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Chow EWL, Pang LM, Wang Y. From Jekyll to Hyde: The Yeast-Hyphal Transition of Candida albicans. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10070859. [PMID: 34358008 PMCID: PMC8308684 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10070859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans is a major fungal pathogen of humans, accounting for 15% of nosocomial infections with an estimated attributable mortality of 47%. C. albicans is usually a benign member of the human microbiome in healthy people. Under constant exposure to highly dynamic environmental cues in diverse host niches, C. albicans has successfully evolved to adapt to both commensal and pathogenic lifestyles. The ability of C. albicans to undergo a reversible morphological transition from yeast to filamentous forms is a well-established virulent trait. Over the past few decades, a significant amount of research has been carried out to understand the underlying regulatory mechanisms, signaling pathways, and transcription factors that govern the C. albicans yeast-to-hyphal transition. This review will summarize our current understanding of well-elucidated signal transduction pathways that activate C. albicans hyphal morphogenesis in response to various environmental cues and the cell cycle machinery involved in the subsequent regulation and maintenance of hyphal morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eve Wai Ling Chow
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 61 Biopolis Drive, Proteos, Singapore 138673, Singapore;
| | - Li Mei Pang
- National Dental Centre Singapore, National Dental Research Institute Singapore (NDRIS), 5 Second Hospital Ave, Singapore 168938, Singapore;
| | - Yue Wang
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 61 Biopolis Drive, Proteos, Singapore 138673, Singapore;
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 10 Medical Drive, Singapore 117597, Singapore
- Correspondence:
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2
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Hossain S, Lash E, Veri AO, Cowen LE. Functional connections between cell cycle and proteostasis in the regulation of Candida albicans morphogenesis. Cell Rep 2021; 34:108781. [PMID: 33626353 PMCID: PMC7971348 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.108781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Morphological plasticity is a key virulence trait for many fungal pathogens. For the opportunistic fungal pathogen Candida albicans, transitions among yeast, pseudohyphal, and hyphal forms are critical for virulence, because the morphotypes play distinct roles in the infection process. C. albicans morphogenesis is induced in response to many host-relevant conditions and is regulated by complex signaling pathways and cellular processes. Perturbation of either cell-cycle progression or protein homeostasis induces C. albicans filamentation, demonstrating that these processes play a key role in morphogenetic control. Regulators such as cyclin-dependent kinases, checkpoint proteins, the proteasome, the heat shock protein Hsp90, and the heat shock transcription factor Hsf1 all influence morphogenesis, often through interconnected effects on the cell cycle and proteostasis. This review highlights the major cell-cycle and proteostasis regulators that modulate morphogenesis and discusses how these two processes intersect to regulate this key virulence trait.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saif Hossain
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1M1, Canada
| | - Emma Lash
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1M1, Canada
| | - Amanda O Veri
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1M1, Canada
| | - Leah E Cowen
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1M1, Canada.
