1
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Chen S, Zhong X, Wang Z, Chen B, Huang X, Xu S, Yang X, Zhou G, Zhang T. Rice stripe mosaic virus hijacks rice heading-related gene to promote the overwintering of its insect vector. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2024. [PMID: 38923382 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2022] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Rice stripe mosaic virus (RSMV) is an emerging pathogen which significantly reduces rice yields in the southern region of China. It is transmitted by the leafhopper Recilia dorsalis, which overwinters in rice fields. Our field investigations revealed that RSMV infection causes delayed rice heading, resulting in a large number of green diseased plants remaining in winter rice fields. This creates a favorable environment for leafhoppers and viruses to overwinter, potentially contributing to the rapid spread and epidemic of the disease. Next, we explored the mechanism by which RSMV manipulates the developmental processes of the rice plant. A rice heading-related E3 ubiquitin ligase, Heading date Associated Factor 1 (HAF1), was found to be hijacked by the RSMV-encoded P6. The impairment of HAF1 function affects the ubiquitination and degradation of downstream proteins, HEADING DATE 1 and EARLY FLOWERING3, leading to a delay in rice heading. Our results provide new insights into the development regulation-based molecular interactions between virus and plant, and highlights the importance of understanding virus-vector-plant tripartite interactions for effective disease management strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siping Chen
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Xinyi Zhong
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Zhiyi Wang
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Biao Chen
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Xiuqin Huang
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Sipei Xu
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Xin Yang
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Guohui Zhou
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Tong Zhang
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
- State Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
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2
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Buckingham LJ, Ashby B. Coevolution of Age-Structured Tolerance and Virulence. Bull Math Biol 2024; 86:62. [PMID: 38662120 PMCID: PMC11045647 DOI: 10.1007/s11538-024-01292-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Hosts can evolve a variety of defences against parasitism, including resistance (which prevents or reduces the spread of infection) and tolerance (which protects against virulence). Some organisms have evolved different levels of tolerance at different life-stages, which is likely to be the result of coevolution with pathogens, and yet it is currently unclear how coevolution drives patterns of age-specific tolerance. Here, we use a model of tolerance-virulence coevolution to investigate how age structure influences coevolutionary dynamics. Specifically, we explore how coevolution unfolds when tolerance and virulence (disease-induced mortality) are age-specific compared to when these traits are uniform across the host lifespan. We find that coevolutionary cycling is relatively common when host tolerance is age-specific, but cycling does not occur when tolerance is the same across all ages. We also find that age-structured tolerance can lead to selection for higher virulence in shorter-lived than in longer-lived hosts, whereas non-age-structured tolerance always leads virulence to increase with host lifespan. Our findings therefore suggest that age structure can have substantial qualitative impacts on host-pathogen coevolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydia J Buckingham
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, University of Bath, Bath, UK.
- Milner Centre for Evolution, University of Bath, Bath, UK.
| | - Ben Ashby
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, University of Bath, Bath, UK
- Milner Centre for Evolution, University of Bath, Bath, UK
- Department of Mathematics, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
- Pacific Institute on Pathogens, Pandemics and Society, Burnaby, BC, Canada
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3
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Willig JJ, Sonneveld D, van Steenbrugge JJM, Deurhof L, van Schaik CC, Teklu MG, Goverse A, Lozano-Torres JL, Smant G, Sterken MG. From root to shoot: quantifying nematode tolerance in Arabidopsis thaliana by high-throughput phenotyping of plant development. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2023; 74:5487-5499. [PMID: 37432651 PMCID: PMC10540735 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
Nematode migration, feeding site formation, withdrawal of plant assimilates, and activation of plant defence responses have a significant impact on plant growth and development. Plants display intraspecific variation in tolerance limits for root-feeding nematodes. Although disease tolerance has been recognized as a distinct trait in biotic interactions of mainly crops, we lack mechanistic insights. Progress is hampered by difficulties in quantification and laborious screening methods. We turned to the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana, since it offers extensive resources to study the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying nematode-plant interactions. Through imaging of tolerance-related parameters, the green canopy area was identified as an accessible and robust measure for assessing damage due to cyst nematode infection. Subsequently, a high-throughput phenotyping platform simultaneously measuring the green canopy area growth of 960 A. thaliana plants was developed. This platform can accurately measure cyst nematode and root-knot nematode tolerance limits in A. thaliana through classical modelling approaches. Furthermore, real-time monitoring provided data for a novel view of tolerance, identifying a compensatory growth response. These findings show that our phenotyping platform will enable a new mechanistic understanding of tolerance to below-ground biotic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaap-Jan Willig
