1
|
Martínez‐Pérez M, Aparicio F, Arribas‐Hernández L, Tankmar MD, Rennie S, von Bülow S, Lindorff‐Larsen K, Brodersen P, Pallas V. Plant YTHDF proteins are direct effectors of antiviral immunity against an N6-methyladenosine-containing RNA virus. EMBO J 2023; 42:e113378. [PMID: 37431920 PMCID: PMC10505913 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2022113378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023] Open
Abstract
In virus-host interactions, nucleic acid-directed first lines of defense that allow viral clearance without compromising growth are of paramount importance. Plants use the RNA interference pathway as a basal antiviral immune system, but additional RNA-based mechanisms of defense also exist. The infectivity of a plant positive-strand RNA virus, alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV), relies on the demethylation of viral RNA by the recruitment of the cellular N6-methyladenosine (m6 A) demethylase ALKBH9B, but how demethylation of viral RNA promotes AMV infection remains unknown. Here, we show that inactivation of the Arabidopsis cytoplasmic YT521-B homology domain (YTH)-containing m6 A-binding proteins ECT2, ECT3, and ECT5 is sufficient to restore AMV infectivity in partially resistant alkbh9b mutants. We further show that the antiviral function of ECT2 is distinct from its previously demonstrated function in the promotion of primordial cell proliferation: an ect2 mutant carrying a small deletion in its intrinsically disordered region is partially compromised for antiviral defense but not for developmental functions. These results indicate that the m6 A-YTHDF axis constitutes a novel branch of basal antiviral immunity in plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mireya Martínez‐Pérez
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones CientíficasUniversitat Politècnica de ValènciaValenciaSpain
| | - Frederic Aparicio
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones CientíficasUniversitat Politècnica de ValènciaValenciaSpain
| | | | | | - Sarah Rennie
- Department of BiologyUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Sören von Bülow
- Department of BiologyUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | | | - Peter Brodersen
- Department of BiologyUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Vicente Pallas
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones CientíficasUniversitat Politècnica de ValènciaValenciaSpain
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Mäkinen K, Aspelin W, Pollari M, Wang L. How do they do it? The infection biology of potyviruses. Adv Virus Res 2023; 117:1-79. [PMID: 37832990 DOI: 10.1016/bs.aivir.2023.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kristiina Mäkinen
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - William Aspelin
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Maija Pollari
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Linping Wang
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Hak H, Raanan H, Schwarz S, Sherman Y, Dinesh‐Kumar SP, Spiegelman Z. Activation of Tm-2 2 resistance is mediated by a conserved cysteine essential for tobacco mosaic virus movement. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2023; 24:838-848. [PMID: 37086003 PMCID: PMC10346382 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The tomato Tm-22 gene was considered to be one of the most durable resistance genes in agriculture, protecting against viruses of the Tobamovirus genus, such as tomato mosaic virus (ToMV) and tobacco mosaic virus (TMV). However, an emerging tobamovirus, tomato brown rugose fruit virus (ToBRFV), has overcome Tm-22 , damaging tomato production worldwide. Tm-22 encodes a nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat (NLR) class immune receptor that recognizes its effector, the tobamovirus movement protein (MP). Previously, we found that ToBRFV MP (MPToBRFV ) enabled the virus to overcome Tm-22 -mediated resistance. Yet, it was unknown how Tm-22 remained durable against other tobamoviruses, such as TMV and ToMV, for over 60 years. Here, we show that a conserved cysteine (C68) in the MP of TMV (MPTMV ) plays a dual role in Tm-22 activation and viral movement. Substitution of MPToBRFV amino acid H67 with the corresponding amino acid in MPTMV (C68) activated Tm-22 -mediated resistance. However, replacement of C68 in TMV and ToMV disabled the infectivity of both viruses. Phylogenetic and structural prediction analysis revealed that C68 is conserved among all Solanaceae-infecting tobamoviruses except ToBRFV and localizes to a predicted jelly-roll fold common to various MPs. Cell-to-cell and subcellular movement analysis showed that C68 is required for the movement of TMV by regulating the MP interaction with the endoplasmic reticulum and targeting it to plasmodesmata. The dual role of C68 in viral movement and Tm-22 immune activation could explain how TMV was unable to overcome this resistance for such a long period.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hagit Hak
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, Agricultural Research OrganizationThe Volcani InstituteRishon LeZionIsrael
| | - Hagai Raanan
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, Agricultural Research OrganizationThe Volcani InstituteRishon LeZionIsrael
- Gilat Research CenterAgricultural Research OrganizationNegevIsrael
| | - Shahar Schwarz
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, Agricultural Research OrganizationThe Volcani InstituteRishon LeZionIsrael
| | - Yifat Sherman
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, Agricultural Research OrganizationThe Volcani InstituteRishon LeZionIsrael
- The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and EnvironmentThe Hebrew University of JerusalemRehovotIsrael
| | - Savithramma P. Dinesh‐Kumar
- Department of Plant Biology and Genome CenterCollege of Biological Sciences, University of CaliforniaDavisCaliforniaUSA
| | - Ziv Spiegelman
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, Agricultural Research OrganizationThe Volcani InstituteRishon LeZionIsrael
