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Qu Z, Li Y, Li W, Zhang N, Olajide JS, Mi X, Fu B. Global profiling of protein S-palmitoylation in the second-generation merozoites of Eimeria tenella. Parasitol Res 2024; 123:190. [PMID: 38647704 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-024-08204-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
The intracellular protozoan Eimeria tenella is responsible for avian coccidiosis which is characterized by host intestinal damage. During developmental cycle, E. tenella undergoes versatile transitional stages such as oocyst, sporozoites, merozoites, and gametocytes. These developmental transitions involve changes in cell shape and cell size requiring cytoskeletal remodeling and changes in membrane proteins, which may require transcriptional and translational regulations as well as post-translational modification of proteins. Palmitoylation is a post-translational modification (PTM) of protein that orchestrates protein targeting, folding, stability, regulated enzymatic activity and even epigenetic regulation of gene expression. Previous research revealed that protein palmitoylation play essential role in Toxoplasma gondii, Trypanosoma cruzi, Trichomonas vaginalis, and several Plasmodium parasites. Until now, there is little information on the enzymes related to palmitoylation and role of protein acylation or palmitoylation in E. tenella. Therefore, palmitome of the second-generation merozoite of E. tenella was investigated. We identified a total of 2569 palmitoyl-sites that were assigned to 2145 palmitoyl-peptides belonging to 1561 protein-groups that participated in biological processes including parasite morphology, motility and host cell invasion. In addition, RNA biosynthesis, protein biosynthesis, folding, proteasome-ubiquitin degradation, and enzymes involved in PTMs, carbohydrate metabolism, glycan biosynthesis, and mitochondrial respiratory chain as well as vesicle trafficking were identified. The study allowed us to decipher the broad influence of palmitoylation in E. tenella biology, and its potential roles in the pathobiology of E. tenella infection. Raw data are publicly available at iProX with the dataset identifier PXD045061.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zigang Qu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, 730046, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health of the Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, 730046, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, 730046, People's Republic of China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, 225009, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuqiong Li
- Ningxia Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Yinchuan, 750002, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenhui Li
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, 730046, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health of the Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, 730046, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, 730046, People's Republic of China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, 225009, People's Republic of China
| | - Nianzhang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, 730046, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health of the Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, 730046, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, 730046, People's Republic of China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, 225009, People's Republic of China
| | - Joshua Seun Olajide
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, 730046, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health of the Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, 730046, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, 730046, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyun Mi
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Academy of Animal Sciences, Urumqi, Xinjiang, 830013, People's Republic of China.
| | - Baoquan Fu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, 730046, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health of the Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, 730046, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, 730046, People's Republic of China.
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, 225009, People's Republic of China.
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Fu J, Zhao L, Yang J, Chen H, Cao S, Jia H. An unconventional SNARE complex mediates exocytosis at the plasma membrane and vesicular fusion at the apical annuli in Toxoplasma gondii. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011288. [PMID: 36972314 PMCID: PMC10079086 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Exocytosis is a key active process in cells by which proteins are released in bulk via the fusion of exocytic vesicles with the plasma membrane. Soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptor (SNARE) protein-mediated vesicle fusion with the plasma membrane is essential in most exocytotic pathways. In mammalian cells, the vesicular fusion step of exocytosis is normally mediated by Syntaxin-1 (Stx1) and SNAP25 family proteins (SNAP25 and SNAP23). However, in Toxoplasma gondii, a model organism of Apicomplexa, the only SNAP25 family protein, with a SNAP29-like molecular structure, is involved in vesicular fusion at the apicoplast. Here, we reveal that an unconventional SNARE complex comprising TgStx1, TgStx20, and TgStx21 mediates vesicular fusion at the plasma membrane. This complex is essential for the exocytosis of surface proteins and vesicular fusion at the apical annuli in T. gondii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawen Fu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Harbin, China
| | - Lin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Harbin, China
| | - Juan Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Harbin, China
| | - Heming Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Harbin, China
| | - Shinuo Cao
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Harbin, China
| | - Honglin Jia
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Harbin, China
- * E-mail:
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Zhang Y, Cheng L, Qiu H, Sun T, Deng R, Gong H, Mi R, Huang Y, Wang C, Chen Z. Hypothetical bromodomain-containing protein 5 is required for the growth of Toxoplasma gondii. Vet Parasitol 2022; 309:109767. [PMID: 35901606 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2022.109767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Bromodomain (BRD) is a highly conserved structural module domain, found in various proteins, including chromatin-related proteins, nucleus acetyltransferases, and transcription-associated proteins. Toxoplasma gondii, a zoonotic protozoan, encodes at least 12 predicted BRD-containing proteins (BDPs). Here, we investigated the subcellular location and regulatory role of a hypothetical protein BDP that we named TgBDP5. The BRD of TgBDP5 did not contain the conserved Asn and Tyr residues required for acetyl-lysine recognition. TgBDP5 localized in the nucleus of the parasite and remained unchanged during parasite replication. Conditional ablation of TgBDP5 through an auxin-inducible degron-based knockdown strategy caused a growth defect in parasite replication. Depletion of TgBDP5 led to changes in the expression level of 179 genes, suggesting it as an important target for drugs acting against T. gondii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, Heilongjiang Province, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Animal Products on Biohazards (Shanghai) of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China; Branch of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary of Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qiqihar 161000, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Long Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Animal Products on Biohazards (Shanghai) of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Hongyu Qiu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Tiancong Sun
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Animal Products on Biohazards (Shanghai) of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Ruipeng Deng
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Haiyan Gong
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Animal Products on Biohazards (Shanghai) of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Rongsheng Mi
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Animal Products on Biohazards (Shanghai) of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Yan Huang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Animal Products on Biohazards (Shanghai) of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Chunren Wang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, Heilongjiang Province, China.
