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Totté P, Bonnefois T, Manso-Silván L. Interactions between Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides and bovine macrophages under physiological conditions. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0305851. [PMID: 38935768 PMCID: PMC11210856 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0305851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024] Open
Abstract
We investigated the interactions of unopsonized and opsonized Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides (Mmm) with bovine macrophages in vitro. Mmm survived and proliferated extracellularly on bovine macrophage cell layers in the absence of Mmm-specific antisera. Bovine complement used at non-bactericidal concentrations did neither have opsonizing effect nor promoted intracellular survival, whereas Mmm-specific antisera substantially increased phagocytosis and Mmm killing. A phagocytosis-independent uptake of Mmm by macrophages occurred at a high multiplicity of infection, also found to induce the production of TNF, and both responses were unaffected by non-bactericidal doses of bovine complement. Bovine complement used at higher doses killed Mmm in cell-free cultures and completely abrogated TNF responses by macrophages. These results provide a framework to identify Mmm antigens involved in interactions with macrophages and targeted by potentially protective antibodies and point towards a pivotal role of complement in the control of inflammatory responses in contagious bovine pleuropneumonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Totté
- ASTRE, CIRAD, INRAE, Univ Montpellier, Montpellier, France
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2
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Baby V, Ambroset C, Gaurivaud P, Falquet L, Boury C, Guichoux E, Jores J, Lartigue C, Tardy F, Sirand-Pugnet P. Comparative genomics of Mycoplasma feriruminatoris, a fast-growing pathogen of wild Caprinae. Microb Genom 2023; 9:001112. [PMID: 37823548 PMCID: PMC10634449 DOI: 10.1099/mgen.0.001112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma feriruminatoris is a fast-growing Mycoplasma species isolated from wild Caprinae and first described in 2013. M. feriruminatoris isolates have been associated with arthritis, kerato conjunctivitis, pneumonia and septicemia, but were also recovered from apparently healthy animals. To better understand what defines this species, we performed a genomic survey on 14 strains collected from free-ranging or zoo-housed animals between 1987 and 2017, mostly in Europe. The average chromosome size of the M. feriruminatoris strains was 1,040±0,024 kbp, with 24 % G+C and 852±31 CDS. The core genome and pan-genome of the M. feriruminatoris species contained 628 and 1312 protein families, respectively. The M. feriruminatoris strains displayed a relatively closed pan-genome, with many features and putative virulence factors shared with species from the M. mycoides cluster, including the MIB-MIP Ig cleavage system, a repertoire of DUF285 surface proteins and a complete biosynthetic pathway for galactan. M. feriruminatoris genomes were found to be mostly syntenic, although repertoires of mobile genetic elements, including Mycoplasma Integrative and Conjugative Elements, insertion sequences, and a single plasmid varied. Phylogenetic- and gene content analyses confirmed that M. feriruminatoris was closer to the M. mycoides cluster than to the ruminant species M. yeatsii and M. putrefaciens. Ancestral genome reconstruction showed that the emergence of the M. feriruminatoris species was associated with the gain of 17 gene families, some of which encode defence enzymes and surface proteins, and the loss of 25 others, some of which are involved in sugar transport and metabolism. This comparative study suggests that the M. mycoides cluster could be extended to include M. feriruminatoris. We also find evidence that the specific organization and structure of the DnaA boxes around the oriC of M. feriruminatoris may contribute to drive the remarkable fast growth of this minimal bacterium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Baby
- Université de Bordeaux, INRAE, UMR BFP, F-33882, Villenave d’Ornon, France
- Present address: CDVUM, Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, 3200 rue Sicotte, St-Hyacinthe, QC, J2S 2M2, Canada
| | - Chloé Ambroset
- Université de Lyon, Anses–Laboratoire de Lyon, VetAgro Sup, UMR Mycoplasmoses animales, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Patrice Gaurivaud
- Université de Lyon, Anses–Laboratoire de Lyon, VetAgro Sup, UMR Mycoplasmoses animales, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Laurent Falquet
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg and Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | | | - Erwan Guichoux
- Université de Bordeaux, INRAE, BIOGECO, 33610 Cestas, France
| | - Joerg Jores
- Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, CH-3001 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Carole Lartigue
- Université de Bordeaux, INRAE, UMR BFP, F-33882, Villenave d’Ornon, France
| | - Florence Tardy
- Université de Lyon, Anses–Laboratoire de Lyon, VetAgro Sup, UMR Mycoplasmoses animales, 69007 Lyon, France
- Present address: Mycoplasmology, Bacteriology and Antibioresistance Unit, Laboratoire Anses Ploufragan Plouzané Niort, BP 53, 31 rue des fusillés, F-22440 Ploufragan, France
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3
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Zhao G, Lu D, Li M, Wang Y. Gene editing tools for mycoplasmas: references and future directions for efficient genome manipulation. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1191812. [PMID: 37275127 PMCID: PMC10232828 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1191812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasmas are successful pathogens that cause debilitating diseases in humans and various animal hosts. Despite the exceptionally streamlined genomes, mycoplasmas have evolved specific mechanisms to access essential nutrients from host cells. The paucity of genetic tools to manipulate mycoplasma genomes has impeded studies of the virulence factors of pathogenic species and mechanisms to access nutrients. This review summarizes several strategies for editing of mycoplasma genomes, including homologous recombination, transposons, clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/Cas system, and synthetic biology. In addition, the mechanisms and features of different tools are discussed to provide references and future directions for efficient manipulation of mycoplasma genomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Conservation and Utilization of Special Biological Resources in the Western China, Yinchuan, China
- School of Life Sciences, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, China
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Doukun Lu
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Min Li
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Conservation and Utilization of Special Biological Resources in the Western China, Yinchuan, China
- School of Life Sciences, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Yujiong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Conservation and Utilization of Special Biological Resources in the Western China, Yinchuan, China
- School of Life Sciences, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, China
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4
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Zhang Z, Jiang J, He M, Li H, Cheng Y, An Q, Chen S, Du L, Man C, Chen Q, Li L, Wang F. First Report and Comparative Genomic Analysis of a Mycoplasma mycoides Subspecies capri HN-A in Hainan Island. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10101908. [PMID: 36296185 PMCID: PMC9607973 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10101908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 09/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma mycoides subspecies capri (Mmc) is one of the six Mycoplasma mycoides cluster (Mm cluster) members, which can cause “MAKePS” (Mastitis, Arthritis, Keratoconjunctivitis, Pneumonia, Septicemia) syndrome in ruminants. These symptoms can occur alone or together in individuals or flocks of goats. However, little is known about the epidemic Mmc strains in Hainan Island, China. We aimed to isolate the endemic Mmc strains in Hainan Island and reveal their molecular characteristics by genomic sequencing and comparative genomics to mitigate the impact of Mmc on local ruminant farming. Here, the Mmc HN-A strain was isolated and identified for the first time in Hainan Island, China. The genome of Mmc HN-A was sequenced. It contains a 1,084,691 bp-long circular chromosome and 848 coding genes. The genomic analysis of Mmc HN-A revealed 16 virulence factors, 2 gene islands, and a bacterial type IV secretion system protein VirD4. Comparative genomics showed that the core genome of the five Mycoplasma mycoides contained 611 genes that could be exploited to develop drugs and endemic vaccines. Additionally, 36 specific genes were included in the Mmc HN-A genome, which could provide the possibility for the further control and prevention of the Mmc effects on local ruminants and enrich the information on Mmc strains.