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Liu S, Han Y, Li WX, Ding SW. Infection Defects of RNA and DNA Viruses Induced by Antiviral RNA Interference. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2023; 87:e0003522. [PMID: 37052496 PMCID: PMC10304667 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00035-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Immune recognition of viral genome-derived double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) molecules and their subsequent processing into small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) in plants, invertebrates, and mammals trigger specific antiviral immunity known as antiviral RNA interference (RNAi). Immune sensing of viral dsRNA is sequence-independent, and most regions of viral RNAs are targeted by virus-derived siRNAs which extensively overlap in sequence. Thus, the high mutation rates of viruses do not drive immune escape from antiviral RNAi, in contrast to other mechanisms involving specific virus recognition by host immune proteins such as antibodies and resistance (R) proteins in mammals and plants, respectively. Instead, viruses actively suppress antiviral RNAi at various key steps with a group of proteins known as viral suppressors of RNAi (VSRs). Some VSRs are so effective in virus counter-defense that potent inhibition of virus infection by antiviral RNAi is undetectable unless the cognate VSR is rendered nonexpressing or nonfunctional. Since viral proteins are often multifunctional, resistance phenotypes of antiviral RNAi are accurately defined by those infection defects of VSR-deletion mutant viruses that are efficiently rescued by host deficiency in antiviral RNAi. Here, we review and discuss in vivo infection defects of VSR-deficient RNA and DNA viruses resulting from the actions of host antiviral RNAi in model systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Si Liu
- Department of Microbiology & Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside, California, USA
- Center for Plant Cell Biology, Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, California, USA
| | - Yanhong Han
- Vector-borne Virus Research Center, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Wan-Xiang Li
- Department of Microbiology & Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside, California, USA
- Center for Plant Cell Biology, Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, California, USA
| | - Shou-Wei Ding
- Department of Microbiology & Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside, California, USA
- Center for Plant Cell Biology, Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, California, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Wu Q, Cui Y, Jin X, Wang G, Yan L, Zhong C, Yu M, Li W, Wang Y, Wang L, Wang H, Dang C, Zhang X, Chen Y, Zhang P, Zhao X, Wu J, Fu D, Xia L, Nevo E, Vogel J, Huo N, Li D, Gu YQ, Jackson AO, Zhang Y, Liu Z. The CC-NB-LRR protein BSR1 from Brachypodium confers resistance to Barley stripe mosaic virus in gramineous plants by recognising TGB1 movement protein. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 236:2233-2248. [PMID: 36059081 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Although some nucleotide binding, leucine-rich repeat immune receptor (NLR) proteins conferring resistance to specific viruses have been identified in dicot plants, NLR proteins involved in viral resistance have not been described in monocots. We have used map-based cloning to isolate the CC-NB-LRR (CNL) Barley stripe mosaic virus (BSMV) resistance gene barley stripe resistance 1 (BSR1) from Brachypodium distachyon Bd3-1 inbred line. Stable BSR1 transgenic Brachypodium line Bd21-3, barley (Golden Promise) and wheat (Kenong 199) plants developed resistance against BSMV ND18 strain. Allelic variation analyses indicated that BSR1 is present in several Brachypodium accessions collected from countries in the Middle East. Protein domain swaps revealed that the intact LRR domain and the C-terminus of BSR1 are required for resistance. BSR1 interacts with the BSMV ND18 TGB1 protein in planta and shows temperature-sensitive antiviral resistance. The R390 and T392 residues of TGB1ND (ND18 strain) and the G196 and K197 residues within the BSR1 P-loop motif are key amino acids required for immune activation. BSR1 is the first cloned virus resistance gene encoding a typical CNL protein in monocots, highlighting the utility of the Brachypodium model for isolation and analysis of agronomically important genes for crop improvement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiuhong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Yu Cui
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Xuejiao Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, College of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin'an, Hangzhou, 311300, China
| | - Guoxin Wang
- Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, China
| | - Lijie Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Agro-Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Chenchen Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Agro-Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Meihua Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Agro-Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Wenli Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agro-Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Ling Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Hao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agro-Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Chen Dang
- State Key Laboratory of Agro-Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xinyu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agro-Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yongxing Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, 100101, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Panpan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, 100101, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xiaofei Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Agro-Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jiajie Wu
- College of Agronomy, Shandong Agriculture University, Taian, 271018, China
| | - Daolin Fu
- College of Agronomy, Shandong Agriculture University, Taian, 271018, China
| | - Lanqin Xia
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Eviatar Nevo
- Institute of Evolution, Haifa University, Haifa, 31905, Israel
| | - John Vogel
- Joint Genome Institute, DOE, Walnut Creek, CA, 94598, USA
| | - Naxin Huo
- USDA-ARS Western Regional Research Center, Albany, CA, 94710, USA
| | - Dawei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agro-Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yong Q Gu
- USDA-ARS Western Regional Research Center, Albany, CA, 94710, USA
| | - Andrew O Jackson
