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Davosir D, Šola I, Ludwig-Müller J, Šeruga Musić M. Flavescence Dorée Strain-Specific Impact on Phenolic Metabolism Dynamics in Grapevine ( Vitis vinifera) throughout the Development of Phytoplasma Infection. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:189-199. [PMID: 38113060 PMCID: PMC10786034 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c06501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Flavescence dorée phytoplasma (FDp) is a phytopathogenic bacterium associated with Grapevine yellowS disease, which causes heavy damage to viticultural production. Epidemiological data revealed that some FDp strains appear to be more widespread and aggressive. However, there is no data on mechanisms underlying the variable pathogenicity among strains. In this research, we employed chromatographic and spectrophotometric techniques to assess how two strains of FDp influence the levels of grapevine phenolic compounds, which are frequently utilized as indicative markers of stress conditions. The results pointed to the upregulation of all branches of phenolic metabolism through the development of infection, correlating with the increase in antioxidative capacity. The more aggressive strain M54 induced stronger downregulation of phenolics' accumulation at the beginning and higher upregulation by the end of the season than the less aggressive M38 strain. These findings reveal potential targets of FDp effectors and provide the first functional demonstration of variable pathogenicity between FDp strains, suggesting the need for future comparative genomic analyses of FDp strains as an important factor in exploring the management possibilities of FDp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dino Davosir
- Department
of Biology, Faculty of Science, University
of Zagreb, Horvatovac 102a, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
- Faculty
of Biology, Technische Universität
Dresden, Zellescher Weg 20b, 01217 Dresden, Germany
| | - Ivana Šola
- Department
of Biology, Faculty of Science, University
of Zagreb, Horvatovac 102a, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Jutta Ludwig-Müller
- Faculty
of Biology, Technische Universität
Dresden, Zellescher Weg 20b, 01217 Dresden, Germany
| | - Martina Šeruga Musić
- Department
of Biology, Faculty of Science, University
of Zagreb, Horvatovac 102a, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
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Patuhai A, Wahab PEM, Yusoff MM, Dewir YH, Alsughayyir A, Hakiman M. Plant Growth Regulator- and Elicitor-Mediated Enhancement of Biomass and Andrographolide Production of Shoot Tip-Culture-Derived Plantlets of Andrographis paniculata (Burm.f.) Wall. (Hempedu Bumi). PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:2953. [PMID: 37631165 PMCID: PMC10459131 DOI: 10.3390/plants12162953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 07/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
Andrographis paniculata (Burm.f.) Wall. (Acanthaceae) is revered for its medicinal properties. In vitro culture of medicinal plants has assisted in improving both the quantity and quality of their yield. The current study investigated the effects of different surface sterilization treatments, plant growth regulators (PGRs), and elicitors on culture establishment and axillary shoot multiplication of A. paniculata. Subsequently, the production of andrographolide in the in vitro plantlets was evaluated using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis. The shoot-tip explant was successfully sterilized using 60% commercial bleach for 5 min of immersion with a 90% survival rate and 96.67% aseptic culture. The optimal PGR for shoot growth was 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) at 17.76 µM, supplemented into Murashige and Skoog (MS) media, producing 23.57 ± 0.48 leaves, 7.33 ± 0.10 shoots, and a 3.06 ± 0.02 cm length of shoots. Subsequently, MS medium supplemented with 5 mg/L chitosan produced 26.07 ± 0.14 leaves, 8.33 ± 0.07 shoots, and a 3.63 ± 0.02 cm length of shoots. The highest andrographolide content was obtained using the plantlets harvested from 5 mg/L chitosan with 2463.03 ± 0.398 µg/mL compared to the control (without elicitation) with 256.73 ± 0.341 µg/mL (859.39% increase). The results imply that the protocol for the shoot-tip culture of A. paniculata was developed, and that elicitation enhanced the herbage yield and the production of andrographolide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aicah Patuhai
- Department of Crop Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (A.P.); (P.E.M.W.); (M.M.Y.)
| | - Puteri Edaroyati Megat Wahab
- Department of Crop Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (A.P.); (P.E.M.W.); (M.M.Y.)
| | - Martini Mohammad Yusoff
- Department of Crop Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (A.P.); (P.E.M.W.); (M.M.Y.)
| | - Yaser Hassan Dewir
- Plant Production Department, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Ali Alsughayyir
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Mississippi State University, 75 B.S. Hood Rd, Starkville, MS 39762, USA;
| | - Mansor Hakiman
- Department of Crop Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (A.P.); (P.E.M.W.); (M.M.Y.)
