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Guo Y, Jiang Y, Wu M, Tu A, Yin J, Yang J. TaWRKY50-TaSARK7 module-mediated cysteine-rich protein phosphorylation suppresses the programmed cell death response to Chinese wheat mosaic virus infection. Virology 2024; 595:110071. [PMID: 38593594 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2024.110071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
WRKY transcription factors are widely involved in plant responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. However, there is currently a limited understanding of the regulation of viral infection by WRKY transcription factors in wheat (Triticum aestivum). The WRKY transcription factor TaWRKY50 in group IIb wheat exhibited a significant response to Chinese wheat mosaic virus infection. TaWRKY50 is localized in the nucleus and is an activating transcription factor. Interestingly, we found that silencing TaWRKY50 induces cell death following inoculation with CWMV. The protein kinase TaSAPK7 is specific to plants, whereas NbSRK is a closely related kinase with high homology to TaSAPK7. The transcriptional activities of both TaSAPK7 and NbSRK can be enhanced by TaWRKY50 binding to their promoters. CRP is an RNA silencing suppressor. Furthermore, TaWRKY50 may regulate CWMV infection by regulating the expression of TaSAPK7 and NbSRK to increase CRP phosphorylation and reduce the amount of programmed cell death (PCD).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunfei Guo
- State Key Laboratory for Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Yaoyao Jiang
- State Key Laboratory for Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Mila Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Aizhu Tu
- State Key Laboratory for Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Jingliang Yin
- State Key Laboratory for Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Jian Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China.
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Yue N, Jiang Z, Pi Q, Yang M, Gao Z, Wang X, Zhang H, Wu F, Jin X, Li M, Wang Y, Zhang Y, Li D. Zn2+-dependent association of cysteine-rich protein with virion orchestrates morphogenesis of rod-shaped viruses. PLoS Pathog 2024; 20:e1012311. [PMID: 38885273 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1012311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
The majority of rod-shaped and some filamentous plant viruses encode a cysteine-rich protein (CRP) that functions in viral virulence; however, the roles of these CRPs in viral infection remain largely unknown. Here, we used barley stripe mosaic virus (BSMV) as a model to investigate the essential role of its CRP in virus morphogenesis. The CRP protein γb directly interacts with BSMV coat protein (CP), the mutations either on the His-85 site in γb predicted to generate a potential CCCH motif or on the His-13 site in CP exposed to the surface of the virions abolish the zinc-binding activity and their interaction. Immunogold-labeling assays show that γb binds to the surface of rod-shaped BSMV virions in a Zn2+-dependent manner, which enhances the RNA binding activity of CP and facilitates virion assembly and stability, suggesting that the Zn2+-dependent physical association of γb with the virion is crucial for BSMV morphogenesis. Intriguingly, the tightly binding of diverse CRPs to their rod-shaped virions is a general feature employed by the members in the families Virgaviridae (excluding the genus Tobamovirus) and Benyviridae. Together, these results reveal a hitherto unknown role of CRPs in the assembly and stability of virus particles, and expand our understanding of the molecular mechanism underlying virus morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Yue
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Environmental Resilience, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhihao Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Environmental Resilience, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Qinglin Pi
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Environmental Resilience, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Meng Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Environmental Resilience, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Zongyu Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Environmental Resilience, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xueting Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Environmental Resilience, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - He Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Environmental Resilience, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Fengtong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Environmental Resilience, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xuejiao Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Environmental Resilience, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Menglin Li
- College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Wang
- College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yongliang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Environmental Resilience, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Dawei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Environmental Resilience, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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Dai R, Yang S, Pang T, Tian M, Wang H, Zhang D, Wu Y, Kondo H, Andika IB, Kang Z, Sun L. Identification of a negative-strand RNA virus with natural plant and fungal hosts. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2319582121. [PMID: 38483998 PMCID: PMC10962957 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2319582121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024] Open
Abstract
The presence of viruses that spread to both plant and fungal populations in nature has posed intriguingly scientific question. We found a negative-strand RNA virus related to members of the family Phenuiviridae, named Valsa mali negative-strand RNA virus 1 (VmNSRV1), which induced strong hypovirulence and was prevalent in a population of the phytopathogenic fungus of apple Valsa canker (Valsa mali) infecting apple orchards in the Shaanxi Province of China. Intriguingly, VmNSRV1 encodes a protein with a viral cell-to-cell movement function in plant tissue. Mechanical leaf inoculation showed that VmNSRV1 could systemically infect plants. Moreover, VmNSRV1 was detected in 24 out of 139 apple trees tested in orchards in Shaanxi Province. Fungal inoculation experiments showed that VmNSRV1 could be bidirectionally transmitted between apple plants and V. mali, and VmNSRV1 infection in plants reduced the development of fungal lesions on leaves. Additionally, the nucleocapsid protein encoded by VmNSRV1 is associated with and rearranged lipid droplets in both fungal and plant cells. VmNSRV1 represents a virus that has adapted and spread to both plant and fungal hosts and shuttles between these two organisms in nature (phyto-mycovirus) and is potential to be utilized for the biocontrol method against plant fungal diseases. This finding presents further insights into the virus evolution and adaptation encompassing both plant and fungal hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruoyin Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling712100, China
| | - Shian Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling712100, China
| | - Tianxing Pang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling712100, China
| | - Mengyuan Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling712100, China
| | - Hao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling712100, China
| | - Dong Zhang
- Yangling Sub-Center of National Center for Apple Improvement and College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling712100, China
| | - Yunfeng Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling712100, China
| | - Hideki Kondo
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Kurashiki710-0046, Japan
| | - Ida Bagus Andika
- College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao266109, China
| | - Zhensheng Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling712100, China
| | - Liying Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling712100, China
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Kurashiki710-0046, Japan
- Institute of Future Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling712100, China
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Yan D, Han K, Lu Y, Peng J, Rao S, Wu G, Liu Y, Chen J, Zheng H, Yan F. The nanovirus U2 protein suppresses RNA silencing via three conserved cysteine residues. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2024; 25:e13394. [PMID: 37823358 PMCID: PMC10782648 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
Nanoviruses have multipartite, circular, single-stranded DNA genomes and cause huge production losses in legumes and other crops. No viral suppressor of RNA silencing (VSR) has yet been reported from a member of the genus Nanovirus. Here, we demonstrate that the nanovirus U2 protein is a VSR. The U2 protein of milk vetch dwarf virus (MDV) suppressed the silencing of the green fluorescent protein (GFP) gene induced by single-stranded and double-stranded RNA, and the systemic spread of the GFP silencing signal. An electrophoretic mobility shift assay showed that the U2 protein was able to bind double-stranded 21-nucleotide small interfering RNA (siRNA). The cysteine residues at positions 43, 79 and 82 in the MDV U2 protein are critical to its nuclear localization, self-interaction and siRNA-binding ability, and were essential for its VSR activity. In addition, expression of the U2 protein via a potato virus X vector induced more severe necrosis symptoms in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves. The U2 proteins of other nanoviruses also acted as VSRs, and the three conserved cysteine residues were indispensable for their VSR activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dankan Yan
- College of Life SciencesFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro‐Products, Institute of Plant VirologyNingbo UniversityNingboChina
- Institute of Plant Protection and Agro‐Products SafetyAnhui Academy of Agricultural SciencesHefeiChina
| | - Kelei Han
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro‐Products, Institute of Plant VirologyNingbo UniversityNingboChina
- Institute of Plant Protection and Agro‐Products SafetyAnhui Academy of Agricultural SciencesHefeiChina
| | - Yuwen Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro‐Products, Institute of Plant VirologyNingbo UniversityNingboChina
| | - Jiejun Peng
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro‐Products, Institute of Plant VirologyNingbo UniversityNingboChina
| | - Shaofei Rao
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro‐Products, Institute of Plant VirologyNingbo UniversityNingboChina
| | - Guanwei Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro‐Products, Institute of Plant VirologyNingbo UniversityNingboChina
| | - Yong Liu
- Institute of Plant ProtectionHunan Academy of Agricultural SciencesChangshaChina
| | - Jianping Chen
- College of Life SciencesFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro‐Products, Institute of Plant VirologyNingbo UniversityNingboChina
| | - Hongying Zheng
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro‐Products, Institute of Plant VirologyNingbo UniversityNingboChina
| | - Fei Yan
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro‐Products, Institute of Plant VirologyNingbo UniversityNingboChina
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Chen L, Yang J, Hu H, Jiang Y, Feng L, Liu J, Zhong K, Liu P, Ma Y, Chen M, Yang J. Large-scale phosphoproteome analysis in wheat seedling leaves provides evidence for extensive phosphorylation of regulatory proteins during CWMV infection. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 23:532. [PMID: 37914991 PMCID: PMC10621099 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-023-04559-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chinese wheat mosaic virus (CWMV) often causes severe damage to wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) growth and yield. It is well known that a successful infection in plants depends on a complex interaction between the host plant and the pathogen. Post-translational modification (PTM) of proteins is considered to be one of the main processes that decides the outcome of the plant-pathogen arms race during this interaction. Although numerous studies have investigated PTM in various organisms, there has been no large-scale phosphoproteomic analysis of virus-infected wheat plants. We therefore aimed to investigate the CWMV infection-induced phosphoproteomics changes in wheat by high-resolution liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectroscopy (LC-MS/MS) using affinity-enriched peptides followed by comprehensive bioinformatics analysis. RESULTS Through this study, a total of 4095 phosphorylation sites have been identified in 1968 proteins, and 11.6% of the phosphorylated proteins exhibited significant changes (PSPCs) in their phosphorylation levels upon CWMV infection. The result of Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis showed that most of the PSPCs were associated with photosynthesis, plant-pathogen interactions, and MAPK signaling pathways. The protein-protein interaction (PPI) network analysis result showed that these PSPCs were mainly participated in the regulation of biosynthesis and metabolism, protein kinase activities, and transcription factors. Furthermore, the phosphorylation levels of TaChi1 and TaP5CS, two plant immunity-related enzymes, were significantly changed upon CWMV infection, resulting in a significant decrease in CWMV accumulation in the infected plants. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that phosphorylation modification of protein plays a critical role in wheat resistance to CWMV infection. Upon CWMV infection, wheat plants will regulate the levels of extra- and intra-cellular signals and modifications of enzyme activities via protein phosphorylation. This novel information about the strategies used by wheat to resist CWMV infection will help researchers to breed new CWMV-resistant cultivars and to better understand the arms race between wheat and CWMV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Chen
- Institute of Crop Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Breeding, National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing, 100081, China
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
- State Key Laboratory for Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Jin Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Haichao Hu
- State Key Laboratory for Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Yaoyao Jiang
- State Key Laboratory for Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Lixiao Feng
- State Key Laboratory for Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Jiaqian Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Kaili Zhong
- State Key Laboratory for Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Peng Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Youzhi Ma
- Institute of Crop Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Breeding, National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Ming Chen
- Institute of Crop Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Breeding, National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Jian Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China.