- Laboratory of Nematology, Wageningen University & Research, 6708PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Devon Sonneveld
- Laboratory of Nematology, Wageningen University & Research, 6708PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Laurens Deurhof
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University & Research, 6708PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Casper C van Schaik
- Laboratory of Nematology, Wageningen University & Research, 6708PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Misghina G Teklu
- Agrosystems Research, Wageningen University & Research, 6708PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Aska Goverse
- Laboratory of Nematology, Wageningen University & Research, 6708PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jose L Lozano-Torres
- Laboratory of Nematology, Wageningen University & Research, 6708PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Geert Smant
- Laboratory of Nematology, Wageningen University & Research, 6708PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Mark G Sterken
- Laboratory of Nematology, Wageningen University & Research, 6708PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
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4
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Hoffmann G, Shukla A, López-González S, Hafrén A. Cauliflower mosaic virus disease spectrum uncovers novel susceptibility factor NCED9 in Arabidopsis thaliana. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2023; 74:4751-4764. [PMID: 37249342 PMCID: PMC10433934 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Viruses are intimately linked with their hosts and especially dependent on gene-for-gene interactions to establish successful infections. On the host side, defence mechanisms such as tolerance and resistance can occur within the same species, leading to differing virus accumulation in relation to symptomology and plant fitness. The identification of novel resistance genes against viruses and susceptibility factors is an important part of understanding viral patho-genesis and securing food production. The model plant Arabidopsis thaliana displays a wide symptom spectrum in response to RNA virus infections, and unbiased genome-wide association studies have proven a powerful tool to identify novel disease-genes. In this study we infected natural accessions of A. thaliana with the pararetrovirus cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) to study the phenotypic variations between accessions and their correlation with virus accumulation. Through genome-wide association mapping of viral accumulation differences, we identified several susceptibility factors for CaMV, the strongest of which was the abscisic acid synthesis gene NCED9. Further experiments confirmed the importance of abscisic acid homeostasis and its disruption for CaMV disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gesa Hoffmann
- Department of Plant Biology, Uppsala BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden
- Linnean Center for Plant Biology, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Aayushi Shukla
- Department of Plant Biology, Uppsala BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden
- Linnean Center for Plant Biology, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Silvia López-González
- Department of Plant Biology, Uppsala BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden
- Linnean Center for Plant Biology, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anders Hafrén
- Department of Plant Biology, Uppsala BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden
- Linnean Center for Plant Biology, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden
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5
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Ijaz M, Khan F, Zaki HEM, Khan MM, Radwan KSA, Jiang Y, Qian J, Ahmed T, Shahid MS, Luo J, Li B. Recent Trends and Advancements in CRISPR-Based Tools for Enhancing Resistance against Plant Pathogens. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:plants12091911. [PMID: 37176969 PMCID: PMC10180734 DOI: 10.3390/plants12091911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Targeted genome editing technologies are becoming the most important and widely used genetic tools in studies of phytopathology. The "clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)" and its accompanying proteins (Cas) have been first identified as a natural system associated with the adaptive immunity of prokaryotes that have been successfully used in various genome-editing techniques because of its flexibility, simplicity, and high efficiency in recent years. In this review, we have provided a general idea about different CRISPR/Cas systems and their uses in phytopathology. This review focuses on the benefits of knock-down technologies for targeting important genes involved in the susceptibility and gaining resistance against viral, bacterial, and fungal pathogens by targeting the negative regulators of defense pathways of hosts in crop plants via different CRISPR/Cas systems. Moreover, the possible strategies to employ CRISPR/Cas system for improving pathogen resistance in plants and studying plant-pathogen interactions have been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Munazza Ijaz
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Fahad Khan
- Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, University of Tasmania, Prospect, TAS 7250, Australia
| | - Haitham E M Zaki
- Horticulture Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Minia University, El-Minia 61517, Egypt
- Applied Biotechnology Department, University of Technology and Applied Sciences-Sur, Sur 411, Oman
| | - Muhammad Munem Khan
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Khlode S A Radwan