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Talenton V, Baby V, Gourgues G, Mouden C, Claverol S, Vashee S, Blanchard A, Labroussaa F, Jores J, Arfi Y, Sirand-Pugnet P, Lartigue C. Genome Engineering of the Fast-Growing Mycoplasma feriruminatoris toward a Live Vaccine Chassis. ACS Synth Biol 2022; 11:1919-1930. [PMID: 35511588 PMCID: PMC9128628 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.2c00062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Development of a new generation of vaccines is a key challenge for the control of infectious diseases affecting both humans and animals. Synthetic biology methods offer new ways to engineer bacterial chassis that can be used as vectors to present heterologous antigens and train the immune system against pathogens. Here, we describe the construction of a bacterial chassis based on the fast-growing Mycoplasma feriruminatoris, and the first steps toward its application as a live vaccine against contagious caprine pleuropneumonia (CCPP). To do so, the M. feriruminatoris genome was cloned in yeast, modified by iterative cycles of Cas9-mediated deletion of loci encoding virulence factors, and transplanted back in Mycoplasma capricolum subsp. capricolum recipient cells to produce the designed M. feriruminatoris chassis. Deleted genes encoded the glycerol transport and metabolism systems GtsABCD and GlpOKF and the Mycoplasma Ig binding protein-Mycoplasma Ig protease (MIB-MIP) immunoglobulin cleavage system. Phenotypic assays of the M. feriruminatoris chassis confirmed the corresponding loss of H2O2 production and IgG cleavage activities, while growth remained unaltered. The resulting mycoplasma chassis was further evaluated as a platform for the expression of heterologous surface proteins. A genome locus encoding an inactivated MIB-MIP system from the CCPP-causative agent Mycoplasma capricolum subsp. capripneumoniae was grafted in replacement of its homolog at the original locus in the chassis genome. Both heterologous proteins were detected in the resulting strain using proteomics, confirming their expression. This study demonstrates that advanced genome engineering methods are henceforth available for the fast-growing M. feriruminatoris, facilitating the development of novel vaccines, in particular against major mycoplasma diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Talenton
- University of Bordeaux, INRAE, UMR BFP, F-33882 Villenave d’Ornon, France
| | - Vincent Baby
- University of Bordeaux, INRAE, UMR BFP, F-33882 Villenave d’Ornon, France
- Département de Biologie, Université de Sherbrooke, J1K 2R1 Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - Geraldine Gourgues
- University of Bordeaux, INRAE, UMR BFP, F-33882 Villenave d’Ornon, France
| | | | - Stephane Claverol
- Plateforme Proteome, University of Bordeaux, F-33076 Bordeaux, France
| | - Sanjay Vashee
- J. Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - Alain Blanchard
- University of Bordeaux, INRAE, UMR BFP, F-33882 Villenave d’Ornon, France
| | - Fabien Labroussaa
- Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern CH-3001, Switzerland
| | - Joerg Jores
- Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern CH-3001, Switzerland
| | - Yonathan Arfi
- University of Bordeaux, INRAE, UMR BFP, F-33882 Villenave d’Ornon, France
| | | | - Carole Lartigue
- University of Bordeaux, INRAE, UMR BFP, F-33882 Villenave d’Ornon, France
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Gaurivaud P, Tardy F. The Mycoplasma spp. ‘Releasome’: A New Concept for a Long-Known Phenomenon. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:853440. [PMID: 35495700 PMCID: PMC9051441 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.853440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The bacterial secretome comprises polypeptides expressed at the cell surface or released into the extracellular environment as well as the corresponding secretion machineries. Despite their reduced coding capacities, Mycoplasma spp. are able to produce and release several components into their environment, including polypeptides, exopolysaccharides and extracellular vesicles. Technical difficulties in purifying these elements from the complex broth media used to grow mycoplasmas have recently been overcome by optimizing growth conditions and switching to chemically defined culture media. However, the secretion pathways responsible for the release of these structurally varied elements are still poorly described in mycoplasmas. We propose the use of the term ‘releasome,’ instead of secretome, to refer to molecules released by mycoplasmas into their environment. The aim of this review is to more precisely delineate the elements that should be considered part of the mycoplasmal releasome and their role in the interplay of mycoplasmas with host cells and tissues.