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Mao H, Jiang C, Tang C, Nie X, Du L, Liu Y, Cheng P, Wu Y, Liu H, Kang Z, Wang X. Wheat adaptation to environmental stresses under climate change: Molecular basis and genetic improvement. MOLECULAR PLANT 2023; 16:1564-1589. [PMID: 37671604 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2023.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 08/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023]
Abstract
Wheat (Triticum aestivum) is a staple food for about 40% of the world's population. As the global population has grown and living standards improved, high yield and improved nutritional quality have become the main targets for wheat breeding. However, wheat production has been compromised by global warming through the more frequent occurrence of extreme temperature events, which have increased water scarcity, aggravated soil salinization, caused plants to be more vulnerable to diseases, and directly reduced plant fertility and suppressed yield. One promising option to address these challenges is the genetic improvement of wheat for enhanced resistance to environmental stress. Several decades of progress in genomics and genetic engineering has tremendously advanced our understanding of the molecular and genetic mechanisms underlying abiotic and biotic stress responses in wheat. These advances have heralded what might be considered a "golden age" of functional genomics for the genetic improvement of wheat. Here, we summarize the current knowledge on the molecular and genetic basis of wheat resistance to abiotic and biotic stresses, including the QTLs/genes involved, their functional and regulatory mechanisms, and strategies for genetic modification of wheat for improved stress resistance. In addition, we also provide perspectives on some key challenges that need to be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hude Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Cong Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Chunlei Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Xiaojun Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Linying Du
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Life Science, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Yuling Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Peng Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Yunfeng Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Huiquan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Zhensheng Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
| | - Xiaojie Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
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Feng H, Wu M, Wang Z, Wang X, Chen J, Yang J, Liu P. Genome-Wide Identification and Functional Analysis of NAP1 in Triticum aestivum. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:genes14051041. [PMID: 37239401 DOI: 10.3390/genes14051041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
As a main molecular chaperone of histone H2A-H2B, nucleosome assembly protein 1 (NAP1) has been widely researched in many species. However, there is little research investigating the function of NAP1 in Triticum aestivum. To understand the capabilities of the family of NAP1 genes in wheat and the relationship between TaNAP1 genes and plant viruses, we performed comprehensive genome-wide analysis and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) for testing expression profiling under hormonal and viral stresses. Our results showed that TaNAP1 was expressed at different levels in different tissues, with higher expression in tissues with high meristematic capacity, such as roots. Furthermore, the TaNAP1 family may participate in plant defense mechanisms. This study provides a systematic analysis of the NAP1 gene family in wheat and lays the foundation for further studies on the function of TaNAP1 in the response of wheat plants to viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huimin Feng
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MARA and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Mila Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MARA and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Ziqiong Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MARA and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Xia Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MARA and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Jianping Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MARA and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Jian Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Peng Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MARA and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
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Zhao W, Wang L, Li L, Zhou T, Yan F, Zhang H, Zhu Y, Andika IB, Sun L. Coat protein of rice stripe virus enhances autophagy activity through interaction with cytosolic glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenases, a negative regulator of plant autophagy. STRESS BIOLOGY 2023; 3:3. [PMID: 37676568 PMCID: PMC10441990 DOI: 10.1007/s44154-023-00084-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
Viral infection commonly induces autophagy, leading to antiviral responses or conversely, promoting viral infection or replication. In this study, using the experimental plant Nicotiana benthamiana, we demonstrated that the rice stripe virus (RSV) coat protein (CP) enhanced autophagic activity through interaction with cytosolic glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase 2 (GAPC2), a negative regulator of plant autophagy that binds to an autophagy key factor, autophagy-related protein 3 (ATG3). Competitive pull-down and co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP)assays showed that RSV CP activated autophagy by disrupting the interaction between GAPC2 and ATG3. An RSV CP mutant that was unable to bind GAPC2 failed to disrupt the interaction between GAPC2 and ATG3 and therefore lost its ability to induce autophagy. RSV CP enhanced the autophagic degradation of a viral movement protein (MP) encoded by a heterologous virus, citrus leaf blotch virus (CLBV). However, the autophagic degradation of RSV-encoded MP and RNA-silencing suppressor (NS3) proteins was inhibited in the presence of CP, suggesting that RSV CP can protect MP and NS3 against autophagic degradation. Moreover, in the presence of MP, RSV CP could induce the autophagic degradation of a remorin protein (NbREM1), which negatively regulates RSV infection through the inhibition of viral cell-to-cell movement. Overall, our results suggest that RSV CP induces a selective autophagy to suppress the antiviral factors while protecting RSV-encoded viral proteins against autophagic degradation through an as-yet-unknown mechanism. This study showed that RSV CP plays dual roles in the autophagy-related interaction between plants and viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanying Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Li Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Lipeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Tong Zhou
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Fei Yan
- Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 312362, China
| | - Heng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, China
| | - Ying Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, China
| | - Ida Bagus Andika
- College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Liying Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China.
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Hu H, Cai L, Zhang T, Liu T, Jiang Y, Liu H, Lu Q, Yang J, Chen J. Central Role of Ubiquitination in Wheat Response to CWMV Infection. Viruses 2022; 14:v14081789. [PMID: 36016412 PMCID: PMC9412516 DOI: 10.3390/v14081789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Ubiquitination is a major post-translational modification (PTM) involved in almost all eukaryotic biological processes and plays an essential role in plant response to pathogen infection. However, to date, large-scale profiling of the changes in the ubiquitome in response to pathogens, especially viruses, in wheat has not been reported. This study aimed to identify the ubiquitinated proteins involved in Chinese wheat mosaic virus (CWMV) infection in wheat using a combination of affinity enrichment and high-resolution liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectroscopy. The potential biological functions of these ubiquitinated proteins were further analyzed using bioinformatics. A total of 2297 lysine ubiquitination sites in 1255 proteins were identified in wheat infected with CWMV, of which 350 lysine ubiquitination sites in 192 proteins were differentially expressed. These ubiquitinated proteins were related to metabolic processes, responses to stress and hormones, plant–pathogen interactions, and ribosome pathways, as assessed via Gene ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes enrichment analyses. Furthermore, we found that the ubiquitination of Ta14-3-3 and TaHSP90, which are essential components of the innate immune system, was significantly enhanced during CWMV infection, which suggested that ubiquitination modification plays a vital role in the regulatory network of the host response to CWMV infection. In summary, our study puts forward a novel strategy for further probing the molecular mechanisms of CWMV infection. Our findings will inform future research to find better, innovative, and effective solutions to deal with CWMV infection in wheat, which is the most crucial and widely used cereal grain crop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haichao Hu
- College of Plant Protection, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
- State Key Laboratory for Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Linna Cai
- College of Plant Protection, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
- State Key Laboratory for Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Tianye Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Tingting Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Yaoyao Jiang
- State Key Laboratory for Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Hanhong Liu
- Junan County Bureau of Agriculture and Country, Linyi 276600, China
| | - Qisen Lu
- College of Plant Protection, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
- State Key Laboratory for Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Jian Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
- Correspondence: (J.Y.); (J.C.)
| | - Jianping Chen
- College of Plant Protection, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
- State Key Laboratory for Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
- Correspondence: (J.Y.); (J.C.)
