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Pan C, He X, Xia L, Wei K, Niu Y, Han B. Proteomic Analysis of Salivary Secretions from the Tea Green Leafhopper, Empoasca flavescens Fabrecius. INSECTS 2024; 15:296. [PMID: 38667426 PMCID: PMC11050670 DOI: 10.3390/insects15040296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2024] [Revised: 03/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Saliva plays a crucial role in shaping the compatibility of piercing-sucking insects with their host plants. Understanding the complex composition of leafhopper saliva is important for developing effective and eco-friendly control strategies for the tea green leafhopper, Empoasca flavescens Fabrecius, a major piercing-sucking pest in Chinese tea plantations. This study explored the saliva proteins of tea green leafhopper adults using a custom collection device, consisting of two layers of Parafilm stretched over a sucrose diet. A total of 152 proteins were identified using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) following the filter-aided sample preparation (FASP). These proteins were categorized into six groups based on their functions, including enzymes, transport proteins, regulatory proteins, cell structure proteins, other proteins, and unknown proteins. Bioinformatics analyses predicted 16 secreted proteins, which were successfully cloned and transcriptionally analyzed across various tissues and developmental stages. Genes encoding putative salivary secretory proteins, including Efmucin1, EfOBP1, EfOBP2, EfOBP3, Efmucin2, low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein (EfLRP), EFVg1, and EFVg2, exhibited high expressions in salivary gland (SG) tissues and feeding-associated expressions at different developmental stages. These findings shed light on the potential elicitors or effectors mediating the leafhopper feeding and defense responses in tea plants, providing insights into the coevolution of tea plants and leafhoppers. The study's conclusions open avenues for the development of innovative leafhopper control technologies that reduce the reliance on pesticides in the tea industry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Yuqun Niu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biometrology and Inspection & Quarantine, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China; (C.P.); (X.H.); (L.X.); (K.W.); (B.H.)
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Wu Z, Yuan R, Gu Q, Wu X, Gu L, Ye X, Zhou Y, Huang J, Wang Z, Chen X. Parasitoid Serpins Evolve Novel Functions to Manipulate Host Homeostasis. Mol Biol Evol 2023; 40:msad269. [PMID: 38061001 PMCID: PMC10735303 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msad269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Parasitoids introduce various virulence factors when parasitism occurs, and some taxa generate teratocytes to manipulate the host immune system and metabolic homeostasis for the survival and development of their progeny. Host-parasitoid interactions are extremely diverse and complex, yet the evolutionary dynamics are still poorly understood. A category of serpin genes, named CvT-serpins, was discovered to be specifically expressed and secreted by the teratocytes of Cotesia vestalis, an endoparasitoid of the diamondback moth Plutella xylostella. Genomic and phylogenetic analysis indicated that the C. vestalis serpin genes are duplicated and most of them are clustered into 1 monophyletic clade. Intense positive selection was detected at the residues around the P1-P1' cleavage sites of the Cv-serpin reactive center loop domain. Functional analyses revealed that, in addition to the conserved function of melanization inhibition (CvT-serpins 1, 16, 18, and 21), CvT-serpins exhibited novel functions, i.e. bacteriostasis (CvT-serpins 3 and 5) and nutrient metabolism regulation (CvT-serpins 8 and 10). When the host-parasitoid system is challenged with foreign bacteria, CvT-serpins act as an immune regulator to reprogram the host immune system through sustained inhibition of host melanization while simultaneously functioning as immune effectors to compensate for this suppression. In addition, we provided evidence that CvT-serpin8 and 10 participate in the regulation of host trehalose and lipid levels by affecting genes involved in these metabolic pathways. These findings illustrate an exquisite tactic by which parasitoids win out in the parasite-host evolutionary arms race by manipulating host immune and nutrition homeostasis via adaptive gene evolution and neofunctionalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwei Wu
- Institute of Insect Sciences, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Guangdong Lab for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ruizhong Yuan
- Institute of Insect Sciences, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qijuan Gu
- Institute of Insect Sciences, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaotong Wu
- Institute of Insect Sciences, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Guangdong Lab for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Licheng Gu
- Institute of Insect Sciences, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiqian Ye
- Institute of Insect Sciences, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Guangdong Lab for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuenan Zhou
- Institute of Insect Sciences, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jianhua Huang
- Institute of Insect Sciences, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Guangdong Lab for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- State Key Lab of Rice Biology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhizhi Wang
- Institute of Insect Sciences, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Guangdong Lab for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- State Key Lab of Rice Biology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- The Rural Development Academy, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xuexin Chen
- Institute of Insect Sciences, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Guangdong Lab for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- State Key Lab of Rice Biology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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Cardoso JMS, Esteves I, Egas C, Braga MEM, de Sousa HC, Abrantes I, Maleita C. Transcriptome analysis reveals the high ribosomal inhibitory action of 1,4-naphthoquinone on Meloidogyne luci infective second-stage juveniles. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1191923. [PMID: 37342130 PMCID: PMC10277735 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1191923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023]
Abstract
The root-knot nematode (RKN) Meloidogyne luci presents a threat to the production of several important crops. This nematode species was added to the European Plant Protection Organization Alert list in 2017. The scarce availability of efficient nematicides to control RKN and the phasing out of nematicides from the market have intensified the search for alternatives, such as phytochemicals with bionematicidal properties. The nematicidal activity of 1,4-naphthoquinone (1,4-NTQ) against M. luci has been demonstrated; however, knowledge of the potential mode(s) of action of this compound is still scarce. In this study, the transcriptome profile of M. luci second-stage juveniles (J2), the infective stage, in response to 1,4-NTQ exposure was determined by RNA-seq to identify genes and pathways that might be involved in 1,4-NTQ's mode(s) of action. Control treatments, consisting of nematodes exposed to Tween® 80 (1,4-NTQ solvent) and to water, were included in the analysis. A large set of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) was found among the three tested conditions, and a high number of downregulated genes were found between 1,4-NTQ treatment and water control, reflecting the inhibitory effect of this compound on M. luci, with a great impact on processes related to translation (ribosome pathway). Several other nematode gene networks and metabolic pathways affected by 1,4-NTQ were also identified, clarifying the possible mode of action of this promising bionematicide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana M. S. Cardoso
- Centre for Functional Ecology - Science for People and The Planet, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ivânia Esteves
- Centre for Functional Ecology - Science for People and The Planet, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Conceição Egas
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Faculdade de Medicina, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Biocant-Transfer Technology Center, BiocantPark, Cantanhede, Portugal
| | - Mara E. M. Braga
- Chemical Process Engineering and Forest Products Research Centre, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Hermínio C. de Sousa
- Chemical Process Engineering and Forest Products Research Centre, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Isabel Abrantes
- Centre for Functional Ecology - Science for People and The Planet, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Carla Maleita
- Centre for Functional Ecology - Science for People and The Planet, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Chemical Process Engineering and Forest Products Research Centre, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
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Macharia TN, Duong TA, Moleleki LN. In silico secretome analyses of the polyphagous root-knot nematode Meloidogyne javanica: a resource for studying M. javanica secreted proteins. BMC Genomics 2023; 24:296. [PMID: 37264326 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-023-09366-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plant-parasitic nematodes (PPNs) that cause most damage include root-knot nematodes (RKNs) which are a major impediment to crop production. Root-knot nematodes, like other parasites, secrete proteins which are required for parasite proliferation and survival within the host during the infection process. RESULTS Here, we used various computational tools to predict and identify classically and non-classically secreted proteins encoded in the Meloidogyne javanica genome. Furthermore, functional annotation analysis was performed using various integrated bioinformatic tools to determine the biological significance of the predicted secretome. In total, 7,458 proteins were identified as secreted ones. A large percentage of this secretome is comprised of small proteins of ≤ 300 aa sequence length. Functional analyses showed that M. javanica secretome comprises cell wall degrading enzymes for facilitating nematode invasion, and migration by disintegrating the complex plant cell wall components. In addition, peptidases and peptidase inhibitors are an important category of M. javanica secretome involved in compatible host-nematode interactions. CONCLUSION This study identifies the putative secretome encoded in the M. javanica genome. Future experimental validation analyses can greatly benefit from this global analysis of M. javanica secretome. Equally, our analyses will advance knowledge of the interaction between plants and nematodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresia Nyambura Macharia
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Tuan A Duong
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Lucy Novungayo Moleleki
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.
