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Souza dos Santos P, Paes JA, Del Prá Netto Machado L, Paludo GP, Zaha A, Ferreira HB. Differential domains and endoproteolytic processing in dominant surface proteins of unknown function from Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae and Mycoplasma flocculare. Heliyon 2023; 9:e16141. [PMID: 37251846 PMCID: PMC10213202 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e16141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae causes porcine enzootic pneumonia (PEP), a chronic respiratory disease that leads to severe economic losses in the pig industry. Swine infection and PEP development depend on the adhesion of the pathogen to the swine respiratory tract and the host immune response, but these and other disease determinants are not fully understood. For instance, M. hyopneumoniae has a large repertoire of proteins of unknown function (PUFs) and some of them are abundant in the cell surface, where they likely mediate so far unknown pathogen-host interactions. Moreover, these surface PUFs may undergo endoproteolytic processing to generate larger repertoires of proteoforms to further complicate this scenario. Here, we investigated the five PUFs more represented on the surface of M. hyopneumoniae pathogenic strain 7448 in comparison with their orthologs from the nonpathogenic M. hyopneumoniae J strain and the closely related commensal species Mycoplasma flocculare. Comparative in silico analyses of deduced amino acid sequences and proteomic data identified differential domains, disordered regions and repeated motifs. We also provide evidence of differential endoproteolytic processing and antigenicity. Phylogenetic analyses were also performed with ortholog sequences, showing higher conservation of three of the assessed PUFs among Mycoplasma species related to respiratory diseases. Overall, our data point out to M. hyopneumoniae surface-dominant PUFs likely associated with pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscila Souza dos Santos
- Laboratório de Genômica Estrutural e Funcional, Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Centro de Biotecnologia, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Jéssica Andrade Paes
- Laboratório de Genômica Estrutural e Funcional, Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Centro de Biotecnologia, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Lais Del Prá Netto Machado
- Laboratório de Genômica Estrutural e Funcional, Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Centro de Biotecnologia, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Prado Paludo
- Laboratório de Genômica Estrutural e Funcional, Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Centro de Biotecnologia, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Arnaldo Zaha
- Laboratório de Genômica Estrutural e Funcional, Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Centro de Biotecnologia, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Cestódeos, Centro de Biotecnologia, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Departamento de Biologia Molecular e Biotecnologia, Instituto de Biociências, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Henrique Bunselmeyer Ferreira
- Laboratório de Genômica Estrutural e Funcional, Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Centro de Biotecnologia, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Cestódeos, Centro de Biotecnologia, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Departamento de Biologia Molecular e Biotecnologia, Instituto de Biociências, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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2
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Tavares BADR, Paes JA, Zaha A, Ferreira HB. Reannotation of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae hypothetical proteins revealed novel potential virulence factors. Microb Pathog 2021; 162:105344. [PMID: 34864146 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2021.105344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae is a bacterium that inhabits the swine respiratory tract, causing porcine enzootic pneumonia, which generates significant economic losses to the swine industry worldwide. The knowledge on M. hyopneumoniae biology and virulence have been significantly increased by genomics studies. However, around 30% of the predicted proteins remained of unknown function so far. According to the original annotation, the genome of M. hyopneumoniae 7448, a Brazilian pathogenic strain, had 693 coding DNA sequences, 244 of which were annotated as coding for hypothetical or uncharacterized proteins. Among them, there may be still several genes coding for unknown virulence factors. Therefore, this study aimed to functionally reannotate the whole set of 244 M. hyopneumoniae 7448 proteins of unknown function based on currently available database and bioinformatic tools, in order to predict novel potential virulence factors. Predictions of physicochemical properties, subcellular localization, function, overall association to virulence and antigenicity are provided. With that, 159 out of the set of 244 proteins of unknown function had a putative function associated to them, allowing identification of novel enzymes, membrane transporters, lipoproteins, DNA-binding proteins and adhesins. Furthermore, 139 proteins were generally associated to virulence, 14 of which had a function assigned and were differentially expressed between pathogenic and non-pathogenic strains of M. hyopneumoniae. Moreover, all extracellular or cytoplasmic membrane predicted proteins had putative epitopes identified. Overall, these analyses improved the functional annotation of M. hyopneumoniae 7448 genome from 65% to 87% and allowed the identification of new potential virulence factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan Augusto da Rosa Tavares
- Laboratório de Genômica Estrutural e Funcional, Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande Do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Centro de Biotecnologia, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Jéssica Andrade Paes
- Laboratório de Genômica Estrutural e Funcional, Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande Do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Centro de Biotecnologia, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Arnaldo Zaha