- Laboratory of Sustainable Resources Management, Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
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Jiang X, Su Y, Wang M. Mapping of a novel clubroot disease resistance locus in Brassica napus and related functional identification. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1014376. [PMID: 36247580 PMCID: PMC9554558 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1014376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Clubroot disease, caused by Plasmodiophora brassicae, is a devastating disease that results in substantial yield loss in Brassicaceae crops worldwide. In this study, we identified a clubroot disease resistance (CR) Brassica napus, "Kc84R," which was obtained by mutation breeding. Genetic analysis revealed that the CR trait of "Kc84R" was controlled by a single dominant locus. We used the bulked segregant analysis sequencing (BSA-seq) approach, combined with genetic mapping based on single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers to identify CR loci from the F2 population derived from crossing CR "Kc84R" and clubroot susceptible "855S." The CR locus was mapped to a region between markers BnSNP14198336 and BnSNP14462201 on the A03 chromosome, and this fragment of 267 kb contained 68 annotated candidate genes. Furthermore, we performed the CR relation screening of candidate genes with the model species Arabidopsis. An ERF family transcriptional activator, BnERF034, was identified to be associated with the CR, and the corresponding Arabidopsis homozygous knockout mutants exhibited more pronounced resistance compared with the wild-type Col-0 and the transgenic lines of BnERF034 in response to P. brassicae infection. Additionally, the expression analysis between resistant and susceptible materials indicated that BnERF034 was identified to be the most likely CR candidate for the resistance in Kc84R. To conclude, this study reveals a novel gene responsible for CR. Further analysis of BnERF034 may reveal the molecular mechanisms underlying the CR of plants and provide a theoretical basis for Brassicaceae resistance breeding.
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Multi-Omics Approaches to Improve Clubroot Resistance in Brassica with a Special Focus on Brassica oleracea L. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23169280. [PMID: 36012543 PMCID: PMC9409056 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23169280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Brassica oleracea is an agronomically important species of the Brassicaceae family, including several nutrient-rich vegetables grown and consumed across the continents. But its sustainability is heavily constrained by a range of destructive pathogens, among which, clubroot disease, caused by a biotrophic protist Plasmodiophora brassicae, has caused significant yield and economic losses worldwide, thereby threatening global food security. To counter the pathogen attack, it demands a better understanding of the complex phenomenon of Brassica-P. brassicae pathosystem at the physiological, biochemical, molecular, and cellular levels. In recent years, multiple omics technologies with high-throughput techniques have emerged as successful in elucidating the responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. In Brassica spp., omics technologies such as genomics, transcriptomics, ncRNAomics, proteomics, and metabolomics are well documented, allowing us to gain insights into the dynamic changes that transpired during host-pathogen interactions at a deeper level. So, it is critical that we must review the recent advances in omics approaches and discuss how the current knowledge in multi-omics technologies has been able to breed high-quality clubroot-resistant B. oleracea. This review highlights the recent advances made in utilizing various omics approaches to understand the host resistance mechanisms adopted by Brassica crops in response to the P. brassicae attack. Finally, we have discussed the bottlenecks and the way forward to overcome the persisting knowledge gaps in delivering solutions to breed clubroot-resistant Brassica crops in a holistic, targeted, and precise way.
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A Novel Target (Oxidation Resistant 2) in Arabidopsis thaliana to Reduce Clubroot Disease Symptoms via the Salicylic Acid Pathway without Growth Penalties. HORTICULTURAE 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/horticulturae8010009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The clubroot disease (Plasmodiophora brassicae) is one of the most damaging diseases worldwide among brassica crops. Its control often relies on resistant cultivars, since the manipulation of the disease hormones, such as salicylic acid (SA) alters plant growth negatively. Alternatively, the SA pathway can be increased by the addition of beneficial microorganisms for biocontrol. However, this potential has not been exhaustively used. In this study, a recently characterized protein Oxidation Resistant 2 (OXR2) from Arabidopsis thaliana is shown to increase the constitutive pathway of SA defense without decreasing plant growth. Plants overexpressing AtOXR2 (OXR2-OE) show strongly reduced clubroot symptoms with improved plant growth performance, in comparison to wild type plants during the course of infection. Consequently, oxr2 mutants are more susceptible to clubroot disease. P. brassicae itself was reduced in these galls as determined by quantitative real-time PCR. Furthermore, we provide evidence for the transcriptional downregulation of the gene encoding a SA-methyltransferase from the pathogen in OXR2-OE plants that could contribute to the phenotype.