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Nguyê˜n PV, Biện TLT, Tôn LB, Lê ÐÐ, Wright MK, Mantelin S, Petitot AS, Fernandez D, Bellafiore S. Meloidogyne-SP4 effector gene silencing reduces reproduction of root-knot nematodes in rice (Oryza sativa). NEMATOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1163/15685411-bja10152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Summary
The root-knot nematodes (RKN) Meloidogyne graminicola and M. incognita are responsible for rice yield losses worldwide, particularly in Asia and Africa. Previous studies demonstrated that nematode-secreted proteins are crucial for root invasion and establishment in the host. We present some characteristics of a pioneer effector, M. incognita-secreted protein 4 (Mi-SP4), which is conserved in RKN and required for infection in compatible rice-RKN interactions. In situ hybridisation assays revealed Mi-SP4 expression in the dorsal pharyngeal gland of M. incognita second-stage juveniles (J2). Meloidogyne-SP4 transcripts strongly accumulated in pre-parasitic J2 and decreased in later parasitic stages of M. incognita and M. graminicola. Transient expression of the nematode effector gene in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves and onion cells indicated that GFP-tagged Mi-SP4 was present in the cytoplasm and accumulated in the nucleus of the plant cells. In vitro RNA interference (RNAi) gene silencing, obtained by soaking J2 with small-interfering (si)RNA si4-1, decreased Mi -SP4 expression in J2 by 35% and significantly reduced M. incognita reproduction in rice by at least 30%. Similarly, host-mediated gene silencing of the nematode SP4 effector candidate gene in transgenic rice plants significantly reduced M. graminicola reproduction by 26% to 47%. The data obtained demonstrate that Mi -SP4 is a pioneer virulence effector, which plays an essential role in both M. incognita and M. graminicola pathogenicity on rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phong V. Nguyê˜n
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, Nông Lâm University, Hô` Chí Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Thanh LT. Biện
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, Nông Lâm University, Hô` Chí Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Linh B. Tôn
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, Nông Lâm University, Hô` Chí Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Ðôn Ð. Lê
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, Nông Lâm University, Hô` Chí Minh City, Vietnam
| | | | - Sophie Mantelin
- INRAE UMR 1355 Institute Sophia Agrobiotech, 400 route des Chappes, BP 167, 06903 Sophia Antipolis-Cedex, France
| | - Anne-Sophie Petitot
- PHIM Plant Health Institute, Univ. Montpellier, IRD, CIRAD, INRAE, Institute Agro, Montpellier, France
| | - Diana Fernandez
- PHIM Plant Health Institute, Univ. Montpellier, IRD, CIRAD, INRAE, Institute Agro, Montpellier, France
| | - Stéphane Bellafiore
- PHIM Plant Health Institute, Univ. Montpellier, IRD, CIRAD, INRAE, Institute Agro, Montpellier, France
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Du H, Yang J, Chen B, Zhang X, Xu X, Wen C, Geng S. Dual RNA-seq Reveals the Global Transcriptome Dynamics of Ralstonia solanacearum and Pepper ( Capsicum annuum) Hypocotyls During Bacterial Wilt Pathogenesis. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2022; 112:630-642. [PMID: 34346759 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-01-21-0032-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial wilt, caused by Ralstonia solanacearum, is a serious disease in pepper. However, the interaction between the pathogen and pepper remains largely unknown. This study aimed to gain insights into determinants of pepper susceptibility and R. solanacearum pathogenesis. We assembled the complete genome of R. solanacearum strain Rs-SY1 and identified 5,106 predicted genes, including 84 type III effectors (T3E). RNA-seq was used to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in susceptible pepper CM334 at 1 and 5 days postinoculation (dpi) with R. solanacearum. Dual RNA-seq was used to simultaneously capture transcriptome changes in the host and pathogen at 3 and 7 dpi. A total of 1,400, 3,335, 2,878, and 4,484 DEGs of pepper (PDEGs) were identified in the CM334 hypocotyls at 1, 3, 5, and 7 dpi, respectively. Functional enrichment of the PDEGs suggests that inducing ethylene production, suppression of photosynthesis, downregulation of polysaccharide metabolism, and weakening of cell wall defenses may contribute to successful infection by R. solanacearum. When comparing in planta and nutrient agar growth of the R. solanacearum, 218 and 1,042 DEGs of R. solanacearum (RDEGs) were detected at 3 and 7 dpi, respectively. Additional analysis of the RDEGs suggested that enhanced starch and sucrose metabolism, and upregulation of virulence factors may promote R. solanacearum colonization. Strikingly, 26 R. solanacearum genes were found to have similar DEG patterns during a variety of host-R. solanacearum interactions. This study provides a foundation for a better understanding of the transcriptional changes during pepper-R. solanacearum interactions and will aid in the discovery of potential susceptibility and virulence factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heshan Du
- Beijing Vegetable Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Vegetables, Beijing 100097, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Improvement, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Jingjing Yang
- Beijing Vegetable Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Vegetables, Beijing 100097, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Improvement, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Bin Chen
- Beijing Vegetable Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Vegetables, Beijing 100097, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Improvement, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Xiaofen Zhang
- Beijing Vegetable Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Vegetables, Beijing 100097, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Improvement, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Xiulan Xu
- Beijing Vegetable Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Vegetables, Beijing 100097, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Improvement, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Changlong Wen
- Beijing Vegetable Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Vegetables, Beijing 100097, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Improvement, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Sansheng Geng
- Beijing Vegetable Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Vegetables, Beijing 100097, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Improvement, Beijing 100097, China
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Pu W, Xiao K, Luo S, Zhu H, Yuan Z, Gao C, Hu J. Characterization of Five Meloidogyne incognita Effectors Associated with PsoRPM3. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031498. [PMID: 35163425 PMCID: PMC8836280 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Root-knot nematodes (RKNs) are devastating parasites that invade thousands of plants. In this study, five RKN effectors, which might interact with Prunussogdiana resistance protein PsoRPM3, were screened and identified. In situ hybridisation results showed that MiCal, MiGST_N_4, MiEFh and MiACPS are expressed in the subventral oesophageal glands (SvG), and MiTSPc hybridization signals are found in the dorsal esophageal gland (DG) of Meloidogyne incognita in the pre-J2. RT-qPCR data indicated that the expression of MiCal, MiGST_N_4, MiEFh, and MiACPS genes are highly expressed in M. incognita of pra-J2 and J3/J4 stages. The expression of MiTSPc increased significantly in the female stage of M. incognita. Moreover, all effectors found in this study localize in the cytoplasm and nucleus when transiently expressed in plant cells. In addition, MiGST_N_4, MiEFh, MiACPS and MiTSPc can elicit the ROS burst and strong hypersensitive response (HR), as well as significant ion leakage. Our data suggest that MiGST_N_4, MiEFh, MiACPS and MiTSPc effectors may be involved in triggering the immune response of the host plant.
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Jagdale S, Rao U, Giri AP. Effectors of Root-Knot Nematodes: An Arsenal for Successful Parasitism. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:800030. [PMID: 35003188 PMCID: PMC8727514 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.800030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Root-knot nematodes (RKNs) are notorious plant-parasitic nematodes first recorded in 1855 in cucumber plants. They are microscopic, obligate endoparasites that cause severe losses in agriculture and horticulture. They evade plant immunity, hijack the plant cell cycle, and metabolism to modify healthy cells into giant cells (GCs) - RKN feeding sites. RKNs secrete various effector molecules which suppress the plant defence and tamper with plant cellular and molecular biology. These effectors originate mainly from sub-ventral and dorsal oesophageal glands. Recently, a few non-oesophageal gland secreted effectors have been discovered. Effectors are essential for the entry of RKNs in plants, subsequently formation and maintenance of the GCs during the parasitism. In the past two decades, advanced genomic and post-genomic techniques identified many effectors, out of which only a few are well characterized. In this review, we provide molecular and functional details of RKN effectors secreted during parasitism. We list the known effectors and pinpoint their molecular functions. Moreover, we attempt to provide a comprehensive insight into RKN effectors concerning their implications on overall plant and nematode biology. Since effectors are the primary and prime molecular weapons of RKNs to invade the plant, it is imperative to understand their intriguing and complex functions to design counter-strategies against RKN infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shounak Jagdale
- Plant Molecular Biology Unit, Division of Biochemical Sciences, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Uma Rao
- Division of Nematology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Ashok P. Giri
- Plant Molecular Biology Unit, Division of Biochemical Sciences, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
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Meloidogyne graminicola-A Threat to Rice Production: Review Update on Distribution, Biology, Identification, and Management. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10111163. [PMID: 34827156 PMCID: PMC8614973 DOI: 10.3390/biology10111163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary New risks to plant health are constantly emerging. Such is the case of the rice root knot nematode Meloidogyne graminicola, adapted to flooded conditions and representing a risk to all types of rice agro-systems. It has been recently detected in Italy and added to the European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization (EPPO) Alert List. The presence of this nematode in Europe poses a threat to rice production, as there is a high probability to spread, due to trade activities and climate changes. In view of its importance, an extensive updated review was carried out. Abstract Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is one of the main cultivated crops worldwide and represents a staple food for more than half of the world population. Root-knot nematodes (RKNs), Meloidogyne spp., and particularly M. graminicola, are serious pests of rice, being, probably, the most economically important plant-parasitic nematode in this crop. M. graminicola is an obligate sedentary endoparasite adapted to flooded conditions. Until recently, M. graminicola was present mainly in irrigated rice fields in Asia, parts of the Americas, and South Africa. However, in July 2016, it was found in northern Italy in the Piedmont region and in May 2018 in the Lombardy region in the province of Pavia. Following the first detection in the EPPO region, this pest was included in the EPPO Alert List as its wide host range and ability to survive during long periods in environments with low oxygen content, represent a threat for rice production in the European Union. Considering the impact of this nematode on agriculture, a literature review focusing on M. graminicola distribution, biology, identification, and management was conducted.
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Zhang L, Gleason C. Transcriptome Analyses of Pre-parasitic and Parasitic Meloidogyne Chitwoodi Race 1 to Identify Putative Effector Genes. J Nematol 2021; 53:e2021-84. [PMID: 34671748 PMCID: PMC8509085 DOI: 10.21307/jofnem-2021-084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Meloidogyne chitwoodi is a root-knot nematode that is a major pest of potato in the northwestern United States. Due to the lack of resistance against root-knot nematodes in potato, research has been undertaken to understand the M. chitwoodi-potato interaction at the molecular level. To identify the nematode genes that are playing roles in parasitism, we have performed transcriptome analyses on pre-parasitic and parasitic M. chitwoodi juveniles in susceptible potato. We compared gene expression profiles and identified genes that were significantly up- or down-regulated during nematode parasitism. Because parasitism proteins are typically secreted by the nematode to facilitate infection of host roots, we focused on the genes that encoded proteins that were predicted to be secreted. We found that approximately 34% (43/127) of the genes in the predicted secretome encoded proteins with no significant homology in the public genome databases, and 12% (15/127) encoded either a known effector, putative effectors or putative esophageal gland cell proteins. The transcriptome analyses of M. chitwoodi at the pre-parasitic and parasitic life stages shed light on the genes involved in nematode parasitism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhang
- Plant Pathology Department, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 9916.,Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907.,Department of Entomology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - Cynthia Gleason
- Plant Pathology Department, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 9916