- Laboratório de Genômica Estrutural e Funcional, Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande Do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Centro de Biotecnologia, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Cestódeos, Centro de Biotecnologia, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Departamento de Biologia Molecular e Biotecnologia, Instituto de Biociências, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Henrique Bunselmeyer Ferreira
- Laboratório de Genômica Estrutural e Funcional, Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande Do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Centro de Biotecnologia, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Cestódeos, Centro de Biotecnologia, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Departamento de Biologia Molecular e Biotecnologia, Instituto de Biociências, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
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3
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Merker Breyer G, Malvessi Cattani A, Silveira Schrank I, Maboni Siqueira F. The influence of regulatory elements on Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae 7448 transcriptional response during oxidative stress and heat shock. Mol Biol Rep 2021; 49:139-147. [PMID: 34676505 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-021-06851-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The comprehension of genome organization and gene modulation is essential for understanding pathogens' infection mechanisms. Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae 7448 genome is organized in transcriptional units (TUs), which are flanked by regulatory elements such as putative promoters, terminators and repetitive sequences. Yet the relationship between the presence of these elements and bacterial responses during stress conditions remains unclear. Thus, in this study, in silico and RT-qPCR analyses were associated to determine the effect of regulatory elements in gene expression regulation upon heat shock and oxidative stress conditions. METHODS AND RESULTS Thirteen TU's organizational profiles were found based on promoters and terminators distribution. Differential expression in genes sharing the same TUs was observed, suggesting the activity of internal regulatory elements. Moreover, 88.8% of tested genes were differentially expressed under oxidative stress in comparison to the control condition, being 81.3% of them surrounded by their own regulatory elements. Similarly, under heat shock, 44.4% of the genes showed regulation when compared to control condition, being 75.0% of them surrounded by their own regulatory elements. CONCLUSIONS Altogether, this data suggests the activity of internal regulatory elements in gene modulation of M. hyopneumoniae 7448 transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Merker Breyer
- Laboratory of Veterinary Bacteriology, Veterinary Pathology Department, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Amanda Malvessi Cattani
- Graduate Program in Cell and Molecular Biology, Biotechnology Center, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Irene Silveira Schrank
- Graduate Program in Cell and Molecular Biology, Biotechnology Center, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Franciele Maboni Siqueira
- Laboratory of Veterinary Bacteriology, Veterinary Pathology Department, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
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Abstract
Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae: is the etiological agent of porcine enzootic pneumonia (EP), a disease that impacts the swine industry worldwide. Pathogen-induced damage, as well as the elicited host-response, contribute to disease. Here, we provide an overview of EP epidemiology, control and prevention, and a more in-depth review of M. hyopneumoniae pathogenicity determinants, highlighting some molecular mechanisms of pathogen-host interactions relevant for pathogenesis. Based on recent functional, immunological, and comparative “omics” results, we discuss the roles of many known or putative M. hyopneumoniae virulence factors, along with host molecules involved in EP. Moreover, the known molecular bases of pathogenicity mechanisms, including M. hyopneumoniae adhesion to host respiratory epithelium, protein secretion, cell damage, host microbicidal response and its modulation, and maintenance of M. hyopneumoniae homeostasis during infection are described. Recent findings regarding M. hyopneumoniae pathogenicity determinants also contribute to the development of novel diagnostic tests, vaccines, and treatments for EP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda M A Leal Zimmer
- Laboratório de Genômica Estrutural e Funcional, Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande Do Sul (UFRGS) , Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Centro de Biotecnologia, UFRGS , Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Jéssica Andrade Paes
- Laboratório de Genômica Estrutural e Funcional, Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande Do Sul (UFRGS) , Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Centro de Biotecnologia, UFRGS , Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Arnaldo Zaha
- Laboratório de Genômica Estrutural e Funcional, Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande Do Sul (UFRGS) , Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Centro de Biotecnologia, UFRGS , Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Cestódeos, Centro de Biotecnologia, UFRGS , Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Departamento de Biologia Molecular e Biotecnologia, Instituto de Biociências, UFRGS , Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Henrique Bunselmeyer Ferreira
- Laboratório de Genômica Estrutural e Funcional, Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande Do Sul (UFRGS) , Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Centro de Biotecnologia, UFRGS , Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Cestódeos, Centro de Biotecnologia, UFRGS , Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Departamento de Biologia Molecular e Biotecnologia, Instituto de Biociências, UFRGS , Porto Alegre, Brazil