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Thornburg ZR, Bianchi DM, Brier TA, Gilbert BR, Earnest TM, Melo MC, Safronova N, Sáenz JP, Cook AT, Wise KS, Hutchison CA, Smith HO, Glass JI, Luthey-Schulten Z. Fundamental behaviors emerge from simulations of a living minimal cell. Cell 2022; 185:345-360.e28. [PMID: 35063075 PMCID: PMC9985924 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2021.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
We present a whole-cell fully dynamical kinetic model (WCM) of JCVI-syn3A, a minimal cell with a reduced genome of 493 genes that has retained few regulatory proteins or small RNAs. Cryo-electron tomograms provide the cell geometry and ribosome distributions. Time-dependent behaviors of concentrations and reaction fluxes from stochastic-deterministic simulations over a cell cycle reveal how the cell balances demands of its metabolism, genetic information processes, and growth, and offer insight into the principles of life for this minimal cell. The energy economy of each process including active transport of amino acids, nucleosides, and ions is analyzed. WCM reveals how emergent imbalances lead to slowdowns in the rates of transcription and translation. Integration of experimental data is critical in building a kinetic model from which emerges a genome-wide distribution of mRNA half-lives, multiple DNA replication events that can be compared to qPCR results, and the experimentally observed doubling behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zane R. Thornburg
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - David M. Bianchi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Troy A. Brier
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Benjamin R. Gilbert
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Tyler M. Earnest
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Marcelo C.R. Melo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Nataliya Safronova
- Technische Universität Dresden, B CUBE Center for Molecular Bioengineering, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - James P. Sáenz
- Technische Universität Dresden, B CUBE Center for Molecular Bioengineering, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | | | - Kim S. Wise
- J. Craig Venter Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | | | | | | | - Zaida Luthey-Schulten
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; NSF Center for the Physics of Living Cells, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; NIH Center for Macromolecular Modeling and Bioinformatics, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
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Yiwen C, Yueyue W, Lianmei Q, Cuiming Z, Xiaoxing Y. Infection strategies of mycoplasmas: Unraveling the panoply of virulence factors. Virulence 2021; 12:788-817. [PMID: 33704021 PMCID: PMC7954426 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2021.1889813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasmas, the smallest bacteria lacking a cell wall, can cause various diseases in both humans and animals. Mycoplasmas harbor a variety of virulence factors that enable them to overcome numerous barriers of entry into the host; using accessory proteins, mycoplasma adhesins can bind to the receptors or extracellular matrix of the host cell. Although the host immune system can eradicate the invading mycoplasma in most cases, a few sagacious mycoplasmas employ a series of invasion and immune escape strategies to ensure their continued survival within their hosts. For instance, capsular polysaccharides are crucial for anti-phagocytosis and immunomodulation. Invasive enzymes degrade reactive oxygen species, neutrophil extracellular traps, and immunoglobulins. Biofilm formation is important for establishing a persistent infection. During proliferation, successfully surviving mycoplasmas generate numerous metabolites, including hydrogen peroxide, ammonia and hydrogen sulfide; or secrete various exotoxins, such as community-acquired respiratory distress syndrome toxin, and hemolysins; and express various pathogenic enzymes, all of which have potent toxic effects on host cells. Furthermore, some inherent components of mycoplasmas, such as lipids, membrane lipoproteins, and even mycoplasma-generated superantigens, can exert a significant pathogenic impact on the host cells or the immune system. In this review, we describe the proposed virulence factors in the toolkit of notorious mycoplasmas to better understand the pathogenic features of these bacteria, along with their pathogenic mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Yiwen
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China; Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control; Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Hengyang, China
| | - Wu Yueyue
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China; Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control; Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Hengyang, China
| | - Qin Lianmei
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China; Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control; Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Hengyang, China
| | - Zhu Cuiming
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China; Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control; Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Hengyang, China
| | - You Xiaoxing
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China; Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control; Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Hengyang, China
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Vashee S, Arfi Y, Lartigue C. Budding yeast as a factory to engineer partial and complete microbial genomes. CURRENT OPINION IN SYSTEMS BIOLOGY 2020; 24:1-8. [PMID: 33015421 PMCID: PMC7523139 DOI: 10.1016/j.coisb.2020.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Yeast cells have long been used as hosts to propagate exogenous DNA. Recent progress in genome editing opens new avenues in synthetic biology. These developments allow the efficient engineering of microbial genomes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae that can then be rescued to yield modified bacteria/viruses. Recent examples show that the ability to quickly synthesize, assemble, and/or modify viral and bacterial genomes may be a critical factor to respond to emerging pathogens. However, this process has some limitations. DNA molecules much larger than two megabase pairs are complex to clone, bacterial genomes have proven to be difficult to rescue, and the dual-use potential of these technologies must be carefully considered. Regardless, the use of yeast as a factory has enormous appeal for biological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yonathan Arfi
- Univ. Bordeaux, INRAE, Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, UMR 1332, F-33140, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Carole Lartigue
- Univ. Bordeaux, INRAE, Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, UMR 1332, F-33140, Villenave d'Ornon, France
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Zhu X, Baranowski E, Dong Y, Li X, Hao Z, Zhao G, Zhang H, Lu D, A. Rasheed M, Chen Y, Hu C, Chen H, Sagné E, Citti C, Guo A. An emerging role for cyclic dinucleotide phosphodiesterase and nanoRNase activities in Mycoplasma bovis: Securing survival in cell culture. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008661. [PMID: 32598377 PMCID: PMC7373297 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasmas are host-restricted prokaryotes with a nearly minimal genome. To overcome their metabolic limitations, these wall-less bacteria establish intimate interactions with epithelial cells at mucosal surfaces. The alarming rate of antimicrobial resistance among pathogenic species is of particular concern in the medical and veterinary fields. Taking advantage of the reduced mycoplasma genome, random transposon mutagenesis was combined with high-throughput screening in order to identify key determinants of mycoplasma survival in the host-cell environment and potential targets for drug development. With the use of the ruminant pathogen Mycoplasma bovis as a model, three phosphodiesterases of the DHH superfamily were identified as essential for the proliferation of this species under cell culture conditions, while dispensable for axenic growth. Despite a similar domain architecture, recombinant Mbov_0327 and Mbov_0328 products displayed different substrate specificities. While rMbovP328 protein exhibited activity towards cyclic dinucleotides and nanoRNAs, rMbovP327 protein was only able to degrade nanoRNAs. The Mbov_0276 product was identified as a member of the membrane-associated GdpP family of phosphodiesterases that was found to participate in cyclic dinucleotide and nanoRNA degradation, an activity which might therefore be redundant in the genome-reduced M. bovis. Remarkably, all these enzymes were able to convert their substrates into mononucleotides, and medium supplementation with nucleoside monophosphates or nucleosides fully restored the capacity of a Mbov_0328/0327 knock-out mutant to grow under cell culture conditions. Since mycoplasmas are unable to synthesize DNA/RNA precursors de novo, cyclic dinucleotide and nanoRNA degradation are likely contributing to the survival of M. bovis by securing the recycling of purines and pyrimidines. These results point toward proteins of the DHH superfamily as promising targets for the development of new antimicrobials against multidrug-resistant pathogenic mycoplasma species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xifang Zhu