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10
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Niu E, Ye C, Zhao W, Kondo H, Wu Y, Chen J, Andika IB, Sun L. Coat protein of Chinese wheat mosaic virus upregulates and interacts with cytosolic glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, a negative regulator of plant autophagy, to promote virus infection. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 64:1631-1645. [PMID: 35713231 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is an intracellular degradation mechanism involved in antiviral defense, but the strategies employed by plant viruses to counteract autophagy-related defense remain unknown for the majority of the viruses. Herein, we describe how the Chinese wheat mosaic virus (CWMV, genus Furovirus) interferes with autophagy and enhances its infection in Nicotiana benthamiana. Yeast two-hybrid screening and in vivo/in vitro assays revealed that the 19 kDa coat protein (CP19K) of CWMV interacts with cytosolic glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenases (GAPCs), negative regulators of autophagy, which bind autophagy-related protein 3 (ATG3), a key factor in autophagy. CP19K also directly interacts with ATG3, possibly leading to the formation of a CP19K-GAPC-ATG3 complex. CP19K-GAPC interaction appeared to intensify CP19K-ATG3 binding. Moreover, CP19K expression upregulated GAPC gene transcripts and reduced autophagic activities. Accordingly, the silencing of GAPC genes in transgenic N. benthamiana reduced CWMV accumulation, whereas CP19K overexpression enhanced it. Overall, our results suggest that CWMV CP19K interferes with autophagy through the promotion and utilization of the GAPC role as a negative regulator of autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erbo Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Xi'an, 712100, China
| | - Chaozheng Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Xi'an, 712100, China
| | - Wanying Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Xi'an, 712100, China
| | - Hideki Kondo
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Kurashiki, 710-0046, Japan
| | - Yunfeng Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Xi'an, 712100, China
| | - Jianping Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Ida Bagus Andika
- College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Liying Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Xi'an, 712100, China
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Kurashiki, 710-0046, Japan
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11
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Li J, Feng H, Liu S, Liu P, Chen X, Yang J, He L, Yang J, Chen J. Phosphorylated viral protein evades plant immunity through interfering the function of RNA-binding protein. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010412. [PMID: 35294497 PMCID: PMC8959173 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Successful pathogen infection in plant depends on a proper interaction between the invading pathogen and its host. Post-translational modification (PTM) plays critical role(s) in plant-pathogen interaction. However, how PTM of viral protein regulates plant immunity remains poorly understood. Here, we found that S162 and S165 of Chinese wheat mosaic virus (CWMV) cysteine-rich protein (CRP) are phosphorylated by SAPK7 and play key roles in CWMV infection. Furthermore, the phosphorylation-mimic mutant of CRP (CRPS162/165D) but not the non-phosphorylatable mutant of CRP (CRPS162/165A) interacts with RNA-binding protein UBP1-associated protein 2C (TaUBA2C). Silencing of TaUBA2C expression in wheat plants enhanced CWMV infection. In contrast, overexpression of TaUBA2C in wheat plants inhibited CWMV infection. TaUBA2C inhibits CWMV infection through recruiting the pre-mRNA of TaNPR1, TaPR1 and TaRBOHD to induce cell death and H2O2 production. This effect can be supressed by CRPS162/165D through changing TaUBA2C chromatin-bound status and attenuating it’s the RNA- or DNA-binding activities. Taken together, our findings provide new knowledge on how CRP phosphorylation affects CWMV infection as well as the arms race between virus and wheat plants. Chinese wheat mosaic virus (CWMV) causes a damaging disease in cereal plants. However, CWMV interacts with host factors to facilitate virus infection is not clear yet. Here, we found that S162 and S165 of CWMV cysteine-rich protein (CRP) are phosphorylated by SAPK7 in vivo and in vitro. Mutational analyses have indicated that these two phosphorylation sites of CRP (CRPS162/165D) promoting CWMV infection in plants, due to the supressed cell death and H2O2 production. Further investigations found the CRPS162/165D can interact with TaUBA2C, while the non-phosphorylatable mutant of CRP (CRPS162/165A) does not. Futhermore, we have determined that CRPS162/165D and TaUBA2C interaction inhibited the formation of TaUBA2C speckles in nucleus to attenuate its RNA- and DNA-binding activity. We also showed that TaUBA2C recruit the pre-mRNA of TaNPR1, TaPR1 and TaRBOHD to up-regulated these genes expressions and then induce cell death and H2O2 production in plant. This effect can be supressed by the expression of CRPS162/165D, in a dose-dependent manner. Taken together, our discovery may provide a new sight for the arms race between virus and its host plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Li
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Huimin Feng
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Shuang Liu
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Peng Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Xuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Jin Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Long He
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Jian Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- * E-mail: (JY); (JC)
| | - Jianping Chen
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- * E-mail: (JY); (JC)
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12
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Wu C, Wang F, Zhang H, Chen G, Deng Y, Chen J, Yang J, Ge T. Enrichment of beneficial rhizosphere microbes in Chinese wheat yellow mosaic virus-resistant cultivars. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 105:9371-9383. [PMID: 34767052 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11666-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 10/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The microbial community within the root system, the rhizosphere closely connected to the root, and their symbiotic relationship with the host are increasingly seen as possible drivers of natural pathogen resistance. Resistant cultivars have the most effective strategy in controlling the Chinese wheat yellow mosaic disease, but the roles of the root and rhizosphere microbial interactions among different taxonomic levels of resistant cultivars are still unknown. Thus, we aimed to investigate whether these microbial community composition and network characteristics are related to disease resistance and to analyze the belowground plant-associated microflora. Relatively high microbial diversity and stable community structure for the resistant cultivars were detected. Comparison analysis showed that some bacterial phyla were significantly enriched in the wheat root or rhizosphere of the resistant wheat cultivar. Furthermore, the root and rhizosphere of the resistant cultivars greatly recruited many known beneficial bacterial and fungal taxa. In contrast, the relative abundance of potential pathogens was higher for the susceptible cultivar than for the resistant cultivar. Network co-occurrence analysis revealed that a much more complex, more mutually beneficial, and a higher number of bacterial keystone taxa in belowground microbial networks were displayed in the resistant cultivar, which may have been responsible for maintaining the stability and ecological balance of the microbial community. Overall, compared with the susceptible cultivar, the resistant cultivar tends to recruit more potential beneficial microbial groups for plant and rhizosphere microbial community interactions. These findings indicate that beneficial rhizosphere microbiomes for cultivars should be targeted and evaluated using community compositional profiles. KEY POINTS: • Different resistance levels in cultivars affect the rhizosphere microbiome.. • Resistant cultivars tend to recruit more potential beneficial microbial groups. • Bacteria occupy a high proportion and core position in the microflora network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanfa Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats To the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Fangyan Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats To the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Haoqing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats To the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Guixian Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats To the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China.,School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Ganzhou, 341000, China
| | - Yangwu Deng
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Ganzhou, 341000, China
| | - Jianping Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats To the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China.
| | - Jian Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats To the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China.
| | - Tida Ge
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats To the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China.
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13
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Chen X, He L, Xu M, Yang J, Li J, Zhang T, Liao Q, Zhang H, Yang J, Chen J. Binding between elongation factor 1A and the 3'-UTR of Chinese wheat mosaic virus is crucial for virus infection. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2021; 22:1383-1398. [PMID: 34405507 PMCID: PMC8518580 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The Chinese wheat mosaic virus (CWMV) genome consists of two positive-strand RNAs that are required for CWMV replication and translation. The eukaryotic translation elongation factor (eEF1A) is crucial for the elongation of protein translation in eukaryotes. Here, we show that silencing eEF1A expression in Nicotiana benthamiana plants by performing virus-induced gene silencing can greatly reduce the accumulation of CWMV genomic RNAs, whereas overexpression of eEF1A in plants increases the accumulation of CWMV genomic RNAs. In vivo and in vitro assays showed that eEF1A does not interact with CWMV RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays revealed that eEF1A can specifically bind to the 3'-untranslated region (UTR) of CWMV genomic RNAs. By performing mutational analyses, we determined that the conserved region in the 3'-UTR of CWMV genomic RNAs is necessary for CWMV replication and translation, and that the sixth stem-loop (SL-6) in the 3'-UTR of CWMV genomic RNAs plays a key role in CWMV infection. We conclude that eEF1A is an essential host factor for CWMV infection. This finding should help us to develop new strategies for managing CWMV infections in host plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Chen
- College of Plant ProtectionNorthwest Agriculture and Forestry UniversityYanglingChina
- State Key Laboratory for Quality and Safety of Agro‐productsInstitute of Plant Virology of Ningbo UniversityNingboChina
- Institute of Virology and BiotechnologyZhejiang Academy of Agricultural SciencesHangzhouChina
| | - Long He
- State Key Laboratory for Quality and Safety of Agro‐productsInstitute of Plant Virology of Ningbo UniversityNingboChina
| | - Miaoze Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Quality and Safety of Agro‐productsInstitute of Plant Virology of Ningbo UniversityNingboChina
| | - Jin Yang
- College of Plant ProtectionNorthwest Agriculture and Forestry UniversityYanglingChina
- State Key Laboratory for Quality and Safety of Agro‐productsInstitute of Plant Virology of Ningbo UniversityNingboChina
| | - Juan Li
- State Key Laboratory for Quality and Safety of Agro‐productsInstitute of Plant Virology of Ningbo UniversityNingboChina
| | - Tianye Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Quality and Safety of Agro‐productsInstitute of Plant Virology of Ningbo UniversityNingboChina
| | - Qiansheng Liao
- College of Life ScienceZhejiang SCI‐Tech UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Hengmu Zhang
- Institute of Virology and BiotechnologyZhejiang Academy of Agricultural SciencesHangzhouChina
| | - Jian Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Quality and Safety of Agro‐productsInstitute of Plant Virology of Ningbo UniversityNingboChina
- Institute of Virology and BiotechnologyZhejiang Academy of Agricultural SciencesHangzhouChina
| | - Jianping Chen
- College of Plant ProtectionNorthwest Agriculture and Forestry UniversityYanglingChina
- State Key Laboratory for Quality and Safety of Agro‐productsInstitute of Plant Virology of Ningbo UniversityNingboChina
- Institute of Virology and BiotechnologyZhejiang Academy of Agricultural SciencesHangzhouChina
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14
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Niu E, Liu H, Zhou H, Luo L, Wu Y, Andika IB, Sun L. Autophagy Inhibits Intercellular Transport of Citrus Leaf Blotch Virus by Targeting Viral Movement Protein. Viruses 2021; 13:2189. [PMID: 34834995 PMCID: PMC8619118 DOI: 10.3390/v13112189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved cellular-degradation mechanism implicated in antiviral defense in plants. Studies have shown that autophagy suppresses virus accumulation in cells; however, it has not been reported to specifically inhibit viral spread in plants. This study demonstrated that infection with citrus leaf blotch virus (CLBV; genus Citrivirus, family Betaflexiviridae) activated autophagy in Nicotiana benthamiana plants as indicated by the increase of autophagosome formation. Impairment of autophagy through silencing of N. benthamiana autophagy-related gene 5 (NbATG5) and NbATG7 enhanced cell-to-cell and systemic movement of CLBV; however, it did not affect CLBV accumulation when the systemic infection had been fully established. Treatment using an autophagy inhibitor or silencing of NbATG5 and NbATG7 revealed that transiently expressed movement protein (MP), but not coat protein, of CLBV was targeted by selective autophagy for degradation. Moreover, we identified that CLBV MP directly interacted with NbATG8C1 and NbATG8i, the isoforms of autophagy-related protein 8 (ATG8), which are key factors that usually bind cargo receptors for selective autophagy. Our results present a novel example in which autophagy specifically targets a viral MP to limit the intercellular spread of the virus in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erbo Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China; (E.N.); (H.Z.); (L.L.)
| | - Huan Liu
- School of Modern Agriculture and Biotechnology, Ankang University, Ankang 725000, China;
| | - Hongsheng Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China; (E.N.); (H.Z.); (L.L.)
| | - Lian Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China; (E.N.); (H.Z.); (L.L.)
| | - Yunfeng Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China; (E.N.); (H.Z.); (L.L.)
| | - Ida Bagus Andika
- College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Liying Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China; (E.N.); (H.Z.); (L.L.)