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Li Z, Wang Y, Zhang Y, Tang X, Wang X, Liu W, Qian Y, Zhu Y, Chen H, Tan C. Attenuation of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae Strain ES-2 and Comparative Genomic Analysis of ES-2 and Its Attenuated Form ES-2L. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:696262. [PMID: 34235206 PMCID: PMC8255604 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.696262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae causes swine respiratory disease worldwide. Due to the difficulty of isolating and cultivating M. hyopneumoniae, very few attenuated strains have been successfully isolated, which hampers the development of attenuated vaccines. In order to produce an attenuated M. hyopneumoniae strain, we used the highly virulent M. hyopneumoniae strain ES-2, which was serially passaged in vitro 200 times to produce the attenuated strain ES-2L, and its virulence was evidenced to be low in an animal experiment. In order to elucidate the mechanisms underlying virulence attenuation, we performed whole-genome sequencing of both strains and conducted comparative genomic analyses of strain ES-2 and its attenuated form ES-2L. Strain ES-2L showed three large fragment deletion regions including a total of 18 deleted genes, compared with strain ES-2. Analysis of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and indels indicated that 22 dels were located in 19 predicted coding sequences. In addition to these indels, 348 single-nucleotide variations (SNVs) were identified between strains ES-2L and ES-2. These SNVs mapped to 99 genes where they appeared to induce amino acid substitutions and translation stops. The deleted genes and SNVs may be associated with decreased virulence of strain ES-2L. Our work provides a foundation for further examining virulence factors of M. hyopneumoniae and for the development of attenuated vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenya Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Yingxin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Yanyan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Xibiao Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China.,Wuhan Keqian Biology Co., Ltd., Wuhan, China
| | - Xiangru Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Wenhao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Yulin Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Yongwei Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Huanchun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China.,Wuhan Keqian Biology Co., Ltd., Wuhan, China.,International Research Center for Animal Disease, Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China, Wuhan, China
| | - Chen Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China.,International Research Center for Animal Disease, Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China, Wuhan, China
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6
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Ferreira MM, Mechler-Dreibi ML, Sonalio K, Almeida HMDS, Ferraz MES, Jacintho APP, Maes D, de Oliveira LG. Co-infections by Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae, Mycoplasma hyorhinis and Mycoplasma flocculare in macroscopic lesions of lung consolidation of pigs at slaughter. Vet Microbiol 2021; 258:109123. [PMID: 34023636 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2021.109123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Infections with Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (Mhyo), Mycoplasma hyorhinis (Mhr) and Mycoplasma flocculare (Mfloc) are common in swine. However, the degree of co-infections and the correlations between these mycoplasma co-infection and the severity of macroscopic lung consolidation lesions (MLCL) have not yet been explored in Brazil.The objectives were to quantify Mhyo, Mhr, and Mfloc in MLCL of slaughter pigs in Brazil, and to assess correlations with the degree of MLCL in slaughter pigs. To this end, five groups of lungs were made based on severity of lung lesions, and 80 lungs were collected for each group (400 lungs in total). The Mycoplasmas were quantified using a multiplex qPCR. Statistical differences and comparison between the groups were evaluated, respectively, by the Kruskal-Wallis test (p < 0.05) and Dunn's test (p < 0.05), and the correlation between the data was performed by Spearman's method (p < 0.05). The results revealed that the extent of MLCL showed a positive correlation with the Mhyo estimate (rho = 0.26; p < 0.05), a negative correlation with the Mfloc estimate (rho= -0.15; p < 0.05), and no significant correlation with the Mhr estimate (p = 0, 12). The extension of MLCL showed a positive correlation with the co-infection by Mfloc and Mhr (rho = 0.17; p < 0.05), and no significant correlation with Mhyo and Mhr (p = 0.87), and a negative correlation with Mhyo and Mfloc (rho= -0.28; p < 0.05). This study allowed to infer that, regarding the extension of MLCL, Mhr and Mfloc did not present opportunistic activity in relation to primary infection by Mhyo, but revealed some potential aggravation of these lesions. In addition, Mhyo expressed inhibitory behavior towards Mfloc, suggesting that one can compete with the other's presence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcela Manduca Ferreira
- São Paulo State University, School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marina Lopes Mechler-Dreibi
- São Paulo State University, School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Karina Sonalio
- São Paulo State University, School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Ana Paula Prudente Jacintho
- São Paulo State University, School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Dominiek Maes
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University- Ghent, Belgium
| | - Luís Guilherme de Oliveira
- São Paulo State University, School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil.
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7
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Maes D, Boyen F, Devriendt B, Kuhnert P, Summerfield A, Haesebrouck F. Perspectives for improvement of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae vaccines in pigs. Vet Res 2021; 52:67. [PMID: 33964969 PMCID: PMC8106180 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-021-00941-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (M. hyopneumoniae) is one of the primary agents involved in the porcine respiratory disease complex, economically one of the most important diseases in pigs worldwide. The pathogen adheres to the ciliated epithelium of the trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles, causes damage to the mucosal clearance system, modulates the immune system and renders the animal more susceptible to other respiratory infections. The pathogenesis is very complex and not yet fully understood. Cell-mediated and likely also mucosal humoral responses are considered important for protection, although infected animals are not able to rapidly clear the pathogen from the respiratory tract. Vaccination is