- The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Veterinary Epidemiology, International Research Center for Animal Disease of Ministry of Science and Technology of China, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Key Laboratory of Ruminant Bio-products, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Wuhan, China
| | | | - Yaqi Dong
- The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xixi Li
- The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhiyu Hao
- The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Gang Zhao
- The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Doukun Lu
- The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Muhammad A. Rasheed
- The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yingyu Chen
- The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Changmin Hu
- The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Huanchun Chen
- The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Veterinary Epidemiology, International Research Center for Animal Disease of Ministry of Science and Technology of China, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Key Laboratory of Ruminant Bio-products, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Wuhan, China
| | - Eveline Sagné
- IHAP, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, Toulouse, France
| | | | - Aizhen Guo
- The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Veterinary Epidemiology, International Research Center for Animal Disease of Ministry of Science and Technology of China, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Key Laboratory of Ruminant Bio-products, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Wuhan, China
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11
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Di Teodoro G, Marruchella G, Di Provvido A, D'Angelo AR, Orsini G, Di Giuseppe P, Sacchini F, Scacchia M. Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia: A Comprehensive Overview. Vet Pathol 2020; 57:476-489. [PMID: 32390522 DOI: 10.1177/0300985820921818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP) is a respiratory disease of cattle that is listed as notifiable by the World Organization for Animal Health. It is endemic in sub-Saharan Africa and causes important productivity losses due to the high mortality and morbidity rates. CBPP is caused by Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides (Mmm) and is characterized by severe fibrinous bronchopneumonia and pleural effusion during the acute to subacute stages and by pulmonary sequestra in chronic cases. Additional lesions can be detected in the kidneys and in the carpal and tarsal joints of calves. Mmm infection occurs through the inhalation of infected aerosol droplets. After the colonization of bronchioles and alveoli, Mmm invades blood and lymphatic vessels and causes vasculitis. Moreover, Mmm can be occasionally demonstrated in blood and in a variety of other tissues. In the lung, Mmm antigen is commonly detected on bronchiolar and alveolar epithelial cells, in lung phagocytic cells, within the wall of blood and lymphatic vessels, inside necrotic areas, and within tertiary lymphoid follicles. Mmm antigen can also be present in the cytoplasm of macrophages within lymph node sinuses, in the germinal center of lymphoid follicles, in glomerular endothelial cells, and in renal tubules. A complete pathological examination is of great value for a rapid presumptive diagnosis, but laboratory investigations are mandatory for definitive diagnosis. The purpose of this review is to describe the main features of CBPP including the causative agent, history, geographic distribution, epidemiology, clinical course, diagnosis, and control. A special focus is placed on gross and microscopic lesions in order to familiarize veterinarians with the pathology and pathogenesis of CBPP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Di Teodoro
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e Molise "G. Caporale," OIE Reference Laboratory for Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia, Campo Boario, Teramo, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Marruchella
- University of Teramo, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Loc. Piano d'Accio, Teramo, Italy
| | - Andrea Di Provvido
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e Molise "G. Caporale," OIE Reference Laboratory for Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia, Campo Boario, Teramo, Italy
| | - Anna Rita D'Angelo
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e Molise "G. Caporale," OIE Reference Laboratory for Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia, Campo Boario, Teramo, Italy
| | - Gianluca Orsini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e Molise "G. Caporale," OIE Reference Laboratory for Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia, Campo Boario, Teramo, Italy
| | - Paola Di Giuseppe
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e Molise "G. Caporale," OIE Reference Laboratory for Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia, Campo Boario, Teramo, Italy
| | - Flavio Sacchini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e Molise "G. Caporale," OIE Reference Laboratory for Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia, Campo Boario, Teramo, Italy
| | - Massimo Scacchia
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e Molise "G. Caporale," OIE Reference Laboratory for Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia, Campo Boario, Teramo, Italy
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12
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Jores J, Schieck E, Liljander A, Sacchini F, Posthaus H, Lartigue C, Blanchard A, Labroussaa F, Vashee S. In vivo role of capsular polysaccharide in Mycoplasma mycoides. J Infect Dis 2020; 219:1559-1563. [PMID: 30541131 PMCID: PMC6473168 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiy713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Capsular polysaccharides have been confirmed to be an important virulence trait in many gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Similarly, they are proposed to be virulence traits in minimal Mycoplasma that cause disease in humans and animals. In the current study, goats were infected with the caprine pathogen Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. capri or an engineered mutant lacking the capsular polysaccharide, galactofuranose. Goats infected with the mutant strain showed only transient fever. In contrast, 5 of 8 goats infected with the parental strain reached end-point criteria after infection. These findings confirm that galactofuranose is a virulence factor in M. mycoides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joerg Jores
- Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology, University of Bern, Switzerland.,International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Elise Schieck
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Anne Liljander
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Flavio Sacchini
- Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology, University of Bern, Switzerland.,International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Horst Posthaus
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Carole Lartigue
- French National Institute for Agricultural Research, Villenave d'Ornon, France.,University of Bordeaux, UMR 1332 de Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Alain Blanchard
- French National Institute for Agricultural Research, Villenave d'Ornon, France.,University of Bordeaux, UMR 1332 de Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Fabien Labroussaa
- Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology, University of Bern, Switzerland
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13
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Sahoo L, Sahoo S, Mohanty M, Sankar M, Dixit S, Das P, Rasal KD, Rather MA, Sundaray JK. Molecular characterization, computational analysis and expression profiling of Dmrt1 gene in Indian major carp, Labeo rohita (Hamilton 1822). Anim Biotechnol 2019; 32:413-426. [PMID: 31880491 DOI: 10.1080/10495398.2019.1707683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Sexual dimorphism of fish morphology, physiology and behavior is diverse and complex in nature. Doublesex and mab-3 related transcription factor (Dmrt) is a large protein family whose function is sexual development and differentiation in vertebrates. Here, we report a full-length cDNA sequence of Labeo rohita (rohu) Dmrt1 of 907 bp length having 798 bp of open reading frame encoding 265 amino acids. The molecular weight of rohu DMRT1 protein was found to be 28.74 KDa and isoelectric point was 7.53. DMRT1 protein contains 23 positively and 24 negatively charged amino acids with a GRAVY score of -0.618. A characteristic DM domain was found in DMRT1 protein, which is a novel DNA-binding domain. Phylogenetic analysis showed maximum similarity with Cyprinus carpio when compared with DMRT1 of other vertebrates. Molecular docking study identified active sites to be targeted for drug designing. Rohu DMRT1 was observed to interact with other proteins such as FOXL2, CYP19a1a, AMH and SOX9a. Differential expression study revealed higher expression in testis tissue implying its role in male sex differentiation and testicular development. The information generated in the present work could facilitate further research to resolve the issues related to gonadal maturation and reproduction of commercially important aquaculture species.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Sahoo
- Fish Genetics and Biotechnology Division, ICAR-Central Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - S Sahoo
- Fish Genetics and Biotechnology Division, ICAR-Central Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - M Mohanty
- Fish Genetics and Biotechnology Division, ICAR-Central Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - M Sankar