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3
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Jiang C, Bi Y, Mo J, Zhang R, Qu M, Feng S, Essemine J. Proteome and transcriptome reveal the involvement of heat shock proteins and antioxidant system in thermotolerance of Clematis florida. Sci Rep 2020; 10:8883. [PMID: 32483281 PMCID: PMC7264250 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-65699-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Clematis florida Thun (CfT) is an ornamental and medicinal plant. It is a cold resistant but heat sensitive species and deserves to be further investigated to improve its adaptability to heat stress. Exploring the molecular mechanism potential via an omic-analysis constitutes a promising approach towards improving heat tolerance of CfT. Two CfT lines, heat resistance (HR) and heat sensitive (HS), with differential thermotolerance capacities were used for the integrative analyses of proteomics and transcriptomes. Transcriptomes analysis showed that various pathways were significantly enriched including plant hormone signal transduction and carbon fixation pathways in prokaryotes. Proteomics study revealed the enrichment of some other pathways comprising antioxidant activity and carbohydrates metabolism. Based on combined transcriptomes and proteomics analyses and following heat stress treatment, a total of 1724 annotated genes were overlapped between both CfT lines. Particularly, 84 differential expressed genes (DEGs) were overlapped in both CfT lines. Fifteen out of these 84 genes were up-regulated solely for HR line (PS) but not for HS one (SG). This strongly suggests a potential prominent role for these genes in the thermotolerance process in PS line. We corroborate that two Hsps (Hsp18 and Hsp70) out of 20 detected proteins with higher expression levels in PS than in SG based on either global transcripts or proteins levels. According to the transcriptomes and proteomics analyses, 6 proteins and their corresponding genes were found to be significantly abundant in HR line (PS). Data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD018192. The expressions levels of these 6 genes were checked also for both CfT lines to evaluate their potential contributions in the heat tolerance process. Thus, their expression levels were approximately 2~4 times higher in HR than in HS line. We provided as well a representative schematic model to highlight the key genes involved in ROS scavenging and photorespiratory pathway in CfT. This model could be helpful also in understanding the mechanism of heat tolerance in CfT.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yuke Bi
- Shanghai Botanical Garden, Shanghai, 200231, China
| | - Jianbin Mo
- Shanghai Botanical Garden, Shanghai, 200231, China
| | - Ruyao Zhang
- Shanghai Botanical Garden, Shanghai, 200231, China
| | - Mingnan Qu
- CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | | | - Jemaa Essemine
- CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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4
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Candida albicans Ubiquitin and Heat Shock Factor-Type Transcriptional Factors Are Involved in 2-Dodecenoic Acid-Mediated Inhibition of Hyphal Growth. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8010075. [PMID: 31947778 PMCID: PMC7022667 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8010075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cis-2-dodecenoic acid (i.e., Burkholderia cenocepacia Diffusible Signal Factor, BDSF), a signaling molecule produced by Burkholderia cenocepacia but not by Candida albicans, can prevent Candida albicans hyphal formation. The mechanism by which BDSF controls the morphological switch of C. albicans is still unknown. To address this issue, we used the cDNA microarray method to investigate the differential expression of genes in C. albicans in the presence and absence of BDSF. The microarray result indicated that 305 genes were significantly different in the expression level. This included the downregulation of 75 genes and the upregulation of 230 genes. Based on the microarray data, a mutant library was screened to search for genes, once mutated, conferred insensitivity to BDSF. The results showed that the repressors (Ubi4 and Sfl1 proteins) and the activator (Sfl2 protein) of filamentous growth are involved in the BDSF regulation of hyphal morphogenesis. Ubi4, an ubiquitin polypeptide that participates in ubiquitin-mediated protein turnover, is the protein required for the degradation of Sfl2. Sfl1 and Sfl2 proteins antagonistically control C. albicans morphogenesis. In the hyphal induction condition, the amount of Ubi4 and Sfl1 protein increased rapidly with the exogenous addition of BDSF. As a result, the protein level of the activator of filamentous growth, Sfl2, decreased correspondingly, thereby facilitating the C. albicans cells to remain in the yeast form.
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5
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PP2A Functions during Mitosis and Cytokinesis in Yeasts. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 21:ijms21010264. [PMID: 31906018 PMCID: PMC6981662 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21010264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein phosphorylation is a common mechanism for the regulation of cell cycle progression. The opposing functions of cell cycle kinases and phosphatases are crucial for accurate chromosome segregation and exit from mitosis. Protein phosphatases 2A are heterotrimeric complexes that play essential roles in cell growth, proliferation, and regulation of the cell cycle. Here, we review the function of the protein phosphatase 2A family as the counteracting force for the mitotic kinases. We focus on recent findings in the regulation of mitotic exit and cytokinesis by PP2A phosphatases in S. cerevisiae and other fungal species.