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Weeraddana CDS, Manolii VP, Strelkov SE, de la Mata AP, Harynuk JJ, Evenden ML. Infection of canola by the root pathogen Plasmodiophora brassicae increases resistance to aboveground herbivory by bertha armyworm, Mamestra configurata Walker (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 300:110625. [PMID: 33180705 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2020.110625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Infection of plants by pathogens can result in the upregulation of induced defenses; plants may be more or less susceptible to attack by insect herbivores following infection. We investigated the interaction between canola, Brassica napus L., plants infected with clubroot, Plasmodiophora brassicae Woronin, and a generalist herbivore the bertha armyworm (BAW) Mamestra configurata Walker using two canola cultivars that varied in susceptibility to clubroot disease. Volatile organic compounds released from experimental plants differed with infection and female adult BAW could discriminate between canola plants inoculated with P. brassicae and disease-free plants. Adult female moths preferentially laid eggs on disease-free plants of the susceptible cultivar to P. brassicae. Inoculation of resistant canola with P. brassicae, however, did not influence oviposition by female BAW. The fitness of BAW larvae was reduced when they were reared on susceptible canola inoculated with P. brassicae. Salicylic acid and its conjugates in susceptible canola plants were induced following P. brassicae inoculation as compared to disease-free susceptible plants. We conclude that suppression of BAW oviposition and offspring fitness may result in part from a change in the volatile profile of the plant as a result of inoculation and the induction of defenses in inoculated susceptible canola.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Victor P Manolii
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Canada
| | - Stephen E Strelkov
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Canada
| | | | | | - Maya L Evenden
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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Mencia R, Céccoli G, Fabro G, Torti P, Colombatti F, Ludwig-Müller J, Alvarez ME, Welchen E. OXR2 Increases Plant Defense against a Hemibiotrophic Pathogen via the Salicylic Acid Pathway. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 184:1112-1127. [PMID: 32727912 PMCID: PMC7536703 DOI: 10.1104/pp.19.01351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) OXIDATION RESISTANCE2 (AtOXR2) is a mitochondrial protein belonging to the Oxidation Resistance (OXR) protein family, recently described in plants. We analyzed the impact of AtOXR2 in Arabidopsis defense mechanisms against the hemibiotrophic bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae oxr2 mutant plants are more susceptible to infection by the pathogen and, conversely, plants overexpressing AtOXR2 (oeOXR2 plants) show enhanced disease resistance. Resistance in these plants is accompanied by higher expression of WRKY transcription factors, induction of genes involved in salicylic acid (SA) synthesis, accumulation of free SA, and overall activation of the SA signaling pathway. Accordingly, defense phenotypes are dependent on SA synthesis and SA perception pathways, since they are lost in isochorismate synthase1/salicylic acid induction deficient2 and nonexpressor of pathogenesis-related genes1 (npr1) mutant backgrounds. Overexpression of AtOXR2 leads to faster and stronger oxidative burst in response to the bacterial flagellin peptide flg22 Moreover, AtOXR2 affects the nuclear localization of the transcriptional coactivator NPR1, a master regulator of SA signaling. oeOXR2 plants have increased levels of total glutathione and a more oxidized cytosolic redox cellular environment under normal growth conditions. Therefore, AtOXR2 contributes to establishing plant protection against infection by P. syringae acting on the activity of the SA pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regina Mencia
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Cátedra de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, 3000 Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Gabriel Céccoli
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Cátedra de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, 3000 Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Georgina Fabro
- Centro de Investigaciones en Química Biológica de Córdoba, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Departamento de Química Biológica Ranwel Caputto, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, X5000HUA Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Pablo Torti
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Cátedra de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, 3000 Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Francisco Colombatti
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Cátedra de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, 3000 Santa Fe, Argentina
| | | | - Maria Elena Alvarez
- Centro de Investigaciones en Química Biológica de Córdoba, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Departamento de Química Biológica Ranwel Caputto, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, X5000HUA Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Elina Welchen
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Cátedra de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, 3000 Santa Fe, Argentina
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Sharma A, Sidhu GPS, Araniti F, Bali AS, Shahzad B, Tripathi DK, Brestic M, Skalicky M, Landi M. The Role of Salicylic Acid in Plants Exposed to Heavy Metals. Molecules 2020; 25:540. [PMID: 31991931 PMCID: PMC7037467 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25030540,] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Salicylic acid (SA) is a very simple phenolic compound (a C7H6O3 compound composed of an aromatic ring, one carboxylic and a hydroxyl group) and this simplicity contrasts with its high versatility and the involvement of SA in several plant processes either in optimal conditions or in plants facing environmental cues, including heavy metal (HM) stress. Nowadays, a huge body of evidence has unveiled that SA plays a pivotal role as plant growth regulator and influences intra- and inter-plant communication attributable to its methyl ester form, methyl salicylate, which is highly volatile. Under stress, including HM stress, SA interacts with other plant hormones (e.g., auxins, abscisic acid, gibberellin) and promotes the stimulation of antioxidant compounds and enzymes thereby alerting HM-treated plants and helping in counteracting HM stress. The present literature survey reviews recent literature concerning the roles of SA in plants suffering from HM stress with the aim of providing a comprehensive picture about SA and HM, in order to orientate the direction of future research on this topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anket Sharma
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
- Correspondence: (A.S.); (F.A.); (M.L.)