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Song H, Lin B, Huang Q, Sun T, Wang W, Liao J, Zhuo K. The Meloidogyne javanica effector Mj2G02 interferes with jasmonic acid signalling to suppress cell death and promote parasitism in Arabidopsis. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2021; 22:1288-1301. [PMID: 34339585 PMCID: PMC8435226 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Plant-parasitic nematodes can cause devastating damage to crops. These nematodes secrete effectors that suppress the host immune responses to enhance their survival. In this study, Mj2G02, an effector from Meloidogyne javanica, is described. In situ hybridization and transcriptional analysis showed that Mj2G02 was highly expressed in the early infection stages and exclusively expressed in the nematode subventral oesophageal gland cells. In planta RNA interference targeting Mj2G02 impaired M. javanica parasitism, and Mj2G02-transgenic Arabidopsis lines displayed more susceptibility to M. javanica. Using an Agrobacterium-mediated transient expression system and plant immune response assays, we demonstrated that Mj2G02 localized in the plant cell nuclei and could suppress Gpa2/RBP-1-induced cell death. Moreover, by RNA-Seq and quantitative reverse transcription PCR analyses, we showed that Mj2G02 was capable of interfering with the host jasmonic acid (JA) signalling pathway. Multiple jasmonate ZIM-domain (JAZ) genes were significantly upregulated, whereas the JAR1 gene and four JA-responsive genes, MYC3, UPI, THI2.1, and WRKY75, were significantly downregulated. In addition, HPLC analysis showed that the endogenous jasmonoyl-isoleucine (JA-Ile) level in Mj2G02-transgenic Arabidopsis lines was significantly decreased compared to that in wildtype plants. Our results indicate that the M. javanica effector Mj2G02 suppresses the plant immune response, therefore facilitating nematode parasitism. This process is probably mediated by a JA-Ile reduction and JAZ enhancement to repress JA-responsive genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Handa Song
- Laboratory of Plant NematologySouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease ControlSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Borong Lin
- Laboratory of Plant NematologySouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease ControlSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
- Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern AgricultureGuangzhouChina
| | - Qiuling Huang
- Laboratory of Plant NematologySouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease ControlSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Tianlin Sun
- Laboratory of Plant NematologySouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease ControlSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Wenjun Wang
- Laboratory of Plant NematologySouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease ControlSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Jinling Liao
- Laboratory of Plant NematologySouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease ControlSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
- Research Center of Plant Pest Management and Bioenvironmental Health TechnologyGuangdong Eco‐Engineering PolytechnicGuangzhouChina
| | - Kan Zhuo
- Laboratory of Plant NematologySouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease ControlSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
- Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern AgricultureGuangzhouChina
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12
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Song H, Lin B, Huang Q, Sun L, Chen J, Hu L, Zhuo K, Liao J. The Meloidogyne graminicola effector MgMO289 targets a novel copper metallochaperone to suppress immunity in rice. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:5638-5655. [PMID: 33974693 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have reported that plant-parasitic nematodes facilitate their infection by suppressing plant immunity via effectors, but the inhibitory mechanisms remain poorly understood. This study found that a novel effector MgMO289 is exclusively expressed in the dorsal esophageal gland of Meloidogyne graminicola and is up-regulated at parasitic third-/fourth-stage juveniles. In planta silencing of MgMO289 substantially increased plant resistance to M. graminicola. Moreover, we found that MgMO289 interacts with a new rice copper metallochaperone heavy metal-associated plant protein 04 (OsHPP04), and that rice cytosolic COPPER/ZINC -SUPEROXIDE DISMUTASE 2 (cCu/Zn-SOD2) is the target of OsHPP04. Rice plants overexpressing OsHPP04 or MgMO289 exhibited an increased susceptibility to M. graminicola and a higher Cu/Zn-SOD activity, but lower O2•- content, when compared with wild-type plants. Meanwhile, immune response assays showed that MgMO289 could suppress host innate immunity. These findings reveal a novel pathway for a plant pathogen effector that utilizes the host O2•--scavenging system to eliminate O2•- and suppress plant immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Handa Song
- Laboratory of Plant Nematology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Borong Lin
- Laboratory of Plant Nematology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiuling Huang
- Laboratory of Plant Nematology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Longhua Sun
- Laboratory of Plant Nematology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiansong Chen
- Laboratory of Plant Nematology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lili Hu
- Laboratory of Plant Nematology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kan Zhuo
- Laboratory of Plant Nematology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jinling Liao
- Laboratory of Plant Nematology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Eco-Engineering Polytechnic, Guangzhou, China
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13
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Somvanshi VS, Dash M, Bhat CG, Budhwar R, Godwin J, Shukla RN, Patrignani A, Schlapbach R, Rao U. An improved draft genome assembly of Meloidogyne graminicola IARI strain using long-read sequencing. Gene 2021; 793:145748. [PMID: 34077775 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2021.145748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 05/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The rice root-knot nematode Meloidogyne graminicola is a major biotic stress for the rice crop under upland, rain-fed lowland and irrigated cultivation conditions. Here, we present an improved draft genome assembly of M. graminicola IARI strain using the long-read sequencing approach (PacBio Sequel platform). The assembled genome size was 36.86 Mb with 514 contigs and N50 value of 105 kb. BUSCO estimated the genome to be 88.6% complete. Meloidogyne graminicola genome contained 17.83% repeat elements and showed 14,062 protein-coding gene models, 4,974 conserved orthologous genes, 561 putative secreted proteins, 49 RNAi pathway genes, 1,853 proteins involved in pathogen-host interactions, 1,575 carbohydrate-active enzymes, and 32,138 microsatellites. Five of the carbohydrate-active enzymes were found only in M. graminicola genome and were not present in any other analysed root-knot nematode genome. Together with the previous two genome assemblies, this improved genome assembly would facilitate comparative and functional genomics for M. graminicola.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishal Singh Somvanshi
- Division of Nematology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, Delhi 110012, India
| | - Manoranjan Dash
- Division of Nematology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, Delhi 110012, India
| | - Chaitra G Bhat
- Division of Nematology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, Delhi 110012, India
| | - Roli Budhwar
- Bionivid Technology Private Limited, 209, 4th Cross Rd, B Channasandra, Kasturi Nagar, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560043, India
| | - Jeffrey Godwin
- Bionivid Technology Private Limited, 209, 4th Cross Rd, B Channasandra, Kasturi Nagar, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560043, India
| | - Rohit N Shukla
- Bionivid Technology Private Limited, 209, 4th Cross Rd, B Channasandra, Kasturi Nagar, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560043, India
| | - Andrea Patrignani
- Functional Genomics Center Zurich, Winterthurerstr. 190, Y32H52, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ralph Schlapbach
- Functional Genomics Center Zurich, Winterthurerstr. 190, Y32H52, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Uma Rao
- Division of Nematology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, Delhi 110012, India.
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14
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Dash M, Somvanshi VS, Budhwar R, Godwin J, Shukla RN, Rao U. A rice root-knot nematode Meloidogyne graminicola-resistant mutant rice line shows early expression of plant-defence genes. PLANTA 2021; 253:108. [PMID: 33866432 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-021-03625-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Resistance to rice root-knot nematode Meloidogyne graminicola in a mutant rice line is suggested to be conferred by higher expression of several genes putatively involved in damage-associated molecular pattern recognition, secondary metabolite biosynthesis including phytoalexins, and defence-related genes. Meloidogyne graminicola has emerged as the most destructive plant-parasitic nematode disease of rice (Oryza sativa L.). Genetic resistance to M. graminicola is one of the most effective methods for its management. A M. graminicola-resistant O. sativa ssp. indica mutant line-9 was previously identified through a forward genetic screen (Hatzade et al. Biologia 74:1197-1217, 2019). In the present study, we used RNA-Sequencing to investigate the molecular mechanisms conferring nematode resistance to the mutant line-9 compared to the susceptible parent JBT 36/14 at 24 h post-infection. A total of 674 transcripts were differentially expressed in line-9. Early regulation of genes putatively related to nematode damage-associated molecular pattern recognition (e.g., wall-associated receptor kinases), signalling [Nucleotide-binding, Leucine-Rich Repeat (NLRs)], pathogenesis-related (PR) genes (PR1, PR10a), defence-related genes (NB-ARC domain-containing genes), as well as a large number of genes involved in secondary metabolites including diterpenoid biosynthesis (CPS2, OsKSL4, OsKSL10, Oscyp71Z2, oryzalexin synthase, and momilactone A synthase) was observed in M. graminicola-resistant mutant line-9. It may be suggested that after the nematode juveniles penetrate the roots of line-9, early recognition of invading nematodes triggers plant immune responses mediated by phytoalexins, and other defence proteins such as PR proteins inhibit nematode growth and reproduction. Our study provides the first transcriptomic comparison of nematode-resistant and susceptible rice plants in the same genetic background and adds to the understanding of mechanisms underlying plant-nematode resistance in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoranjan Dash
- Division of Nematology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - Vishal Singh Somvanshi
- Division of Nematology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012, India.
| | - Roli Budhwar
- Bionivid Technology Private Limited, 209, 4th Cross, Kasturi Nagar, Bangalore, 560043, India
| | - Jeffrey Godwin
- Bionivid Technology Private Limited, 209, 4th Cross, Kasturi Nagar, Bangalore, 560043, India
| | - Rohit N Shukla
- Bionivid Technology Private Limited, 209, 4th Cross, Kasturi Nagar, Bangalore, 560043, India
| | - Uma Rao
- Division of Nematology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012, India.
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15
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Fitoussi N, Borrego E, Kolomiets MV, Qing X, Bucki P, Sela N, Belausov E, Braun Miyara S. Oxylipins are implicated as communication signals in tomato-root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne javanica) interaction. Sci Rep 2021; 11:326. [PMID: 33431951 PMCID: PMC7801703 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-79432-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Throughout infection, plant-parasitic nematodes activate a complex host defense response that will regulate their development and aggressiveness. Oxylipins-lipophilic signaling molecules-are part of this complex, performing a fundamental role in regulating plant development and immunity. At the same time, the sedentary root-knot nematode Meloidogyne spp. secretes numerous effectors that play key roles during invasion and migration, supporting construction and maintenance of nematodes' feeding sites. Herein, comprehensive oxylipin profiling of tomato roots, performed using LC-MS/MS, indicated strong and early responses of many oxylipins following root-knot nematode infection. To identify genes that might respond to the lipidomic defense pathway mediated through oxylipins, RNA-Seq was performed by exposing Meloidogyne javanica second-stage juveniles to tomato protoplasts and the oxylipin 9-HOT, one of the early-induced oxylipins in tomato roots upon nematode infection. A total of 7512 differentially expressed genes were identified. To target putative effectors, we sought differentially expressed genes carrying a predicted secretion signal peptide. Among these, several were homologous with known effectors in other nematode species; other unknown, potentially secreted proteins may have a role as root-knot nematode effectors that are induced by plant lipid signals. These include effectors associated with distortion of the plant immune response or manipulating signal transduction mediated by lipid signals. Other effectors are implicated in cell wall degradation or ROS detoxification at the plant-nematode interface. Being an integral part of the plant's defense response, oxylipins might be placed as important signaling molecules underlying nematode parasitism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalia Fitoussi
- Department of Entomology, Nematology and Chemistry Units, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), The Volcani Center, P.O. Box 15159, 50250, Rishon LeZion, Bet Dagan, Israel
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, The Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 76100, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Eli Borrego
- Thomas H. Gosnell School of Life Sciences, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY, 14623, USA
| | - Michael V Kolomiets
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, TAMU 2132, College Station, 77843-2132, USA
| | - Xue Qing
- Department of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Patricia Bucki
- Department of Entomology, Nematology and Chemistry Units, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), The Volcani Center, P.O. Box 15159, 50250, Rishon LeZion, Bet Dagan, Israel
| | - Noa Sela
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, ARO, The Volcani Center, 50250, Bet Dagan, Israel
| | - Eduard Belausov
- Department of Plant Sciences, Ornamental Plants and Agricultural Biotechnology, ARO, The Volcani Center, 50250, Bet Dagan, Israel
| | - Sigal Braun Miyara
- Department of Entomology, Nematology and Chemistry Units, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), The Volcani Center, P.O. Box 15159, 50250, Rishon LeZion, Bet Dagan, Israel.