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15
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Xu M, Jin P, Liu T, Gao S, Zhang T, Zhang F, Han X, He L, Chen J, Yang J. Genome-wide identification and characterization of UBP gene family in wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.). PeerJ 2021; 9:e11594. [PMID: 34178465 PMCID: PMC8212830 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.11594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Ubiquitination is essential for plant growth and development. Deubiquitination cooperates with ubiquitination to regulate the ubiquitination levels of target proteins. The ubiquitin-specific protease (UBP) family is the largest group of deubiquitinases (DUBs), which perform extensive and significant roles in eukaryotic organisms. However, the UBP genes in wheat (TaUBPs) are not identified, and the functions of TaUBPs are unknown. The present study identified 97 UBP genes in the whole genome of T. aestivum. These genes were divided into 15 groups and non-randomly distributed on chromosomes of T. aestivum. Analyses of evolutionary patterns revealed that TaUBPs mainly underwent purification selection. The studies of cis-acting regulatory elements indicated that they might be involved in response to hormones. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) results showed that TaUBPs were differentially expressed in different tissues. Besides, several TaUBPs were significantly up-regulated when plants were treated with salicylic acid (SA), implying that these DUBs may play a role in abiotic stress responses in plants and few TaUBPs displayed differential expression after viral infection. Furthermore, TaUBP1A.1 (TraesCS1A02G432600.1) silenced by virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) facilitates Chinese wheat mosaic virus (CWMV) infection in wheat, indicating that TaUBP1A.1 may be involved in a defense mechanism against viruses. This study comprehensively analyzed the UBP gene family in wheat and provided a basis for further research of TaUBPs functions in wheat plant response to viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miaoze Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Peng Jin
- State Key Laboratory for Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Tingting Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Shiqi Gao
- State Key Laboratory for Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Tianye Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Fan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Xiaolei Han
- State Key Laboratory for Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Long He
- State Key Laboratory for Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Jianping Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Jian Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
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16
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Zheng W, Hu H, Lu Q, Jin P, Cai L, Hu C, Yang J, Dai L, Chen J. Genome-Wide Identification and Characterization of Long Noncoding RNAs Involved in Chinese Wheat Mosaic Virus Infection of Nicotiana benthamiana. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10030232. [PMID: 33802832 PMCID: PMC8002735 DOI: 10.3390/biology10030232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Recent studies have shown that a large number of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) can regulate various biological processes in animals and plants. However, the roles of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in the interaction between plants and viruses is unclear, particularly for the Chinese wheat mosaic virus (CWMV) interaction. In this study, we used a deep RNA sequencing strategy to profile lncRNAs involved in the response to CWMV infection in Nicotiana benthamiana and analyzed differentially expressed lncRNAs that responded to CWMV infection, using a bioinformatics method. We identified 1175 new lncRNAs in N. benthamiana infected with CWMV, with 65 lncRNAs showing differential expression. These lncRNAs were mainly enriched in plant hormone signal transduction and other pathways according to GO and KEGG pathway enrichment analyses. In addition, differential expression of XLOC_006393 after CWMV infection may be the precursor of NbmiR168c, which can respond to CWMV infection by modulating the expression of its target gene NbAGO1. We believe that our study makes a significant contribution to the literature because these results provide a valuable resource for studying lncRNAs involved in CWMV infection and improving the understanding of the molecular mechanism of CWMV infection. Abstract Recent studies have shown that a large number of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) can regulate various biological processes in animals and plants. Although lncRNAs have been identified in many plants, they have not been reported in the model plant Nicotiana benthamiana. Particularly, the role of lncRNAs in plant virus infection remains unknown. In this study, we identified lncRNAs in N. benthamiana response to Chinese wheat mosaic virus (CWMV) infection by RNA sequencing. A total of 1175 lncRNAs, including 65 differentially expressed lncRNAs, were identified during CWMV infection. We then analyzed the functions of some of these differentially expressed lncRNAs. Interestingly, one differentially expressed lncRNA, XLOC_006393, was found to participate in CWMV infection as a precursor to microRNAs in N. benthamiana. These results suggest that lncRNAs play an important role in the regulatory network of N. benthamiana in response to CWMV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiran Zheng
- College of Plant Protection, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (W.Z.); (H.H.); (Q.L.); (P.J.); (L.C.); (C.H.)
| | - Haichao Hu
- College of Plant Protection, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (W.Z.); (H.H.); (Q.L.); (P.J.); (L.C.); (C.H.)
- State Key Laboratory for Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China;
| | - Qisen Lu
- College of Plant Protection, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (W.Z.); (H.H.); (Q.L.); (P.J.); (L.C.); (C.H.)
- State Key Laboratory for Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China;
| | - Peng Jin
- College of Plant Protection, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (W.Z.); (H.H.); (Q.L.); (P.J.); (L.C.); (C.H.)
- State Key Laboratory for Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China;
| | - Linna Cai
- College of Plant Protection, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (W.Z.); (H.H.); (Q.L.); (P.J.); (L.C.); (C.H.)
- State Key Laboratory for Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China;
| | - Cailin Hu
- College of Plant Protection, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (W.Z.); (H.H.); (Q.L.); (P.J.); (L.C.); (C.H.)
- State Key Laboratory for Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China;
| | - Jian Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China;
| | - Liangying Dai
- College of Plant Protection, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (W.Z.); (H.H.); (Q.L.); (P.J.); (L.C.); (C.H.)
- Correspondence: (L.D.); (J.C.)
| | - Jianping Chen
- College of Plant Protection, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (W.Z.); (H.H.); (Q.L.); (P.J.); (L.C.); (C.H.)
- State Key Laboratory for Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China;
- Correspondence: (L.D.); (J.C.)
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17
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He L, Jin P, Chen X, Zhang TY, Zhong KL, Liu P, Chen JP, Yang J. Comparative proteomic analysis of Nicotiana benthamiana plants under Chinese wheat mosaic virus infection. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 21:51. [PMID: 33468046 PMCID: PMC7816467 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-021-02826-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chinese wheat mosaic virus (CWMV) is a severe threat to winter wheat and is transmitted by Polymyxa graminis. The mechanisms of interactions between CWMV and plants are poorly understood. In this study, a comparative proteomics analysis based on nanoliquid chromatography mass spectrometry (MS)/MS was conducted to characterize proteomic changes in plants responding to CWMV infection. RESULTS In total, 2751 host proteins were identified, 1496 of which were quantified and 146 up-regulated and 244 down-regulated proteins were identified as differentially expressed proteins (DEPs). Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis showed that DEPs were most strongly associated with photosynthesis antenna proteins, MAPK signaling plant and glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism pathways. Subcellular localization analysis predicted that more than half of the DEPs were localized in the chloroplast, an organelle indispensable for abscisic acid (ABA) synthesis. Our results suggest that CWMV infection interrupts normal chloroplast functions and decreases ABA concentrations in Nicotiana benthamiana. Further analysis showed that the ABA pathway was suppressed during CWMV infection and that ABA treatment induced plant hosts defenses against CWMV. CONCLUSIONS We identified several candidate proteins expressed during CWMV infection, and the ABA pathway was strongly associated with responses to CWMV infection in N. benthamiana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long He
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- State Key Laboratory for Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Peng Jin
- State Key Laboratory for Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Xuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Tian-Ye Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Kai-Li Zhong
- State Key Laboratory for Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Peng Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Jian-Ping Chen
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
- State Key Laboratory for Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China.
| | - Jian Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China.