- Department of Plant and Microbiology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Yongliang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agro-Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Zhiyong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, 100101, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Sett S, Prasad A, Prasad M. Resistance genes on the verge of plant-virus interaction. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 27:1242-1252. [PMID: 35902346 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2022.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Viruses are acellular pathogens that cause severe infections in plants, resulting in worldwide crop losses every year. The lack of chemical agents to control viral diseases exacerbates the situation. Thus, to devise proper management strategies, it is important that the defense mechanisms of plants against viruses are understood. Resistance (R) genes regulate plant defense against invading pathogens by eliciting a hypersensitive response (HR). Compatible interaction between plant R gene and viral avirulence (Avr) protein activates the necrotic cell death response at the site of infection, resulting in the cessation of disease. Here, we review different aspects of R gene-mediated dominant resistance against plant viruses in dicotyledonous plants and possible ways for developing crops with better disease resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Susmita Sett
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Ashish Prasad
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Manoj Prasad
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India; Department of Plant Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500046, Telangana, India.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Liu C, Zhang J, Wang J, Liu W, Wang K, Chen X, Wen Y, Tian S, Pu Y, Fan G, Ma X, Sun X. Tobacco mosaic virus hijacks its coat protein-interacting protein IP-L to inhibit NbCML30, a calmodulin-like protein, to enhance its infection. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 112:677-693. [PMID: 36087000 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Calcium is an important plant immune signal that is essential for activating host resistance, but how RNA viruses manipulate calcium signals to promote their infections remains largely unknown. Here, we demonstrated that tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) coat protein (CP)-interacting protein L (IP-L) associates with calmodulin-like protein 30 (NbCML30) in the cytoplasm and nucleus, and can suppress its expression at the nucleic acid and protein levels. NbCML30, which lacks the EF-hand conserved domain and cannot bind to Ca2+ , was located in the cytoplasm and nucleus and was downregulated by TMV infection. NbCML30 silencing promoted TMV infection, while its overexpression inhibited TMV infection by activating Ca2+ -dependent oxidative stress in plants. NbCML30-mediated resistance to TMV mainly depends on IP-L regulation as the facilitation of TMV infection by silencing NbCML30 was canceled by co-silencing NbCML30 and IP-L. Overall, these findings indicate that in the absence of any reported silencing suppressor activity, TMV CP manipulates IP-L to inhibit NbCML30, influencing its Ca2+ -dependent role in the oxidative stress response. These results lay a theoretical foundation that will enable us to engineer tobacco (Nicotiana spp.) with improved TMV resistance in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Changyun Liu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Disease Biology, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Disease Biology, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Wang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Disease Biology, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, People's Republic of China
| | - Weina Liu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Disease Biology, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, People's Republic of China
| | - Ke Wang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Disease Biology, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, People's Republic of China
| | - Xue Chen
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Disease Biology, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuxia Wen
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Disease Biology, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, People's Republic of China
| | - Shaorui Tian
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Disease Biology, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, People's Republic of China
| | - Yundan Pu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Disease Biology, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, People's Republic of China
| | - Guangjin Fan
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Disease Biology, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaozhou Ma
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Disease Biology, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, People's Republic of China
| | - Xianchao Sun
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Disease Biology, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Methyltransferases of Riboviria. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12091247. [PMID: 36139088 PMCID: PMC9496149 DOI: 10.3390/biom12091247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Many viruses from the realm Riboviria infecting eukaryotic hosts encode protein domains with sequence similarity to S-adenosylmethionine-dependent methyltransferases. These protein domains are thought to be involved in methylation of the 5′-terminal cap structures in virus mRNAs. Some methyltransferase-like domains of Riboviria are homologous to the widespread cellular FtsJ/RrmJ-like methyltransferases involved in modification of cellular RNAs; other methyltransferases, found in a subset of positive-strand RNA viruses, have been assigned to a separate “Sindbis-like” family; and coronavirus-specific Nsp13/14-like methyltransferases appeared to be different from both those classes. The representative structures of proteins from all three groups belong to a specific variety of the Rossmann fold with a seven-stranded β-sheet, but it was unclear whether this structural similarity extends to the level of conserved sequence signatures. Here I survey methyltransferases in Riboviria and derive a joint sequence alignment model that covers all groups of virus methyltransferases and subsumes the previously defined conserved sequence motifs. Analysis of the spatial structures indicates that two highly conserved residues, a lysine and an aspartate, frequently contact a water molecule, which is located in the enzyme active center next to the methyl group of S-adenosylmethionine cofactor and could play a key role in the catalytic mechanism of the enzyme. Phylogenetic evidence indicates a likely origin of all methyltransferases of Riboviria from cellular RrmJ-like enzymes and their rapid divergence with infrequent horizontal transfer between distantly related viruses.