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16
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Insights into the Mechanism of Bovine Spermiogenesis Based on Comparative Transcriptomic Studies. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11010080. [PMID: 33466297 PMCID: PMC7824766 DOI: 10.3390/ani11010080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Any irregularity in spermiogenesis reduces the quality of semen and may lead to male sterility in cattle and humans. Thus, we investigated the differential transcriptomics of spermatids from round spermatid to epididymal sperm and compared them with the transcriptomics of mice in the same period. We found differentially expressed genes (DEGs) involved in sperm head and tail formation, and epigenetic regulatory networks which regulated genetic material condensation, the deformation of the spermatid, and the expression of genes in it. According to the sterility report on the ART3 protein and its possible epigenetic function, we detected that it was localised outside the spermatocyte, in round and elongated spermatids. Interestingly, we observed that the ART3 protein on round and elongated spermatids was localised approximately to the lumen of seminiferous tubule. It was also localised on the head and tail part near the head in epididymal sperm, suggesting its important role in the deformation from round spermatids to sperm. Our findings provide new insights into the molecular mechanism underlying bovine spermiogenesis, thereby contributing to the improved reproductive potential of cattle and the development of strategies for the diagnosis and treatment of male infertility. Abstract To reduce subfertility caused by low semen quality and provide theoretical guidance for the eradication of human male infertility, we sequenced the bovine transcriptomes of round, elongated spermatids and epididymal sperms. The differential analysis was carried out with the reference of the mouse transcriptome, and the homology trends of gene expression to the mouse were also analysed. First, to explore the physiological mechanism of spermiogenesis that profoundly affects semen quality, homological trends of differential genes were compared during spermiogenesis in dairy cattle and mice. Next, Gene Ontology (GO), Kyoto Encyclopaedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment, protein–protein interaction network (PPI network), and bioinformatics analyses were performed to uncover the regulation network of acrosome formation during the transition from round to elongated spermatids. In addition, processes that regulate gene expression during spermiogenesis from elongated spermatid to epididymal sperm, such as ubiquitination, acetylation, deacetylation, and glycosylation, and the functional ART3 gene may play important roles during spermiogenesis. Therefore, its localisation in the seminiferous tubules and epididymal sperm were investigated using immunofluorescent analysis, and its structure and function were also predicted. Our findings provide a deeper understanding of the process of spermiogenesis, which involves acrosome formation, histone replacement, and the fine regulation of gene expression.
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Tian Z, Wang Z, Munawar M, Zheng J. Identification and Characterization of a Novel Protein Disulfide Isomerase Gene ( MgPDI2) from Meloidogyne graminicola. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E9586. [PMID: 33339262 PMCID: PMC7767112 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21249586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) is a multifunctional enzyme that catalyzes rate-limiting reactions such as disulfide bond formation, isomerization, and reduction. There is some evidence that indicates that PDI is also involved in host-pathogen interactions in plants. In this study, we show that the rice root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne graminicola, has evolved a secreted effector, MgPDI2, which is expressed in the subventral esophageal glands and up-regulated during the early parasitic stage of M. graminicola. Purified recombinant MgPDI2 functions as an insulin disulfide reductase and protects plasmid DNA from nicking. As an effector, MgPDI2 contributes to nematode parasitism. Silencing of MgPDI2 by RNA interference in the pre-parasitic second-stage juveniles (J2s) reduced M. graminicola multiplication and also increased M. graminicola mortality under H2O2 stress. In addition, an Agrobacterium-mediated transient expression assay found that MgPDI2 caused noticeable cell death in Nicotiana benthamiana. An intact C-terminal region containing the first catalytic domain (a) with an active motif (Cys-Gly-His-Cys, CGHC) and the two non-active domains (b and b') is required for cell death induction in N. benthamiana. This research may provide a promising target for the development of new strategies to combat M. graminicola infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongling Tian
- Laboratory of Plant Nematology, Institute of Biotechnology, College of Agriculture & Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (Z.T.); (M.M.)
| | - Zehua Wang
- Institute of Insect Science, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China;
| | - Maria Munawar
- Laboratory of Plant Nematology, Institute of Biotechnology, College of Agriculture & Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (Z.T.); (M.M.)
| | - Jingwu Zheng
- Laboratory of Plant Nematology, Institute of Biotechnology, College of Agriculture & Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (Z.T.); (M.M.)
- Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou 310058, China
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Phan NT, Orjuela J, Danchin EGJ, Klopp C, Perfus‐Barbeoch L, Kozlowski DK, Koutsovoulos GD, Lopez‐Roques C, Bouchez O, Zahm M, Besnard G, Bellafiore S. Genome structure and content of the rice root-knot nematode ( Meloidogyne graminicola). Ecol Evol 2020; 10:11006-11021. [PMID: 33144944 PMCID: PMC7593179 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.6680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 07/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Discovered in the 1960s, Meloidogyne graminicola is a root-knot nematode species considered as a major threat to rice production. Yet, its origin, genomic structure, and intraspecific diversity are poorly understood. So far, such studies have been limited by the unavailability of a sufficiently complete and well-assembled genome. In this study, using a combination of Oxford Nanopore Technologies and Illumina sequencing data, we generated a highly contiguous reference genome (283 scaffolds with an N50 length of 294 kb, totaling 41.5 Mb). The completeness scores of our assembly are among the highest currently published for Meloidogyne genomes. We predicted 10,284 protein-coding genes spanning 75.5% of the genome. Among them, 67 are identified as possibly originating from horizontal gene transfers (mostly from bacteria), which supposedly contribute to nematode infection, nutrient processing, and plant defense manipulation. Besides, we detected 575 canonical transposable elements (TEs) belonging to seven orders and spanning 2.61% of the genome. These TEs might promote genomic plasticity putatively related to the evolution of M. graminicola parasitism. This high-quality genome assembly constitutes a major improvement regarding previously available versions and represents a valuable molecular resource for future phylogenomic studies of Meloidogyne species. In particular, this will foster comparative genomic studies to trace back the evolutionary history of M. graminicola and its closest relatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ngan Thi Phan
- IRD‐CIRAD‐University of MontpellierUMR Interactions Plantes Microorganismes Environnement (IPME)MontpellierFrance
| | - Julie Orjuela
- IRD‐CIRAD‐University of MontpellierUMR Interactions Plantes Microorganismes Environnement (IPME)MontpellierFrance
| | | | - Christophe Klopp
- Plateforme BioInfo GenotoulUR875INRAECastanet‐Tolosan cedexFrance
| | | | - Djampa K. Kozlowski
- Institut Sophia AgrobiotechINRAECNRSUniversité Côte d’AzurSophia AntipolisFrance
| | | | | | | | - Margot Zahm
- Plateforme BioInfo GenotoulUR875INRAECastanet‐Tolosan cedexFrance
| | | | - Stéphane Bellafiore
- IRD‐CIRAD‐University of MontpellierUMR Interactions Plantes Microorganismes Environnement (IPME)MontpellierFrance
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Petitot AS, Dereeper A, Da Silva C, Guy J, Fernandez D. Analyses of the Root-Knot Nematode ( Meloidogyne graminicola) Transcriptome during Host Infection Highlight Specific Gene Expression Profiling in Resistant Rice Plants. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9080644. [PMID: 32784493 PMCID: PMC7460394 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9080644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The plant-parasitic nematode Meloidogyne graminicola causes considerable damages to rice (Oryza sativa) culture. Resistance to M. graminicola in the related species Oryza glaberrima reduces root penetration by juveniles and stops further nematode development. M. graminicola genes expressed during O. sativa infection were previously characterized but no information is available about the molecular dialogue established with a resistant plant. We compared the M. graminicola transcriptomes of stage-two juveniles (J2s) before and during infection of susceptible or resistant rice. Among 36,121 M. graminicola genes surveyed, 367 were differentially expressed during infection of resistant or susceptible plants. Genes encoding cell wall-degrading enzymes, peptidases and neuropeptides were expressed for a longer time in resistant plants compared to susceptible plants. Conversely, genes related to nematode development were not activated in the resistant host. The majority of M. graminicola effector genes had similar expression patterns, whatever the host genotype. However, two venom allergen-like protein (VAP)-encoding genes were specifically induced in resistant plants and Mg-VAP1 silencing in J2s reduced their ability to colonize roots. This study highlighted that M. graminicola adapts its gene expression to the host susceptibility. Further investigation is required to assess the role of Mg-VAPs in the rice-nematode interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Sophie Petitot
- IRD, Cirad, Univ Montpellier, IPME, 911 Avenue Agropolis, BP 64501, CEDEX 5, 34394 Montpellier, France; (A.D.); (D.F.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Alexis Dereeper
- IRD, Cirad, Univ Montpellier, IPME, 911 Avenue Agropolis, BP 64501, CEDEX 5, 34394 Montpellier, France; (A.D.); (D.F.)
| | - Corinne Da Silva
- Génomique Métabolique, Genoscope, Institut François Jacob, CEA, CNRS, Univ Evry, Université Paris-Saclay, 91057 Evry, France; (C.D.S.); (J.G.)
| | - Julie Guy
- Génomique Métabolique, Genoscope, Institut François Jacob, CEA, CNRS, Univ Evry, Université Paris-Saclay, 91057 Evry, France; (C.D.S.); (J.G.)
| | - Diana Fernandez
- IRD, Cirad, Univ Montpellier, IPME, 911 Avenue Agropolis, BP 64501, CEDEX 5, 34394 Montpellier, France; (A.D.); (D.F.)
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20
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Somvanshi VS, Phani V, Banakar P, Chatterjee M, Budhwar R, Shukla RN, Rao U. Transcriptomic changes in the pre-parasitic juveniles of Meloidogyne incognita induced by silencing of effectors Mi-msp-1 and Mi-msp-20. 3 Biotech 2020; 10:360. [PMID: 32832322 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-020-02353-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant-parasitic root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita uses an array of effector proteins to establish successful plant infections. Mi-msp-1 and Mi-msp-20 are two known effectors secreted from nematode subventral oesophageal glands; Mi-msp-1 being a putative secretory venom allergen AG5-like protein, whereas Mi-msp-20 is a pioneer gene with a coiled-coil motif. Expression of specific effector is known to cause disturbances in the expression of other effectors. Here, we used RNA-Seq to investigate the pleiotropic effects of silencing Mi-msp-1 and Mi-msp-20. A total of 25.1-51.9 million HQ reads generated from Mi-msp-1 and Mi-msp-20 silenced second-stage juveniles (J2s) along with freshly hatched J2s were mapped to an already annotated M. incognita proteome to understand the impact on various nematode pathways. As compared to control, silencing of Mi-msp-1 caused differential expression of 29 transcripts, while Mi-msp-20 silencing resulted in differential expression of a broader set of 409 transcripts. In the Mi-msp-1 silenced J2s, cytoplasm (GO:0005737) was the most enriched gene ontology (GO) term, whereas in the Mi-msp-20 silenced worms, embryo development (GO:0009792), reproduction (GO:0000003) and nematode larval development (GO:0002119) were the most enriched terms. Limited crosstalk was observed between these two effectors as a sheer 5.9% of the up-regulated transcripts were common between Mi-msp-1 and Mi-msp-20 silenced nematodes. Our results suggest that in addition to the direct knock-down caused by silencing of Mi-msp-1 and Mi-msp-20, the cascading effect on other genes might also be contributing to a reduction in nematode's parasitic abilities.