- ICAR-Central Marine Research Institute, Mandapam Regional Centre, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - S Dixit
- Fish Genetics and Biotechnology Division, ICAR-Central Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - P Das
- Fish Genetics and Biotechnology Division, ICAR-Central Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - K D Rasal
- Fish Genetics and Biotechnology Division, ICAR-Central Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - M A Rather
- Division of Fish genetics and Biotechnology, Faculty of Fisheries, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology of Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - J K Sundaray
- Fish Genetics and Biotechnology Division, ICAR-Central Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
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14
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Labroussaa F, Baby V, Rodrigue S, Lartigue C. [Whole genome transplantation: bringing natural or synthetic bacterial genomes back to life]. Med Sci (Paris) 2019; 35:761-770. [PMID: 31625898 DOI: 10.1051/medsci/2019154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of synthetic genomics (SG) allowed the emergence of several groundbreaking techniques including the synthesis, assembly and engineering of whole bacterial genomes. The successful implantation of those methods, which culminated in the creation of JCVI-syn3.0 the first nearly minimal bacterium with a synthetic genome, mainly results from the use of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a transient host for bacterial genome replication and modification. Another method played a key role in the resounding success of this project: bacterial genome transplantation (GT). GT consists in the transfer of bacterial genomes cloned in yeast, back into a cellular environment suitable for the expression of their genetic content. While successful using many mycoplasma species, a complete understanding of the factors governing GT will most certainly help unleash the power of the entire SG pipeline to other genetically intractable bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabien Labroussaa
- Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology, University of Bern, PO Box, CH-3001 Bern, Suisse
| | - Vincent Baby
- UMR 1332 Biologie du fruit et pathologie, INRA Bordeaux-Aquitaine, 71 avenue E. Bourlaux, 33882 Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Sébastien Rodrigue
- Département de biologie, Université de Sherbrooke, 2500 boulevard de l'université, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - Carole Lartigue
- UMR 1332 Biologie du fruit et pathologie, INRA Bordeaux-Aquitaine, 71 avenue E. Bourlaux, 33882 Villenave d'Ornon, France
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15
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Schumacher M, Nicholson P, Stoffel MH, Chandran S, D’Mello A, Ma L, Vashee S, Jores J, Labroussaa F. Evidence for the Cytoplasmic Localization of the L-α-Glycerophosphate Oxidase in Members of the " Mycoplasma mycoides Cluster". Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1344. [PMID: 31275271 PMCID: PMC6593217 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Members of the "Mycoplasma mycoides cluster" are important animal pathogens causing diseases including contagious bovine pleuropneumonia and contagious caprine pleuropneumonia, which are of utmost importance in Africa or Asia. Even if all existing vaccines have shortcomings, vaccination of herds is still considered the best way to fight mycoplasma diseases, especially with the recent and dramatic increase of antimicrobial resistance observed in many mycoplasma species. A new generation of vaccines will benefit from a better understanding of the pathogenesis of mycoplasmas, which is very patchy up to now. In particular, surface-exposed virulence traits are likely to induce a protective immune response when formulated in a vaccine. The candidate virulence factor L-α-glycerophosphate oxidase (GlpO), shared by many mycoplasmas including Mycoplasma pneumoniae, was suggested to be a surface-exposed enzyme in Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides responsible for the production of hydrogen peroxide directly into the host cells. We produced a glpO isogenic mutant GM12::YCpMmyc1.1-ΔglpO using in-yeast synthetic genomics tools including the tandem-repeat endonuclease cleavage (TREC) technique followed by the back-transplantation of the engineered genome into a mycoplasma recipient cell. GlpO localization in the mutant and its parental strain was assessed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). We obtained conflicting results and this led us to re-evaluate the localization of GlpO using a combination of in silico and in vitro techniques, such as Triton X-114 fractionation or tryptic shaving followed by immunoblotting. Our in vitro results unambiguously support the finding that GlpO is a cytoplasmic protein throughout the "Mycoplasma mycoides cluster." Thus, the use of GlpO as a candidate vaccine antigen is unlikely to induce a protective immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Schumacher
- Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Pamela Nicholson
- Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Adonis D’Mello
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Li Ma
- J. Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, MD, United States
| | - Sanjay Vashee
- J. Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, MD, United States
| | - Joerg Jores
- Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Fabien Labroussaa
- Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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16
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Attenuation of a Pathogenic Mycoplasma Strain by Modification of the obg Gene by Using Synthetic Biology Approaches. mSphere 2019; 4:4/3/e00030-19. [PMID: 31118296 PMCID: PMC6531878 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00030-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal diseases due to mycoplasmas are a major cause of morbidity and mortality associated with economic losses for farmers all over the world. Currently used mycoplasma vaccines exhibit several drawbacks, including low efficacy, short time of protection, adverse reactions, and difficulty in differentiating infected from vaccinated animals. Therefore, there is a need for improved vaccines to control animal mycoplasmoses. Here, we used genome engineering tools derived from synthetic biology approaches to produce targeted mutations in the essential GTPase-encoding obg gene of Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. capri. Some of the resulting mutants exhibited a marked temperature-sensitive phenotype. The virulence of one of the obg mutants was evaluated in a caprine septicemia model and found to be strongly reduced. Although the obg mutant reverted to a virulent phenotype in one infected animal, we believe that these results contribute to a strategy that should help in building new vaccines against animal mycoplasmoses. Mycoplasma species are responsible for several economically significant livestock diseases for which there is a need for new and improved vaccines. Most of the existing mycoplasma vaccines are attenuated strains that have been empirically obtained by serial passages or by chemical mutagenesis. The recent development of synthetic biology approaches has opened the way for the engineering of live mycoplasma vaccines. Using these tools, the essential GTPase-encoding gene obg was modified directly on the Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. capri genome cloned in yeast, reproducing mutations suspected to induce a temperature-sensitive (TS+) phenotype. After transplantation of modified genomes into a recipient cell, the phenotype of the resulting M. mycoides subsp. capri mutants was characterized. Single-point obg mutations did not result in a strong TS+ phenotype in M. mycoides subsp. capri, but a clone presenting three obg mutations was shown to grow with difficulty at temperatures of ≥40°C. This particular mutant was then tested in a caprine septicemia model of M. mycoides subsp. capri infection. Five out of eight goats infected with the parental strain had to be euthanized, in contrast to one out of eight goats infected with the obg mutant, demonstrating an attenuation of virulence in the mutant. Moreover, the strain isolated from the euthanized animal in the group infected with the obg mutant was shown to carry a reversion in the obg gene associated with the loss of the TS+ phenotype. This study demonstrates the feasibility of building attenuated strains of mycoplasma that could contribute to the design of novel vaccines with improved safety. IMPORTANCE Animal diseases due to mycoplasmas are a major cause of morbidity and mortality associated with economic losses for farmers all over the world. Currently used mycoplasma vaccines exhibit several drawbacks, including low efficacy, short time of protection, adverse reactions, and difficulty in differentiating infected from vaccinated animals. Therefore, there is a need for improved vaccines to control animal mycoplasmoses. Here, we used genome engineering tools derived from synthetic biology approaches to produce targeted mutations in the essential GTPase-encoding obg gene of Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. capri. Some of the resulting mutants exhibited a marked temperature-sensitive phenotype. The virulence of one of the obg mutants was evaluated in a caprine septicemia model and found to be strongly reduced. Although the obg mutant reverted to a virulent phenotype in one infected animal, we believe that these results contribute to a strategy that should help in building new vaccines against animal mycoplasmoses.