frequently practiced worldwide to control M. hyopneumoniae infections and the associated performance losses, animal welfare issues, and treatment costs. Commercial vaccines are mostly bacterins that are administered intramuscularly. However, the commercial vaccines provide only partial protection, they do not prevent infection and have a limited effect on transmission. Therefore, there is a need for novel vaccines that confer a better protection. The present paper gives a short overview of the pathogenesis and immune responses following M. hyopneumoniae infection, outlines the major limitations of the commercial vaccines and reviews the different experimental M. hyopneumoniae vaccines that have been developed and tested in mice and pigs. Most experimental subunit, DNA and vector vaccines are based on the P97 adhesin or other factors that are important for pathogen survival and pathogenesis. Other studies focused on bacterins combined with novel adjuvants. Very few efforts have been directed towards the development of attenuated vaccines, although such vaccines may have great potential. As cell-mediated and likely also humoral mucosal responses are important for protection, new vaccines should aim to target these arms of the immune response. The selection of proper antigens, administration route and type of adjuvant and carrier molecule is essential for success. Also practical aspects, such as cost of the vaccine, ease of production, transport and administration, and possible combination with vaccines against other porcine pathogens, are important. Possible avenues for further research to develop better vaccines and to achieve a more sustainable control of M. hyopneumoniae infections are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominiek Maes
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - Filip Boyen
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Bert Devriendt
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Peter Kuhnert
- Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Artur Summerfield
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, Sensemattstrasse 293, Mittelhäusern, Switzerland.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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8
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Staerck C, Wasselin V, Budin-Verneuil A, Rincé I, Cacaci M, Weigel M, Giraud C, Hain T, Hartke A, Riboulet-Bisson E. Analysis of glycerol and dihydroxyacetone metabolism in Enterococcus faecium. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2021; 368:6232157. [PMID: 33864460 DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fnab043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycerol (Gly) can be dissimilated by two pathways in bacteria. Either this sugar alcohol is first oxidized to dihydroxyacetone (DHA) and then phosphorylated or it is first phosphorylated to glycerol-3-phosphate (GlyP) followed by oxidation. Oxidation of GlyP can be achieved by NAD-dependent dehydrogenases or by a GlyP oxidase. In both cases, dihydroxyacetone phosphate is the product. Genomic analysis showed that Enterococcus faecium harbors numerous genes annotated to encode activities for the two pathways. However, our physiological analyses of growth on glycerol showed that dissimilation is limited to aerobic conditions and that despite the presence of genes encoding presumed GlyP dehydrogenases, the GlyP oxidase is essential in this process. Although E. faecium contains an operon encoding the phosphotransfer protein DhaM and DHA kinase, which are required for DHA phosphorylation, it is unable to grow on DHA. This operon is highly expressed in stationary phase but its physiological role remains unknown. Finally, data obtained from sequencing of a transposon mutant bank of E. faecium grown on BHI revealed that the GlyP dehydrogenases and a major intrinsic family protein have important but hitherto unknown physiological functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy Staerck
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN U2RM-Stress and Virulence, Esplanade de la Paix, 14032 Caen, France
| | - Valentin Wasselin
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN U2RM-Stress and Virulence, Esplanade de la Paix, 14032 Caen, France
| | - Aurélie Budin-Verneuil
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN U2RM-Stress and Virulence, Esplanade de la Paix, 14032 Caen, France
| | - Isabelle Rincé
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN U2RM-Stress and Virulence, Esplanade de la Paix, 14032 Caen, France
| | - Margherita Cacaci
- Dipartimento di Scienze di Laboratorio e Infettivologiche, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Largo A. Gemelli 8, 00168 Rome, Italy.,Dipartimento di Scienze Biotecnologiche di Base, Cliniche Intensivologiche e Perioperatorie, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo A. Gemelli 8, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Markus Weigel
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Biomedical Research Facility Seltersberg (BFS), Schubertstrasse 81, D-35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Caroline Giraud
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN U2RM-Stress and Virulence, Esplanade de la Paix, 14032 Caen, France
| | - Torsten Hain
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Biomedical Research Facility Seltersberg (BFS), Schubertstrasse 81, D-35392 Giessen, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Giessen-Marburg-Langen, Schubertstrasse 81, D-35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Axel Hartke
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN U2RM-Stress and Virulence, Esplanade de la Paix, 14032 Caen, France
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9