| | - Gagan Preet Singh Sidhu
- Department of Environment Education, Government College of Commerce and Business Administration, Chandigarh 160047, India;
| | - Fabrizio Araniti
- Dipartimento AGRARIA, Università Mediterranea di Reggio Calabria, Località Feo di Vito, SNC I-89124 Reggio Calabria, RC, Italy
- Correspondence: (A.S.); (F.A.); (M.L.)
| | | | - Babar Shahzad
- School of Land and Food, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS 7005, Australia;
| | - Durgesh Kumar Tripathi
- Amity Institute of Organic Agriculture, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida 201313, India;
| | - Marian Brestic
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Agrobiology and Food Resources, Slovak University of Agriculture, 94976 Nitra, Slovakia;
- Department of Botany and Plant Physiology, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences, 16500 Prague, Czech Republic;
| | - Milan Skalicky
- Department of Botany and Plant Physiology, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences, 16500 Prague, Czech Republic;
| | - Marco Landi
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, I-56124 Pisa, Italy
- CIRSEC, Centre for Climatic Change Impact, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, I-56124 Pisa, Italy
- Interdepartmental Research Center Nutrafood “Nutraceuticals and Food for Health”, University of Pisa, I-56124 Pisa, Italy
- Correspondence: (A.S.); (F.A.); (M.L.)
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Sharma A, Sidhu GPS, Araniti F, Bali AS, Shahzad B, Tripathi DK, Brestic M, Skalicky M, Landi M. The Role of Salicylic Acid in Plants Exposed to Heavy Metals. Molecules 2020; 25:E540. [PMID: 31991931 PMCID: PMC7037467 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25030540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Revised: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Salicylic acid (SA) is a very simple phenolic compound (a C7H6O3 compound composed of an aromatic ring, one carboxylic and a hydroxyl group) and this simplicity contrasts with its high versatility and the involvement of SA in several plant processes either in optimal conditions or in plants facing environmental cues, including heavy metal (HM) stress. Nowadays, a huge body of evidence has unveiled that SA plays a pivotal role as plant growth regulator and influences intra- and inter-plant communication attributable to its methyl ester form, methyl salicylate, which is highly volatile. Under stress, including HM stress, SA interacts with other plant hormones (e.g., auxins, abscisic acid, gibberellin) and promotes the stimulation of antioxidant compounds and enzymes thereby alerting HM-treated plants and helping in counteracting HM stress. The present literature survey reviews recent literature concerning the roles of SA in plants suffering from HM stress with the aim of providing a comprehensive picture about SA and HM, in order to orientate the direction of future research on this topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anket Sharma
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Gagan Preet Singh Sidhu
- Department of Environment Education, Government College of Commerce and Business Administration, Chandigarh 160047, India;
| | - Fabrizio Araniti
- Dipartimento AGRARIA, Università Mediterranea di Reggio Calabria, Località Feo di Vito, SNC I-89124 Reggio Calabria, RC, Italy
| | | | - Babar Shahzad
- School of Land and Food, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS 7005, Australia;
| | - Durgesh Kumar Tripathi
- Amity Institute of Organic Agriculture, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida 201313, India;
| | - Marian Brestic
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Agrobiology and Food Resources, Slovak University of Agriculture, 94976 Nitra, Slovakia;
- Department of Botany and Plant Physiology, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences, 16500 Prague, Czech Republic;
| | - Milan Skalicky
- Department of Botany and Plant Physiology, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences, 16500 Prague, Czech Republic;
| | - Marco Landi
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, I-56124 Pisa, Italy
- CIRSEC, Centre for Climatic Change Impact, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, I-56124 Pisa, Italy
- Interdepartmental Research Center Nutrafood “Nutraceuticals and Food for Health”, University of Pisa, I-56124 Pisa, Italy
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iTRAQ-based quantitative analysis reveals proteomic changes in Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa L.) in response to Plasmodiophora brassicae infection. Sci Rep 2019; 9:12058. [PMID: 31427711 PMCID: PMC6700187 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-48608-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Clubroot disease is one of the major diseases affecting Brassica crops, especially Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa L. ssp. pekinensis), which is known to be highly susceptible to the disease. In this study, the obligate biotrophic protist Plasmodiophora brassicae Woronin was used to infect the roots of Chinese cabbage seedlings. The disease symptoms were noticeable at 28 and 35 days after inoculation (DAI) in the susceptible (CM) line. Using isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ) analysis, a total of 5,003 proteins of differential abundance were identified in the resistant/susceptible lines, which could be quantitated by dipeptide or polypeptide segments. Gene ontology (GO) analysis indicated that the differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) between the susceptible (CM) and resistant (CCR) lines were associated with the glutathione transferase activity pathway, which could catalyze the combination of glutathione and other electrophilic compounds to protect plants from disease. In addition, the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis revealed that the DEPs may be significantly enriched cytokinin signaling or arginine biosynthesis pathways, both of which are responses to stimuli and are plant defense reactions. The cytokinins may facilitate cell division in the shoot, resulting in the hypertrophy and formation of galls and the presentation of typical clubroot symptoms. In this study, the proteomic results provide a new perspective for creating germplasm resistance to P. brassicae, as well as a genetic basis for breeding to improve Chinese cabbage.