- Plant Pathology Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Minia University, El-Minia 61517, Egypt
| | - Yugen Jiang
- Agricultural Technology Extension Center of Fuyang District, Hangzhou 311400, China
| | - Jiahui Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Temoor Ahmed
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Muhammad Shafiq Shahid
- Department of Plant Sciences, College of Agricultural and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Al-Khod 123, Oman
| | - Jinyan Luo
- Department of Plant Quarantine, Shanghai Extension and Service Center of Agriculture Technology, Shanghai 201103, China
| | - Bin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
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6
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Melero I, González R, Elena SF. Host developmental stages shape the evolution of a plant RNA virus. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2023; 378:20220005. [PMID: 36744567 PMCID: PMC9979778 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2022.0005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Viruses are obligate pathogens that entirely rely on their hosts to complete their infectious cycle. The outcome of viral infections depends on the status of the host. Host developmental stage is an important but sometimes overlooked factor impacting host-virus interactions. This impact is especially relevant in a context where climate change and human activities are altering plant development. To better understand how different host developmental stages shape virus evolution, we experimentally evolved turnip mosaic virus (TuMV) on Arabidopsis thaliana at three different developmental stages: vegetative (juvenile), bolting (transition) and reproductive (mature). After infecting plants with an Arabidopsis-naive or an Arabidopsis-well-adapted TuMV isolate, we observed that hosts in later developmental stages were prone to faster and more severe infections. This observation was extended to viruses belonging to different genera. Thereafter, we experimentally evolved lineages of the naive and the well-adapted TuMV isolates in plants from each of the three developmental stages. All evolved viruses enhanced their infection traits, but this increase was more intense in viruses evolved in younger hosts. The genomic changes of the evolved viral lineages revealed mutation patterns that strongly depended on the founder viral isolate as well as on the developmental stage of the host wherein the lineages were evolved. This article is part of the theme issue 'Infectious disease ecology and evolution in a changing world'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izan Melero
- Instituto de Biología Integrativa de Sistemas (CSIC - Universitat de València), Paterna, 46182 València, Spain
| | - Rubén González
- Instituto de Biología Integrativa de Sistemas (CSIC - Universitat de València), Paterna, 46182 València, Spain
| | - Santiago F. Elena
- Instituto de Biología Integrativa de Sistemas (CSIC - Universitat de València), Paterna, 46182 València, Spain,The Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe 87501, NM, USA
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7
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Jeger MJ. Tolerance of plant virus disease: Its genetic, physiological, and epidemiological significance. Food Energy Secur 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/fes3.440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Michael John Jeger
- Department of Life Sciences, Silwood Park Imperial College London Ascot UK
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8
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Shukla A, Pagán I, Crevillén P, Alonso‐Blanco C, García‐Arenal F. A role of flowering genes in the tolerance of Arabidopsis thaliana to cucumber mosaic virus. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2022; 23:175-187. [PMID: 34672409 PMCID: PMC8743021 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The genetic basis of plant tolerance to parasites is poorly understood. We have previously shown that tolerance of Arabidopsis thaliana to its pathogen cucumber mosaic virus is achieved through changes in host life-history traits on infection that result in delaying flowering and reallocating resources from vegetative growth to reproduction. In this system we analyse here genetic determinants of tolerance using a recombinant inbred line family derived from a cross of two accessions with extreme phenotypes. Three major quantitative trait loci for tolerance were identified, which co-located with three flowering repressor genes, FLC, FRI, and HUA2. The role of these genes in tolerance was further examined in genotypes carrying functional or nonfunctional alleles. Functional alleles of FLC together with FRI and/or HUA2 were required for both tolerance and resource reallocation from growth to reproduction. Analyses of FLC alleles from wild accessions that differentially modulate flowering time showed that they ranked differently for their effects on tolerance and flowering. These results pinpoint a role of FLC in A. thaliana tolerance to cucmber mosaic virus, which is a novel major finding, as FLC has not been recognized previously to be involved in plant defence. Although tolerance is associated with a delay in flowering that allows resource reallocation, our results indicate that FLC regulates tolerance and flowering initiation by different mechanisms. Thus, we open a new avenue of research on the interplay between defence and development in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aayushi Shukla
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de PlantasUniversidad Politécnica de Madrid, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y AlimentariaMadridSpain
- Present address:
Department of Plant BiologyUppsala BioCenterSwedish University of Agricultural Sciences75007UppsalaSweden
| | - Israel Pagán
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de PlantasUniversidad Politécnica de Madrid, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y AlimentariaMadridSpain