| | - Zhaoguo Chen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Animal Products on Biohazards (Shanghai) of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China.
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Cao S, Yang J, Fu J, Chen H, Jia H. The Dissection of SNAREs Reveals Key Factors for Vesicular Trafficking to the Endosome-like Compartment and Apicoplast via the Secretory System in Toxoplasma gondii. mBio 2021; 12:e0138021. [PMID: 34340555 PMCID: PMC8406237 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01380-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Vesicular trafficking is a fundamental cellular process involved in material transport in eukaryotes, but the diversity of the intracellular compartments has prevented researchers from obtaining a clear understanding of the specific functions of vesicular trafficking factors, including SNAREs, tethers, and Rab GTPases, in Apicomplexa. In this study, we analyzed the localization of SNAREs and investigated their roles in vesicular trafficking in Toxoplasma gondii. Our results revealed the specific localizations of SNAREs in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) (T. gondii Stx18 [TgStx18] and TgStx19), Golgi stacks (TgGS27), and endosome-like compartment (TgStx10 and TgStx12). The conditional ablation of ER- and Golgi-residing SNAREs caused severe defects in the secretory system. Most importantly, we found an R-SNARE (TgVAMP4-2) that is targeted to the apicoplast; to our knowledge, this work provides the first information showing a SNARE protein on endosymbiotic organelles and functioning in vesicular trafficking in eukaryotes. Conditional knockout of TgVAMP4-2 blocked the entrance of TgCPN60, TgACP, TgATrx2, and TgATrx1 into the apicoplast and interfered with the targeting of TgAPT1 and TgFtsH1 to the outermost membrane of the apicoplast. Together, our findings revealed the functions of SNAREs in the secretory system and the transport of nucleus-encoded proteins to an endosymbiotic organelle in a model organism of Apicomplexa. IMPORTANCE SNAREs are essential for the fusion of the transport vesicles and target membranes and, thus, provide perfect targets for obtaining a global view of the vesicle transport system. In this study, we report that a novel Qc-SNARE (TgStx19) instead of Use1 is located at the ER and acts as a partner of TgStx18 in T. gondii. TgGS27 and the tethering complex TRAPP III are conserved and critical for the biogenesis of the Golgi complex in T. gondii. A novel R-SNARE, TgVAMP4-2, is found on the outermost membrane of the apicoplast. The transport of NEAT proteins into the secondary endosymbiotic organelle depends on its function. To our knowledge, this work provides the first mention of a SNARE located on endosymbiotic organelles that functions in vesicular trafficking in eukaryotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinuo Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Juan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiawen Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Heming Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Honglin Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, People’s Republic of China
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Zhang Y, Wang C, Jia H. Biogenesis and maintenance of the apicoplast in model apicomplexan parasites. Parasitol Int 2020; 81:102270. [PMID: 33321224 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2020.102270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The apicoplast is a non-photosynthetic relict plastid of Apicomplexa that evolved from a secondary symbiotic system. During its evolution, most of the genes derived from its alga ancestor were lost. Only genes involved in several valuable metabolic pathways, such as the synthesis of isoprenoid precursors, heme, and fatty acids, have been transferred to the host genome and retained to help these parasites adapt to a complex life cycle and various living environments. The biological function of an apicoplast is essential for most apicomplexan parasites. Considering their potential as drug targets, the metabolic functions of this symbiotic organelle have been intensively investigated through computational and biological means. Moreover, we know that not only organellar metabolic functions are linked with other organelles, but also their biogenesis processes have developed and evolved to tailor their biological functions and proper inheritance. Several distinct features have been found in the biogenesis process of apicoplasts. For example, the apicoplast borrows a dynamin-related protein (DrpA) from its host to implement organelle division. The autophagy system has also been repurposed for linking the apicoplast and centrosome during replication and the division process. However, many vital questions remain to be answered about how these parasites maintain and properly inherit this symbiotic organelle. Here we review our current knowledge about its biogenesis process and discuss several critical questions remaining to be answered in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhang
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Bovine Diseases, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, Heilongjiang Province 163319, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Haping Street 678, Nangang District, Harbin 150069, PR China
| | - Chunren Wang
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Bovine Diseases, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, Heilongjiang Province 163319, PR China
| | - Honglin Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Haping Street 678, Nangang District, Harbin 150069, PR China.