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17
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Jores J, Ma L, Ssajjakambwe P, Schieck E, Liljander A, Chandran S, Stoffel MH, Cippa V, Arfi Y, Assad-Garcia N, Falquet L, Sirand-Pugnet P, Blanchard A, Lartigue C, Posthaus H, Labroussaa F, Vashee S. Removal of a Subset of Non-essential Genes Fully Attenuates a Highly Virulent Mycoplasma Strain. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:664. [PMID: 31001234 PMCID: PMC6456743 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasmas are the smallest free-living organisms and cause a number of economically important diseases affecting humans, animals, insects, and plants. Here, we demonstrate that highly virulent Mycoplasma mycoides subspecies capri (Mmc) can be fully attenuated via targeted deletion of non-essential genes encoding, among others, potential virulence traits. Five genomic regions, representing approximately 10% of the original Mmc genome, were successively deleted using Saccharomyces cerevisiae as an engineering platform. Specifically, a total of 68 genes out of the 432 genes verified to be individually non-essential in the JCVI-Syn3.0 minimal cell, were excised from the genome. In vitro characterization showed that this mutant was similar to its parental strain in terms of its doubling time, even though 10% of the genome content were removed. A novel in vivo challenge model in goats revealed that the wild-type parental strain caused marked necrotizing inflammation at the site of inoculation, septicemia and all animals reached endpoint criteria within 6 days after experimental infection. This is in contrast to the mutant strain, which caused no clinical signs nor pathomorphological lesions. These results highlight, for the first time, the rational design, construction and complete attenuation of a Mycoplasma strain via synthetic genomics tools. Trait addition using the yeast-based genome engineering platform and subsequent in vitro or in vivo trials employing the Mycoplasma chassis will allow us to dissect the role of individual candidate Mycoplasma virulence factors and lead the way for the development of an attenuated designer vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joerg Jores
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Li Ma
- J. Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, MD, United States
| | - Paul Ssajjakambwe
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Elise Schieck
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Anne Liljander
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | - Michael H Stoffel
- Division of Veterinary Anatomy, Department of Clinical Research and Veterinary Public Health, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Valentina Cippa
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Yonathan Arfi
- UMR 1332 - Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Villenave-d'Ornon, France.,UMR 1332 - Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, Université de Bordeaux, Villenave-d'Ornon, France
| | | | - Laurent Falquet
- Biochemistry Unit, Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Pascal Sirand-Pugnet
- UMR 1332 - Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Villenave-d'Ornon, France.,UMR 1332 - Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, Université de Bordeaux, Villenave-d'Ornon, France
| | - Alain Blanchard
- UMR 1332 - Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Villenave-d'Ornon, France.,UMR 1332 - Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, Université de Bordeaux, Villenave-d'Ornon, France
| | - Carole Lartigue
- UMR 1332 - Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Villenave-d'Ornon, France.,UMR 1332 - Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, Université de Bordeaux, Villenave-d'Ornon, France
| | - Horst Posthaus
- Department for Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Institute of Animal Pathology (COMPATH), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Fabien Labroussaa
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Sanjay Vashee
- J. Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, MD, United States
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18
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Liljander A, Sacchini F, Stoffel MH, Schieck E, Stokar-Regenscheit N, Labroussaa F, Heller M, Salt J, Frey J, Falquet L, Goovaerts D, Jores J. Reproduction of contagious caprine pleuropneumonia reveals the ability of convalescent sera to reduce hydrogen peroxide production in vitro. Vet Res 2019; 50:10. [PMID: 30736863 PMCID: PMC6368817 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-019-0628-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Contagious caprine pleuropneumonia (CCPP), caused by Mycoplasma capricolum subsp. capripneumoniae is a severe disease widespread in Africa and Asia. Limited knowledge is available on the pathogenesis of this organism, mainly due to the lack of a robust in vivo challenge model and the means to do site-directed mutagenesis. This work describes the establishment of a novel caprine challenge model for CCPP that resulted in 100% morbidity using a combination of repeated intranasal spray infection followed by a single transtracheal infection employing the recent Kenyan outbreak strain ILRI181. Diseased animals displayed CCPP-related pathology and the bacteria could subsequently be isolated from pleural exudates and lung tissues in concentrations of up to 109 bacteria per mL as well as in the trachea using immunohistochemistry. Reannotation of the genome sequence of ILRI181 and F38T revealed the existence of genes encoding the complete glycerol uptake and metabolic pathways involved in hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) production in the phylogenetically related pathogen M. mycoides subsp. mycoides. Furthermore, the expression of L-α-glycerophosphate oxidase (GlpO) in vivo was confirmed. In addition, the function of the glycerol metabolism was verified by measurement of production of H2O2 in medium containing physiological serum concentrations of glycerol. Peroxide production could be inhibited with serum from convalescent animals. These results will pave the way for a better understanding of host-pathogen interactions during CCPP and subsequent vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Liljander
- International Livestock Research Institute, Box 30709, Nairobi, 00100, Kenya
| | - Flavio Sacchini
- International Livestock Research Institute, Box 30709, Nairobi, 00100, Kenya.,Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Länggass-Str. 122, Postfach, 3001, Bern, Switzerland.,Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise "G. Caporale", via Campo Boario, 64100, Teramo, Italy
| | - Michael H Stoffel
- Division of Veterinary Anatomy, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Länggass-Str. 120, Postfach, 3001, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Elise Schieck
- International Livestock Research Institute, Box 30709, Nairobi, 00100, Kenya
| | - Nadine Stokar-Regenscheit
- Institute of Animal Pathology (COMPATH), Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Länggass-Str. 122, Postfach, 3001, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Fabien Labroussaa
- Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Länggass-Str. 122, Postfach, 3001, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Martin Heller
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute-Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Naumburger Str. 96a, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Jeremy Salt
- GALVmed, Doherty Building, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik, Edinburgh, EH26 0PZ, Scotland, UK
| | - Joachim Frey
- Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Länggass-Str. 122, Postfach, 3001, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Laurent Falquet
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Biology, University of Fribourg and Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Chemin du Musée 18, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Danny Goovaerts
- GALVmed, Doherty Building, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik, Edinburgh, EH26 0PZ, Scotland, UK
| | - Joerg Jores
- International Livestock Research Institute, Box 30709, Nairobi, 00100, Kenya. .,Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Länggass-Str. 122, Postfach, 3001, Bern, Switzerland.
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19
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Breuer M, Earnest TM, Merryman C, Wise KS, Sun L, Lynott MR, Hutchison CA, Smith HO, Lapek JD, Gonzalez DJ, de Crécy-Lagard V, Haas D, Hanson AD, Labhsetwar P, Glass JI, Luthey-Schulten Z. Essential metabolism for a minimal cell. eLife 2019; 8:36842. [PMID: 30657448 PMCID: PMC6609329 DOI: 10.7554/elife.36842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
JCVI-syn3A, a robust minimal cell with a 543 kbp genome and 493 genes, provides a versatile platform to study the basics of life. Using the vast amount of experimental information available on its precursor, Mycoplasma mycoides capri, we assembled a near-complete metabolic network with 98% of enzymatic reactions supported by annotation or experiment. The model agrees well with genome-scale in vivo transposon mutagenesis experiments, showing a Matthews correlation coefficient of 0.59. The genes in the reconstruction have a high in vivo essentiality or quasi-essentiality of 92% (68% essential), compared to 79% in silico essentiality. This coherent model of the minimal metabolism in JCVI-syn3A at the same time also points toward specific open questions regarding the minimal genome of JCVI-syn3A, which still contains many genes of generic or completely unclear function. In particular, the model, its comparison to in vivo essentiality and proteomics data yield specific hypotheses on gene functions and metabolic capabilities; and provide suggestions for several further gene removals. In this way, the model and its accompanying data guide future investigations of the minimal cell. Finally, the identification of 30 essential genes with unclear function will motivate the search for new biological mechanisms beyond metabolism. One way that researchers can test whether they understand a biological system is to see if they can accurately recreate it as a computer model. The more they learn about living things, the more the researchers can improve their models and the closer the models become to simulating the original. In this approach, it is best to start by trying to model a simple system. Biologists have previously succeeded in creating ‘minimal bacterial cells’. These synthetic cells contain fewer genes than almost all other living things and they are believed to be among the simplest possible forms of life that can grow on their own. The minimal cells can produce all the chemicals that they need to survive – in other words, they have a metabolism. Accurately recreating one of these cells in a computer is a key first step towards simulating a complete living system. Breuer et al. have developed a computer model to simulate the network of the biochemical reactions going on inside a minimal cell with just 493 genes. By altering the parameters of their model and comparing the results to experimental data, Breuer et al. explored the accuracy of their model. Overall, the model reproduces experimental results, but it is not yet perfect. The differences between the model and the experiments suggest new questions and tests that could advance our understanding of biology. In particular, Breuer et al. identified 30 genes that are essential for life in these cells but that currently have no known purpose. Continuing to develop and expand models like these to reproduce more complex living systems provides a tool to test current knowledge of biology. These models may become so advanced that they could predict how living things will respond to changing situations. This would allow scientists to test ideas sooner and make much faster progress in understanding life on Earth. Ultimately, these models could one day help to accelerate medical and industrial processes to save lives and enhance productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marian Breuer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, United States
| | - Tyler M Earnest
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, United States
| | | | - Kim S Wise
- J Craig Venter Institute, La Jolla, United States
| | - Lijie Sun
- J Craig Venter Institute, La Jolla, United States
| | | | | | | | - John D Lapek
- Department of Pharmacology and School of Pharmacy, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, United States
| | - David J Gonzalez
- Department of Pharmacology and School of Pharmacy, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, United States
| | - Valérie de Crécy-Lagard
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, United States
| | - Drago Haas
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, United States
| | - Andrew D Hanson
- Horticultural Sciences Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, United States
| | - Piyush Labhsetwar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, United States
| | - John I Glass
- J Craig Venter Institute, La Jolla, United States
| | - Zaida Luthey-Schulten
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, United States
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20
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Identification of targets of monoclonal antibodies that inhibit adhesion and growth in Mycoplasma mycoides subspecies mycoides. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2018; 204:11-18. [PMID: 30596376 PMCID: PMC6215757 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2018.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Revised: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A panel of anti-Mmm mAbs was produced and screened for host-pathogen inhibition. 13 mAbs inhibited adhesion of Mmm to host target cells. Anti-capsular polysaccharide inhibited growth and caused agglutination of Mmm. Anti-PDHC inhibited adherence of Mmm cells showing the possible role of glycolytic enzymes in host-pathogen interaction. One novel antigen that is a promising vaccine candidate against CBPP identified.