- ETSI Agronómica, Alimentaria y de BiosistemasMadridSpain
| | - Pedro Crevillén
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de PlantasUniversidad Politécnica de Madrid, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y AlimentariaMadridSpain
| | - Carlos Alonso‐Blanco
- Departamento de Genética Molecular de PlantasCentro Nacional de BiotecnologíaConsejo Superior de Investigaciones CientíficasMadridSpain
| | - Fernando García‐Arenal
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de PlantasUniversidad Politécnica de Madrid, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y AlimentariaMadridSpain
- ETSI Agronómica, Alimentaria y de BiosistemasMadridSpain
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9
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Montes N, Vijayan V, Pagán I. Host population structure for tolerance determines the evolution of plant-virus interactions. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 231:1570-1585. [PMID: 33997993 PMCID: PMC8362011 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Heterogeneity for plant defences determines both the capacity of host populations to buffer the effect of infection and the pathogen´s fitness. However, little information is known on how host population structure for tolerance, a major plant defence, impacts the evolution of plant-pathogen interactions. By performing 10 serial passages of Turnip mosaic virus (TuMV) in Arabidopsis thaliana populations with varying proportion of tolerant genotypes simulating different structures for this trait, we analysed how host heterogeneity for this defence shapes the evolution of both virus multiplication, the effect of infection on plant fecundity and mortality, and plant tolerance and resistance. Results indicated that a higher proportion of tolerant genotypes in the host population promotes virus multiplication and reduces the effect of infection on plant mortality, but not on plant fecundity. These changes resulted in more effective plant tolerance to virus infection. Conversely, a lower proportion of tolerant genotypes reduced virus multiplication, boosting plant resistance. Our work for the first time provides evidence of the main role of host population structure for tolerance on pathogen evolution and on the subsequent feedback loops on plant defences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuria Montes
- Fisiología VegetalDepartamento Ciencias Farmacéuticas y de la SaludFacultad de FarmaciaUniversidad San Pablo‐CEU UniversitiesBoadilla del Monte (Madrid)28668Spain
- Servicio de ReumatologíaHospital Universitario de la PrincesaInstituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IIS‐IP)Madrid28008Spain
| | - Viji Vijayan
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas UPM‐INIA and ETS Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaria y de BiosistemasUniversidad Politécnica de MadridMadrid28223Spain
| | - Israel Pagán
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas UPM‐INIA and ETS Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaria y de BiosistemasUniversidad Politécnica de MadridMadrid28223Spain
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10
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Montes N, Cobos A, Gil-Valle M, Caro E, Pagán I. Arabidopsis thaliana Genes Associated with Cucumber mosaic virus Virulence and Their Link to Virus Seed Transmission. Microorganisms 2021; 9:692. [PMID: 33801693 PMCID: PMC8067046 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9040692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Virulence, the effect of pathogen infection on progeny production, is a major determinant of host and pathogen fitness as it affects host fecundity and pathogen transmission. In plant-virus interactions, ample evidence indicates that virulence is genetically controlled by both partners. However, the host genetic determinants are poorly understood. Through a genome-wide association study (GWAS) of 154 Arabidopsis thaliana genotypes infected by Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), we identified eight host genes associated with virulence, most of them involved in response to biotic stresses and in cell wall biogenesis in plant reproductive structures. Given that virulence is a main determinant of the efficiency of plant virus seed transmission, we explored the link between this trait and the genetic regulation of virulence. Our results suggest that the same functions that control virulence are also important for CMV transmission through seeds. In sum, this work provides evidence of a novel role for some previously known plant defense genes and for the cell wall metabolism in plant virus interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuria Montes
- Unidad de Fisiología Vegetal, Departamento Ciencias Farmacéuticas y de la Salud, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU Universities, Boadilla del Monte, 28003 Madrid, Spain;
- Servicio de Reumatología, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IIS-IP), 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Alberto Cobos
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas UPM-INIA and Departamento de Biotecnología-Biología Vegetal, E.T.S. Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28045 Madrid, Spain; (A.C.); (M.G.-V.); (E.C.)
| | - Miriam Gil-Valle
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas UPM-INIA and Departamento de Biotecnología-Biología Vegetal, E.T.S. Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28045 Madrid, Spain; (A.C.); (M.G.-V.); (E.C.)
| | - Elena Caro
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas UPM-INIA and Departamento de Biotecnología-Biología Vegetal, E.T.S. Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28045 Madrid, Spain; (A.C.); (M.G.-V.); (E.C.)
| | - Israel Pagán
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas UPM-INIA and Departamento de Biotecnología-Biología Vegetal, E.T.S. Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28045 Madrid, Spain; (A.C.); (M.G.-V.); (E.C.)