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18
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Huang CH, Foo MH, Raja JAJ, Tan YR, Lin TT, Lin SS, Yeh SD. A Conserved Helix in the C-Terminal Region of Watermelon Silver Mottle Virus Nonstructural Protein S Is Imperative For Protein Stability Affecting Self-Interaction, RNA Silencing Suppression, and Pathogenicity. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2020; 33:637-652. [PMID: 31935338 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-10-19-0279-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In orthotospovirus, the nonstructural protein S (NSs) is the RNA-silencing suppressor (RSS) and pathogenicity determinant. Here, we demonstrate that a putative α-helix, designated H8, spanning amino acids 338 to 369 of the C-terminal region of the NSs protein, is crucial for self-interaction of watermelon silver mottle virus NSs protein and that the H8 affects RSS function. Co-immunoprecipitation, yeast two-hybrid, and bimolecular fluorescence complementation analyses revealed that the triple point mutation (TPM) of H8 amino acids Y338A, H350A, and F353A resulted in NSs protein self-interaction dysfunction. Transient expression of H8-deleted (ΔH8) and TPM NSs proteins in Nicotiana benthamiana plants by agroinfitration indicated that these proteins have weaker RSS activity and are far less stable than wild-type (WT) NSs. However, an electrophoretic mobility assay revealed that small interfering RNA (siRNA) binding ability of TPM NSs protein is not compromised. The pathogenicity assay of WT NSs protein expressed by the attenuated turnip mosaic virus vector restored severe symptoms in recombinant-infected N. benthamiana plants but not for ΔH8 or TPM proteins. Taken together, we conclude that the H8 helix in the C-terminal region of NSs protein is crucial for stabilizing NSs protein through self-interaction to maintain normal functions of RSS and pathogenicity, but not for NSs-siRNA binding activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Hao Huang
- Department of Plant Pathology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Advanced Plant Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University
| | - Mung-Hsia Foo
- Department of Plant Pathology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Joseph A J Raja
- Department of Plant Pathology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Advanced Plant Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University
| | - Yue-Rong Tan
- Department of Plant Pathology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Tzu-Tung Lin
- Department of Plant Pathology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Shih-Shun Lin
- Advanced Plant Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Shyi-Dong Yeh
- Department of Plant Pathology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Advanced Plant Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University
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19
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Yang J, Zhang T, Li J, Wu N, Wu G, Yang J, Chen X, He L, Chen J. Chinese wheat mosaic virus-derived vsiRNA-20 can regulate virus infection in wheat through inhibition of vacuolar- (H + )-PPase induced cell death. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 226:205-220. [PMID: 31815302 PMCID: PMC7065157 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Vacuolar (H+ )-PPases (VPs), are key regulators of active proton (H+ ) transport across membranes using the energy generated from PPi hydrolysis. The VPs also play vital roles in plant responses to various abiotic stresses. Their functions in plant responses to pathogen infections are unknown. Here, we show that TaVP, a VP of wheat (Triticum aestivum) is important for wheat resistance to Chinese wheat mosaic virus (CWMV) infection. Furthermore, overexpression of TaVP in plants induces the activity of PPi hydrolysis, leading to plants cell death. A virus-derived small interfering RNA (vsiRNA-20) generated from CWMV RNA1 can regulate the mRNA accumulation of TaVP in wheat. The accumulation of vsiRNA-20 can suppress cell death induced by TaVP in a dosage-dependent manner. Moreover, we show that the accumulation of vsiRNA-20 can affect PPi hydrolysis and the concentration of H+ in CWMV-infected wheat cells to create a more favorable cellular environment for CWMV replication. We propose that vsiRNA-20 regulates TaVP expression to prevent cell death and to maintain a weak alkaline environment in cytoplasm to enhance CWMV infection in wheat. This finding may be used as a novel strategy to minimize virus pathogenicity and to develop new antiviral stratagems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of AgroproductsKey Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MOA of China and Zhejiang ProvinceInstitute of Plant VirologyNingbo UniversityNingbo315211China
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease ControlZhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant VirologyInstitute of Virology and BiotechnologyZhejiang Academy of Agricultural SciencesHangzhou310021China
| | - Tianye Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of AgroproductsKey Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MOA of China and Zhejiang ProvinceInstitute of Plant VirologyNingbo UniversityNingbo315211China
- School of Forestry and BiotechnologyZhejiang Agriculture and Forestry UniversityHangzhou310021China
| | - Juan Li
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of AgroproductsKey Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MOA of China and Zhejiang ProvinceInstitute of Plant VirologyNingbo UniversityNingbo315211China
| | - Ne Wu
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease ControlZhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant VirologyInstitute of Virology and BiotechnologyZhejiang Academy of Agricultural SciencesHangzhou310021China
- School of Forestry and BiotechnologyZhejiang Agriculture and Forestry UniversityHangzhou310021China
| | - Guanwei Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of AgroproductsKey Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MOA of China and Zhejiang ProvinceInstitute of Plant VirologyNingbo UniversityNingbo315211China
| | - Jin Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of AgroproductsKey Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MOA of China and Zhejiang ProvinceInstitute of Plant VirologyNingbo UniversityNingbo315211China
| | - Xuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of AgroproductsKey Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MOA of China and Zhejiang ProvinceInstitute of Plant VirologyNingbo UniversityNingbo315211China
| | - Long He
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of AgroproductsKey Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MOA of China and Zhejiang ProvinceInstitute of Plant VirologyNingbo UniversityNingbo315211China
| | - Jianping Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of AgroproductsKey Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MOA of China and Zhejiang ProvinceInstitute of Plant VirologyNingbo UniversityNingbo315211China
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease ControlZhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant VirologyInstitute of Virology and BiotechnologyZhejiang Academy of Agricultural SciencesHangzhou310021China
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20
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Ramos-González PL, Dos Santos GF, Chabi-Jesus C, Harakava R, Kitajima EW, Freitas-Astúa J. Passion Fruit Green Spot Virus Genome Harbors a New Orphan ORF and Highlights the Flexibility of the 5'-End of the RNA2 Segment Across Cileviruses. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:206. [PMID: 32117189 PMCID: PMC7033587 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Passion fruit green spot and passion fruit sudden death are two reportedly distinct viral diseases that recurrently affect passion fruit (Passiflora spp.) groves in Brazil. Here we used a systematic approach that interconnects symptoms, transmission electron microscopy, RT-PCR detection assays followed by Sanger sequencing, and high-throughput sequencing of the RNA of affected passion fruit plants to gain insights about these diseases. Our data confirmed not only the involvement of cileviruses in these two pathologies, as previously suggested, but also that these viruses belong to the same tentative species: passion fruit green spot virus (PfGSV). Results revealed that PfGSV has a positive-sense RNA genome split into two molecules of approximately 9 kb (RNA1) and 5 kb (RNA2), which share about 50–70% nucleotide sequence identity with other viruses in the genus Cilevirus. Genome sequences of five PfGSV isolates suggest that they have more conserved RNA1 (<5% of nucleotide sequence variability) compared to RNA2 (up to 7% of variability) molecules. The highest nucleotide sequence divergence among PfGSV isolates and other cileviruses is in the genomic segment covering from the 5′-end of the RNA2 until the 5′-end of the open reading frame (ORF) p61, which includes the ORF p15 and the intergenic region. This genomic stretch also harbors a novel orphan ORF encoding a 13 kDa protein presenting a cysteine-rich domain. High variability of 5′-end of the RNA2 in cileviruses is discussed in an evolutionary context assuming that they share putative common ancestors with unclassified arthropod-infecting single-strand positive RNA viruses, including mosquito-specific viruses of the group Negevirus (clades Nelorpivirus and Sandwavirus), and other viruses in the family Kitaviridae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Luis Ramos-González
- Instituto Biológico, Unidade Laboratorial de Referência em Biologia Molecular Aplicada, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Camila Chabi-Jesus
- Instituto Biológico, Unidade Laboratorial de Referência em Biologia Molecular Aplicada, São Paulo, Brazil.,PPG Microbiologia Agrícola Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Harakava
- Instituto Biológico, Unidade Laboratorial de Referência em Biologia Molecular Aplicada, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Elliot W Kitajima
- Núcleo de Apoio à Pesquisa em Microscopia Eletrônica Aplicada a Agricultura, Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, Brazil
| | - Juliana Freitas-Astúa
- Instituto Biológico, Unidade Laboratorial de Referência em Biologia Molecular Aplicada, São Paulo, Brazil.,Embrapa Cassava and Fruits, Cruz das Almas, Brazil
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21
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Wang N, Yang H, Yin Z, Liu W, Sun L, Wu Y. Phytoplasma effector SWP1 induces witches' broom symptom by destabilizing the TCP transcription factor BRANCHED1. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2018; 19:2623-2634. [PMID: 30047227 PMCID: PMC6638060 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Revised: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/21/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Phytoplasmas are insect-transmitted phytopathogenic bacteria, which secrete effector proteins that are often responsible for altering the plant morphology and behaviours of their vectors. Phytoplasma multifunctional effector proteins TENGU and SAP11 induce typical witches' broom symptoms, but their mode of action remains unknown. Previously, we have identified a SAP11-like effector from wheat blue dwarf phytoplasma, SWP1, which induces witches' broom symptoms in Nicotiana benthamiana. In this study, we observed that SWP1-expressing transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana plants showed typical witches' broom symptoms. On overexpression of SWP1 truncation mutants in N. benthamiana, we identified that the coiled-coil domain and nuclear localization were responsible for the induction of witches' broom symptoms. In addition, using yeast two-hybrid and bimolecular fluorescence complementation assays, we demonstrated that SWP1 interacts with A. thaliana transcription factor TCP18 (BRC1), the key negative regulator of branching signals in various plant species. Moreover, in planta co-expression analysis showed that SWP1 promotes the degradation of BRC1 via a proteasome system. These findings suggest that the phytoplasma effector SWP1 induces witches' broom symptoms through targeting of BRC1 and promoting its degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant ProtectionNorthwest A&F UniversityYangling712100China
| | - Haizhen Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant ProtectionNorthwest A&F UniversityYangling712100China
| | - Zhiyuan Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant ProtectionNorthwest A&F UniversityYangling712100China
| | - Wenting Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant ProtectionNorthwest A&F UniversityYangling712100China
| | - Liying Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant ProtectionNorthwest A&F UniversityYangling712100China
| | - Yunfeng Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant ProtectionNorthwest A&F UniversityYangling712100China