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Yiwen C, Yueyue W, Lianmei Q, Cuiming Z, Xiaoxing Y. Infection strategies of mycoplasmas: Unraveling the panoply of virulence factors. Virulence 2021; 12:788-817. [PMID: 33704021 PMCID: PMC7954426 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2021.1889813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasmas, the smallest bacteria lacking a cell wall, can cause various diseases in both humans and animals. Mycoplasmas harbor a variety of virulence factors that enable them to overcome numerous barriers of entry into the host; using accessory proteins, mycoplasma adhesins can bind to the receptors or extracellular matrix of the host cell. Although the host immune system can eradicate the invading mycoplasma in most cases, a few sagacious mycoplasmas employ a series of invasion and immune escape strategies to ensure their continued survival within their hosts. For instance, capsular polysaccharides are crucial for anti-phagocytosis and immunomodulation. Invasive enzymes degrade reactive oxygen species, neutrophil extracellular traps, and immunoglobulins. Biofilm formation is important for establishing a persistent infection. During proliferation, successfully surviving mycoplasmas generate numerous metabolites, including hydrogen peroxide, ammonia and hydrogen sulfide; or secrete various exotoxins, such as community-acquired respiratory distress syndrome toxin, and hemolysins; and express various pathogenic enzymes, all of which have potent toxic effects on host cells. Furthermore, some inherent components of mycoplasmas, such as lipids, membrane lipoproteins, and even mycoplasma-generated superantigens, can exert a significant pathogenic impact on the host cells or the immune system. In this review, we describe the proposed virulence factors in the toolkit of notorious mycoplasmas to better understand the pathogenic features of these bacteria, along with their pathogenic mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Yiwen
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China; Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control; Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Hengyang, China
| | - Wu Yueyue
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China; Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control; Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Hengyang, China
| | - Qin Lianmei
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China; Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control; Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Hengyang, China
| | - Zhu Cuiming
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China; Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control; Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Hengyang, China
| | - You Xiaoxing
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China; Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control; Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Hengyang, China
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10
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Hennig-Pauka I, Sudendey C, Kleinschmidt S, Ruppitsch W, Loncaric I, Spergser J. Swine Conjunctivitis Associated with a Novel Mycoplasma Species Closely Related to Mycoplasma hyorhinis. Pathogens 2020; 10:pathogens10010013. [PMID: 33375690 PMCID: PMC7824142 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10010013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Conjunctivitis in swine is a common finding, usually considered to be a secondary symptom of respiratory or viral systemic disease, or a result of irritation by dust or ammonia, or of local infections with Mycoplasma (M.) hyorhinis or chlamydia. In three unrelated swine farms in Germany with a high prevalence of conjunctivitis, a novel mycoplasma species, tentatively named Mycoplasma sp. 1654_15, was isolated from conjunctival swabs taken from affected pigs. Although 16S rRNA gene sequences shared highest nucleotide similarities with M. hyorhinis, matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry, partial rpoB sequencing, and comparative whole genome analyses indicated the identification of a novel species within genus Mycoplasma. Noticeable differences between Mycoplasma sp. 1654_15 and M. hyorhinis were the lack of a vlp locus and the presence of a myo-inositol pathway in the genome of strain 1654_15. Since myo-inositol might be used as an alternative energy source by this pathogen on the conjunctival surface, robust colonization by outcompeting other bacteria could be the consequence. In summary, abundant isolation of Mycoplasma sp. 1654_15 from the conjunctiva of affected pigs, its close relationship to M. hyorhinis, and identification of a panel of coding sequences (CDSs) potentially associated with virulence and pathogenicity suggested a local eye disease caused by a so far unknown, highly specialized mycoplasma species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Hennig-Pauka
- Field Station for Epidemiology in Bakum, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 49456 Bakum, Germany;
| | | | - Sven Kleinschmidt
- Lower Saxony State Office for Consumer Protection and Food Safety, Food and Veterinary Institute Braunschweig/Hannover, 30173 Hannover, Germany;
| | - Werner Ruppitsch
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety, 1096 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Igor Loncaric
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Joachim Spergser
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria;
- Correspondence:
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11
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Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae J elicits an antioxidant response and decreases the expression of ciliary genes in infected swine epithelial cells. Sci Rep 2020; 10:13707. [PMID: 32792522 PMCID: PMC7426424 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-70040-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae is the most costly pathogen for swine production. Although several studies have focused on the host-bacterium association, little is known about the changes in gene expression of swine cells upon infection. To improve our understanding of this interaction, we infected swine epithelial NPTr cells with M. hyopneumoniae strain J to identify differentially expressed mRNAs and miRNAs. The levels of 1,268 genes and 170 miRNAs were significantly modified post-infection. Up-regulated mRNAs were enriched in genes related to redox homeostasis and antioxidant defense, known to be regulated by the transcription factor NRF2 in related species. Down-regulated mRNAs were enriched in genes associated with cytoskeleton and ciliary functions. Bioinformatic analyses suggested a correlation between changes in miRNA and mRNA levels, since we detected down-regulation of miRNAs predicted to target antioxidant genes and up-regulation of miRNAs targeting ciliary and cytoskeleton genes. Interestingly, most down-regulated miRNAs were detected in exosome-like vesicles suggesting that M. hyopneumoniae infection induced a modification of the composition of NPTr-released vesicles. Taken together, our data indicate that M. hyopneumoniae elicits an antioxidant response induced by NRF2 in infected cells. In addition, we propose that ciliostasis caused by this pathogen is partially explained by the down-regulation of ciliary genes.