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Schoeters F, Van Dijck P. Protein-Protein Interactions in Candida albicans. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1792. [PMID: 31440220 PMCID: PMC6693483 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite being one of the most important human fungal pathogens, Candida albicans has not been studied extensively at the level of protein-protein interactions (PPIs) and data on PPIs are not readily available in online databases. In January 2018, the database called "Biological General Repository for Interaction Datasets (BioGRID)" that contains the most PPIs for C. albicans, only documented 188 physical or direct PPIs (release 3.4.156) while several more can be found in the literature. Other databases such as the String database, the Molecular INTeraction Database (MINT), and the Database for Interacting Proteins (DIP) database contain even fewer interactions or do not even include C. albicans as a searchable term. Because of the non-canonical codon usage of C. albicans where CUG is translated as serine rather than leucine, it is often problematic to use the yeast two-hybrid system in Saccharomyces cerevisiae to study C. albicans PPIs. However, studying PPIs is crucial to gain a thorough understanding of the function of proteins, biological processes and pathways. PPIs can also be potential drug targets. To aid in creating PPI networks and updating the BioGRID, we performed an exhaustive literature search in order to provide, in an accessible format, a more extensive list of known PPIs in C. albicans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Floris Schoeters
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Microbiology, Leuven, Belgium
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Botany and Microbiology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Patrick Van Dijck
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Microbiology, Leuven, Belgium
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Botany and Microbiology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Han Q, Pan C, Wang Y, Wang N, Wang Y, Sang J. The PP2A regulatory subunits, Cdc55 and Rts1, play distinct roles in Candida albicans' growth, morphogenesis, and virulence. Fungal Genet Biol 2019; 131:103240. [PMID: 31185286 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2019.103240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Revised: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Protein phosphatase-2A (PP2A) is a heterotrimeric enzyme composed of a catalytic subunit, a regulatory subunit, and a structural subunit. In Candida albicans, Cdc55 and Rts1 have been identified as possible regulatory subunits of PP2A containing the catalytic subunit Pph21 and structural subunit Tpd3. The Tpd3-Pph21 phosphatase regulates cell morphogenesis and division. However, the functions of Cdc55 and Rts1 remain unclear. Here, we constructed cdc55Δ/Δ and rts1Δ/Δ mutants and found that they exhibit different defects in multiple phenotypes although both show similar hyperphosphorylation of the septin Sep7 and aberrant septin organization. Under yeast growth conditions, the cdc55Δ/Δ mutant grows slowly as pseudohyphae with some cells lacking the nucleus, while rts1Δ/Δ cells are round and enlarged and seem to undergo incomplete cell separation producing multinucleated cells. Strong chitin deposition occurs at the septum of cdc55Δ/Δ cells and on the surface of rts1Δ/Δ cells, which likely contributes to increased susceptibility to caspofungin. Also, cdc55Δ/Δ exhibits severe defects in hyphal and biofilm formation, while rts1Δ/Δ is partially defective. Both mutants show reduced virulence in mice, suggesting that PP2A-B subunits could serve as potential antifungal targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Han
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Chaoying Pan
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Yueqing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Na Wang
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Yue Wang
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore; Depatment of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Jianli Sang
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China.
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8
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Mu C, Pan C, Han Q, Liu Q, Wang Y, Sang J. Phosphatidate phosphatase Pah1 has a role in the hyphal growth and virulence of Candida albicans. Fungal Genet Biol 2019; 124:47-58. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2018.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2018] [Revised: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Han Q, Wang N, Yao G, Mu C, Wang Y, Sang J. Blocking β-1,6-glucan synthesis by deleting KRE6 and SKN1 attenuates the virulence of Candida albicans. Mol Microbiol 2019; 111:604-620. [PMID: 30507002 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.14176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
β-1,6-glucan is an important component of the fungal cell wall. The β-1,6-glucan synthase gene KRE6 was thought to be essential in the fungal pathogen Candida albicans because it could not be deleted in previous efforts. Also, the role of its homolog SKN1 was unclear because its deletion caused no defects. Here, we report the construction and characterization of kre6Δ/Δ, skn1Δ/Δ and kre6Δ/Δ skn1Δ/Δ mutants in C. albicans. While deleting KRE6 or SKN1 had no obvious phenotypic consequence, deleting both caused slow growth, cell separation failure, cell wall abnormalities, diminished hyphal growth, poor biofilm formation and loss of virulence in mice. Furthermore, the GPI-linked cell surface proteins Hwp1 and the invasin Als3 or Ssa1 were not detected in kre6Δ/Δ skn1Δ/Δ mutant. In GMM medium, RT-qPCR and western blotting revealed a constitutive expression of KRE6 and growth conditions-associated activation of SKN1. Like many hypha-specific genes, SKN1 is repressed by Nrg1, but its activation does not involve the transcription factor Efg1. Dysregulation of SKN1 reduces C. albicans ability to damage epithelial and endothelial cells and attenuates its virulence. Given the vital role of β-1,6-glucan synthesis in C. albicans physiology and virulence, Kre6 and Skn1 are worthy targets for developing antifungal agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Han