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22
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Zhang T, Zhao X, Jiang L, Yang X, Chen Y, Song X, Lu Y, Peng J, Zheng H, Wu Y, MacFarlane S, Chen J, Yan F. p15 encoded by Garlic virus X is a pathogenicity factor and RNA silencing suppressor. J Gen Virol 2018; 99:1515-1521. [PMID: 30207520 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Garlic virus X (GarVX) encodes a 15 kDa cysteine-rich protein (CRP). To investigate the function(s) of p15, its subcellular localization, role as a symptom determinant and capacity to act as a viral suppressor of RNA silencing (VSR) were analysed. Results showed that GFP-tagged p15 was distributed in the cytoplasm, nucleus and nucleolus. Expression of p15 from PVX caused additional systemic foliar malformation and led to increased accumulation of PVX, showing that p15 is a virulence factor for reconstructed PVX-p15. Moreover, using a transient agro-infiltration patch assay and a Turnip crinkle virus (TCV) movement complementation assay, it was demonstrated that p15 possesses weak RNA silencing suppressor activity. Removal of an amino acid motif resembling a nuclear localization signal (NLS) prevented p15 from accumulating in the nucleus but did not abolish its silencing suppression activity. This study provides the first insights into the multiple functions of the GarVX p15 protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianhao Zhang
- 1College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agriculture University, Shenyang 110161, Liaoning, PR China
| | - Xing Zhao
- 1College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agriculture University, Shenyang 110161, Liaoning, PR China
| | - Liangliang Jiang
- 2Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, PR China
- 3State Key laboratory Breeding Base for Sustainable Control of Pest and Disease, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, PR China
- 4College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Xue Yang
- 1College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agriculture University, Shenyang 110161, Liaoning, PR China
| | - Ying Chen
- 1College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agriculture University, Shenyang 110161, Liaoning, PR China
| | - Xijiao Song
- 5Public Lab, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, PR China
| | - Yuwen Lu
- 2Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, PR China
- 3State Key laboratory Breeding Base for Sustainable Control of Pest and Disease, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, PR China
| | - Jiejun Peng
- 2Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, PR China
- 3State Key laboratory Breeding Base for Sustainable Control of Pest and Disease, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, PR China
| | - Hongying Zheng
- 2Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, PR China
- 3State Key laboratory Breeding Base for Sustainable Control of Pest and Disease, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, PR China
| | - Yuanhua Wu
- 1College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agriculture University, Shenyang 110161, Liaoning, PR China
| | - Stuart MacFarlane
- 6The James Hutton Institute, Cell and Molecular Sciences Group, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, UK
| | - Jianping Chen
- 2Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, PR China
- 3State Key laboratory Breeding Base for Sustainable Control of Pest and Disease, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, PR China
| | - Fei Yan
- 2Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, PR China
- 3State Key laboratory Breeding Base for Sustainable Control of Pest and Disease, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, PR China
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23
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Yang J, Zhang TY, Liao QS, He L, Li J, Zhang HM, Chen X, Li J, Yang J, Li JB, Chen JP. Chinese Wheat Mosaic Virus-Induced Gene Silencing in Monocots and Dicots at Low Temperature. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1627. [PMID: 30487803 PMCID: PMC6247046 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) is an important tool for functional genomics studies in plants. With this method, it is possible to target most endogenous genes and downregulate the messenger RNA (mRNA) in a sequence-specific manner. Chinese wheat mosaic virus (CWMV) has a bipartite, single-strand positive RNA genome, and can infect both wheat and Nicotiana benthamiana, and the optimal temperature for systemic infection in plants is 17°C. To assess the potential of the virus as a vector for gene silencing at low temperature, a fragment of the N. benthamiana or wheat phytoene desaturase (PDS) gene was expressed from a modified CWMV RNA2 clone and the resulting photo bleaching in infected plants was used as a reporter for silencing. Downregulation of PDS mRNA was also measured by quantitative reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). In experiments using fragments of PDS ranging from 500 to 1500 nucleotides, insert length influenced the stability and the efficiency of VIGS. The CWMV induced silencing system was also used to suppress miR165/166 and miR3134a through expression of miRNA target mimics. The relative expression levels of mature miR165/166 and miR3134a decreased whereas the transcript levels of their target genes increased. Interestingly, we also found the CWMV-induced silencing system was more efficient compare with the vector based on Barley stripe mosaic virus (BSMV) or Foxtail mosaic virus (FoMV) in wheat or the vector based on TRV in N. benthamiana at 17°C. In summary, the CWMV vector is effective in silencing endogenous genes and miRNAs at 17°C, thereby providing a powerful tool for gene function analysis in both N. benthamiana and wheat at low temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Yang
- Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Tian-Ye Zhang
- Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Qian-Sheng Liao
- College of Life Science, Zhejiang SCI-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Long He
- Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Juang Li
- Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Heng-Mu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, Key Laboratory of Plant Protection and Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Heng-Mu Zhang, Jian-Ping Chen,
| | - Xuan Chen
- Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Jing Li
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, Key Laboratory of Plant Protection and Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jin Yang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, Key Laboratory of Plant Protection and Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jin-Bang Li
- Nanyang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanyang, China
| | - Jian-Ping Chen
- Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- *Correspondence: Heng-Mu Zhang, Jian-Ping Chen,
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24
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Fujita N, Komatsu K, Ayukawa Y, Matsuo Y, Hashimoto M, Netsu O, Teraoka T, Yamaji Y, Namba S, Arie T. N-terminal region of cysteine-rich protein (CRP) in carlaviruses is involved in the determination of symptom types. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2018; 19:180-190. [PMID: 27868376 PMCID: PMC6638135 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Revised: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Plant viruses in the genus Carlavirus include more than 65 members. Plants infected with carlaviruses exhibit various symptoms, including leaf malformation and plant stunting. Cysteine-rich protein (CRP) encoded by carlaviruses has been reported to be a pathogenicity determinant. Carlavirus CRPs contain two motifs in their central part: a nuclear localization signal (NLS) and a zinc finger motif (ZF). In addition to these two conserved motifs, carlavirus CRPs possess highly divergent, N-terminal, 34 amino acid residues with unknown function. In this study, to analyse the role of these distinct domains, we tested six carlavirus CRPs for their RNA silencing suppressor activity, ability to enhance the pathogenicity of a heterologous virus and effects on virus accumulation levels. Although all six tested carlavirus CRPs showed RNA silencing suppressor activity at similar levels, symptoms induced by the Potato virus X (PVX) heterogeneous system exhibited two different patterns: leaf malformation and whole-plant stunting. The expression of each carlavirus CRP enhanced PVX accumulation levels, which were not correlated with symptom patterns. PVX-expressing CRP with mutations in either NLS or ZF did not induce symptoms, suggesting that both motifs play critical roles in symptom expression. Further analysis using chimeric CRPs, in which the N-terminal region was replaced with the corresponding region of another CRP, suggested that the N-terminal region of carlavirus CRPs determined the exhibited symptom types. The up-regulation of a plant gene upp-L, which has been reported in a previous study, was also observed in this study; however, the expression level was not responsible for symptom types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoko Fujita
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Graduate School of AgricultureTokyo University of Agriculture and Technology (TUAT)183‐8509 FuchuJapan
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Department of Agricultural and Environmental Biology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life SciencesThe University of Tokyo113‐8657 TokyoJapan
| | - Ken Komatsu
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Graduate School of AgricultureTokyo University of Agriculture and Technology (TUAT)183‐8509 FuchuJapan
| | - Yu Ayukawa
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Graduate School of AgricultureTokyo University of Agriculture and Technology (TUAT)183‐8509 FuchuJapan
- United Graduate School of Agricultural ScienceTokyo University of Agriculture and TechnologyFuchu183‐8509Japan
| | - Yuki Matsuo
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Graduate School of AgricultureTokyo University of Agriculture and Technology (TUAT)183‐8509 FuchuJapan
| | - Masayoshi Hashimoto
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Department of Agricultural and Environmental Biology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life SciencesThe University of Tokyo113‐8657 TokyoJapan
| | - Osamu Netsu
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Department of Agricultural and Environmental Biology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life SciencesThe University of Tokyo113‐8657 TokyoJapan
| | - Tohru Teraoka
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Graduate School of AgricultureTokyo University of Agriculture and Technology (TUAT)183‐8509 FuchuJapan
| | - Yasuyuki Yamaji
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Department of Agricultural and Environmental Biology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life SciencesThe University of Tokyo113‐8657 TokyoJapan
| | - Shigetou Namba
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Department of Agricultural and Environmental Biology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life SciencesThe University of Tokyo113‐8657 TokyoJapan
| | - Tsutomu Arie
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Graduate School of AgricultureTokyo University of Agriculture and Technology (TUAT)183‐8509 FuchuJapan
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Yang J, Zhang F, Cai NJ, Wu N, Chen X, Li J, Meng XF, Zhu TQ, Chen JP, Zhang HM. A furoviral replicase recruits host HSP70 to membranes for viral RNA replication. Sci Rep 2017; 7:45590. [PMID: 28367995 PMCID: PMC5377427 DOI: 10.1038/srep45590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Many host factors have been identified to be involved in viral infection. However, although furoviruses cause important diseases of cereals worldwide, no host factors have yet been identified that interact with furoviral genes or participate in the viral infection cycle. In this study, both TaHSP70 and NbHSP70 were up-regulated in Chinese wheat mosaic furovirus (CWMV)-infected plants. Their overexpression and inhibition were correlated with the accumulation of viral genomic RNAs, suggesting that the HSP70 genes could be necessary for CWMV infection. The subcellular distributions of TaHSP70 and NbHSP70 were significantly affected by CWMV infection or by infiltration of RNA1 alone. Further assays showed that the viral replicase encoded by CWMV RNA1 interacts with both TaHSP70 and NbHSP70 in vivo and vitro and that its region aa167-333 was responsible for the interaction. Subcellular assays showed that the viral replicase could recruit both TaHSP70 and NbHSP70 from the cytoplasm or nucleus to the granular aggregations or inclusion-like structures on the intracellular membrane system, suggesting that both HSP70s may be recruited into the viral replication complex (VRC) to promote furoviral replication. This is the first host factor identified to be involved in furoviral infection, which extends the list and functional scope of HSP70 chaperones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Yang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustain Pest and Disease Control; MOA and Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Plant Protection and Biotechnology, Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Fen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustain Pest and Disease Control; MOA and Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Plant Protection and Biotechnology, Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