Collapse
|
9
|
Liu S, Chen M, Li R, Li WX, Gal-On A, Jia Z, Ding SW. Identification of positive and negative regulators of antiviral RNA interference in Arabidopsis thaliana. Nat Commun 2022; 13:2994. [PMID: 35637208 PMCID: PMC9151786 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-30771-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Virus-host coevolution often drives virus immune escape. However, it remains unknown whether natural variations of plant virus resistance are enriched in genes of RNA interference (RNAi) pathway known to confer essential antiviral defense in plants. Here, we report two genome-wide association study screens to interrogate natural variation among wild-collected Arabidopsis thaliana accessions in quantitative resistance to the endemic cucumber mosaic virus (CMV). We demonstrate that the highest-ranked gene significantly associated with resistance from both screens acts to regulate antiviral RNAi in ecotype Columbia-0. One gene, corresponding to Reduced Dormancy 5 (RDO5), enhances resistance by promoting amplification of the virus-derived small interfering RNAs (vsiRNAs). Interestingly, the second gene, designated Antiviral RNAi Regulator 1 (VIR1), dampens antiviral RNAi so its genetic inactivation by CRISPR/Cas9 editing enhances both vsiRNA production and CMV resistance. Our findings identify positive and negative regulators of the antiviral RNAi defense that may play important roles in virus-host coevolution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Si Liu
- Department of Microbiology & Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Meijuan Chen
- Department of Microbiology & Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Ruidong Li
- Department of Botany & Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Wan-Xiang Li
- Department of Microbiology & Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Amit Gal-On
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Science, Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, 7528809, Israel
| | - Zhenyu Jia
- Department of Botany & Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA.
| | - Shou-Wei Ding
- Department of Microbiology & Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Rai A, Sivalingam PN, Senthil-Kumar M. A spotlight on non-host resistance to plant viruses. PeerJ 2022; 10:e12996. [PMID: 35382007 PMCID: PMC8977066 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.12996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant viruses encounter a range of host defenses including non-host resistance (NHR), leading to the arrest of virus replication and movement in plants. Viruses have limited host ranges, and adaptation to a new host is an atypical phenomenon. The entire genotypes of plant species which are imperceptive to every single isolate of a genetically variable virus species are described as non-hosts. NHR is the non-specific resistance manifested by an innately immune non-host due to pre-existing and inducible defense responses, which cannot be evaded by yet-to-be adapted plant viruses. NHR-to-plant viruses are widespread, but the phenotypic variation is often not detectable within plant species. Therefore, molecular and genetic mechanisms of NHR need to be systematically studied to enable exploitation in crop protection. This article comprehensively describes the possible mechanisms of NHR against plant viruses. Also, the previous definition of NHR to plant viruses is insufficient, and the main aim of this article is to sensitize plant pathologists to the existence of NHR to plant viruses and to highlight the need for immediate and elaborate research in this area.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Avanish Rai
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, New Delhi, India
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Gao Z, Zhang D, Wang X, Zhang X, Wen Z, Zhang Q, Li D, Dinesh-Kumar SP, Zhang Y. Coat proteins of necroviruses target 14-3-3a to subvert MAPKKKα-mediated antiviral immunity in plants. Nat Commun 2022; 13:716. [PMID: 35132090 PMCID: PMC8821596 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-28395-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades play an important role in innate immunity against various pathogens in plants and animals. However, we know very little about the importance of MAPK cascades in plant defense against viral pathogens. Here, we used a positive-strand RNA necrovirus, beet black scorch virus (BBSV), as a model to investigate the relationship between MAPK signaling and virus infection. Our findings showed that BBSV infection activates MAPK signaling, whereas viral coat protein (CP) counteracts MAPKKKα-mediated antiviral defense. CP does not directly target MAPKKKα, instead it competitively interferes with the binding of 14-3-3a to MAPKKKα in a dose-dependent manner. This results in the instability of MAPKKKα and subversion of MAPKKKα-mediated antiviral defense. Considering the conservation of 14-3-3-binding sites in the CPs of diverse plant viruses, we provide evidence that 14-3-3-MAPKKKα defense signaling module is a target of viral effectors in the ongoing arms race of defense and viral counter-defense.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zongyu Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Agro-Biotechnology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, 100193, Beijing, China
| | - Dingliang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agro-Biotechnology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, 100193, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoling Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agro-Biotechnology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, 100193, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agro-Biotechnology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, 100193, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiyan Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Agro-Biotechnology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, 100193, Beijing, China
| | - Qianshen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agro-Biotechnology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, 100193, Beijing, China
| | - Dawei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agro-Biotechnology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, 100193, Beijing, China