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12
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Maunsell FP, Chase C. Mycoplasma bovis: Interactions with the Immune System and Failure to Generate an Effective Immune Response. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 2019; 35:471-483. [PMID: 31590898 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvfa.2019.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Host responses are often ineffective at clearing Mycoplasma bovis infection and may contribute to the pathogenesis of disease. M bovis possesses a surprisingly large repertoire of strategies to evade and modulate host responses. Unopsonized M bovis impairs phagocytosis and killing by neutrophils and macrophages. Apoptosis of neutrophils and lymphocytes is enhanced, whereas it is delayed in macrophages. Both proinflammatory and antiinflammatory cytokines are stimulated during M bovis infection depending on the cell type and location, and overall systemic responses tend to have a T-helper 2 bias. M bovis reduces proliferation of T cells and, in chronic infection, causes T-cell exhaustion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona P Maunsell
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, PO Box 100136, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
| | - Christopher Chase
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, PO Box 2175, SAR Room 125 North Campus Drive, Brookings, SD 57007, USA
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13
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Assao VS, Scatamburlo TM, Araujo EN, Santos MR, Pereira CER, Guedes RMC, Bressan GC, Fietto JLR, Chang YF, Moreira MAS, Silva-Júnior A. Genetic variation of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae from Brazilian field samples. BMC Microbiol 2019; 19:234. [PMID: 31660853 PMCID: PMC6819545 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-019-1603-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Porcine enzootic pneumonia is a worldwide problem in swine production. The infected host demonstrates a respiratory disease whose etiologic agent is Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (Mhp). A total of 266 lung samples with Mycoplasma-like lesions were collected from two slaughterhouses. We analyzed the genetic profile of Mhp field samples using 16 genes that encode proteins involved in the mechanisms of bacterial pathogenesis and/or the immune responses of the host. Bioinformatic analyses were performed to classify the Mhp field samples based on their similarity according to the presence of the studied genes. RESULTS Our results showed variations in the frequency of the 16 studied genes among different Mhp field samples. It was also noted that samples from the same farm were genetically different from each other and samples from different regions could be genetically similar, which is evidence of the presence of different genetic profiles among the Mhp field strains that circulate in Brazilian swine herds. CONCLUSION This work demonstrated the genetic diversity of several Mhp field strains based on 16 selected genes related to virulence and/or immune response in Brazil. Our findings demonstrate the difference between Mhp field strains could influence the virulence, and we hypothesize that the most frequent genes in Mhp field strains could possibly be used as vaccine candidates. Based on our results, we suspect that Mhp genetic variability may be associated with the frequency of genes among the field strains and we have demonstrated that some Mhp field samples could not have many important genes described in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Yung-Fu Chang
- Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, USA
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14
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Perez K, Mullen N, Canter JA, Ley DH, May M. Phenotypic diversity in an emerging mycoplasmal disease. Microb Pathog 2019; 138:103798. [PMID: 31639466 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2019.103798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Revised: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The avian pathogen Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) is a known pathogen of poultry, and newly emerged pathogen of house finches wherein it is associated with lethal conjunctivitis. Factors present in MG that are known to mediate virulence include cytadherence, sialidase activity, peroxide production, and biofilm formation. We have quantitatively assessed these factors for MG isolates from house finches from a temporal and geographic distribution across the continental United States that show differing capacity for virulence in vivo. Statistically significant (P < 0.05) differences were observed across strains for sialidase activity, cytadherence, and hydrogen peroxide production. Sialidase activity increased over time in geographically static populations, but did not correlate with time overall. All strains were able to bind α-2,6-linked sialic acid. No strains were found to bind α-2,3-linked sialic acid. All strains produced biofilms in vitro; however, no significant differences were observed in the density of biofilms across strains. Quantitative variance in virulence-associated traits is consistent with within-host evolutionary adaptation in response to a change in ecological niche by a parasitic pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kailey Perez
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of New England, Biddeford, ME, USA
| | - Nathan Mullen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of New England, Biddeford, ME, USA
| | - Jessica A Canter
- Department of Pathobiology and Veterinary Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - David H Ley
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Meghan May
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of New England, Biddeford, ME, USA.
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15
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Leal Zimmer FMA, Moura H, Barr JR, Ferreira HB. Intracellular changes of a swine tracheal cell line infected with a Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae pathogenic strain. Microb Pathog 2019; 137:103717. [PMID: 31494300 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2019.103717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2019] [Revised: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae is the etiological agent of enzootic pneumonia (EP), a widespread disease that causes major economic losses to the pig industry. The swine host response plays an important role in the outcome of M. hyopneumoniae infections. The whole proteome of newborn pig trachea (NPTr) epithelial cells infected with the M. hyopneumoniae pathogenic strain 7448 was analyzed using an LC-MS/MS approach to shed light on intracellular processes triggered in response to the pathogen. Overall, 853 swine protein species were identified, 156 of which were differentially represented in response to M. hyopneumoniae 7448 infection in comparison with non-infected control cells. These differentially represented proteins were categorized by function. Fifty-seven of them were assigned to the immune system and/or response to stimulus functional subcategories. Comparative expression analysis of these immune-related proteins in NPTr cells infected with attenuated or non-pathogenic mycoplasmas (M. hyopneumoniae J strain and M. flocculare, respectively) revealed proteins whose abundance was altered only in response to the pathogenic M. hyopneumoniae 7448 strain. Among these proteins, calcium homeostasis and endoplasmic reticulum stress-related biomarkers were detected, providing evidence of molecular mechanisms that might lead to swine cell apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda M A Leal Zimmer