- College of Chemistry and Life Science, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China
| | - Nian-Jun Cai
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustain Pest and Disease Control; MOA and Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Plant Protection and Biotechnology, Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
- College of Chemistry and Life Science, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China
| | - Ne Wu
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustain Pest and Disease Control; MOA and Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Plant Protection and Biotechnology, Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
- Zhejiang Agriculture and Forest University, Linan 311300, China
| | - Xuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustain Pest and Disease Control; MOA and Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Plant Protection and Biotechnology, Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
- Zhejiang Agriculture and Forest University, Linan 311300, China
| | - Jing Li
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustain Pest and Disease Control; MOA and Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Plant Protection and Biotechnology, Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Xiang-Feng Meng
- Zhumadian Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Zhumadian 463000, China
| | - Tong-Quan Zhu
- Zhumadian Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Zhumadian 463000, China
| | - Jian-Ping Chen
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustain Pest and Disease Control; MOA and Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Plant Protection and Biotechnology, Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Heng-Mu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustain Pest and Disease Control; MOA and Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Plant Protection and Biotechnology, Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
- College of Chemistry and Life Science, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China
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Andika IB, Kondo H, Sun L. Interplays between Soil-Borne Plant Viruses and RNA Silencing-Mediated Antiviral Defense in Roots. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:1458. [PMID: 27695446 PMCID: PMC5023674 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the majority of plant viruses are transmitted by arthropod vectors and invade the host plants through the aerial parts, there is a considerable number of plant viruses that infect roots via soil-inhabiting vectors such as plasmodiophorids, chytrids, and nematodes. These soil-borne viruses belong to diverse families, and many of them cause serious diseases in major crop plants. Thus, roots are important organs for the life cycle of many viruses. Compared to shoots, roots have a distinct metabolism and particular physiological characteristics due to the differences in development, cell composition, gene expression patterns, and surrounding environmental conditions. RNA silencing is an important innate defense mechanism to combat virus infection in plants, but the specific information on the activities and molecular mechanism of RNA silencing-mediated viral defense in root tissue is still limited. In this review, we summarize and discuss the current knowledge regarding RNA silencing aspects of the interactions between soil-borne viruses and host plants. Overall, research evidence suggests that soil-borne viruses have evolved to adapt to the distinct mechanism of antiviral RNA silencing in roots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ida Bagus Andika
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F UniversityYangling, China
- Group of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama UniversityKurashiki, Japan
| | - Hideki Kondo
- Group of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama UniversityKurashiki, Japan
| | - Liying Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F UniversityYangling, China
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Bejerman N, Mann KS, Dietzgen RG. Alfalfa dwarf cytorhabdovirus P protein is a local and systemic RNA silencing supressor which inhibits programmed RISC activity and prevents transitive amplification of RNA silencing. Virus Res 2016; 224:19-28. [PMID: 27543392 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2016.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Revised: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Plants employ RNA silencing as an innate defense mechanism against viruses. As a counter-defense, plant viruses have evolved to express RNA silencing suppressor proteins (RSS), which target one or more steps of the silencing pathway. In this study, we show that the phosphoprotein (P) encoded by the negative-sense RNA virus alfalfa dwarf virus (ADV), a species of the genus Cytorhabdovirus, family Rhabdoviridae, is a suppressor of RNA silencing. ADV P has a relatively weak local RSS activity, and does not prevent siRNA accumulation. On the other hand, ADV P strongly suppresses systemic RNA silencing, but does not interfere with the short-distance spread of silencing, which is consistent with its lack of inhibition of siRNA accumulation. The mechanism of suppression appears to involve ADV P binding to RNA-induced silencing complex proteins AGO1 and AGO4 as shown in protein-protein interaction assays when ectopically expressed. In planta, we demonstrate that ADV P likely functions by inhibiting miRNA-guided AGO1 cleavage and prevents transitive amplification by repressing the production of secondary siRNAs. As recently described for lettuce necrotic yellows cytorhabdovirus P, but in contrast to other viral RSS known to disrupt AGO activity, ADV P sequence does not contain any recognizable GW/WG or F-box motifs, which suggests that cytorhabdovirus P proteins may use alternative motifs to bind to AGO proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolás Bejerman
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia.
| | - Krin S Mann
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia.
| | - Ralf G Dietzgen
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia.
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Yang J, Zhang F, Xie L, Song XJ, Li J, Chen JP, Zhang HM. Functional identification of two minor capsid proteins from Chinese wheat mosaic virus using its infectious full-length cDNA clones. J Gen Virol 2016; 97:2441-2450. [PMID: 27357465 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Full-length cDNA clones of Chinese wheat mosaic virus (CWMV) RNA1 and RNA2 were produced from single reverse transcription PCR reactions and transcripts were shown to be infectious in both wheat and Nicotiana benthamiana. An efficient and reliable agro-infiltration method was then developed for reverse genetic assays in N. benthamiana. Inoculation of infectious cDNA clones resulted in obvious chlorotic symptoms, and CWMV viral genomic RNAs, capsid protein (CP)-related proteins, and typical rod-shaped particles were detectable on the inoculated and upper leaves, similar to those of WT virus. The optimal temperature for virus multiplication was 12 °C, but the optimum for systematic infection in plants was 17 °C. Mutant clones that abolished the N- or C-terminal extensions of the major CP did not inhibit systemic infection or the formation of rod-shaped particles but sometimes modified the symptoms in inoculated plants. These results suggest that the two minor CP-related proteins of CWMV are dispensable for viral infection, replication, systemic movement and virion assembly in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Yang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, Key Laboratory of Plant Protection and Biotechnology, MOA and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, PR China
| | - Fen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, Key Laboratory of Plant Protection and Biotechnology, MOA and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, PR China
- College of Chemistry and Life Science, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, PR China
| | - Li Xie
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, Key Laboratory of Plant Protection and Biotechnology, MOA and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, PR China
| | - Xi-Jiao Song
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, Key Laboratory of Plant Protection and Biotechnology, MOA and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, PR China
| | - Jing Li
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, Key Laboratory of Plant Protection and Biotechnology, MOA and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, PR China
| | - Jian-Ping Chen
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, Key Laboratory of Plant Protection and Biotechnology, MOA and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, PR China
| | - Heng-Mu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, Key Laboratory of Plant Protection and Biotechnology, MOA and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, PR China
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Ma Y, Navarro B, Zhang Z, Lu M, Zhou X, Chi S, Di Serio F, Li S. Identification and molecular characterization of a novel monopartite geminivirus associated with mulberry mosaic dwarf disease. J Gen Virol 2015; 96:2421-2434. [PMID: 25953916 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.000175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
High-throughput sequencing of small RNAs allowed the identification of a novel DNA virus in a Chinese mulberry tree affected by a disease showing mosaic and dwarfing symptoms. Rolling-circle amplification and PCR with specific primers, followed by sequencing of eleven independent full-length clones, showed that this virus has a monopartite circular DNA genome (∼ 2.95 kb) containing ORFs in both polarity strands, as reported previously for geminiviruses. A field survey showed the close association of the virus with diseased mulberries, so we tentatively named the virus mulberry mosaic dwarf-associated virus (MMDaV). The MMDaV genome codes for five and two putative proteins in the virion-sense and in the complementary-sense strands, respectively. Although three MMDaV virion-sense putative proteins did not share sequence homology with any protein in the databases, functional domains [coiled-coil and transmembrane (TM) domains] were identified in two of them. In addition, the protein containing a TM domain was encoded by an ORF located in a similar genomic position in MMDaV and in several other geminiviruses. As reported for members of the genera Mastrevirus and Becurtovirus, MMDaV replication-associated proteins are expressed through the alternative splicing of an intron, which was shown to be functional in vivo. A similar intron was found in the genome of citrus chlorotic dwarf-associated virus (CCDaV), a divergent geminivirus found recently in citrus. On the basis of pairwise comparisons and phylogenetic analyses, CCDaV and MMDaV appear to be closely related to each other, thus supporting their inclusion in a putative novel genus in the family Geminiviridae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxin Ma
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Yuanmingyuan West Road No. 2, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Beatriz Navarro
- Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante CNR, UO Bari, Via Amendola, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Zhixiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Yuanmingyuan West Road No. 2, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Meiguang Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Yuanmingyuan West Road No. 2, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Xueping Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Yuanmingyuan West Road No. 2, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Shengqi Chi
- College of Agronomy and Plant Protection, Qingdao Agricultural University, Changcheng Road No. 700, Chengyang District, Qingdao 266000, PR China
| | - Francesco Di Serio
- Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante CNR, UO Bari, Via Amendola, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Shifang Li
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Yuanmingyuan West Road No. 2, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, PR China