| | - Savithramma P Dinesh-Kumar
- Department of Plant Biology and The Genome Center, College of Biological Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Yongliang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agro-Biotechnology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, 100193, Beijing, China.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Huang H, Huang S, Li J, Wang H, Zhao Y, Feng M, Dai J, Wang T, Zhu M, Tao X. Stepwise artificial evolution of an Sw-5b immune receptor extends its resistance spectrum against resistance-breaking isolates of Tomato spotted wilt virus. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2021; 19:2164-2176. [PMID: 34036713 PMCID: PMC8541788 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/16/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Plants use intracellular nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat immune receptors (NLRs) to recognize pathogen-encoded effectors and initiate immune responses. Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV), which has been found to infect >1000 plant species, is among the most destructive plant viruses worldwide. The Sw-5b is the most effective and widely used resistance gene in tomato breeding to control TSWV. However, broad application of tomato cultivars carrying Sw-5b has resulted in an emergence of resistance-breaking (RB) TSWV. Therefore, new effective genes are urgently needed to prevent further RB TSWV outbreaks. In this study, we conducted artificial evolution to select Sw-5b mutants that could extend the resistance spectrum against TSWV RB isolates. Unlike regular NLRs, Sw-5b detects viral elicitor NSm using both the N-terminal Solanaceae-specific domain (SD) and the C-terminal LRR domain in a two-step recognition process. Our attempts to select gain-of-function mutants by random mutagenesis involving either the SD or the LRR of Sw-5b failed; therefore, we adopted a stepwise strategy, first introducing a NSmRB -responsive mutation at the R927 residue in the LRR, followed by random mutagenesis involving the Sw-5b SD domain. Using this strategy, we obtained Sw-5bL33P/K319E/R927A and Sw-5bL33P/K319E/R927Q mutants, which are effective against TSWV RB carrying the NSmC118Y or NSmT120N mutation, and against other American-type tospoviruses. Thus, we were able to extend the resistance spectrum of Sw-5b; the selected Sw-5b mutants will provide new gene resources to control RB TSWV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haining Huang
- Department of Plant PathologyNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
- The Key Laboratory of Plant ImmunityNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Shen Huang
- Department of Plant PathologyNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
- The Key Laboratory of Plant ImmunityNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Jia Li
- Department of Plant PathologyNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
- The Key Laboratory of Plant ImmunityNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Huiyuan Wang
- Department of Plant PathologyNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
- The Key Laboratory of Plant ImmunityNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Yaqian Zhao
- Department of Plant PathologyNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
- The Key Laboratory of Plant ImmunityNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Mingfeng Feng
- Department of Plant PathologyNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
- The Key Laboratory of Plant ImmunityNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Jing Dai
- Department of Plant PathologyNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
- The Key Laboratory of Plant ImmunityNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Tongkai Wang
- Department of Plant PathologyNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
- The Key Laboratory of Plant ImmunityNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Min Zhu
- Department of Plant PathologyNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
- The Key Laboratory of Plant ImmunityNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Xiaorong Tao
- Department of Plant PathologyNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
- The Key Laboratory of Plant ImmunityNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Kalapos B, Juhász C, Balogh E, Kocsy G, Tóbiás I, Gullner G. Transcriptome profiling of pepper leaves by RNA-Seq during an incompatible and a compatible pepper-tobamovirus interaction. Sci Rep 2021; 11:20680. [PMID: 34667194 PMCID: PMC8526828 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-00002-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Upon virus infections, the rapid and comprehensive transcriptional reprogramming in host plant cells is critical to ward off virus attack. To uncover genes and defense pathways that are associated with virus resistance, we carried out the transcriptome-wide Illumina RNA-Seq analysis of pepper leaves harboring the L3 resistance gene at 4, 8, 24 and 48 h post-inoculation (hpi) with two tobamoviruses. Obuda pepper virus (ObPV) inoculation led to hypersensitive reaction (incompatible interaction), while Pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV) inoculation resulted in a systemic infection without visible symptoms (compatible interaction). ObPV induced robust changes in the pepper transcriptome, whereas PMMoV showed much weaker effects. ObPV markedly suppressed genes related to photosynthesis, carbon fixation and photorespiration. On the other hand, genes associated with energy producing pathways, immune receptors, signaling cascades, transcription factors, pathogenesis-related proteins, enzymes of terpenoid biosynthesis and ethylene metabolism as well as glutathione S-transferases were markedly activated by ObPV. Genes related to photosynthesis and carbon fixation were slightly suppressed also by PMMoV. However, PMMoV did not influence significantly the disease signaling and defense pathways. RNA-Seq results were validated by real-time qPCR for ten pepper genes. Our findings provide a deeper insight into defense mechanisms underlying tobamovirus resistance in pepper.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Balázs Kalapos
