator of H2S/RSS signaling in bacteria in the context of the writer-reader-eraser paradigm, and progress toward ascribing regulatory significance to this widespread post-translational modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenna J C Walsh
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, USA
| | - David P Giedroc
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, USA; Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, USA.
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44
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Xuan G, Lü C, Xu H, Chen Z, Li K, Liu H, Liu H, Xia Y, Xun L. Sulfane Sulfur is an intrinsic signal activating MexR-regulated antibiotic resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Mol Microbiol 2020; 114:1038-1048. [PMID: 32875640 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.14593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1, an opportunistic human pathogen, deploys several strategies to resist antibiotics. It uses multidrug efflux pumps, including the MexAB-OprM pump, for antibiotic resistance, and it also produces hydrogen sulfide (H2 S) that provides some defense against antibiotics. MexR functions as a transcriptional repressor of the mexAB-oprM operon. MexR responds to oxidative stresses caused by antibiotic exposure, and it also displays a growth phase-dependent derepression of the mexAB-oprM operon. However, the intrinsic inducer has not been identified. Here, we report that P. aeruginosa PAO1 produced sulfane sulfur, including glutathione persulfide and inorganic polysulfide, produced from either H2 S oxidation or from L-cysteine metabolism. Sulfane sulfur directly reacted with MexR, forming di- and trisulfide cross-links between two Cys residues, to derepress the mexAB-oprM operon. Levels of cellular sulfane sulfur and mexAB-oprM expression varied during growth, and both reached the maximum during the stationary phase of growth. Thus, self-produced H2 S and sulfane sulfur may facilitate antibiotic resistance via inducing the expression of antibiotic resistance genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanhua Xuan
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, People's Republic of China
| | - Chuanjuan Lü
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, People's Republic of China
| | - Huangwei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhigang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, People's Republic of China
| | - Kai Li
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, People's Republic of China
| | - Honglei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, People's Republic of China
| | - Huaiwei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongzhen Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, People's Republic of China
| | - Luying Xun
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, People's Republic of China.,School of Molecular Biosciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
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45
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Landry AP, Moon S, Bonanata J, Cho US, Coitiño EL, Banerjee R. Dismantling and Rebuilding the Trisulfide Cofactor Demonstrates Its Essential Role in Human Sulfide Quinone Oxidoreductase. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:14295-14306. [PMID: 32787249 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c06066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Sulfide quinone oxidoreductase (SQOR) catalyzes the first step in sulfide clearance, coupling H2S oxidation to coenzyme Q reduction. Recent structures of human SQOR revealed a sulfur atom bridging the SQOR active site cysteines in a trisulfide configuration. Here, we assessed the importance of this cofactor using kinetic, crystallographic, and computational modeling approaches. Cyanolysis of SQOR proceeds via formation of an intense charge transfer complex that subsequently decays to eliminate thiocyanate. We captured a disulfanyl-methanimido thioate intermediate in the SQOR crystal structure, revealing how cyanolysis leads to reversible loss of SQOR activity that is restored in the presence of sulfide. Computational modeling and MD simulations revealed an ∼105-fold rate enhancement for nucleophilic addition of sulfide into the trisulfide versus a disulfide cofactor. The cysteine trisulfide in SQOR is thus critical for activity and provides a significant catalytic advantage over a cysteine disulfide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron P Landry
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Sojin Moon
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Jenner Bonanata
- Laboratorio de Química Teórica y Computacional (LQTC), Instituto de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias and Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas (CeInBio), Universidad de la República, Iguá 4225, Montevideo 11400, Uruguay
| | - Uhn Soo Cho
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - E Laura Coitiño
- Laboratorio de Química Teórica y Computacional (LQTC), Instituto de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias and Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas (CeInBio), Universidad de la República, Iguá 4225, Montevideo 11400, Uruguay
| | - Ruma Banerjee
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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Ray A, Edmonds KA, Palmer LD, Skaar EP, Giedroc DP. Staphylococcus aureus Glucose-Induced Biofilm Accessory Protein A (GbaA) Is a Monothiol-Dependent Electrophile Sensor. Biochemistry 2020; 59:2882-2895. [PMID: 32697076 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.0c00347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a commensal pathogen that has evolved to protect itself from unfavorable conditions by forming complex community structures termed biofilms. The regulation of the formation of these structures is multifactorial and in S. aureus involves a number of transcriptional regulators. GbaA (glucose-induced biofilm accessory protein A) is a tetracycline repressor (TetR) family regulator that harbors two conserved Cys residues (C55 and C104) and impacts the regulation of formation of poly-N-acetylglucosamine-based biofilms in many methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) strains. Here, we show that GbaA-regulated transcription of a divergently transcribed operon in a MRSA strain can be induced by potent electrophiles, N-ethylmaleimide and methylglyoxal. Strikingly, induction