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Elashry AM, Habash SS, Vijayapalani P, Brocke-Ahmadinejad N, Blümel R, Seetharam A, Schoof H, Grundler FMW. Transcriptome and Parasitome Analysis of Beet Cyst Nematode Heterodera schachtii. Sci Rep 2020; 10:3315. [PMID: 32094373 PMCID: PMC7039985 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-60186-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Beet cyst nematodes depend on a set of secretory proteins (effectors) for the induction and maintenance of their syncytial feeding sites in plant roots. In order to understand the relationship between the beet cyst nematode H. schachtii and its host, identification of H. schachtii effectors is crucial and to this end, we sequenced a whole animal pre-infective J2-stage transcriptome in addition to pre- and post-infective J2 gland cell transcriptome using Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) and identified a subset of sequences representing putative effectors. Comparison between the transcriptome of H. schachtii and previously reported related cyst nematodes and root-knot nematodes revealed a subset of esophageal gland related sequences and putative effectors in common across the tested species. Structural and functional annotation of H. schachtii transcriptome led to the identification of nearly 200 putative effectors. Six putative effector expressions were quantified using qPCR and three of them were functionally analyzed using RNAi. Phenotyping of the RNAi nematodes indicated that all tested genes decrease the level of nematodes pathogenicity and/or the average female size, thereby regulating cyst nematode parasitism. These discoveries contribute to further understanding of the cyst nematode parasitism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdelnaser M Elashry
- INRES Molecular Phytomedicine, University of Bonn, Karlrobert-Kreiten-Str. 13, Bonn, 53115, Germany. .,Strube research GmbH & Co. KG, Hauptstrasse 1, 38387, Söllingen, Germany.
| | - Samer S Habash
- INRES Molecular Phytomedicine, University of Bonn, Karlrobert-Kreiten-Str. 13, Bonn, 53115, Germany
| | | | - Nahal Brocke-Ahmadinejad
- INRES Crop Bioinformatics, University of Bonn, Katzenburgweg 2, 53115, Bonn, Germany.,Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology I, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Roman Blümel
- INRES Molecular Phytomedicine, University of Bonn, Karlrobert-Kreiten-Str. 13, Bonn, 53115, Germany.,Bayer Crop Science, Alfred-Nobel-Str. 50, 40789, Monheim, Germany
| | - Arun Seetharam
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA.,Genome Informatics Facility, Office of Biotechnology, 448 Bessey Hall, Iowa State University, Ames, USA
| | - Heiko Schoof
- INRES Crop Bioinformatics, University of Bonn, Katzenburgweg 2, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Florian M W Grundler
- INRES Molecular Phytomedicine, University of Bonn, Karlrobert-Kreiten-Str. 13, Bonn, 53115, Germany
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Gupta M, Sharma G, Saxena D, Budhwar R, Vasudevan M, Gupta V, Gupta A, Gupta R, Chandran D. Dual RNA-Seq analysis of Medicago truncatula and the pea powdery mildew Erysiphe pisi uncovers distinct host transcriptional signatures during incompatible and compatible interactions and pathogen effector candidates. Genomics 2019; 112:2130-2145. [PMID: 31837401 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2019.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Revised: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Powdery mildew (PM) is a serious fungal disease of legumes. To gain novel insights into PM pathogenesis and host resistance/susceptibility, we used dual RNA-Seq to simultaneously capture host and pathogen transcriptomes at 1 d post-inoculation of resistant and susceptible Medicago truncatula genotypes with the PM Erysiphe pisi (Ep). Differential expression analysis indicates that R-gene mediated resistance against Ep involves extensive transcriptional reprogramming. Functional enrichment of differentially expressed host genes and in silico analysis of co-regulated promoters suggests that amplification of PTI, activation of the JA/ET signaling network, and regulation of growth-defense balance correlate with resistance. In contrast, processes that favor biotrophy, including suppression of defense signaling and programmed cell death, and weaker cell wall defenses are important susceptibility factors. Lastly, Ep effector candidates and genes with known/putative virulence functions were identified, representing a valuable resource that can be leveraged to improve our understanding of legume-PM interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megha Gupta
- Laboratory of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Regional Centre for Biotechnology, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad 121001, India; Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Gunjan Sharma
- Laboratory of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Regional Centre for Biotechnology, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad 121001, India
| | - Divya Saxena
- Laboratory of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Regional Centre for Biotechnology, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad 121001, India
| | - Roli Budhwar
- Bionivid Technology Pvt. Ltd., Kasturi Nagar, Bangalore, India
| | | | - Varsha Gupta
- Laboratory of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Regional Centre for Biotechnology, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad 121001, India
| | - Arunima Gupta
- Laboratory of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Regional Centre for Biotechnology, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad 121001, India
| | - Rashi Gupta
- Laboratory of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Regional Centre for Biotechnology, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad 121001, India
| | - Divya Chandran
- Laboratory of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Regional Centre for Biotechnology, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad 121001, India.
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Shimizu M, Nakano Y, Hirabuchi A, Yoshino K, Kobayashi M, Yamamoto K, Terauchi R, Saitoh H. RNA-Seq of in planta-expressed Magnaporthe oryzae genes identifies MoSVP as a highly expressed gene required for pathogenicity at the initial stage of infection. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2019; 20:1682-1695. [PMID: 31560822 PMCID: PMC6859710 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The ascomycete fungus Magnaporthe oryzae is a hemibiotrophic pathogen that causes rice blast disease. Magnaporthe oryzae infects rice leaves, stems and panicles, and induces severe reductions in yield. Effector proteins secreted by M. oryzae in planta are thought to be involved its virulence activity. Here, using RNA-sequencing (RNA-Seq), we generated transcriptome data for M. oryzae isolate Ina168 during the initial stages of infection. We prepared samples from conidia (the inoculum) and from peeled epidermal cotyledon tissue of susceptible barley Hordeum vulgare 'Nigrate' at 12, 24, 36 and 48 hours post-inoculation (hpi). We also generated a draft genome sequence of M. oryzae isolate Ina168 and used it as a reference for mapping the RNA-Seq reads. Gene expression profiling across all stages of M. oryzae infection revealed 1728 putative secreted effector protein genes. We selected seven such genes that were strongly up-regulated at 12 hpi and down-regulated at 24 or 36 hpi and performed gene knockout analysis to determine their roles in pathogenicity. Knockout of MoSVP, encoding a small putative secreted protein with a hydrophobic surface binding protein A domain, resulted in a reduction in pathogenicity, suggesting that MoSVP is a novel virulence effector of M. oryzae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motoki Shimizu
- Division of Genomics and BreedingIwate Biotechnology Research CenterIwate024‐0003Japan
| | - Yuki Nakano
- Division of Genomics and BreedingIwate Biotechnology Research CenterIwate024‐0003Japan
| | - Akiko Hirabuchi
- Division of Genomics and BreedingIwate Biotechnology Research CenterIwate024‐0003Japan
| | - Kae Yoshino
- Department of Molecular MicrobiologyFaculty of Life SciencesTokyo University of AgricultureTokyo156‐8502Japan
| | - Michie Kobayashi
- Division of Genomics and BreedingIwate Biotechnology Research CenterIwate024‐0003Japan
| | - Kosuke Yamamoto
- Department of Molecular MicrobiologyFaculty of Life SciencesTokyo University of AgricultureTokyo156‐8502Japan
| | - Ryohei Terauchi
- Division of Genomics and BreedingIwate Biotechnology Research CenterIwate024‐0003Japan
- Laboratory of Crop EvolutionGraduate School of AgricultureKyoto UniversityKyoto617‐0001Japan
| | - Hiromasa Saitoh
- Department of Molecular MicrobiologyFaculty of Life SciencesTokyo University of AgricultureTokyo156‐8502Japan
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24
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RNA-Seq revealed that infection with white tip nematodes could downregulate rice photosynthetic genes. Funct Integr Genomics 2019; 20:367-381. [DOI: 10.1007/s10142-019-00717-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Revised: 07/21/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Grossi-de-Sa M, Petitot AS, Xavier DA, Sá MEL, Mezzalira I, Beneventi MA, Martins NF, Baimey HK, Albuquerque EVS, Grossi-de-Sa MF, Fernandez D. Rice susceptibility to root-knot nematodes is enhanced by the Meloidogyne incognita MSP18 effector gene. PLANTA 2019; 250:1215-1227. [PMID: 31218413 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-019-03205-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
MAIN CONCLUSION This study revealed novel insights into the function of MSP18 effector during root-knot nematode parasitism in rice roots. MSP18 may modulate host immunity and enhance plant susceptibility to Meloidogyne spp. Rice (Oryza sativa) production is seriously impacted by root-knot nematodes (RKN), including Meloidogyne graminicola, Meloidogyne incognita, and Meloidogyne javanica, in upland and irrigated culture systems. Successful plant infection by RKN is likely achieved by releasing into the host cells some effector proteins to suppress the activation of immune responses. Here, we conducted a series of functional analyses to assess the role of the Meloidogyne-secreted protein (MSP) 18 from M. incognita (Mi-MSP18) during rice infection by RKN. Developmental expression profiles of M. javanica and M. graminicola showed that the MSP18 gene is up-regulated throughout nematode parasitic stages in rice. Reproduction of M. javanica and M. graminicola is enhanced in rice plants overexpressing Mi-MSP18, indicating that the Mi-MSP18 protein facilitates RKN parasitism. Transient expression assays in onion cells suggested that Mi-MSP18 is localized to the cytoplasm of the host cells. In tobacco, Mi-MSP18 suppressed the cell death induced by the INF1 elicitin, suggesting that Mi-MSP18 can interfere with the plant defense pathways. The data obtained in this study highlight Mi-MSP18 as a novel RKN effector able to enhance plant susceptibility and modulate host immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maíra Grossi-de-Sa
- IRD, Cirad, Univ Montpellier, IPME, 911, Avenue Agropolis, 34394, Montpellier Cedex 5, France.
| | - Anne-Sophie Petitot
- IRD, Cirad, Univ Montpellier, IPME, 911, Avenue Agropolis, 34394, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Deisy A Xavier
- IRD, Cirad, Univ Montpellier, IPME, 911, Avenue Agropolis, 34394, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology-PqEB, Final W5 N, Brasília, DF, 70770-917, Brazil
| | - Maria Eugênia L Sá
- IRD, Cirad, Univ Montpellier, IPME, 911, Avenue Agropolis, 34394, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology-PqEB, Final W5 N, Brasília, DF, 70770-917, Brazil
- Agricultural Research Company of Minas Gerais State, EPAMIG, Uberaba, MG, Brazil
| | - Itamara Mezzalira
- IRD, Cirad, Univ Montpellier, IPME, 911, Avenue Agropolis, 34394, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology-PqEB, Final W5 N, Brasília, DF, 70770-917, Brazil
| | - Magda A Beneventi
- IRD, Cirad, Univ Montpellier, IPME, 911, Avenue Agropolis, 34394, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology-PqEB, Final W5 N, Brasília, DF, 70770-917, Brazil
| | - Natalia F Martins
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology-PqEB, Final W5 N, Brasília, DF, 70770-917, Brazil
| | - Hugues K Baimey
- Université de Parakou/Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Sciences et Techniques Agronomiques de Djougou, Parakou, Benin
| | - Erika V S Albuquerque
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology-PqEB, Final W5 N, Brasília, DF, 70770-917, Brazil
| | - Maria F Grossi-de-Sa
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology-PqEB, Final W5 N, Brasília, DF, 70770-917, Brazil
| | - Diana Fernandez
- IRD, Cirad, Univ Montpellier, IPME, 911, Avenue Agropolis, 34394, Montpellier Cedex 5, France.