- Agricultural Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Eötvös Lóránt Research Network (ELKH), Brunszvik utca 2, Martonvásár, 2462, Hungary
| | - Csilla Juhász
- Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Eötvös Lóránt Research Network (ELKH), Herman Ottó út 15, Budapest, 1022, Hungary
| | - Eszter Balogh
- Agricultural Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Eötvös Lóránt Research Network (ELKH), Brunszvik utca 2, Martonvásár, 2462, Hungary
| | - Gábor Kocsy
- Agricultural Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Eötvös Lóránt Research Network (ELKH), Brunszvik utca 2, Martonvásár, 2462, Hungary
| | - István Tóbiás
- Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Eötvös Lóránt Research Network (ELKH), Herman Ottó út 15, Budapest, 1022, Hungary
| | - Gábor Gullner
- Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Eötvös Lóránt Research Network (ELKH), Herman Ottó út 15, Budapest, 1022, Hungary.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Zhao X, Chen Z, Wu Q, Cai Y, Zhang Y, Zhao R, Yan J, Qian X, Li J, Zhu M, Hong L, Xing J, Khan NU, Ji Y, Wu P, Huang C, Ding XS, Zhang H, Tao X. The Sw-5b NLR nucleotide-binding domain plays a role in oligomerization, and its self-association is important for activation of cell death signaling. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:6581-6595. [PMID: 34115862 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Plant and animal intracellular nucleotide-binding and leucine-rich repeat (NLR) receptors play important roles in sensing pathogens and activating defense signaling. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the activation of host defense signaling by NLR proteins remain largely unknown. Many studies have determined that the coil-coil (CC) or Toll and interleukin-1 receptor/resistance protein (TIR) domain of NLR proteins and their dimerization/oligomerization are critical for activating downstream defense signaling. In this study, we demonstrated that, in tomato, the nucleotide-binding (NB) domain Sw-5b NLR alone can activate downstream defense signaling, leading to elicitor-independent cell death. Sw-5b NB domains can self-associate, and this self-association is crucial for activating cell death signaling. The self-association was strongly compromised after the introduction of a K568R mutation into the P-loop of the NB domain. Consequently, the NBK568R mutant induced cell death very weakly. The NBCΔ20 mutant lacking the C-terminal 20 amino acids can self-associate but cannot activate cell death signaling. The NBCΔ20 mutant also interfered with wild-type NB domain self-association, leading to compromised cell death induction. By contrast, the NBK568R mutant did not interfere with wild-type NB domain self-association and its ability to induce cell death. Structural modeling of Sw-5b suggests that NB domains associate with one another and likely participate in oligomerization. As Sw-5b-triggered cell death is dependent on helper NLR proteins, we propose that the Sw-5b NB domain acts as a nucleation point for the assembly of an oligomeric resistosome, probably by recruiting downstream helper partners, to trigger defense signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Coastal Area Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Yancheng, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhengqiang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qian Wu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yazhen Cai
- Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ruizhen Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiaoling Yan
- Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xin Qian
- Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jia Li
- Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Min Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lizhou Hong
- Jiangsu Coastal Area Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Yancheng, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jincheng Xing
- Jiangsu Coastal Area Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Yancheng, Jiangsu, China
| | - Nasr Ullah Khan
- Institute of Crop Germplasm and Biotechnology, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Yinghua Ji
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Peijun Wu
- Financial Department, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Changjun Huang
- Yunnan Academy of Tobacco Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biotechnological Breeding, National Tobacco Genetic Engineering Research Center, Kunming, China
| | - Xin Shun Ding
- Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Institute of Horticulture Science, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaorong Tao
- Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Chen H, Qian X, Chen X, Yang T, Feng M, Chen J, Cheng R, Hong H, Zheng Y, Mei Y, Shen D, Xu Y, Zhu M, Ding XS, Tao X. Cytoplasmic and nuclear Sw-5b NLR act both independently and synergistically to confer full host defense against tospovirus infection. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 231:2262-2281. [PMID: 34096619 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Plant intracellular nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat (NLR) receptors play critical roles in mediating host immunity to pathogen attack. We use tomato Sw-5b::tospovirus as a model system to study the specific role of the compartmentalized plant NLR in dictating host defenses against the virus at different infection steps. We demonstrated here that tomato NLR Sw-5b distributes to the cytoplasm and nucleus, respectively, to play different roles in inducing host resistances against tomato spotted wilt orthotospovirus (TSWV) infection. The cytoplasmic-enriched Sw-5b induces a strong cell death response to inhibit TSWV replication. This host response is, however, insufficient to block viral intercellular and long-distance movement. The nuclear-enriched Sw-5b triggers a host defense that weakly inhibits viral replication but strongly impedes virus intercellular and systemic movement. Furthermore, the cytoplasmic and nuclear Sw-5b act synergistically to dictate a full host defense of TSWV infection. We further demonstrated that the extended N-terminal Solanaceae domain (SD) of Sw-5b plays critical roles in cytoplasm/nucleus partitioning. Sw-5b NLR controls its cytoplasm localization. Strikingly, the SD but not coil-coil domain is crucial for Sw-5b receptor to import into the nucleus to trigger the immunity. The SD was found to interact with importins. Silencing both importin α and β expression disrupted Sw-5b nucleus import and host immunity against TSWV systemic infection. Collectively, our findings suggest that Sw-5b bifurcates disease resistances by cytoplasm/nucleus partitioning to block different infection steps of TSWV. The findings also identified a new regulatory role of extra domain of a plant NLR in mediating host innate immunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongyu Chen
- Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Xin Qian
- Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Huaiyin Institute of Agricultural Sciences of Xuhuai Region in Jiangsu, Huaian, Jiangsu, 223001, China
| | - Xiaojiao Chen
- Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- College of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650201, China
| | - Tongqing Yang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Mingfeng Feng
- Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Jing Chen
- Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Ruixiang Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Hao Hong
- Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Ying Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yuzhen Mei
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hanghzou, 310029, China
| | - Danyu Shen
- Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yi Xu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Min Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Xin Shun Ding
- Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Xiaorong Tao
- Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Toribio R, Muñoz A, Sánchez F, Ponz F, Castellano MM. High overexpression of CERES, a plant regulator of translation, induces different phenotypical defence responses during TuMV infection. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 107:256-267. [PMID: 33899980 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2019] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Mutations in the eukaryotic translation initiation factors eIF4E and eIF(iso)4E confer potyvirus resistance in a range of plant hosts. This supports the notion that, in addition to their role in translation of cellular mRNAs, eIF4E isoforms are also essential for the potyvirus cycle. CERES is a plant eIF4E- and eIF(iso)4E-binding protein that, through its binding to the eIF4Es, modulates translation initiation; however, its possible role in potyvirus resistance is unknown. In this article, we analyse if the ectopic expression of AtCERES is able to interfere with turnip mosaic virus replication in plants. Our results demonstrate that, during infection, the ectopic expression of CERES in Nicotiana benthamiana promotes the development of a mosaic phenotype when it is accumulated to moderate levels, but induces veinal necrosis when it is accumulated to higher levels. This necrotic process resembles a hypersensitive response (HR)-like response that occurs with different HR hallmarks. Remarkably, Arabidopsis plants inoculated with a virus clone that promotes high expression of CERES do not show signs of infection. These final phenotypical outcomes are independent of the capacity of CERES to bind to eIF4E. All these data suggest that CERES, most likely due to its leucine-rich repeat nature, could act as a resistance protein, able to promote a range of different defence responses when it is highly overexpressed from viral constructs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- René Toribio
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) - Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Campus Montegancedo UPM, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, 28223, Spain
| | - Alfonso Muñoz
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) - Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Campus Montegancedo UPM, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, 28223, Spain
- Departamento de Botánica, Ecología y Fisiología Vegetal, Campus de Rabanales, Edificio Severo Ochoa, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, 14071, Spain
| | - Flora Sánchez
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) - Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Campus Montegancedo UPM, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, 28223, Spain
| | - Fernando Ponz
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) - Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Campus Montegancedo UPM, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, 28223, Spain
| | - M Mar Castellano
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) - Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Campus Montegancedo UPM, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, 28223, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Huang C. From Player to Pawn: Viral Avirulence Factors Involved in Plant Immunity. Viruses 2021; 13:v13040688. [PMID: 33923435 PMCID: PMC8073968 DOI: 10.3390/v13040688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In the plant immune system, according to the 'gene-for-gene' model, a resistance (R) gene product in the plant specifically surveils a corresponding effector protein functioning as an avirulence (Avr) gene product. This system differs from other plant-pathogen interaction systems, in which plant R genes recognize a single type of gene or gene family because almost all virus genes with distinct structures and functions can also interact with R genes as Avr determinants. Thus, research conducted on viral Avr-R systems can provide a novel understanding of Avr and R gene product interactions and identify mechanisms that enable rapid co-evolution of plants and phytopathogens. In this review, we intend to provide a brief overview of virus-encoded proteins and their roles in triggering plant resistance, and we also summarize current progress in understanding plant resistance against virus Avr genes. Moreover, we present applications of Avr gene-mediated phenotyping in R gene identification and screening of segregating populations during breeding processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Changjun Huang