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Deng XG, Peng XJ, Zhu F, Chen YJ, Zhu T, Qin SB, Xi DH, Lin HH. A critical domain of Sweet potato chlorotic fleck virus nucleotide-binding protein (NaBp) for RNA silencing suppression, nuclear localization and viral pathogenesis. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2015; 16:365-75. [PMID: 25138489 PMCID: PMC6638403 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
RNA silencing is an important mechanism of antiviral defence in plants. To counteract this resistance mechanism, many viruses have evolved RNA silencing suppressors. In this study, we analysed five proteins encoded by Sweet potato chlorotic fleck virus (SPCFV) for their abilities to suppress RNA silencing using a green fluorescent protein (GFP)-based transient expression assay in Nicotiana benthamiana line 16c plants. Our results showed that a putative nucleotide-binding protein (NaBp), but not other proteins encoded by the virus, could efficiently suppress local and systemic RNA silencing induced by either sense or double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) molecules. Deletion mutation analysis of NaBp demonstrated that the basic motif (an arginine-rich region) was critical for its RNA silencing suppression activity. Using confocal laser scanning microscopy imaging of transfected protoplasts expressing NaBp fused to GFP, we showed that NaBp accumulated predominantly in the nucleus. Mutational analysis of NaBp demonstrated that the basic motif represented part of the nuclear localization signal. In addition, we demonstrated that the basic motif in NaBp was a pathogenicity determinant in the Potato virus X (PVX) heterogeneous system. Overall, our results demonstrate that the basic motif of SPCFV NaBp plays a critical role in RNA silencing suppression, nuclear localization and viral pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing-Guang Deng
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment, College of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610064, China
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31
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Csorba T, Kontra L, Burgyán J. viral silencing suppressors: Tools forged to fine-tune host-pathogen coexistence. Virology 2015; 479-480:85-103. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2015.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 368] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Revised: 01/31/2015] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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32
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Sun L, Andika IB, Shen J, Yang D, Chen J. The P2 of Wheat yellow mosaic virus rearranges the endoplasmic reticulum and recruits other viral proteins into replication-associated inclusion bodies. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2014; 15:466-78. [PMID: 24304930 PMCID: PMC6638913 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Viruses commonly modify host endomembranes to facilitate biological processes in the viral life cycle. Infection by viruses belonging to the genus Bymovirus (family Potyviridae) has long been known to induce the formation of large membranous inclusion bodies in host cells, but their assembly and biological roles are still unclear. Immunoelectron microscopy of cells infected with the bymovirus Wheat yellow mosaic virus (WYMV) showed that P1, P2 and P3 are the major viral protein constituents of the membranous inclusions, whereas NIa-Pro (nuclear inclusion-a protease) and VPg (viral protein genome-linked) are probable minor components. P1, P2 and P3 associated with the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), but only P2 was able to rearrange ER and form large aggregate structures. Bioinformatic analyses and chemical experiments showed that P2 is an integral membrane protein and depends on the active secretory pathway to form aggregates of ER membranes. In planta and in vitro assays demonstrated that P2 interacts with P1, P3, NIa-Pro or VPg and recruits these proteins into the aggregates. In vivo RNA labelling using WYMV-infected wheat protoplasts showed that the synthesis of viral RNAs occurs in the P2-associated inclusions. Our results suggest that P2 plays a major role in the formation of membranous compartments that house the genomic replication of WYMV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liying Sun
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, MoA Key Laboratory for Plant Protection and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, China
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Nucleo-cytoplasmic shuttling of VPg encoded by Wheat yellow mosaic virus requires association with the coat protein. J Gen Virol 2013; 94:2790-2802. [DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.055830-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
VPg (virus protein, genome-linked) is a multifunctional protein that plays important roles in viral multiplication in the cytoplasm. However, a number of VPgs encoded by plant viruses target the nucleus and this appears to be biologically significant. These VPgs may therefore be translocated between nuclear and cytoplasmic compartments during virus infection, but such nucleo-cytoplasmic transport has not been demonstrated. We report that VPg encoded by Wheat yellow mosaic virus (WYMV, genus Bymovirus, family Potyviridae) accumulated in both the nucleus and cytoplasm of infected cells, but localized exclusively in the nucleus when expressed alone in plants. Computational analyses predicted the presence of a nuclear localization signal (NLS) and a nuclear export signal (NES) in WYMV VPg. Mutational analyses showed that both the N-terminal and the NLS domains of VPg contribute to the efficiency of nuclear targeting. In vitro and in planta assays indicated that VPg interacts with WYMV coat protein (CP) and proteinase 1 (P1) proteins. Observation of VPg fused to a fluorescent protein and subcellular fractionation experiments showed that VPg was translocated to the cytoplasm when co-expressed with CP, but not with P1. Mutations in the NES domain or treatment with leptomycin B prevented VPg translocation to the cytoplasm when co-expressed with CP. Our results suggest that association with CP facilitates the nuclear export of VPg during WYMV infection.
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Sun L, Andika IB, Shen J, Yang D, Ratti C, Chen J. The CUG-initiated larger form coat protein of Chinese wheat mosaic virus binds to the cysteine-rich RNA silencing suppressor. Virus Res 2013; 177:66-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2013.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2013] [Revised: 07/16/2013] [Accepted: 07/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Andika IB, Sun L, Xiang R, Li J, Chen J. Root-specific role for Nicotiana benthamiana RDR6 in the inhibition of Chinese wheat mosaic virus accumulation at higher temperatures. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2013; 26:1165-75. [PMID: 23777430 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-05-13-0137-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Some viruses only infect plants at cool temperatures but the molecular mechanism underlying this low-temperature dependence remains unclear. Chinese wheat mosaic virus (CWMV, genus Furovirus) was able to infect wheat and Nicotiana benthamiana plants at 16 but not at 24°C. When CWMV-infected plants were transferred to 24°C for 2 weeks, the newly emerged leaves and roots became virus free. Co-infection with Potato virus Y rescued CWMV accumulation in N. benthamiana plants after a temperature shift to 24°C. In transgenic N. benthamiana plants silenced for the N. benthamiana RNA-dependent RNA polymerase 6 (NbRDR6), CWMV was able to accumulate in roots but not in leaves after a temperature shift to 24°C. Deep sequencing of small RNAs showed that, at 16°C, abundant CWMV small interfering (si)RNAs accumulated in infected N. benthamiana plants. Silencing of NbRDR6 increased the abundance of CWMV siRNAs and the generation of siRNAs from hotspots in the CWMV genome. In contrast, when shifted to 24°C for 1 week, CWMV siRNAs were markedly fewer in roots of NbRDR6-silenced than in roots of wild-type plants but were similar in the leaves of those plants. Our results demonstrate the root-specific role of NbRDR6 in the inhibition of CWMV accumulation and biogenesis of CWMV siRNAs at higher temperatures.
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Kondo H, Chiba S, Andika IB, Maruyama K, Tamada T, Suzuki N. Orchid fleck virus structural proteins N and P form intranuclear viroplasm-like structures in the absence of viral infection. J Virol 2013; 87:7423-34. [PMID: 23616651 PMCID: PMC3700308 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00270-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2013] [Accepted: 04/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Orchid fleck virus (OFV) has a unique two-segmented negative-sense RNA genome that resembles that of plant nucleorhabdoviruses. In infected plant cells, OFV and nucleorhabdoviruses induce an intranuclear electron-lucent viroplasm that is believed to be the site for virus replication. In this study, we investigated the molecular mechanism by which OFV viroplasms are produced in vivo. Among OFV-encoded proteins, the nucleocapsid protein (N) and the putative phosphoprotein (P) were present in nuclear fractions of OFV-infected Nicotiana benthamiana plants. Transient coexpression of N and P, in the absence of virus infection, was shown to be sufficient for formation of an intranuclear viroplasm-like structure in plant cells. When expressed independently as a fluorescent protein fusion product in uninfected plant cells, N protein accumulated throughout the cell, while P protein accumulated in the nucleus. However, the N protein, when coexpressed with P, was recruited to a subnuclear region to induce a large viroplasm-like focus. Deletion and substitution mutagenesis demonstrated that the P protein contains a nuclear localization signal (NLS). Artificial nuclear targeting of the N-protein mutant was insufficient for formation of viroplasm-like structures in the absence of P. A bimolecular fluorescence complementation assay confirmed interactions between the N and P proteins within subnuclear viroplasm-like foci and interactions of two of the N. benthamiana importin-α homologues with the P protein but not with the N protein. Taken together, our results suggest that viroplasm formation by OFV requires nuclear accumulation of both the N and P proteins, which is mediated by P-NLS, unlike nucleorhabdovirus viroplasm utilizing the NLS on protein N.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideki Kondo
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources (IPSR), Okayama University, Kurashiki, Japan.
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Sun L, Xie L, Andika IB, Tan Z, Chen J. Non-structural protein P6 encoded by rice black-streaked dwarf virus is recruited to viral inclusion bodies by binding to the viroplasm matrix protein P9-1. J Gen Virol 2013; 94:1908-1916. [PMID: 23636822 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.051698-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Like other members of the family Reoviridae, rice black-streaked dwarf virus (RBSDV, genus Fijivirus) is thought to replicate and assemble within cytoplasmic viral inclusion bodies, commonly called viroplasms. RBSDV P9-1 is the key protein for the formation of viroplasms, but little is known about the other proteins of the viroplasm or the molecular interactions amongst its components. RBSDV non-structural proteins were screened for their association with P9-1 using a co-immunoprecipitation assay. Only P6 was found to directly interact with P9-1, an interaction that was confirmed by bimolecular fluorescence complementation assay in Spodoptera frugiperda (Sf9) cells. Immunoelectron microscopy showed that P6 and P9-1 co-localized in electron-dense inclusion bodies, indicating that P6 is a constituent of the viroplasm. In addition, non-structural protein P5 also localized to viroplasms and interacted with P6. In Sf9 cells, P6 was diffusely distributed throughout the cytoplasm when expressed alone, but localized to inclusions when co-expressed with P9-1, suggesting that P6 is recruited to viral inclusion bodies by binding to P9-1. P5 localized to the inclusions formed by P9-1 when co-expressed with P6 but did not when P6 was absent, suggesting that P5 is recruited to viroplasms by binding to P6. This study provides a model by which viral non-structural proteins are recruited to RBSDV viroplasms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liying Sun
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, PR China
| | - Li Xie
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, PR China
| | - Ida Bagus Andika
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, PR China
| | - Zilong Tan
- College of Chemistry and Life Science, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, PR China
| | - Jianping Chen
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, PR China
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