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology-PqEB, Final W5 N, Brasília, DF, 70770-917, Brazil.
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26
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Tian ZL, Wang ZH, Maria M, Qu N, Zheng JW. Meloidogyne graminicola protein disulfide isomerase may be a nematode effector and is involved in protection against oxidative damage. Sci Rep 2019; 9:11949. [PMID: 31420562 PMCID: PMC6697734 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-48474-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The rice root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne graminicola, is a serious pest in most rice-growing countries. Usually, nematodes employ antioxidants to counteract the harm of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and facilitate their infection. Here the gene encoding M. graminicola protein disulphide isomerase (MgPDI) was identified. The deduced protein is highly conserved in the putative active-site Cys-Gly-His-Cys. In situ hybridization showed that MgPDI was specifically localized within esophageal glands of pre-parasitic second stage juveniles (J2s). MgPDI was significantly up-regulated in the late parasitic J2s. Characterization of the recombinant protein showed that the purified MgPDI exhibited similar activities to other oxidases/isomerases such as the refolding of the scrambled RNase and insulin disulfide reductase and the protection of plasmid DNA and living cells from ROS damage. In addition, silencing of MgPDI by RNA interference in the pre-parasitic J2s lowered their multiplication factor. MgPDI expression was up-regulated in the presence of exogenous H2O2, whereas MgPDI silencing resulted in an increase in mortality under H2O2 stress. MgPDI is localized in the apoplast when transient expression in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves. The results indicated that MgPDI plays important roles in the reproduction and pathogenicity of M. graminicola and it also contributes to protecting nematodes from exogenous H2O2 stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong-Ling Tian
- Laboratory of Plant Nematology, Institute of Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | - Ze-Hua Wang
- Institute of Insect Science, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | - Munawar Maria
- Laboratory of Plant Nematology, Institute of Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | - Nan Qu
- Laboratory of Plant Nematology, Institute of Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | - Jing-Wu Zheng
- Laboratory of Plant Nematology, Institute of Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, P.R. China.
- Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou, 310058, P.R. China.
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Vieira P, Gleason C. Plant-parasitic nematode effectors - insights into their diversity and new tools for their identification. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 50:37-43. [PMID: 30921686 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2019.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Revised: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Plant-parasitic nematodes (PPNs) are a large group of obligate biotrophic pathogens that secrete molecules, called effectors, involved in parasitism. The majority of work in molecular phytonematology has focused on the root-knot and cyst nematodes, which are both sedentary endoparasitic nematodes. More recently, inexpensive sequencing technology has facilitated effector searches in PPNs with different parasitic lifestyles. Work in different PPN species suggests that effectors are diverse, and selection pressure from plant hosts has contributed to the presence of large, expanded effector gene families. The identification of promoter elements/motifs preceding effector gene sequences suggests that promoter analysis can computationally predict new putative effectors. However, until a method of genetic transformation is available for PPNs, work on characterizing effectors will be hindered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo Vieira
- School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, United States
| | - Cynthia Gleason
- Dept. of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, United States.
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Mejias J, Truong NM, Abad P, Favery B, Quentin M. Plant Proteins and Processes Targeted by Parasitic Nematode Effectors. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:970. [PMID: 31417587 PMCID: PMC6682612 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Sedentary endoparasitic nematodes, such as root-knot nematodes (RKN; Meloidogyne spp.) and cyst nematodes (CN; Heterodera spp. and Globodera spp.) cause considerable damage to agricultural crops. RKN and CN spend most of their life cycle in plant roots, in which they induce the formation of multinucleate hypertrophied feeding cells, called "giant cells" and "syncytia," respectively. The giant cells result from nuclear divisions of vascular cells without cytokinesis. They are surrounded by small dividing cells and they form a new organ within the root known as a root knot or gall. CN infection leads to the fusion of several root cells into a unique syncytium. These dramatically modified host cells act as metabolic sinks from which the nematode withdraws nutrients throughout its life, and they are thus essential for nematode development. Both RKN and CN secrete effector proteins that are synthesized in the oesophageal glands and delivered to the appropriate cell in the host plant via a syringe-like stylet, triggering the ontogenesis of the feeding structures. Within the plant cell or in the apoplast, effectors associate with specific host proteins, enabling them to hijack important processes for cell morphogenesis and physiology or immunity. Here, we review recent findings on the identification and functional characterization of plant targets of RKN and CN effectors. A better understanding of the molecular determinants of these biotrophic relationships would enable us to improve the yields of crops infected with parasitic nematodes and to expand our comprehension of root development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Michaël Quentin
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, Université Côte d’Azur, Sophia Antipolis, France
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Castagnone‐Sereno P, Mulet K, Danchin EGJ, Koutsovoulos GD, Karaulic M, Da Rocha M, Bailly‐Bechet M, Pratx L, Perfus‐Barbeoch L, Abad P. Gene copy number variations as signatures of adaptive evolution in the parthenogenetic, plant‐parasitic nematode
Meloidogyne incognita. Mol Ecol 2019; 28:2559-2572. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.15095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Revised: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Karine Mulet
- INRAUniversité Côte d'AzurCNRSISA Sophia Antipolis France
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Loris Pratx
- INRAUniversité Côte d'AzurCNRSISA Sophia Antipolis France
| | | | - Pierre Abad
- INRAUniversité Côte d'AzurCNRSISA Sophia Antipolis France
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Zhuo K, Naalden D, Nowak S, Xuan Huy N, Bauters L, Gheysen G. A Meloidogyne graminicola C-type lectin, Mg01965, is secreted into the host apoplast to suppress plant defence and promote parasitism. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2019; 20:346-355. [PMID: 30315612 PMCID: PMC6637863 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
C-type lectins (CTLs), a class of multifunctional proteins, are numerous in nematodes. One CTL gene, Mg01965, shown to be expressed in the subventral glands, especially in the second-stage juveniles of the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne graminicola, was further analysed in this study. In vitro RNA interference targeting Mg01965 in the preparasitic juveniles significantly reduced their ability to infect host plant roots. Immunolocalizations showed that Mg01965 is secreted by M. graminicola into the roots during the early parasitic stages and accumulates in the apoplast. Transient expression of Mg01965 in Nicotiana benthamiana and targeting it to the apoplast suppressed the burst of reactive oxygen species triggered by flg22. The CTL Mg01965 suppresses plant innate immunity in the host apoplast, promoting nematode parasitism in the early infection stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kan Zhuo
- Laboratory of Plant NematologySouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou510642China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease ControlSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou510642China
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience EngineeringGhent UniversityCoupure links 6539000GhentBelgium
| | - Diana Naalden
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience EngineeringGhent UniversityCoupure links 6539000GhentBelgium
| | - Silke Nowak
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience EngineeringGhent UniversityCoupure links 6539000GhentBelgium
| | - Nguyen Xuan Huy
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience EngineeringGhent UniversityCoupure links 6539000GhentBelgium
- Biology Department, College of EducationHue University34 Le LoiHueVietnam
| | - Lander Bauters
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience EngineeringGhent UniversityCoupure links 6539000GhentBelgium
| | - Godelieve Gheysen
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience EngineeringGhent UniversityCoupure links 6539000GhentBelgium
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On the Close Relatedness of Two Rice-Parasitic Root-Knot Nematode Species and the Recent Expansion of Meloidogyne graminicola in Southeast Asia. Genes (Basel) 2019; 10:genes10020175. [PMID: 30823612 PMCID: PMC6410229 DOI: 10.3390/genes10020175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2018] [Revised: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Meloidogyne graminicola is a facultative meiotic parthenogenetic root-knot nematode (RKN) that seriously threatens agriculture worldwide. We have little understanding of its origin, genomic structure, and intraspecific diversity. Such information would offer better knowledge of how this nematode successfully damages rice in many different environments. Previous studies on nuclear ribosomal DNA (nrDNA) suggested a close phylogenetic relationship between M. graminicola and Meloidogyne oryzae, despite their different modes of reproduction and geographical distribution. In order to clarify the evolutionary history of these two species and explore their molecular intraspecific diversity, we sequenced the genome of 12 M. graminicola isolates, representing populations of worldwide origins, and two South American isolates of M. oryzae. k-mer analysis of their nuclear genome and the detection of divergent homologous genomic sequences indicate that both species show a high proportion of heterozygous sites (ca. 1–2%), which had never been previously reported in facultative meiotic parthenogenetic RKNs. These analyses also point to a distinct ploidy level in each species, compatible with a diploid M. graminicola and a triploid M. oryzae. Phylogenetic analyses of mitochondrial genomes and three nuclear genomic sequences confirm close relationships between these two species, with M. graminicola being a putative parent of M. oryzae. In addition, comparative mitogenomics of those 12 M. graminicola isolates with a Chinese published isolate reveal only 15 polymorphisms that are phylogenetically non-informative. Eight mitotypes are distinguished, the most common one being shared by distant populations from Asia and America. This low intraspecific diversity, coupled with a lack of phylogeographic signal, suggests a recent worldwide expansion of M. graminicola.