Mycoplasma mycoides subspecies mycoides (Mmm) adhesion is tissue and host specific. Inhibition of adhesion will prevent Mmm from binding to lung cells and hence prevent colonization and disease. The aim of this study was to develop a panel of Mmm monoclonal antibodies against Mmm and use these antibodies to investigate their inhibitory effect on the adherence of Mmm to bovine lung epithelial cells (BoLEC), and to further identify an antigen to any of the inhibitory antibodies. Thirteen anti-Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides (AMMY) monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) inhibited adhesion by at least 30% and ten of the mAbs bound to multiple bands on Western blots suggesting that the antibodies bound to proteins of variable sizes. AMMY 10, a previously characterized Mmm- capsular polysaccharide (CPS) specific antibody, inhibited growth of Mmm in vitro and also caused agglutination of Mmm total cell lysate. AMMY 5, a 2-oxo acid dehydrogenase acyltransferase (Catalytic domain) (MSC_0267) specific antibody, was identified and polyclonal rabbit serum against recombinant MSC_0267 blocked adhesion of Mmm to BoLEC by 41%. Antigens recognized by these antibodies could be vaccine candidate(s) and should be subsequently tested for their ability to induce a protective immune response in vivo.
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Labroussaa F, Lebaudy A, Baby V, Gourgues G, Matteau D, Vashee S, Sirand-Pugnet P, Rodrigue S, Lartigue C. Impact of donor-recipient phylogenetic distance on bacterial genome transplantation. Nucleic Acids Res 2016; 44:8501-11. [PMID: 27488189 PMCID: PMC5041484 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkw688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Revised: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Genome transplantation (GT) allows the installation of purified chromosomes into recipient cells, causing the resulting organisms to adopt the genotype and the phenotype conferred by the donor cells. This key process remains a bottleneck in synthetic biology, especially for genome engineering strategies of intractable and economically important microbial species. So far, this process has only been reported using two closely related bacteria, Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. capri (Mmc) and Mycoplasma capricolum subsp. capricolum (Mcap), and the main factors driving the compatibility between a donor genome and a recipient cell are poorly understood. Here, we investigated the impact of the evolutionary distance between donor and recipient species on the efficiency of GT. Using Mcap as the recipient cell, we successfully transplanted the genome of six bacteria belonging to the Spiroplasma phylogenetic group but including species of two distinct genera. Our results demonstrate that GT efficiency is inversely correlated with the phylogenetic distance between donor and recipient bacteria but also suggest that other species-specific barriers to GT exist. This work constitutes an important step toward understanding the cellular factors governing the GT process in order to better define and eventually extend the existing genome compatibility limit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabien Labroussaa
- INRA, UMR 1332 de Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, F-33140 Villenave d'Ornon, France University of Bordeaux, UMR 1332 de Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, F-33140 Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Anne Lebaudy
- INRA, UMR 1332 de Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, F-33140 Villenave d'Ornon, France University of Bordeaux, UMR 1332 de Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, F-33140 Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Vincent Baby
- Université de Sherbrooke, Département de biologie, 2500 boulevard Université Sherbrooke (Québec), J1K 2R1, Canada
| | - Géraldine Gourgues
- INRA, UMR 1332 de Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, F-33140 Villenave d'Ornon, France University of Bordeaux, UMR 1332 de Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, F-33140 Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Dominick Matteau
- Université de Sherbrooke, Département de biologie, 2500 boulevard Université Sherbrooke (Québec), J1K 2R1, Canada
| | | | - Pascal Sirand-Pugnet
- INRA, UMR 1332 de Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, F-33140 Villenave d'Ornon, France University of Bordeaux, UMR 1332 de Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, F-33140 Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Sébastien Rodrigue
- Université de Sherbrooke, Département de biologie, 2500 boulevard Université Sherbrooke (Québec), J1K 2R1, Canada
| | - Carole Lartigue
- INRA, UMR 1332 de Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, F-33140 Villenave d'Ornon, France University of Bordeaux, UMR 1332 de Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, F-33140 Villenave d'Ornon, France
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The MisR Response Regulator Is Necessary for Intrinsic Cationic Antimicrobial Peptide and Aminoglycoside Resistance in Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2016; 60:4690-700. [PMID: 27216061 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00823-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Accepted: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
During infection, the sexually transmitted pathogen Neisseria gonorrhoeae (the gonococcus) encounters numerous host-derived antimicrobials, including cationic antimicrobial peptides (CAMPs) produced by epithelial and phagocytic cells. CAMPs have both direct and indirect killing mechanisms and help link the innate and adaptive immune responses during infection. Gonococcal CAMP resistance is likely important for avoidance of host nonoxidative killing systems expressed by polymorphonuclear granulocytes (e.g., neutrophils) and intracellular survival. Previously studied gonococcal CAMP resistance mechanisms include modification of lipid A with phosphoethanolamine by LptA and export of CAMPs by the MtrCDE efflux pump. In the related pathogen Neisseria meningitidis, a two-component regulatory system (2CRS) termed MisR-MisS has been shown to contribute to the capacity of the meningococcus to resist CAMP killing. We report that the gonococcal MisR response regulator but not the MisS sensor kinase is involved in constitutive and inducible CAMP resistance and is also required for intrinsic low-level resistance to aminoglycosides. The 4- to 8-fold increased susceptibility of misR-deficient gonococci to CAMPs and aminoglycosides was independent of phosphoethanolamine decoration of lipid A and the levels of the MtrCDE efflux pump and seemed to correlate with a general increase in membrane permeability. Transcriptional profiling and biochemical studies confirmed that expression of lptA and mtrCDE was not impacted by the loss of MisR. However, several genes encoding proteins involved in membrane integrity and redox control gave evidence of being MisR regulated. We propose that MisR modulates the levels of gonococcal susceptibility to antimicrobials by influencing the expression of genes involved in determining membrane integrity.
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Hutchison CA, Chuang RY, Noskov VN, Assad-Garcia N, Deerinck TJ, Ellisman MH, Gill J, Kannan K, Karas BJ, Ma L, Pelletier JF, Qi ZQ, Richter RA, Strychalski EA, Sun L, Suzuki Y, Tsvetanova B, Wise KS, Smith HO, Glass JI, Merryman C, Gibson DG, Venter JC. Design and synthesis of a minimal bacterial genome. Science 2016; 351:aad6253. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aad6253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 838] [Impact Index Per Article: 104.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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