- Laboratório de Genômica Estrutural e Funcional, Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Avenida Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Hercules Moura
- Biological Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Clinical Chemistry Branch, Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - John R Barr
- Biological Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Clinical Chemistry Branch, Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Henrique Bunselmeyer Ferreira
- Laboratório de Genômica Estrutural e Funcional, Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Avenida Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
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16
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Trueeb BS, Gerber S, Maes D, Gharib WH, Kuhnert P. Tn-sequencing of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae and Mycoplasma hyorhinis mutant libraries reveals non-essential genes of porcine mycoplasmas differing in pathogenicity. Vet Res 2019; 50:55. [PMID: 31324222 PMCID: PMC6642558 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-019-0674-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae and Mycoplasma hyorhinis are two phylogenetically related species colonizing the respiratory tract of pigs but differing in pathogenicity, the basis of which is not well resolved. We hypothesize that genes belonging to the species-specific portion of the genome and being non-essential during ideal laboratory growth conditions encode possible virulent determinants and are the driver of interspecies differences. To investigate this, transposon mutant libraries were generated for both species and a transposon sequencing (Tn-seq) method for mycoplasmas was established to identify non-essential genes. Tn-seq datasets combined with bidirectional Blastp analysis revealed that 101 out of a total 678 coding sequences (CDS) are species-specific and non-essential CDS of M. hyopneumoniae strain F7.2C, while 96 out of a total 751 CDS are species-specific and non-essential CDS in the M. hyorhinis strain JF5820. Among these species-specific and non-essential CDS were genes involved in metabolic pathways. In particular, the myo-inositol and the sialic acid pathways were found to be non-essential and therefore could be considered important to the specific pathogenicity of M. hyopneumoniae and M. hyorhinis, respectively. Such pathways could enable the use of an alternative energy source providing an advantage in their specific niche and might be interesting targets to knock out in order to generate attenuated live vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bettina S Trueeb
- Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Simona Gerber
- Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Dominiek Maes
- Unit Porcine Health Management, Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Walid H Gharib
- Interfaculty Bioinformatics Unit and Swiss, Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Peter Kuhnert
- Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
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17
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Quantitative Proteomic Analyses of a Pathogenic Strain and Its Highly Passaged Attenuated Strain of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 2019:4165735. [PMID: 31355261 PMCID: PMC6634062 DOI: 10.1155/2019/4165735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Revised: 04/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae is the causative agent of porcine enzootic pneumonia, a chronic respiratory disease in swine resulting in enormous economic losses. To identify the components that contribute to virulence and unveil those biological processes potentially related to attenuation, we used isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantification technology (iTRAQ) to compare the protein profiles of the virulent M. hyopneumoniae strain 168 and its attenuated highly passaged strain 168L. We identified 489 proteins in total, 70 of which showing significant differences in level of expression between the two strains. Remarkably, proteins participating in inositol phosphate metabolism were significantly downregulated in the virulent strain, while some proteins involved in nucleoside metabolism were upregulated. We also mined a series of novel promising virulence-associated factors in our study compared with those in previous reports, such as some moonlighting adhesins, transporters, lipoate-protein ligase, and ribonuclease and several hypothetical proteins with conserved functional domains, deserving further research. Our survey constitutes an iTRAQ-based comparative proteomic analysis of a virulent M. hyopneumoniae strain and its attenuated strain originating from a single parent with a well-characterized genetic background and lays the groundwork for future work to mine for potential virulence factors and identify candidate vaccine proteins.
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18
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Betlach AM, Maes D, Garza-Moreno L, Tamiozzo P, Sibila M, Haesebrouck F, Segalés J, Pieters M. Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae variability: Current trends and proposed terminology for genomic classification. Transbound Emerg Dis 2019; 66:1840-1854. [PMID: 31099490 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Revised: 05/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (M. hyopneumoniae) is the aetiologic agent of enzootic pneumonia in swine, a prevalent chronic respiratory disease worldwide. Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae is a small, self-replicating microorganism that possesses several characteristics allowing for limited biosynthetic abilities, resulting in the fastidious, host-specific growth and unique pathogenic properties of this microorganism. Variation across several isolates of M. hyopneumoniae has been described at antigenic, proteomic, transcriptomic, pathogenic and genomic levels. The microorganism possesses a minimal number of genes that regulate the transcription process. Post-translational modifications (PTM) occur frequently in a wide range of functional proteins. The PTM by which M. hyopneumoniae regulates its surface topography could play key roles in cell adhesion, evasion and/or modulation of the host immune system. The clinical outcome of M. hyopneumoniae infections is determined by different factors, such as housing conditions, management practices, co-infections and also by virulence differences among M. hyopneumoniae isolates. Factors contributing to adherence and colonization as well as the capacity to modulate inflammatory and immune responses might be crucial. Different components of the cell membrane (i.e. proteins, glycoproteins and lipoproteins) may serve as adhesins and/or be toxic for the respiratory tract cells. Mechanisms leading to virulence are complex and more research is needed to identify markers for virulence. The utilization of typing methods and complete or partial-gene sequencing for M. hyopneumoniae characterization has increased in diagnostic laboratories as control and elimination strategies for this microorganism are attempted worldwide. A commonly employed molecular typing method for M. hyopneumoniae is Multiple-Locus Variable number tandem repeat Analysis (MLVA). The agreement of a shared terminology and classification for the various techniques, specifically MLVA, has not been described, which makes inferences across the literature unsuitable. Therefore, molecular trends for M. hyopneumoniae have been outlined and a common terminology and classification based on Variable Number Tandem Repeats (VNTR) types has been proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa M Betlach