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Naalden D, Haegeman A, de Almeida‐Engler J, Birhane Eshetu F, Bauters L, Gheysen G. The Meloidogyne graminicola effector Mg16820 is secreted in the apoplast and cytoplasm to suppress plant host defense responses. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2018; 19:2416-2430. [PMID: 30011122 PMCID: PMC6638014 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Revised: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
On invasion of roots, plant-parasitic nematodes secrete effectors to manipulate the cellular regulation of the host to promote parasitism. The root-knot nematode Meloidogyne graminicola is one of the most damaging nematodes of rice. Here, we identified a novel effector of this nematode, named Mg16820, expressed in the nematode subventral glands. We localized the Mg16820 effector in the apoplast during the migration phase of the second-stage juvenile in rice roots. In addition, during early development of the feeding site, Mg16820 was localized in giant cells, where it accumulated in the cytoplasm and the nucleus. Using transient expression in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves, we demonstrated that Mg16820 directed to the apoplast was able to suppress flg22-induced reactive oxygen species production. In addition, expression of Mg16820 in the cytoplasm resulted in the suppression of the R2/Avr2- and Mi-1.2-induced hypersensitive response. A potential target protein of Mg16820 identified with the yeast two-hybrid system was the dehydration stress-inducible protein 1 (DIP1). Bimolecular fluorescence complementation resulted in a strong signal in the nucleus. DIP1 has been described as an abscisic acid (ABA)-responsive gene and ABA is involved in the biotic and abiotic stress response. Our results demonstrate that Mg16820 is able to act in two cellular compartments as an immune suppressor and targets a protein involved in the stress response, therefore indicating an important role for this effector in parasitism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Naalden
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience EngineeringGhent UniversityCoupure links 6539000GhentBelgium
| | - Annelies Haegeman
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience EngineeringGhent UniversityCoupure links 6539000GhentBelgium
- Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), Plant Sciences UnitCaritasstraat 399090MelleBelgium
| | | | - Firehiwot Birhane Eshetu
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience EngineeringGhent UniversityCoupure links 6539000GhentBelgium
- Department of Genetics, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI)University of PretoriaPretoria0002South Africa
| | - Lander Bauters
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience EngineeringGhent UniversityCoupure links 6539000GhentBelgium
| | - Godelieve Gheysen
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience EngineeringGhent UniversityCoupure links 6539000GhentBelgium
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Secreted venom allergen-like proteins of helminths: Conserved modulators of host responses in animals and plants. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1007300. [PMID: 30335852 PMCID: PMC6193718 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite causing considerable damage to host tissue at the onset of parasitism, invasive helminths establish remarkably persistent infections in both animals and plants. Secretions released by these obligate parasites during host invasion are thought to be crucial for their persistence in infection. Helminth secretions are complex mixtures of molecules, most of which have unknown molecular targets and functions in host cells or tissues. Although the habitats of animal- and plant-parasitic helminths are very distinct, their secretions share the presence of a structurally conserved group of proteins called venom allergen-like proteins (VALs). Helminths abundantly secrete VALs during several stages of parasitism while inflicting extensive damage to host tissue. The tight association between the secretion of VALs and the onset of parasitism has triggered a particular interest in this group of proteins, as improved knowledge on their biological functions may assist in designing novel protection strategies against parasites in humans, livestock, and important food crops.
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Chen J, Hu L, Sun L, Lin B, Huang K, Zhuo K, Liao J. A novel Meloidogyne graminicola effector, MgMO237, interacts with multiple host defence-related proteins to manipulate plant basal immunity and promote parasitism. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2018; 19:1942-1955. [PMID: 29485753 PMCID: PMC6638000 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Revised: 02/25/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Plant-parasitic nematodes can secrete effector proteins into the host tissue to facilitate their parasitism. In this study, we report a novel effector protein, MgMO237, from Meloidogyne graminicola, which is exclusively expressed within the dorsal oesophageal gland cell and markedly up-regulated in parasitic third-/fourth-stage juveniles of M. graminicola. Transient expression of MgMO237 in protoplasts from rice roots showed that MgMO237 was localized in the cytoplasm and nucleus of the host cells. Rice plants overexpressing MgMO237 showed an increased susceptibility to M. graminicola. In contrast, rice plants expressing RNA interference vectors targeting MgMO237 showed an increased resistance to M. graminicola. In addition, yeast two-hybrid and co-immunoprecipitation assays showed that MgMO237 interacted specifically with three rice endogenous proteins, i.e. 1,3-β-glucan synthase component (OsGSC), cysteine-rich repeat secretory protein 55 (OsCRRSP55) and pathogenesis-related BetvI family protein (OsBetvI), which are all related to host defences. Moreover, MgMO237 can suppress host defence responses, including the expression of host defence-related genes, cell wall callose deposition and the burst of reactive oxygen species. These results demonstrate that the effector MgMO237 probably promotes the parasitism of M. graminicola by interacting with multiple host defence-related proteins and suppressing plant basal immunity in the later parasitic stages of nematodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiansong Chen
- Laboratory of Plant NematologySouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou510642China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease ControlSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou510642China
| | - Lili Hu
- Laboratory of Plant NematologySouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou510642China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease ControlSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou510642China
| | - Longhua Sun
- Laboratory of Plant NematologySouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou510642China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease ControlSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou510642China
| | - Borong Lin
- Laboratory of Plant NematologySouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou510642China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease ControlSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou510642China
| | - Kun Huang
- Laboratory of Plant NematologySouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou510642China
| | - Kan Zhuo
- Laboratory of Plant NematologySouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou510642China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease ControlSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou510642China
| | - Jinling Liao
- Laboratory of Plant NematologySouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou510642China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease ControlSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou510642China
- Department of Eco‐engineering, Guangdong Eco‐Engineering PolytechnicGuangzhou510520China
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Gardner M, Dhroso A, Johnson N, Davis EL, Baum TJ, Korkin D, Mitchum MG. Novel global effector mining from the transcriptome of early life stages of the soybean cyst nematode Heterodera glycines. Sci Rep 2018; 8:2505. [PMID: 29410430 PMCID: PMC5802810 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-20536-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Soybean cyst nematode (SCN) Heterodera glycines is an obligate parasite that relies on the secretion of effector proteins to manipulate host cellular processes that favor the formation of a feeding site within host roots to ensure its survival. The sequence complexity and co-evolutionary forces acting upon these effectors remain unknown. Here we generated a de novo transcriptome assembly representing the early life stages of SCN in both a compatible and an incompatible host interaction to facilitate global effector mining efforts in the absence of an available annotated SCN genome. We then employed a dual effector prediction strategy coupling a newly developed nematode effector prediction tool, N-Preffector, with a traditional secreted protein prediction pipeline to uncover a suite of novel effector candidates. Our analysis distinguished between effectors that co-evolve with the host genotype and those conserved by the pathogen to maintain a core function in parasitism and demonstrated that alternative splicing is one mechanism used to diversify the effector pool. In addition, we confirmed the presence of viral and microbial inhabitants with molecular sequence information. This transcriptome represents the most comprehensive whole-nematode sequence currently available for SCN and can be used as a tool for annotation of expected genome assemblies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Gardner
- Division of Plant Sciences and Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, USA
| | - Andi Dhroso
- Department of Computer Science and Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Program, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, USA
| | - Nathan Johnson
- Department of Computer Science and Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Program, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, USA
| | - Eric L Davis
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, USA
| | - Thomas J Baum
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames, USA
| | - Dmitry Korkin
- Department of Computer Science and Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Program, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, USA.
| | - Melissa G Mitchum
- Division of Plant Sciences and Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, USA.
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Nguyen CN, Perfus-Barbeoch L, Quentin M, Zhao J, Magliano M, Marteu N, Da Rocha M, Nottet N, Abad P, Favery B. A root-knot nematode small glycine and cysteine-rich secreted effector, MiSGCR1, is involved in plant parasitism. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2018; 217:687-699. [PMID: 29034957 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Root-knot nematodes, Meloidogyne spp., are obligate endoparasites that maintain a biotrophic relationship with their hosts. They infect roots as microscopic vermiform second-stage juveniles, and establish specialized feeding structures called 'giant-cells', from which they withdraw water and nutrients. The nematode effector proteins secreted in planta are key elements in the molecular dialogue of parasitism. Here, we compared Illumina RNA-seq transcriptomes for M. incognita obtained at various points in the lifecycle, and identified 31 genes more strongly expressed in parasitic stages than in preparasitic juveniles. We then selected candidate effectors for functional characterization. Quantitative real-time PCR and in situ hybridizations showed that the validated differentially expressed genes are predominantly specifically expressed in oesophageal glands of the nematode. We also soaked the nematodes in siRNA to silence these genes and to determine their role in pathogenicity. The silencing of the dorsal gland specific-Minc18876 and its paralogues resulted in a significant, reproducible decrease in the number of mature females with egg masses, demonstrating a potentially important role for the small glycine- and cysteine-rich effector MiSGCR1 in early stages of plant-nematode interaction. Finally, we report that MiSGCR1 suppresses plant cell death induced by bacterial or oomycete triggers of plant defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chinh-Nghia Nguyen
- INRA, Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, ISA, 400 route des Chappes, 06903, Cedex Sophia-Antipolis, France
| | - Laetitia Perfus-Barbeoch
- INRA, Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, ISA, 400 route des Chappes, 06903, Cedex Sophia-Antipolis, France
| | - Michaël Quentin
- INRA, Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, ISA, 400 route des Chappes, 06903, Cedex Sophia-Antipolis, France
| | - Jianlong Zhao
- Department of Plant Pathology and Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Ministry of Agriculture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Marc Magliano
- INRA, Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, ISA, 400 route des Chappes, 06903, Cedex Sophia-Antipolis, France
| | - Nathalie Marteu
- INRA, Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, ISA, 400 route des Chappes, 06903, Cedex Sophia-Antipolis, France
| | - Martine Da Rocha
- INRA, Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, ISA, 400 route des Chappes, 06903, Cedex Sophia-Antipolis, France
| | - Nicolas Nottet
- INRA, Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, ISA, 400 route des Chappes, 06903, Cedex Sophia-Antipolis, France
| | - Pierre Abad
- INRA, Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, ISA, 400 route des Chappes, 06903, Cedex Sophia-Antipolis, France
| | - Bruno Favery
- INRA, Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, ISA, 400 route des Chappes, 06903, Cedex Sophia-Antipolis, France
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Chen C, Cui L, Chen Y, Zhang H, Liu P, Wu P, Qiu D, Zou J, Yang D, Yang L, Liu H, Zhou Y, Li H. Transcriptional responses of wheat and the cereal cyst nematode Heterodera avenae during their early contact stage. Sci Rep 2017; 7:14471. [PMID: 29101332 PMCID: PMC5670130 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-14047-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Cereal cyst nematode (Heterodera avenae) is attracted to and aggregated around wheat roots to initiate infection, but this interaction between wheat and the nematode is not fully understood. The transcriptional responses of both wheat and H. avenae were examined during their early contact stage by mRNA sequencing analysis; certain numbers of the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were validated using quantitative real-time PCR. The immobile host wheat root only had 93 DEGs (27 up-regulated and 66 down-regulated), while the mobile plant parasitic nematode reacted much more actively with 879 DEGs (867 up-regulated and 12 down-regulated). Among them, a number of wheat DEGs (mostly down-regulated) were involved in biotic stress pathways, while several putative effector genes were up-regulated in the nematode DEGs. One putative chitinase-like effector gene of H. avenae was able to suppress BAX-triggered programmed cell death in Nicotiana benthamiana. Results of these experiments demonstrated that nematode responded more actively than wheat during the contact stage of parasitism. The parasite's responses mainly involved up-regulation of genes including at least one anti-plant-defence effector gene, whereas the host responses mainly involved down-regulation of certain defence-related genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changlong Chen
- The National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Lei Cui
- The National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Yongpan Chen
- Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Hongjun Zhang
- The National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Pei Liu
- Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Peipei Wu
- The National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Dan Qiu
- The National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Jingwei Zou
- The National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Dan Yang
- Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Li Yang
- The National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Hongwei Liu
- The National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Yang Zhou
- The National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Hongjie Li
- The National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China.