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11
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Aponte-Díaz LA, Ruiz-Arocho J, Carrera-Martínez R, van Ee BW. Contrasting Effects of the Invasive Hypogeococcus sp. (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) Infestation on Seed Germination of Pilosocereus royenii (Cactaceae), a Puerto Rican Native Cactus. CARIBB J SCI 2020. [DOI: 10.18475/cjos.v50i2.a2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laura A. Aponte-Díaz
- Biology Department, University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez Campus, Mayagüez, Puerto Rico
| | - Jorge Ruiz-Arocho
- Biology Department, University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez Campus, Mayagüez, Puerto Rico
| | | | - Benjamin W. van Ee
- Biology Department, University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez Campus, Mayagüez, Puerto Rico
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12
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Bergès SE, Vasseur F, Bediée A, Rolland G, Masclef D, Dauzat M, van Munster M, Vile D. Natural variation of Arabidopsis thaliana responses to Cauliflower mosaic virus infection upon water deficit. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008557. [PMID: 32413076 PMCID: PMC7255604 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant virus pathogenicity is expected to vary with changes in the abiotic environment that affect plant physiology. Conversely, viruses can alter the host plant response to additional stimuli from antagonism to mutualism depending on the virus, the host plant and the environment. Ecological theory, specifically the CSR framework of plant strategies developed by Grime and collaborators, states that plants cannot simultaneously optimize resistance to both water deficit and pathogens. Here, we investigated the vegetative and reproductive performance of 44 natural accessions of A. thaliana originating from the Iberian Peninsula upon simultaneous exposure to soil water deficit and viral infection by the Cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV). Following the predictions of Grime's CSR theory, we tested the hypothesis that the ruderal character of a plant genotype is positively related to its tolerance to virus infection regardless of soil water availability. Our results showed that CaMV infection decreased plant vegetative performance and annihilated reproductive success of all accessions. In general, water deficit decreased plant performance, but, despite differences in behavior, ranking of accessions tolerance to CaMV was conserved under water deficit. Ruderality, quantified from leaf traits following a previously published procedure, varied significantly among accessions, and was positively correlated with tolerance to viral infection under both well-watered and water deficit conditions, although the latter to a lesser extent. Also, in accordance with the ruderal character of the accession and previous findings, our results suggest that accession tolerance to CaMV infection is positively correlated with early flowering. Finally, plant survival to CaMV infection increased under water deficit. The complex interactions between plant, virus and abiotic environment are discussed in terms of the variation in plant ecological strategies at the intraspecific level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandy E. Bergès
- LEPSE, Univ Montpellier, INRAE, Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier, France
- BGPI, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier, France
| | - François Vasseur
- LEPSE, Univ Montpellier, INRAE, Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier, France
- CEFE, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Univ Montpellier, Univ Paul Valéry Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Alexis Bediée
- LEPSE, Univ Montpellier, INRAE, Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier, France
| | - Gaëlle Rolland
- LEPSE, Univ Montpellier, INRAE, Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier, France
| | - Diane Masclef
- LEPSE, Univ Montpellier, INRAE, Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier, France
| | - Myriam Dauzat
- LEPSE, Univ Montpellier, INRAE, Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Denis Vile
- LEPSE, Univ Montpellier, INRAE, Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier, France
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13
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Mikaberidze A, McDonald BA. A tradeoff between tolerance and resistance to a major fungal pathogen in elite wheat cultivars. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 226:879-890. [PMID: 31917858 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Tolerance and resistance represent two strategies that hosts evolved to protect themselves from pathogens. Tolerance alleviates the reduction in host fitness due to infection without reducing a pathogen's growth, whereas resistance reduces pathogen growth. We investigated the tolerance of wheat to the major fungal pathogen Zymoseptoria tritici in 335 elite wheat cultivars. We used a novel digital phenotyping approach that included 11 152 infected leaves and counted 2069 048 pathogen fruiting bodies. We discovered a new component of tolerance that is based on the relationship between the green area remaining on a leaf and the number of pathogen fruiting bodies. We found a negative correlation between tolerance and resistance among intolerant cultivars, presenting the first compelling evidence for a tradeoff between tolerance and resistance to plant pathogens. Surprisingly, the tradeoff arises due to limits in the host resources available to the pathogen and not due to metabolic constraints, contrary to what ecological theory suggests. The mechanism underlying this tradeoff may be relevant for many plant diseases in which the amount of host resources available to the pathogen can limit the pathogen population. Our analysis indicates that European wheat breeders may have selected for tolerance instead of resistance to an important pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey Mikaberidze
- School of Agriculture, Policy and Development, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, RG6 6AR, UK
| | - Bruce A McDonald
- Plant Pathology, Institute of Integrative Biology, LFW, ETH Zurich, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland
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14
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Montes N, Vijayan V, Pagán I. Trade-offs between host tolerances to different pathogens in plant-virus interactions. Virus Evol 2020; 6:veaa019. [PMID: 32211198 PMCID: PMC7079720 DOI: 10.1093/ve/veaa019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Although accumulating evidence indicates that tolerance is a plant defence strategy against pathogens as widespread as resistance, how plants evolve tolerance is poorly understood. Theory predicts that hosts will evolve to maximize tolerance or resistance, but not both. Remarkably, most experimental works failed in finding this trade-off. We tested the hypothesis that the evolution of tolerance to one virus is traded-off against tolerance to others, rather than against resistance and identified the associated mechanisms. To do so, we challenged eighteen Arabidopsis thaliana genotypes with Turnip mosaic virus (TuMV) and Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV). We characterized plant life-history trait modifications associated with reduced effects of TuMV and CMV on plant seed production (fecundity tolerance) and life period (mortality tolerance), both measured as a norm of reaction across viral loads (range tolerance). Also, we analysed resistance-tolerance and tolerance-tolerance trade-offs. Results indicate that tolerance to TuMV is associated with changes in the length of the pre-reproductive and reproductive periods, and tolerance to CMV with resource reallocation from growth to reproduction; and that tolerance to TuMV is traded-off against tolerance to CMV in a virulence-dependent manner. Thus, this work provides novel insights on the mechanisms of plant tolerance and highlights the importance of considering the combined effect of different pathogens to understand how plant defences evolve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuria Montes