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota.,Swine Vet Center, St. Peter, Minnesota
| | - Dominiek Maes
- Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Unit Porcine Health Management, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Laura Garza-Moreno
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Pablo Tamiozzo
- Departamento de Patología Animal, Facultad de Agronomía y Veterinaria, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Río Cuarto, Argentina
| | - Marina Sibila
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Freddy Haesebrouck
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Joaquim Segalés
- Department de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, UAB, Bellaterra, Spain.,UAB, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Maria Pieters
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota
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19
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Paes JA, Machado LDPN, Dos Anjos Leal FM, De Moraes SN, Moura H, Barr JR, Ferreira HB. Comparative proteomics of two Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae strains and Mycoplasma flocculare identified potential porcine enzootic pneumonia determinants. Virulence 2019; 9:1230-1246. [PMID: 30027802 PMCID: PMC6104684 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2018.1499379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae and Mycoplasma flocculare are genetically similar bacteria, which coinhabit the porcine respiratory tract. These mycoplasmas share most of the known virulence factors, but, while M. hyopneumoniae causes porcine enzootic pneumonia (PEP), M. flocculare is a commensal species. To identify potential PEP determinants and provide novel insights on mycoplasma-host interactions, the whole cell proteomes of two M. hyopneumoniae strains, one pathogenic (7448) and other non-pathogenic (J), and M. flocculare were compared. A cell fractioning approach combined with mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) proteomics was used to analyze cytoplasmic and surface-enriched protein fractions. Average detection of ~ 50% of the predicted proteomes of M. hyopneumoniae 7448 and J, and M. flocculare was achieved. Many of the identified proteins were differentially represented in M. hyopneumoniae 7448 in comparison to M. hyopneumoniae J and M. flocculare, including potential PEP determinants, such as adhesins, proteases, and redox-balancing proteins, among others. The LC-MS/MS data also provided experimental validation for several genes previously regarded as hypothetical for all analyzed mycoplasmas, including some coding for proteins bearing virulence-related functional domains. The comprehensive proteome profiling of two M. hyopneumoniae strains and M. flocculare provided tens of novel candidates to PEP determinants or virulence factors, beyond those classically described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jéssica Andrade Paes
- a Laboratório de Genômica Estrutural e Funcional, Centro de Biotecnologia , Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul , Porto Alegre , Brazil
| | - Lais Del Prá Netto Machado
- a Laboratório de Genômica Estrutural e Funcional, Centro de Biotecnologia , Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul , Porto Alegre , Brazil
| | - Fernanda Munhoz Dos Anjos Leal
- a Laboratório de Genômica Estrutural e Funcional, Centro de Biotecnologia , Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul , Porto Alegre , Brazil
| | - Sofia Nóbrega De Moraes
- a Laboratório de Genômica Estrutural e Funcional, Centro de Biotecnologia , Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul , Porto Alegre , Brazil
| | - Hercules Moura
- b Biological Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Clinical Chemistry Branch, Division of Laboratory Sciences , National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta , GA , USA
| | - John R Barr
- b Biological Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Clinical Chemistry Branch, Division of Laboratory Sciences , National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta , GA , USA
| | - Henrique Bunselmeyer Ferreira
- a Laboratório de Genômica Estrutural e Funcional, Centro de Biotecnologia , Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul , Porto Alegre , Brazil
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20
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Differential responses to stress of two Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae strains. J Proteomics 2019; 199:67-76. [PMID: 30862566 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2019.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Revised: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae is a respiratory pathogen, causing porcine enzootic pneumonia. To survive in the porcine respiratory tract, M. hyopneumoniae must cope with both oxidative and heat stress imposed by the host. To get insights into M. hyopneumoniae stress responses and pathogenicity mechanisms, the protein profiles of two M. hyopneumoniae strains, pathogenic 7448 strain and non-pathogenic strain J, were surveyed under oxidative (OS) or heat (HS) stress. M. hyopneumoniae strains were submitted to OS (0.5% hydrogen peroxide) or HS (temperature shifts to 42 °C) conditions and protein profiling was carried out by LC-MS/MS and label-free quantitative analyses. Data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD012742. Qualitative and quantitative differences involving 40-60 M. hyopneumoniae proteins were observed for both strains when comparing bacteria exposed to OS or HS to non-treated controls. However, no differences in abundance were found in proteins classically related to stress responses, as peroxidases and chaperones, suggesting that these proteins would be constitutively present in both strains in the tested conditions. Interestingly, under stress conditions, more virulence-related proteins were detected in M. hyopneumoniae 7448 differentially represented proteins than in M. hyopneumoniae J, suggesting that stress may trigger a differential response of the corresponding genes, shared by both strains.
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