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Wolf T, Kämmer P, Brunke S, Linde J. Two's company: studying interspecies relationships with dual RNA-seq. Curr Opin Microbiol 2017; 42:7-12. [PMID: 28957710 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2017.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Revised: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Organisms do not exist isolated from each other, but constantly interact. Cells can sense the presence of interaction partners by a range of receptors and, via complex regulatory networks, specifically react by changing the expression of many of their genes. Technological advances in next-generation sequencing over the recent years now allow us to apply RNA sequencing to two species at the same time (dual RNA-seq), and thus to directly study the gene expression of two interacting species without the need to physically separate cells or RNA. In this review, we give an overview over the latest studies in interspecies interactions made possible by dual RNA-seq, ranging from pathogenic to symbiotic relationships. We summarize state-of-the-art experimental techniques, bioinformatic data analysis and data interpretation, while also highlighting potential problems and pitfalls starting from the selection of meaningful time points and number of reads to matters of rRNA depletion. A short outlook on new trends in the field of dual RNA-seq concludes this review, looking at sequencing of non-coding RNAs during host-pathogen interactions and the prediction of molecular interspecies interactions networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Wolf
- Research Group Systems Biology and Bioinformatics, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans-Knoell-Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Philipp Kämmer
- Department of Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans-Knoell-Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Sascha Brunke
- Department of Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans-Knoell-Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Jörg Linde
- Research Group PiDOMICS, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans-Knoell-Institute, Jena, Germany.
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Kikuchi T, Eves-van den Akker S, Jones JT. Genome Evolution of Plant-Parasitic Nematodes. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2017; 55:333-354. [PMID: 28590877 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-phyto-080516-035434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Plant parasitism has evolved independently on at least four separate occasions in the phylum Nematoda. The application of next-generation sequencing (NGS) to plant-parasitic nematodes has allowed a wide range of genome- or transcriptome-level comparisons, and these have identified genome adaptations that enable parasitism of plants. Current genome data suggest that horizontal gene transfer, gene family expansions, evolution of new genes that mediate interactions with the host, and parasitism-specific gene regulation are important adaptations that allow nematodes to parasitize plants. Sequencing of a larger number of nematode genomes, including plant parasites that show different modes of parasitism or that have evolved in currently unsampled clades, and using free-living taxa as comparators would allow more detailed analysis and a better understanding of the organization of key genes within the genomes. This would facilitate a more complete understanding of the way in which parasitism has shaped the genomes of plant-parasitic nematodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taisei Kikuchi
- Division of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan;
| | - Sebastian Eves-van den Akker
- Division of Plant Sciences, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, United Kingdom
- Department of Biological Chemistry, The John Innes Centre, Norwich, NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - John T Jones
- Cell and Molecular Sciences Group, Dundee Effector Consortium, James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 5DA, United Kingdom
- School of Biology, University of St. Andrews, North Haugh, St. Andrews, KY16 9TZ, United Kingdom
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40
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Chen J, Lin B, Huang Q, Hu L, Zhuo K, Liao J. A novel Meloidogyne graminicola effector, MgGPP, is secreted into host cells and undergoes glycosylation in concert with proteolysis to suppress plant defenses and promote parasitism. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13:e1006301. [PMID: 28403192 PMCID: PMC5402989 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Revised: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant pathogen effectors can recruit the host post-translational machinery to mediate their post-translational modification (PTM) and regulate their activity to facilitate parasitism, but few studies have focused on this phenomenon in the field of plant-parasitic nematodes. In this study, we show that the plant-parasitic nematode Meloidogyne graminicola has evolved a novel effector, MgGPP, that is exclusively expressed within the nematode subventral esophageal gland cells and up-regulated in the early parasitic stage of M. graminicola. The effector MgGPP plays a role in nematode parasitism. Transgenic rice lines expressing MgGPP become significantly more susceptible to M. graminicola infection than wild-type control plants, and conversely, in planta, the silencing of MgGPP through RNAi technology substantially increases the resistance of rice to M. graminicola. Significantly, we show that MgGPP is secreted into host plants and targeted to the ER, where the N-glycosylation and C-terminal proteolysis of MgGPP occur. C-terminal proteolysis promotes MgGPP to leave the ER, after which it is transported to the nucleus. In addition, N-glycosylation of MgGPP is required for suppressing the host response. The research data provide an intriguing example of in planta glycosylation in concert with proteolysis of a pathogen effector, which depict a novel mechanism by which parasitic nematodes could subjugate plant immunity and promote parasitism and may present a promising target for developing new strategies against nematode infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiansong Chen
- Laboratory of Plant Nematology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Borong Lin
- Laboratory of Plant Nematology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiuling Huang
- Laboratory of Plant Nematology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lili Hu
- Laboratory of Plant Nematology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kan Zhuo
- Laboratory of Plant Nematology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- * E-mail: (JLL); (KZ)
| | - Jinling Liao
- Laboratory of Plant Nematology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Eco-Engineering Polytechnic, Guangzhou, China
- * E-mail: (JLL); (KZ)
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Petitot AS, Kyndt T, Haidar R, Dereeper A, Collin M, de Almeida Engler J, Gheysen G, Fernandez D. Transcriptomic and histological responses of African rice (Oryza glaberrima) to Meloidogyne graminicola provide new insights into root-knot nematode resistance in monocots. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2017; 119:885-899. [PMID: 28334204 PMCID: PMC5604615 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcw256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 11/24/2016] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The root-knot nematode Meloidogyne graminicola is responsible for production losses in rice ( Oryza sativa ) in Asia and Latin America. The accession TOG5681 of African rice, O. glaberrima , presents improved resistance to several biotic and abiotic factors, including nematodes. The aim of this study was to assess the cytological and molecular mechanisms underlying nematode resistance in this accession. METHODS Penetration and development in M. graminicola in TOG5681 and the susceptible O. sativa genotype 'Nipponbare' were compared by microscopic observation of infected roots and histological analysis of galls. In parallel, host molecular responses to M. graminicola were assessed by root transcriptome profiling at 2, 4 and 8 d post-infection (dpi). Specific treatments with hormone inhibitors were conducted in TOG5681 to assess the impact of the jasmonic acid and salicylic acid pathways on nematode penetration and reproduction. KEY RESULTS Penetration and development of M. graminicola juveniles were reduced in the resistant TOG5681 in comparison with the susceptible accession, with degeneration of giant cells observed in the resistant genotype from 15 dpi onwards. Transcriptome changes were observed as early as 2 dpi, with genes predicted to be involved in defence responses, phenylpropanoid and hormone pathways strongly induced in TOG5681, in contrast to 'Nipponbare'. No specific hormonal pathway could be identified as the major determinant of resistance in the rice-nematode incompatible interaction. Candidate genes proposed as involved in resistance to M. graminicola in TOG5681 were identified based on their expression pattern and quantitative trait locus (QTL) position, including chalcone synthase, isoflavone reductase, phenylalanine ammonia lyase, WRKY62 transcription factor, thionin, stripe rust resistance protein, thaumatins and ATPase3. CONCLUSIONS This study provides a novel set of candidate genes for O. glaberrima resistance to nematodes and highlights the rice- M. graminicola pathosystem as a model to study plant-nematode incompatible interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Sophie Petitot
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, UMR 186 IPME (IRD-UM2-Cirad) 911, avenue Agropolis, BP 64501 34394 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Tina Kyndt
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, 9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - Rana Haidar
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, UMR 186 IPME (IRD-UM2-Cirad) 911, avenue Agropolis, BP 64501 34394 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Alexis Dereeper
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, UMR 186 IPME (IRD-UM2-Cirad) 911, avenue Agropolis, BP 64501 34394 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Myriam Collin
- UMR 232 DIADE (IRD-UM2-Cirad) 911, avenue Agropolis BP 64501, 34394 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Janice de Almeida Engler
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UMR IBSV INRA/CNRS/UNS, 400, Route de Chappes BP167, 06903 Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France
| | - Godelieve Gheysen
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, 9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - Diana Fernandez
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, UMR 186 IPME (IRD-UM2-Cirad) 911, avenue Agropolis, BP 64501 34394 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
- For correspondence. E-mail
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Mantelin S, Thorpe P, Jones JT. Translational biology of nematode effectors. Or, to put it another way, functional analysis of effectors – what’s the point? NEMATOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1163/15685411-00003048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
There has been a huge amount of work put into identifying and characterising effectors from plant-parasitic nematodes in recent years. Although this work has provided insights into the mechanisms by which nematodes can infect plants, the potential translational outputs of much of this research are not always clear. This short article will summarise how developments in effector biology have allowed, or will allow, new control strategies to be developed, drawing on examples from nematology and from other pathosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Mantelin
- Dundee Effector Consortium, Cell and Molecular Sciences, The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 5DA, UK
| | - Peter Thorpe
- Dundee Effector Consortium, Cell and Molecular Sciences, The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 5DA, UK
| | - John T. Jones
- Dundee Effector Consortium, Cell and Molecular Sciences, The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 5DA, UK
- Biology Department, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife KY16 9TZ, UK
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Mantelin S, Bellafiore S, Kyndt T. Meloidogyne graminicola: a major threat to rice agriculture. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2017; 18:3-15. [PMID: 26950515 PMCID: PMC6638252 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
TAXONOMY Superkingdom Eukaryota; Kingdom Metazoa; Phylum Nematoda; Class Chromadorea; Order Tylenchida; Suborder Tylenchina; Infraorder Tylenchomorpha; Superfamily Tylenchoidea; Family Meloidogynidae; Subfamily Meloidogyninae; Genus Meloidogyne. BIOLOGY Microscopic non-segmented roundworm. Plant pathogen; obligate sedentary endoparasitic root-knot nematode. Reproduction: facultative meiotic parthenogenetic species in which amphimixis can occur at a low frequency (c. 0.5%); relatively fast life cycle completed in 19-27 days on rice depending on the temperature range. HOST RANGE Reported to infect over 100 plant species, including cereals and grass plants, as well as dicotyledonous plants. Main host: rice (Oryza sativa). SYMPTOMS Characteristic hook-shaped galls (root swellings), mainly formed at the root tips of infected plants. Alteration of the root vascular system causes disruption of water and nutrient transport, stunting, chlorosis and loss of vigour, resulting in poor growth and reproduction of the plants with substantial yield losses in crops. DISEASE CONTROL Nematicides, chemical priming, constant immersion of rice in irrigated fields, crop rotation with resistant or non-host plants, use of nematode-free planting material. Some sources of resistance to Meloidogyne graminicola have been identified in African rice species (O. glaberrima and O. longistaminata), as well as in a few Asian rice cultivars. AGRONOMIC IMPORTANCE Major threat to rice agriculture, particularly in Asia. Adapted to flooded conditions, Meloidogyne graminicola causes problems in all types of rice agrosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Mantelin
- The James Hutton Institute, Dundee Effector ConsortiumInvergowrieDundeeDD2 5DAUK
| | - Stéphane Bellafiore
- IRD‐CIRAD‐Université Montpellier II, UMR Interactions Plantes Microorganismes Environnement (IPME)34394MontpellierFrance
- LMI‐RICEHanoiVietnam
| | - Tina Kyndt
- Department of Molecular BiotechnologyGhent University9000GhentBelgium
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