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas UPM-INIA and E.T.S. Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Autopista M40, km.38, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid 28223, Spain.,Fisiología Vegetal, Departamento Ciencias Farmacéuticas y de la Salud, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU universities, Boadilla del Monte, Madrid, Spain and Servicio de Reumatología, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IIS-IP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Viji Vijayan
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas UPM-INIA and E.T.S. Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Autopista M40, km.38, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid 28223, Spain.,Fisiología Vegetal, Departamento Ciencias Farmacéuticas y de la Salud, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU universities, Boadilla del Monte, Madrid, Spain and Servicio de Reumatología, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IIS-IP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Israel Pagán
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas UPM-INIA and E.T.S. Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Autopista M40, km.38, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid 28223, Spain
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15
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González R, Butković A, Elena SF. From foes to friends: Viral infections expand the limits of host phenotypic plasticity. Adv Virus Res 2020; 106:85-121. [PMID: 32327149 DOI: 10.1016/bs.aivir.2020.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Phenotypic plasticity enables organisms to survive in the face of unpredictable environmental stress. Intimately related to the notion of phenotypic plasticity is the concept of the reaction norm that places phenotypic plasticity in the context of a genotype-specific response to environmental gradients. Whether reaction norms themselves evolve and which factors might affect their shape has been the object of intense debates among evolutionary biologists along the years. Since their discovery, viruses have been considered as pathogens. However, new viromic techniques and a shift in conceptual paradigms are showing that viruses are mostly non-pathogenic ubiquitous entities. Recent studies have shown how viral infections can even be beneficial for their hosts. This may happen especially in the context of stressed hosts, where the virus infection can induce beneficial changes in the host's physiological homeostasis, hence changing the shape of the reaction norm. Despite the fact that underlying physiological mechanisms and evolutionary dynamics are still not well understood, such beneficial interactions are being discovered in a growing number of plant-virus systems. Here, we aim to review these disperse studies and place them into the context of phenotypic plasticity and the evolution of reaction norms. This is an emerging field that is posing many questions that still need to be properly answered. The answers would clearly interest virologists, plant pathologists and evolutionary biologists and likely they will suggest possible future biotechnological applications, including the development of crops with higher survival rates and yield under adverse environmental situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubén González
- Instituto de Biología Integrativa de Sistemas, CSIC-Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Anamarija Butković
- Instituto de Biología Integrativa de Sistemas, CSIC-Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Santiago F Elena
- Instituto de Biología Integrativa de Sistemas, CSIC-Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain; The Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, NM, United States.
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16
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Within-Host Multiplication and Speed of Colonization as Infection Traits Associated with Plant Virus Vertical Transmission. J Virol 2019; 93:JVI.01078-19. [PMID: 31511374 PMCID: PMC6854480 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01078-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Although vertical transmission from parents to offspring through seeds is an important fitness component of many plant viruses, very little is known about the factors affecting this process. Viruses reach the seed by direct invasion of the embryo and/or by infection of the ovules or the pollen. Thus, it can be expected that the efficiency of seed transmission would be determined by (i) virus within-host multiplication and movement, (ii) the ability of the virus to invade gametic tissues, (iii) plant seed production upon infection, and (iv) seed survival in the presence of the virus. However, these predictions have seldom been experimentally tested. To address this question, we challenged 18 Arabidopsis thaliana accessions with Turnip mosaic virus and Cucumber mosaic virus Using these plant-virus interactions, we analyzed the relationship between the effect of virus infection on rosette and inflorescence weights; short-, medium-, and long-term seed survival; virulence; the number of seeds produced per plant; virus within-host speed of movement; virus accumulation in the rosette and inflorescence; and efficiency of seed transmission measured as a percentage and as the total number of infected seeds. Our results indicate that the best estimators of percent seed transmission are the within-host speed of movement and multiplication in the inflorescence. Together with these two infection traits, virulence and the number of seeds produced per infected plant were also associated with the number of infected seeds. Our results provide support for theoretical predictions and contribute to an understanding of the determinants of a process central to plant-virus interactions.IMPORTANCE One of the major factors contributing to plant virus long-distance dispersal is the global trade of seeds. This is because more than 25% of plant viruses can infect seeds, which are the main mode of germplasm exchange/storage, and start new epidemics in areas where they were not previously present. Despite the relevance of this process for virus epidemiology and disease emergence, the infection traits associated with the efficiency of virus seed transmission are largely unknown. Using turnip mosaic and cucumber mosaic viruses and their natural host Arabidopsis thaliana as model systems, we have identified the within-host speed of virus colonization and multiplication in the reproductive structures as the main determinants of the efficiency of seed transmission. These results contribute to shedding light on the mechanisms by which plant viruses disperse and optimize their fitness and may help in the design of more-efficient strategies to prevent seed infection.