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Vo KC, Günay-Esiyok Ö, Liem N, Gupta N. The protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii encodes a gamut of phosphodiesterases during its lytic cycle in human cells. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2020; 18:3861-3876. [PMID: 33335684 PMCID: PMC7720076 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2020.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Revised: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Toxoplasma genome harbors at least 18 phosphodiesterases encoded by distinct genes. Most parasite PDEs lack regulatory modules and are quite divergent from their human orthologs. Acutely-infectious tachyzoite stage of T. gondii expresses 11 PDEs with varied localizations. PDE8 and PDE9 are closely-related dual-substrate specific proteins residing in the apical pole. Homology modeling of PDE8 and PDE9 reveals a conserved 3D topology and substrate pocket. PDE9 is dispensable in tachyzoites, signifying a functional redundancy with PDE8.
Cyclic nucleotide signaling is pivotal to the asexual reproduction of Toxoplasma gondii, however little do we know about the phosphodiesterase enzymes in this widespread obligate intracellular parasite. Here, we identified 18 phosphodiesterases (TgPDE1-18) in the parasite genome, most of which form apicomplexan-specific clades and lack archetypal regulatory motifs often found in mammalian PDEs. Genomic epitope-tagging in the tachyzoite stage showed the expression of 11 phosphodiesterases with diverse subcellular distributions. Notably, TgPDE8 and TgPDE9 are located in the apical plasma membrane to regulate cAMP and cGMP signaling, as suggested by their dual-substrate catalysis and structure modeling. TgPDE9 expression can be ablated with no apparent loss of growth fitness in tachyzoites. Likewise, the redundancy in protein expression, subcellular localization and predicted substrate specificity of several other PDEs indicate significant plasticity and spatial control of cyclic nucleotide signaling during the lytic cycle. Our findings shall enable a rational dissection of signaling in tachyzoites by combinatorial mutagenesis. Moreover, the phylogenetic divergence of selected Toxoplasma PDEs from human counterparts can be exploited to develop parasite-specific inhibitors and therapeutics.
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Key Words
- 3′IT, 3′-insertional tagging
- AC, adenylate cyclase
- Apicomplexa
- Bradyzoite
- COS, crossover sequence
- CRISPR, clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats
- EES, entero-epithelial stages
- FPKM, fragments per kilobase of exon model per million
- GC, guanylate cyclase
- GMQE, Global Model Quality Estimation
- HFF, human foreskin fibroblast
- HXGPRT, hypoxanthine-xanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase
- IMC, inner membrane complex
- Lytic cycle
- MAEBL, merozoite adhesive erythrocytic binding ligand
- MOI, multiplicity of infection
- OCRE, octamer repeat
- PDE, phosphodiesterase
- PKA, protein kinase A
- PKG, protein kinase G
- PM, plasma membrane
- QMEAN, Quality Model Energy Analysis
- Tachyzoite
- cAMP and cGMP signaling
- sgRNA, single guide RNA
- smHA, spaghetti monster-HA
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim Chi Vo
- Department of Molecular Parasitology, Institute of Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany
| | - Özlem Günay-Esiyok
- Department of Molecular Parasitology, Institute of Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany
| | - Nicolas Liem
- Experimental Biophysics, Institute of Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany
| | - Nishith Gupta
- Department of Molecular Parasitology, Institute of Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Biological Sciences, Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani (BITS-P), Hyderabad, India
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Abstract
Apicomplexans are obligate intracellular parasites harboring three sets of unique secretory organelles termed micronemes, rhoptries, and dense granules that are dedicated to the establishment of infection in the host cell. Apicomplexans rely on the endolysosomal system to generate the secretory organelles and to ingest and digest host cell proteins. These parasites also possess a metabolically relevant secondary endosymbiotic organelle, the apicoplast, which relies on vesicular trafficking for correct incorporation of nuclear-encoded proteins into the organelle. Here, we demonstrate that the trafficking and destination of vesicles to the unique and specialized parasite compartments depend on SNARE proteins that interact with tethering factors. Specifically, all secreted proteins depend on the function of SLY1 at the Golgi. In addition to a