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Ciaghi S, Schwelm A, Neuhauser S. Transcriptomic response in symptomless roots of clubroot infected kohlrabi (Brassica oleracea var. gongylodes) mirrors resistant plants. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 19:288. [PMID: 31262271 PMCID: PMC6604361 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-019-1902-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 06/23/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clubroot disease caused by Plasmodiophora brassicae (Phytomyxea, Rhizaria) is one of the economically most important diseases of Brassica crops. The formation of hypertrophied roots accompanied by altered metabolism and hormone homeostasis is typical for infected plants. Not all roots of infected plants show the same phenotypic changes. While some roots remain uninfected, others develop galls of diverse size. The aim of this study was to analyse and compare the intra-plant heterogeneity of P. brassicae root galls and symptomless roots of the same host plants (Brassica oleracea var. gongylodes) collected from a commercial field in Austria using transcriptome analyses. RESULTS Transcriptomes were markedly different between symptomless roots and gall tissue. Symptomless roots showed transcriptomic traits previously described for resistant plants. Genes involved in host cell wall synthesis and reinforcement were up-regulated in symptomless roots indicating elevated tolerance against P. brassicae. By contrast, genes involved in cell wall degradation and modification processes like expansion were up-regulated in root galls. Hormone metabolism differed between symptomless roots and galls. Brassinosteroid-synthesis was down-regulated in root galls, whereas jasmonic acid synthesis was down-regulated in symptomless roots. Cytokinin metabolism and signalling were up-regulated in symptomless roots with the exception of one CKX6 homolog, which was strongly down-regulated. Salicylic acid (SA) mediated defence response was up-regulated in symptomless roots, compared with root gall tissue. This is probably caused by a secreted benzoic acid/salicylic acid methyl transferase from the pathogen (PbBSMT), which was one of the highest expressed pathogen genes in gall tissue. The PbBSMT derived Methyl-SA potentially leads to increased pathogen tolerance in uninfected roots. CONCLUSIONS Infected and uninfected roots of clubroot infected plants showed transcriptomic differences similar to those previously described between clubroot resistant and susceptible hosts. The here described intra-plant heterogeneity suggests, that for a better understanding of clubroot disease targeted, spatial analyses of clubroot infected plants will be vital in understanding this economically important disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Ciaghi
- University of Innsbruck, Institute of Microbiology, Technikerstraße 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Arne Schwelm
- University of Innsbruck, Institute of Microbiology, Technikerstraße 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
- Department of Plant Biology, Uppsala BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Linnean Centre for Plant Biology, P.O. Box 7080, SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sigrid Neuhauser
- University of Innsbruck, Institute of Microbiology, Technikerstraße 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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Djavaheri M, Ma L, Klessig DF, Mithöfer A, Gropp G, Borhan H. Mimicking the Host Regulation of Salicylic Acid: A Virulence Strategy by the Clubroot Pathogen Plasmodiophora brassicae. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2019; 32:296-305. [PMID: 30199341 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-07-18-0192-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The plant hormone salicylic acid (SA) plays a critical role in defense against biotrophic pathogens such as Plasmodiophora brassicae, which is an obligate pathogen of crucifer species and the causal agent of clubroot disease of canola (Brassica napus). P. brassicae encodes a protein, predicted to be secreted, with very limited homology to benzoic acid (BA)/SA-methyltransferase, designated PbBSMT. PbBSMT has a SA- and an indole-3-acetic acid-binding domain, which are also present in Arabidopsis thaliana BSMT1 (AtBSMT1) and, like AtBSMT1, has been shown to methylate BA and SA. In support of the hypothesis that P. brassicae uses PbBSMT to overcome SA-mediated defenses by converting SA into inactive methyl salicylate (MeSA), here, we show that PbBSMT suppresses local defense and provide evidence that PbBSMT is much more effective than AtBSMT1 at suppressing the levels of SA and its associated effects. Basal SA levels in Arabidopsis plants that constitutively overexpress PbBSMT compared with those in Arabidopsis wild-type Col-0 (WT) were reduced approximately 80% versus only a 50% reduction in plants overexpressing AtBSMT1. PbBSMT-overexpressing plants were more susceptible to P. brassicae than WT plants; they also were partially compromised in nonhost resistance to Albugo candida. In contrast, AtBSMT1-overexpressing plants were not more susceptible than WT to either P. brassicae or A. candida. Furthermore, transgenic Arabidopsis and tobacco plants overexpressing PbBSMT exhibited increased susceptibility to virulent Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 (DC3000) and virulent Pseudomonas syringae pv. tabaci, respectively. Gene-mediated resistance to DC3000/AvrRpt2 and tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) was also compromised in Arabidopsis and Nicotiana tabacum 'Xanthi-nc' plants overexpressing PbBSMT, respectively. Transient expression of PbBSMT or AtBSMT1 in lower leaves of N. tabacum Xanthi-nc resulted in systemic acquired resistance (SAR)-like enhanced resistance to TMV in the distal systemic leaves. Chimeric grafting experiments revealed that, similar to SAR, the development of a PbBSMT-mediated SAR-like phenotype was also dependent on the MeSA esterase activity of NtSABP2 in the systemic leaves. Collectively, these results strongly suggest that PbBSMT is a novel effector, which is secreted by P. brassicae into its host plant to deplete pathogen-induced SA accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Djavaheri