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17
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Montes N, Pagán I. Light Intensity Modulates the Efficiency of Virus Seed Transmission through Modifications of Plant Tolerance. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 8:E304. [PMID: 31461899 PMCID: PMC6783938 DOI: 10.3390/plants8090304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Increased light intensity has been predicted as a major consequence of climate change. Light intensity is a critical resource involved in many plant processes, including the interaction with viruses. A central question to plant-virus interactions is understanding the determinants of virus dispersal among plants. However, very little is known on the effect of environmental factors on virus transmission, particularly through seeds. The fitness of seed-transmitted viruses is highly dependent on host reproductive potential, and requires higher virus multiplication in reproductive organs. Thus, environmental conditions that favor reduced virus virulence without controlling its level of within-plant multiplication (i.e., tolerance) may enhance seed transmission. We tested the hypothesis that light intensity conditions that enhance plant tolerance promote virus seed transmission. To do so, we challenged 18 Arabidopsis thaliana accessions with Turnip mosaic virus (TuMV) and Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) under high and low light intensity. Results indicated that higher light intensity increased TuMV multiplication and/or plant tolerance, which was associated with more efficient seed transmission. Conversely, higher light intensity reduced plant tolerance and CMV multiplication, and had no effect on seed transmission. This work provides novel insights on how environmental factors modulate plant virus transmission and contributes to understand the underlying processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuria Montes
- Fisiología Vegetal, Departamento Ciencias Farmacéuticas y de la Salud, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU Universities, 28668, Boadilla del Monte (Madrid), Spain and Servicio de Reumatología, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IIS-IP), 28006 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Israel Pagán
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas UPM-INIA and E.T.S. Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, Departamento de Biotecnología-Biología Vegetal, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28223 Madrid, Spain.
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18
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Montes N, Alonso-Blanco C, García-Arenal F. Cucumber mosaic virus infection as a potential selective pressure on Arabidopsis thaliana populations. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1007810. [PMID: 31136630 PMCID: PMC6555541 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Revised: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
It has been proposed that in wild ecosystems viruses are often plant mutualists, whereas agroecosystems favour pathogenicity. We seek evidence for virus pathogenicity in wild ecosystems through the analysis of plant-virus coevolution, which requires a negative effect of infection on the host fitness. We focus on the interaction between Arabidopsis thaliana and Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), which is significant in nature. We studied the genetic diversity of A. thaliana for two defence traits, resistance and tolerance, to CMV. A set of 185 individuals collected in 76 A. thaliana Iberian wild populations were inoculated with different CMV strains. Resistance was estimated from the level of virus multiplication in infected plants, and tolerance from the effect of infection on host progeny production. Resistance and tolerance to CMV showed substantial genetic variation within and between host populations, and depended on the virus x host genotype interaction, two conditions for coevolution. Resistance and tolerance were co-occurring independent traits that have evolved independently from related life-history traits involved in adaptation to climate. The comparison of the genetic structure for resistance and tolerance with that for neutral traits (QST/FST analyses) indicated that both defence traits are likely under uniform selection. These results strongly suggest that CMV infection selects for defence on A. thaliana populations, and support plant-virus coevolution. Thus, we propose that CMV infection reduces host fitness under the field conditions of the wild A. thaliana populations studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuria Montes
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (UPM-INIA), and E.T.S.I. Agronómica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, Campus de Montegancedo, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Pozuelo de Alarcón (Madrid), Spain
| | - Carlos Alonso-Blanco
- Departamento de Genética Molecular de Plantas, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CNB-CSIC), Campus Universidad Autónoma, Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain
| | - Fernando García-Arenal
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (UPM-INIA), and E.T.S.I. Agronómica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, Campus de Montegancedo, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Pozuelo de Alarcón (Madrid), Spain
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19
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Paudel DB, Sanfaçon H. Exploring the Diversity of Mechanisms Associated With Plant Tolerance to Virus Infection. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1575. [PMID: 30450108 PMCID: PMC6224807 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Tolerance is defined as an interaction in which viruses accumulate to some degree without causing significant loss of vigor or fitness to their hosts. Tolerance can be described as a stable equilibrium between the virus and its host, an interaction in which each partner not only accommodate trade-offs for survival but also receive some benefits (e.g., protection of the plant against super-infection by virulent viruses; virus invasion of meristem tissues allowing vertical transmission). This equilibrium, which would be associated with little selective pressure for the emergence of severe viral strains, is common in wild ecosystems and has important implications for the management of viral diseases in the field. Plant viruses are obligatory intracellular parasites that divert the host cellular machinery to complete their infection cycle. Highjacking/modification of plant factors can affect plant vigor and fitness. In addition, the toxic effects of viral proteins and the deployment of plant defense responses contribute to the induction of symptoms ranging in severity