of transcription in cells requires C55 or C104, but not both. These findings are consistent with in vitro small-angle X-ray scattering, chemical modification, and DNA operator binding experiments, which reveal that both reduced and intraprotomer (C55-C104) disulfide forms of GbaA have very similar overall structures and each exhibits a high affinity for the DNA operator, while DNA binding is strongly inhibited by derivatization of one or the other Cys residues via formation of a mixed disulfide with bacillithiol disulfide or a monothiol derivatization adduct with NEM. While both Cys residues are reactive toward electrophiles, C104 in the regulatory domain is the more reactive thiolate. These characteristics enhance the inducer specificity of GbaA and would preclude sensing of generalized cellular oxidative stress via disulfide bond formation. The implications of the findings for GbaA function in MRSA strains are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhinaba Ray
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405-7102, United States
| | - Katherine A Edmonds
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405-7102, United States
| | - Lauren D Palmer
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology and Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology, and Inflammation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Eric P Skaar
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology and Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology, and Inflammation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - David P Giedroc
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405-7102, United States.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405-7102, United States
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Walsh BJC, Wang J, Edmonds KA, Palmer LD, Zhang Y, Trinidad JC, Skaar EP, Giedroc DP. The Response of Acinetobacter baumannii to Hydrogen Sulfide Reveals Two Independent Persulfide-Sensing Systems and a Connection to Biofilm Regulation. mBio 2020; 11:e01254-20. [PMID: 32576676 PMCID: PMC7315123 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01254-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Acinetobacter baumannii is an opportunistic nosocomial pathogen that is the causative agent of several serious infections in humans, including pneumonia, sepsis, and wound and burn infections. A. baumannii is also capable of forming proteinaceous biofilms on both abiotic and epithelial cell surfaces. Here, we investigate the response of A. baumannii toward sodium sulfide (Na2S), known to be associated with some biofilms at oxic/anoxic interfaces. The addition of exogenous inorganic sulfide reveals that A. baumannii encodes two persulfide-sensing transcriptional regulators, a primary σ54-dependent transcriptional activator (FisR), and a secondary system controlled by the persulfide-sensing biofilm growth-associated repressor (BigR), which is only induced by sulfide in a fisR deletion strain. FisR activates an operon encoding a sulfide oxidation/detoxification system similar to that characterized previously in Staphylococcus aureus, while BigR regulates a secondary persulfide dioxygenase (PDO2) as part of yeeE-yedE-pdo2 sulfur detoxification operon, found previously in Serratia spp. Global S-sulfuration (persulfidation) mapping of the soluble proteome reveals 513 persulfidation targets well beyond FisR-regulated genes and includes five transcriptional regulators, most notably the master biofilm regulator BfmR and a poorly characterized catabolite regulatory protein (Crp). Both BfmR and Crp are well known to impact biofilm formation in A. baumannii and other organisms, respectively, suggesting that persulfidation of these regulators may control their activities. The implications of these findings on bacterial sulfide homeostasis, persulfide signaling, and biofilm formation are discussed.IMPORTANCE Although hydrogen sulfide (H2S) has long been known as a respiratory poison, recent reports in numerous bacterial pathogens reveal that H2S and more downstream oxidized forms of sulfur collectedly termed reactive sulfur species (RSS) function as antioxidants to combat host efforts to clear the infection. Here, we present a comprehensive analysis of the transcriptional and proteomic response of A. baumannii to exogenous sulfide as a model for how this important human pathogen manages sulfide/RSS homeostasis. We show that A. baumannii is unique in that it encodes two independent persulfide sensing and detoxification pathways that govern the speciation of bioactive sulfur in cells. The secondary persulfide sensor, BigR, impacts the expression of biofilm-associated genes; in addition, we identify two other transcriptional regulators known or projected to regulate biofilm formation, BfmR and Crp, as highly persulfidated in sulfide-exposed cells. These findings significantly strengthen the connection between sulfide homeostasis and biofilm formation in an important human pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenna J C Walsh
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, USA
| | - Jiefei Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, USA
| | | | - Lauren D Palmer
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, and Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology and Inflammation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Yixiang Zhang
- Laboratory for Biological Mass Spectrometry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, USA
| | - Jonathan C Trinidad
- Laboratory for Biological Mass Spectrometry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, USA
| | - Eric P Skaar
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, and Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology and Inflammation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - David P Giedroc
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, USA