- 1 Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Saskatoon Research Centre, 107 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK., S7N 0X2, Canada
| | - Lisong Ma
- 1 Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Saskatoon Research Centre, 107 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK., S7N 0X2, Canada
| | - Daniel F Klessig
- 2 Boyce Thompson Institute, Cornell University, 533 Tower Road, Ithaca, NY 14853, U.S.A.; and
| | - Axel Mithöfer
- 3 Max-Planck-Institute for Chemical Ecology, Beutenberg Campus, Hans-Knöll-Str. 8, D-07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Gordon Gropp
- 1 Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Saskatoon Research Centre, 107 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK., S7N 0X2, Canada
| | - Hossein Borhan
- 1 Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Saskatoon Research Centre, 107 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK., S7N 0X2, Canada
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13
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Bulman S, Richter F, Marschollek S, Benade F, Jülke S, Ludwig-Müller J. Arabidopsis thaliana expressing PbBSMT, a gene encoding a SABATH-type methyltransferase from the plant pathogenic protist Plasmodiophora brassicae, show leaf chlorosis and altered host susceptibility. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2019; 21 Suppl 1:120-130. [PMID: 29607585 DOI: 10.1111/plb.12728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The plant pathogenic protist Plasmodiophora brassicae causes clubroot disease of Brassicaceae. This biotrophic organism can down-regulate plant defence responses. The previously characterised P. brassicae PbBSMT methyltransferase has substrate specificity for salicylic, benzoic and anthranilic acids. We therefore propose a role for the methylation of SA in attenuating plant defence response in infected roots as a novel strategy for intracellular parasitism. We overexpressed PbBSMT under the control of an inducible promoter in Arabidopsis thaliana and performed physiological, molecular and phytopathological analyses with the transgenic plants under control and induced conditions in comparison to the wild type. Upon induction, transcription of PbBSMT was associated with: (1) strong leaf phenotypes from anthocyanin accumulation and chlorosis followed by browning; (2) increased plant susceptibility after infection with P. brassicae that was manifested as more yellow leaves and reduced growth of upper plant parts; and (3) induced transgenic plants were not able to support large galls and had a brownish appearance of some clubs. Microarray data indicated that chlorophyll loss was accompanied by reduced transcription of genes involved in photosynthesis, while genes encoding glucose metabolism, mitochondrial functions and cell wall synthesis were up-regulated. Our results indicate a role for PbBSMT in attenuation of host defence responses in the roots by metabolising a plant defence signal.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Bulman
- New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Ltd, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - F Richter
- Institute of Botany, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - S Marschollek
- Institute of Botany, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - F Benade
- Institute of Botany, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - S Jülke
- Institute of Botany, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - J Ludwig-Müller
- Institute of Botany, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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Prerostova S, Dobrev PI, Konradyova V, Knirsch V, Gaudinova A, Kramna B, Kazda J, Ludwig-Müller J, Vankova R. Hormonal Responses to Plasmodiophora brassicae Infection in Brassica napus Cultivars Differing in Their Pathogen Resistance. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E4024. [PMID: 30551560 PMCID: PMC6321006 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19124024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Revised: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Hormonal dynamics after Plasmodiophora brassicae infection were compared in two Brassica napus cultivars-more resistant SY Alister and more sensitive Hornet, in order to elucidate responses associated with efficient defense. Both cultivars responded to infection by the early transient elevation of active cytokinins (predominantly cis-zeatin) and auxin indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) in leaves and roots, which was longer in Hornet. Moderate IAA levels in Hornet roots coincided with a high expression of biosynthetic gene nitrilase NIT1 (contrary to TAA1, YUC8, YUC9). Alister had a higher basal level of salicylic acid (SA), and it stimulated its production (via the expression of isochorismate synthase (ICS1)) in roots earlier than Hornet. Gall formation stimulated cytokinin, auxin, and SA levels-with a maximum 22 days after inoculation (dai). SA marker gene PR1 expression was the most profound at the time point where gall formation began, in leaves, roots, and especially in galls. Jasmonic acid (JA) was higher in Hornet than in Alister during the whole experiment. To investigate SA and JA function, SA was applied before infection, and twice (before infection and 15 dai), and JA at 15 dai. Double SA application diminished gall formation in Alister, and JA promoted gall formation in both cultivars. Activation of SA/JA pathways reflects the main differences in clubroot resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylva Prerostova
- Institute of Experimental Botany Czech Acad Sci, Laboratory of Hormonal Regulations in Plants, Rozvojova 263, 165 02 Prague 6, Czech Republic.