from tissue discoloration to malformation or tissue necrosis. The impact of viral infection is also influenced by the virulence of the specific virus strain (or strains for mixed infections), the host genotype and environmental conditions. Although plant resistance mechanisms that restrict virus accumulation or movement have received much attention, molecular mechanisms associated with tolerance are less well-understood. We review the experimental evidence that supports the concept that tolerance can be achieved by reaching the proper balance between plant defense responses and virus counter-defenses. We also discuss plant translation repression mechanisms, plant protein degradation or modification pathways and viral self-attenuation strategies that regulate the accumulation or activity of viral proteins to mitigate their impact on the host. Finally, we discuss current progress and future opportunities toward the application of various tolerance mechanisms in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinesh Babu Paudel
- Department of Botany, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Hélène Sanfaçon
- Summerland Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Summerland, BC, Canada
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20
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Abstract
The two major mechanisms of plant defense against pathogens are resistance (the host's ability to limit pathogen multiplication) and tolerance (the host's ability to reduce the effect of infection on its fitness regardless of the level of pathogen multiplication). There is abundant literature on virtually every aspect of plant resistance to pathogens. Although tolerance to plant pathogens is comparatively less understood, studies on this plant defense strategy have led to major insights into its evolution, mechanistic basis and genetic determinants. This review aims at summarizing current theories and experimental evidence on the evolutionary causes and consequences of plant tolerance to pathogens, as well as the existing knowledge on the genetic determinants and mechanisms of tolerance. Our review reveals that (i) in plant-pathogen systems, resistance and tolerance generally coexist, i.e., are not mutually exclusive; (ii) evidence of tolerance polymorphisms is abundant regardless of the pathogen considered; (iii) tolerance is an efficient strategy to reduce the damage on the infected host; and (iv) there is no evidence that tolerance results in increased pathogen multiplication. Taken together, the work discussed in this review indicates that tolerance may be as important as resistance in determining the dynamics of plant-pathogen interactions. Several aspects of plant tolerance to pathogens that still remain unclear and which should be explored in the future, are also outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Israel Pagán
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (UPM-INIA) and E.T.S. Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28223 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Fernando García-Arenal
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (UPM-INIA) and E.T.S. Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28223 Madrid, Spain.
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21
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Križnik M, Petek M, Dobnik D, Ramšak Ž, Baebler Š, Pollmann S, Kreuze JF, Žel J, Gruden K. Salicylic Acid Perturbs sRNA-Gibberellin Regulatory Network in Immune Response of Potato to Potato virus Y Infection. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:2192. [PMID: 29312421 PMCID: PMC5744193 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.02192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Potato virus Y is the most economically important potato viral pathogen. We aimed at unraveling the roles of small RNAs (sRNAs) in the complex immune signaling network controlling the establishment of tolerant response of potato cv. Désirée to the virus. We constructed a sRNA regulatory network connecting sRNAs and their targets to link sRNA level responses to physiological processes. We discovered an interesting novel sRNAs-gibberellin regulatory circuit being activated as early as 3 days post inoculation (dpi) before viral multiplication can be detected. Two endogenous sRNAs, miR167 and phasiRNA931 were predicted to regulate gibberellin biosynthesis genes GA20-oxidase and GA3-oxidase. The increased expression of phasiRNA931 was also reflected in decreased levels of GA3-oxidase transcripts. Moreover, decreased concentration of gibberellin confirmed this regulation. The functional relation between lower activity of gibberellin signaling and reduced disease severity was previously confirmed in Arabidopsis-virus interaction using knockout mutants. We further showed that this regulation is salicylic acid-dependent as the response of sRNA network was attenuated in salicylic acid-depleted transgenic counterpart NahG-Désirée expressing severe disease symptoms. Besides downregulation of gibberellin signaling, regulation of immune receptor transcripts by miR6022 as well as upregulation of miR164, miR167, miR169, miR171, miR319, miR390, and miR393 in tolerant Désirée, revealed striking similarities to responses observed in mutualistic symbiotic interactions. The intertwining of different regulatory networks revealed, shows how developmental signaling, disease symptom development, and stress signaling can be balanced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja Križnik
- Department of Biotechnology and Systems Biology, National Institute of Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- JoŽef Stefan International Postgraduate School, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Marko Petek
- Department of Biotechnology and Systems Biology, National Institute of Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - David Dobnik
- Department of Biotechnology and Systems Biology, National Institute of Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Živa Ramšak
- Department of Biotechnology and Systems Biology, National Institute of Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Špela Baebler
- Department of Biotechnology and Systems Biology, National Institute of Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Stephan Pollmann
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid UPM - Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jan F. Kreuze
- Global Program of Integrated Crop and Systems Research, International Potato Center (CIP), Lima, Peru
| | - Jana Žel
- Department of Biotechnology and Systems Biology, National Institute of Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Kristina Gruden
- Department of Biotechnology and Systems Biology, National Institute of Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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