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Na Wang
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Guangyin Yao
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Chunhua Mu
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Yue Wang
- Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Singapore, Singapore.,Depatment of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jianli Sang
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
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10
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Candida albicans Cdc15 is essential for mitotic exit and cytokinesis. Sci Rep 2018; 8:8899. [PMID: 29891974 PMCID: PMC5995815 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-27157-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans displays a variety of morphological forms, and the ability to switch forms must be linked with cell cycle control. In budding yeast the Mitotic Exit Network (MEN) acts to drive mitotic exit and signal for cytokinesis and cell separation. However, previous reports on the MEN in C. albicans have raised questions on its role in this organism, with the components analysed to date demonstrating differing levels of importance in the processes of mitotic exit, cytokinesis and cell separation. This work focuses on the role of the Cdc15 kinase in C. albicans and demonstrates that, similar to Saccharomyces cerevisiae, it plays an essential role in signalling for mitotic exit and cytokinesis. Cells depleted of Cdc15 developed into elongated filaments, a common response to cell cycle arrest in C. albicans. These filaments emerged exclusively from large budded cells, contained two nuclear bodies and exhibited a hyper-extended spindle, all characteristic of these cells failing to exit mitosis. Furthermore these filaments displayed a clear cytokinesis defect, and CDC15 over-expression led to aberrant cell separation following hyphal morphogenesis. Together, these results are consistent with Cdc15 playing an essential role in signalling for mitotic exit, cytokinesis and cell separation in C. albicans.
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Cao C, Wu M, Bing J, Tao L, Ding X, Liu X, Huang G. Global regulatory roles of the c
AMP/PKA
pathway revealed by phenotypic, transcriptomic and phosphoproteomic analyses in a null mutant of the
PKA
catalytic subunit in
C
andida albicans. Mol Microbiol 2017; 105:46-64. [DOI: 10.1111/mmi.13681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chengjun Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of MicrobiologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100101 China
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049 China
| | - Mei Wu
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry and Synthetic and Functional Biomolecules Center, College of Chemistry and Molecular EngineeringPeking UniversityBeijing100871 China
| | - Jian Bing
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of MicrobiologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100101 China
| | - Li Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of MicrobiologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100101 China
| | - Xuefen Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of MicrobiologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100101 China
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049 China
| | - Xiaoyun Liu
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry and Synthetic and Functional Biomolecules Center, College of Chemistry and Molecular EngineeringPeking UniversityBeijing100871 China
| | - Guanghua Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of MicrobiologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100101 China
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049 China
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Vargas-Muñiz JM, Juvvadi PR, Steinbach WJ. Forging the ring: from fungal septins' divergent roles in morphology, septation and virulence to factors contributing to their assembly into higher order structures. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2016; 162:1527-1534. [PMID: 27559018 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.000359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Septins are a conserved family of GTP-binding proteins that are distributed across different lineages of the eukaryotes, with the exception of plants. Septins perform a myriad of functions in fungal cells, ranging from controlling morphogenetic events to contributing to host tissue invasion and virulence. One key attribute of the septins is their ability to assemble into heterooligomeric complexes that organizse into higher order structures. In addition to the established role of septins in the model budding yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, their importance in other fungi recently emerges. While newer roles for septins are being uncovered in these fungi, the mechanism of how septins assemble into a complex and their regulation is only beginning to be comprehended. In this review, we summarize recent findings on the role of septins in different fungi and focus on how the septin complexes of different fungi are organized in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, we discuss on how phosphorylation/dephosphorylation can serve as an important mechanism of septin complex assembly and regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose M Vargas-Muñiz
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Praveen R Juvvadi
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - William J Steinbach
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.,Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
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