| | - Petre I Dobrev
- Institute of Experimental Botany Czech Acad Sci, Laboratory of Hormonal Regulations in Plants, Rozvojova 263, 165 02 Prague 6, Czech Republic.
| | - Veronika Konradyova
- Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Department of Plant Protection, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamycka 129, 165 00 Prague 6, Czech Republic.
| | - Vojtech Knirsch
- Institute of Experimental Botany Czech Acad Sci, Laboratory of Hormonal Regulations in Plants, Rozvojova 263, 165 02 Prague 6, Czech Republic.
| | - Alena Gaudinova
- Institute of Experimental Botany Czech Acad Sci, Laboratory of Hormonal Regulations in Plants, Rozvojova 263, 165 02 Prague 6, Czech Republic.
| | - Barbara Kramna
- Institute of Experimental Botany Czech Acad Sci, Laboratory of Hormonal Regulations in Plants, Rozvojova 263, 165 02 Prague 6, Czech Republic.
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Charles University, Faculty of Science, Vinicna 5, 128 44 Prague 2, Czech Republic.
| | - Jan Kazda
- Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Department of Plant Protection, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamycka 129, 165 00 Prague 6, Czech Republic.
| | - Jutta Ludwig-Müller
- Dresden, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Botany, Technische Universität, 01062 Dresden, Germany.
| | - Radomira Vankova
- Institute of Experimental Botany Czech Acad Sci, Laboratory of Hormonal Regulations in Plants, Rozvojova 263, 165 02 Prague 6, Czech Republic.
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Xu L, Yang H, Ren L, Chen W, Liu L, Liu F, Zeng L, Yan R, Chen K, Fang X. Jasmonic Acid-Mediated Aliphatic Glucosinolate Metabolism Is Involved in Clubroot Disease Development in Brassica napus L. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:750. [PMID: 29922320 PMCID: PMC5996939 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Glucosinolate (GSL) is associated with clubroot disease, which is caused by the obligate biotrophic protist Plasmodiophora brassicae. Due to the complicated composition of GSLs, their exact role in clubroot disease development remains unclear. By investigating clubroot disease resistance in cruciferous plants and characterizing the GSL content in seeds, we can determine if clubroot disease development is related to the components of GSLs. The difference in the infection process between Matthiola incana L. (resistant) and Brassica napus L. (susceptible) was determined. Root hair infection was definitely observed in both resistant and susceptible hosts, but no infection was observed during the cortical infection stage in resistant roots; this finding was verified by molecular detection of P. brassicae via PCR amplification at various times after inoculation. Based on the time course detection of the contents and compositions of GSLs after P. brassicae inoculation, susceptible roots exhibited increased accumulation of aliphatic, indolic, and aromatic GSLs in B. napus, but only aromatic GSLs were significantly increased in M. incana. Gluconapin, which was the main aliphatic GSL in B. napus and present only in B. napus, was significantly increased during the secondary infection stage. Quantification of the internal jasmonic acid (JA) concentration showed that both resistant and susceptible plants exhibited an enhanced level of JA, particularly in susceptible roots. The exogenous JA treatment induced aliphatic GSLs in B. napus and aromatic GSLs in M. incana. JA-induced aromatic GSLs may be involved in the defense against P. brassicae, whereas aliphatic GSLs induced by JA in B. napus likely play a role during the secondary infection stage. Three candidate MYB28 genes regulate the content of aliphatic GSLs identified in B. napus; one such gene was BnMYB28.1, which was significantly increased following both the treatment with exogenous JA and P. brassicae inoculation. In summary, the increased content of JA during the secondary infection stage may induce the expression of BnMYB28.1, which caused the accumulation of aliphatic GSLs in clubroot disease development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Xiaoping Fang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
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Hedtmann C, Guo W, Reifschneider E, Heiber I, Hiltscher H, van Buer J, Barsch A, Niehaus K, Rowan B, Lortzing T, Steppuhn A, Baier M. The Plant Immunity Regulating F-Box Protein CPR1 Supports Plastid Function in Absence of Pathogens. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1650. [PMID: 29018463 PMCID: PMC5615928 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The redox imbalanced 6 mutant (rimb6) of Arabidopsis thaliana was isolated in a genetic screening approach for mutants with defects in chloroplast-to-nucleus redox signaling. It has an atypically low activation status of the 2-Cys peroxiredoxin-A promoter in the seedling stage. rimb6 shows wildtype-like germination, seedling development and greening, but slower growth and reduced biomass in the rosette stage. Mapping of the casual mutation revealed that rimb6 carries a single nucleotide polymorphism in the gene encoding CONSTITUTIVE EXPRESSER OF PATHOGENESIS RELATED (PR) GENES 1, CPR1 (At4g12560), leading to a premature stop codon. CPR1 is known as a repressor of pathogen signaling and regulator of microtubule organization. Allelism of rimb6 and cpr1 revealed a function of CPR1 in chloroplast stress protection. Expression studies in pathogen signaling mutants demonstrated that CPR1-mediated activation of genes for photosynthesis and chloroplast antioxidant protection is, in contrast to activation of pathogen responses, regulated independently from PAD4-controlled salicylic acid (SA) accumulation. We conclude that the support of plastid function is a basic, SA-independent function of CPR1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiane Hedtmann