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Ganesh I, Gwon DA, Lee JW. Gas-Sensing Transcriptional Regulators. Biotechnol J 2020; 15:e1900345. [PMID: 32362055 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201900345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Gas molecules are ubiquitous in the environment and are used as nutrient and energy sources for living organisms. Many organisms, therefore, have developed gas-sensing systems to respond efficiently to changes in the atmospheric environment. In microorganisms and plants, two-component systems (TCSs) and transcription factors (TFs) are two primary mechanisms to sense gas molecules. In this review, gas-sensing transcriptional regulators, TCSs, and TFs, focusing on protein structures, mechanisms of gas molecule interaction, DNA binding regions of transcriptional regulators, signal transduction mechanisms, and gene expression regulation are discussed. At first, transcriptional regulators that directly sense gas molecules with the help of a prosthetic group is described and then gas-sensing systems that indirectly recognize the presence of gas molecules is explained. Overall, this review provides a comprehensive understanding of gas-sensing transcriptional regulators in microorganisms and plants, and proposes a future perspective on the use of gas-sensing transcriptional regulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irisappan Ganesh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Da-Ae Gwon
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Wook Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea.,School of Interdisciplinary Bioscience and Bioengineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
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Shimizu T, Masuda S. Persulphide-responsive transcriptional regulation and metabolism in bacteria. J Biochem 2020; 167:125-132. [PMID: 31385583 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvz063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrogen sulphide (H2S) impacts on bacterial growth both positively and negatively; it is utilized as an electron donor for photosynthesis and respiration, and it inactivates terminal oxidases and iron-sulphur clusters. Therefore, bacteria have evolved H2S-responsive detoxification mechanisms for survival. Sulphur assimilation in bacteria has been well studied, and sulphide:quinone oxidoreductase, persulphide dioxygenase, rhodanese and sulphite oxidase were reported as major sulphide-oxidizing enzymes of sulphide assimilation and detoxification pathways. However, how bacteria sense sulphide availability to control H2S and sulphide metabolism remains largely unknown. Recent studies have identified several bacterial (per)sulphide-sensitive transcription factors that change DNA-binding affinity through persulphidation of specific cysteine residues in response to highly reactive sulphur-containing chemicals and reactive sulphur species (RSS). This review focuses on current understanding of the persulphide-responsive transcription factors and RSS metabolism regulated by RSS sensory proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Shimizu
- Department of General Systems Studies, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komana, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
| | - Shinji Masuda
- Center for Biological Resources and Informatics, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8501, Japan
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50
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Liu D, Zhang J, Lü C, Xia Y, Liu H, Jiao N, Xun L, Liu J. Synechococcus sp. Strain PCC7002 Uses Sulfide:Quinone Oxidoreductase To Detoxify Exogenous Sulfide and To Convert Endogenous Sulfide to Cellular Sulfane Sulfur. mBio 2020; 11:e03420-19. [PMID: 32098824 PMCID: PMC7042703 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.03420-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Eutrophication and deoxygenation possibly occur in coastal waters due to excessive nutrients from agricultural and aquacultural activities, leading to sulfide accumulation. Cyanobacteria, as photosynthetic prokaryotes, play significant roles in carbon fixation in the ocean. Although some cyanobacteria can use sulfide as the electron donor for photosynthesis under anaerobic conditions, little is known on how they interact with sulfide under aerobic conditions. In this study, we report that Synechococcus sp. strain PCC7002 (PCC7002), harboring an sqr gene encoding sulfide:quinone oxidoreductase (SQR), oxidized self-produced sulfide to S0, present as persulfide and polysulfide in the cell. The Δsqr mutant contained less cellular S0 and had increased expression of key genes involved in photosynthesis, but it was less competitive than the wild type in cocultures. Further, PCC7002 with SQR and persulfide dioxygenase (PDO) oxidized exogenous sulfide to tolerate high sulfide levels. Thus, SQR offers some benefits to cyanobacteria even under aerobic conditions, explaining the common presence of SQR in cyanobacteria.IMPORTANCE Cyanobacteria are a major force for primary production via oxygenic photosynthesis in the ocean. A marine cyanobacterium, PCC7002, is actively involved in sulfide metabolism. It uses SQR to detoxify exogenous sulfide, enabling it to survive better than its Δsqr mutant in sulfide-rich environments. PCC7002 also uses SQR to oxidize endogenously generated sulfide to S0, which is required for the proper expression of key genes involved in photosynthesis. Thus, SQR has at least two physiological functions in PCC7002. The observation provides a new perspective for the interplays of C and S cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daixi Liu
- Institute of Marine Science and Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
- Joint Lab for Ocean Research and Education at Dalhousie University, Shandong University and Xiamen University, Qingdao, China
| | - Jiajie Zhang
- Institute of Marine Science and Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
- Joint Lab for Ocean Research and Education at Dalhousie University, Shandong University and Xiamen University, Qingdao, China
| | - Chuanjuan Lü
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yongzhen Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Huaiwei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Nianzhi Jiao
- Joint Lab for Ocean Research and Education at Dalhousie University, Shandong University and Xiamen University, Qingdao, China
- Institute of Marine Microbes and Ecospheres, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Luying Xun
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
- School of Molecular Biosciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - Jihua Liu
- Institute of Marine Science and Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
- Joint Lab for Ocean Research and Education at Dalhousie University, Shandong University and Xiamen University, Qingdao, China
- Institute of Marine Microbes and Ecospheres, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
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