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biotechnological Breeding, National Tobacco Genetic Engineering Research Center, Yunnan Academy of Tobacco Agricultural Sciences, Kunming 650021, China
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Herath V, Verchot J. Transcriptional Regulatory Networks Associate with Early Stages of Potato Virus X Infection of Solanum tuberosum. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:2837. [PMID: 33799566 PMCID: PMC8001266 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22062837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Potato virus X (PVX) belongs to genus Potexvirus. This study characterizes the cellular transcriptome responses to PVX infection in Russet potato at 2 and 3 days post infection (dpi). Among the 1242 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), 268 genes were upregulated, and 37 genes were downregulated at 2 dpi while 677 genes were upregulated, and 265 genes were downregulated at 3 dpi. DEGs related to signal transduction, stress response, and redox processes. Key stress related transcription factors were identified. Twenty-five pathogen resistance gene analogs linked to effector triggered immunity or pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP)-triggered immunity were identified. Comparative analysis with Arabidopsis unfolded protein response (UPR) induced DEGs revealed genes associated with UPR and plasmodesmata transport that are likely needed to establish infection. In conclusion, this study provides an insight on major transcriptional regulatory networked involved in early response to PVX infection and establishment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Venura Herath
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77802, USA;
- Department of Agriculture Biology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya 20400, Sri Lanka
| | - Jeanmarie Verchot
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77802, USA;
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Chiu LY, Chen IH, Hsu YH, Tsai CH. The Lipid Transfer Protein 1 from Nicotiana benthamiana Assists Bamboo mosaic virus Accumulation. Viruses 2020; 12:E1361. [PMID: 33261222 PMCID: PMC7760991 DOI: 10.3390/v12121361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Host factors play a pivotal role in regulating virus infection. Uncovering the mechanism of how host factors are involved in virus infection could pave the way to defeat viral disease. In this study, we characterized a lipid transfer protein, designated NbLTP1 in Nicotiana benthamiana, which was downregulated after Bamboo mosaic virus (BaMV) inoculation. BaMV accumulation significantly decreased in NbLTP1-knockdown leaves and protoplasts compared with the controls. The subcellular localization of the NbLTP1-orange fluorescent protein (OFP) was mainly the extracellular matrix. However, when we removed the signal peptide (NbLTP1/ΔSP-OFP), most of the expressed protein targeted chloroplasts. Both NbLTP1-OFP and NbLTP1/ΔSP-OFP were localized in chloroplasts when we removed the cell wall. These results suggest that NbLTP1 may have a secondary targeting signal. Transient overexpression of NbLTP1 had no effect on BaMV accumulation, but that of NbLTP1/ΔSP significantly increased BaMV expression. NbLTP1 may be a positive regulator of BaMV accumulation especially when its expression is associated with chloroplasts, where BaMV replicates. The mutation was introduced to the predicted phosphorylation site to simulate the phosphorylated status, NbLTP/ΔSP/P(+), which could still assist BaMV accumulation. By contrast, a mutant lacking calmodulin-binding or simulates the phosphorylation-negative status could not support BaMV accumulation. The lipid-binding activity of LTP1 was reported to be associated with calmodulin-binding and phosphorylation, by which the C-terminus functional domain of NbLTP1 may play a critical role in BaMV accumulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ling-Ying Chiu
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan; (L.-Y.C.); (I.-H.C.); (Y.-H.H.)
| | - I-Hsuan Chen
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan; (L.-Y.C.); (I.-H.C.); (Y.-H.H.)
| | - Yau-Heiu Hsu
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan; (L.-Y.C.); (I.-H.C.); (Y.-H.H.)
- Advanced Plant Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Hsiu Tsai
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan; (L.-Y.C.); (I.-H.C.); (Y.-H.H.)
- Advanced Plant Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Hyodo K, Okuno T. Hijacking of host cellular components as proviral factors by plant-infecting viruses. Adv Virus Res 2020; 107:37-86. [PMID: 32711734 DOI: 10.1016/bs.aivir.2020.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Plant viruses are important pathogens that cause serious crop losses worldwide. They are obligate intracellular parasites that commandeer a wide array of proteins, as well as metabolic resources, from infected host cells. In the past two decades, our knowledge of plant-virus interactions at the molecular level has exploded, which provides insights into how plant-infecting viruses co-opt host cellular machineries to accomplish their infection. Here, we review recent advances in our understanding of how plant viruses divert cellular components from their original roles to proviral functions. One emerging theme is that plant viruses have versatile strategies that integrate a host factor that is normally engaged in plant defense against invading pathogens into a viral protein complex that facilitates viral infection. We also highlight viral manipulation of cellular key regulatory systems for successful virus infection: posttranslational protein modifications for fine control of viral and cellular protein dynamics; glycolysis and fermentation pathways to usurp host resources, and ion homeostasis to create a cellular environment that is beneficial for viral genome replication. A deeper understanding of viral-infection strategies will pave the way for the development of novel antiviral strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kiwamu Hyodo
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Kurashiki, Okayama, Japan.
| | - Tetsuro Okuno
- Department of Plant Life Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ryukoku University, Otsu, Shiga, Japan
| |
Collapse
|