critical role in trafficking of endocytosed host proteins, TgVps45 is implicated in the biogenesis of the inner membrane complex (alveoli) in both Toxoplasma gondii and Plasmodium falciparum, likely acting in a coordinated manner with Stx16 and Stx6. Finally, Stx12 localizes to the endosomal-like compartment and is involved in the trafficking of proteins to the apical secretory organelles rhoptries and micronemes as well as to the apicoplast.IMPORTANCE The phylum of Apicomplexa groups medically relevant parasites such as those responsible for malaria and toxoplasmosis. As members of the Alveolata superphylum, these protozoans possess specialized organelles in addition to those found in all members of the eukaryotic kingdom. Vesicular trafficking is the major route of communication between membranous organelles. Neither the molecular mechanism that allows communication between organelles nor the vesicular fusion events that underlie it are completely understood in Apicomplexa. Here, we assessed the function of SEC1/Munc18 and SNARE proteins to identify factors involved in the trafficking of vesicles between these various organelles. We show that SEC1/Munc18 in interaction with SNARE proteins allows targeting of vesicles to the inner membrane complex, prerhoptries, micronemes, apicoplast, and vacuolar compartment from the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, or endosomal-like compartment. These data provide an exciting look at the "ZIP code" of vesicular trafficking in apicomplexans, essential for precise organelle biogenesis, homeostasis, and inheritance.
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Spielmann T, Gras S, Sabitzki R, Meissner M. Endocytosis in Plasmodium and Toxoplasma Parasites. Trends Parasitol 2020; 36:520-532. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2020.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Zheng J, Su W, Cao S, Zhang Z, Du C, Jia H. TgMAP1c is involved in apicoplast biogenesis in Toxoplasma gondii. Int J Parasitol 2020; 50:487-499. [PMID: 32380097 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2020.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Methionine aminopeptidases (MAPs), which remove the N-terminal methionine from newly synthesised proteins, are present in all life forms. Three type I MAPs and one type II MAP are encoded in the genome of Toxoplasma gondii. In this study, we found that the inducible knockdown of each type I TgMAP (TgMAP1a-c) reduced the growth and proliferation of the parasite significantly. Among them, TgMAP1c was found to be localised to the apicoplast of the parasite. Inducible knockdown of TgMAP1c led to a defect in the abundance of apicoplast-encoded transcripts, and a later reduction in the apicoplast genome copy number and loss of the apicoplast structure. This finding indicates that transcription of the apicoplast genome was impaired upon knockdown of TgMAP1c. We also found that the function of TgMAP1c in apicoplast biogenesis depends on its enzymatic domain. Expression of a recombinant protein in which the active domain of TgMAP1c was replaced with that of TgMAP1a or TgMAP1b could not restore the defective growth and replication phenotype caused by knockdown of TgMAP1c, indicating that these three enzymes have distinct substrate preferences. An in vitro analysis also revealed that TgMAP1c is an active enzyme that acts specifically on the substrate H-Met-p-NA. In addition, inducible knockdown of TgMAP1c reduced the virulence of T. gondii in mice. Taken together, these results demonstrate that TgMAP1c plays a key role in the biogenesis and maintenance of the T. gondii apicoplast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zheng
- Division of Fundamental Immunology, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), 678 Haping Street, Harbin 150069, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenqiang Su
- Division of Fundamental Immunology, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), 678 Haping Street, Harbin 150069, People's Republic of China
| | - Shinuo Cao
- Division of Fundamental Immunology, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), 678 Haping Street, Harbin 150069, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhaoxia Zhang
- Division of Fundamental Immunology, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), 678 Haping Street, Harbin 150069, People's Republic of China
| | - Cheng Du
- Division of Fundamental Immunology, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), 678 Haping Street, Harbin 150069, People's Republic of China
| | - Honglin Jia
- Division of Fundamental Immunology, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), 678 Haping Street, Harbin 150069, People's Republic of China.
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