- Plant Physiology, Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences, Free University of BerlinBerlin, Germany
| | - Wei Guo
- Plant Physiology, Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences, Free University of BerlinBerlin, Germany
| | - Elena Reifschneider
- Plant Physiology, Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences, Free University of BerlinBerlin, Germany
| | - Isabelle Heiber
- Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Bielefeld UniversityBielefeld, Germany
| | - Heiko Hiltscher
- Plant Sciences, Heinrich Heine University of DüsseldorfDüsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jörn van Buer
- Plant Physiology, Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences, Free University of BerlinBerlin, Germany
| | - Aiko Barsch
- Proteom- und Metabolomforschung, Bielefeld UniversityBielefeld, Germany
| | - Karsten Niehaus
- Proteom- und Metabolomforschung, Bielefeld UniversityBielefeld, Germany
| | - Beth Rowan
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Developmental BiologyTübingen, Germany
| | - Tobias Lortzing
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Free University of BerlinBerlin, Germany
| | - Anke Steppuhn
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Free University of BerlinBerlin, Germany
| | - Margarete Baier
- Plant Physiology, Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences, Free University of BerlinBerlin, Germany
- *Correspondence: Margarete Baier
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17
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Chen T, Bi K, He Z, Gao Z, Zhao Y, Fu Y, Cheng J, Xie J, Jiang D. Arabidopsis Mutant bik1 Exhibits Strong Resistance to Plasmodiophora brassicae. Front Physiol 2016; 7:402. [PMID: 27679580 PMCID: PMC5020103 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2016.00402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Botrytis-induced kinase1 (BIK1), a receptor-like cytoplasmic kinase, plays an important role in resistance against pathogens and insects in Arabidopsis thaliana. However, it remains unknown whether BIK1 functions against Plasmodiophora brassicae, an obligate biotrophic protist that attacks cruciferous plants and induces gall formation on roots. Here, we investigated the potential roles of receptors FLS2, BAK1, and BIK1 in the infection of P. brassicae cruciferous plants. Wild-type plants, fls2, and bak1 mutants showed typical symptom on roots, and the galls were filled with large quantities of resting spores, while bik1 mutant plants exhibited strong resistance to P. brassicae. Compared with that of the wild-type plants, the root hair and cortical infection rate of bik1 mutant were significantly reduced by about 40-50%. A considerable portion of bik1 roots failed to form typical galls. Even if some small galls were formed, they were filled with multinucleate secondary plasmodia. The bik1 plants accumulated less reactive oxygen species (ROS) at infected roots than other mutants and wild-type plants. Exogenous salicylic acid (SA) treatment alleviated the clubroot symptoms in wild-type plants, and the expression of the SA signaling marker gene PR1 was significantly increased in bik1. Both sid2 (salicylic acid induction-deficient 2) and npr1-1 [non-expresser of PR genes that regulate systemic acquired resistance (SAR)] mutants showed increased susceptibility to P. brassicae compared with wild-type plants. These results suggest that the resistance of bik1 to P. brassicae is possibly mediated by SA inducible mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China
- The Provincial Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China
| | - Kai Bi
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China
- The Provincial Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China
| | - Zhangchao He
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China
- The Provincial Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China
| | - Zhixiao Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China
- The Provincial Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China
| | - Ying Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China
- The Provincial Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China
| | - Yanping Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China
- The Provincial Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China
| | - Jiasen Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China
- The Provincial Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China
| | - Jiatao Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China
- The Provincial Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China
| | - Daohong Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China
- The Provincial Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China
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