1
|
Wang C, Li P, Cong W, Ma N, Zhou M, Hou Y. The transcription factor FgCreA modulates ergosterol biosynthesis and sensitivity to DMI fungicides by regulating transcription of FgCyp51A and FgErg6A in Fusarium graminearum. Int J Biol Macromol 2025; 284:137903. [PMID: 39581416 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.137903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2024] [Revised: 11/15/2024] [Accepted: 11/19/2024] [Indexed: 11/26/2024]
Abstract
Fusarium head blight (FHB), caused by Fusarium graminearum, is a devastating disease that severely affects crop yield and quality worldwide. The catabolite responsive elements A (CreA) plays a critical role in numerous cellular processes in eukaryotes. In this study, we performed a functional characterization of CreA in F. graminearum. Deletion of FgCreA led to the transcriptional upregulation of FgCyp51A and FgErg6A, consequently resulting in elevated levels of ergosterol. This augmented ergosterol content was observed to improve cellular membrane integrity and diminished sensitivity to demethylation inhibitors (DMI) fungicides in F. graminearum. FgCreA is an essential element in carbon catabolite repression (CCR), consequently, the ΔFgcreA mutant was compromised in radial growth on various carbon sources, sexual/asexual development, and deoxynivalenol toxin biosynthesis, which was suppressed due to transcriptional downregulation of the biosynthesis-required enzymes. These results unveil a novel regulatory mechanism of FgCreA, influencing both the pathogenicity of F. graminearum and its sensitivity to DMI fungicides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chenguang Wang
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Pengfei Li
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Weiwei Cong
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Niu Ma
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Mingguo Zhou
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yiping Hou
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Li L, Ran T, Zhu H, Yin M, Yu W, Zou J, Li L, Ye Y, Sun H, Wang W, Guo J, Zhang F. Molecular Mechanism of Fusarium Fungus Inhibition by Phenazine-1-carboxamide. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:15176-15189. [PMID: 38943677 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.4c03936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/01/2024]
Abstract
Fusarium head blight caused by Fusarium graminearum is a devastating disease in wheat that seriously endangers food security and human health. Previous studies have found that the secondary metabolite phenazine-1-carboxamide produced by biocontrol bacteria inhibited F. graminearum by binding to and inhibiting the activity of histone acetyltransferase Gcn5 (FgGcn5). However, the detailed mechanism of this inhibition remains unknown. Our structural and biochemical studies revealed that phenazine-1-carboxamide (PCN) binds to the histone acetyltransferase (HAT) domain of FgGcn5 at its cosubstrate acetyl-CoA binding site, thus competitively inhibiting the histone acetylation function of the enzyme. Alanine substitution of the residues in the binding site shared by PCN and acetyl-CoA not only decreased the histone acetylation level of the enzyme but also dramatically impacted the development, mycotoxin synthesis, and virulence of the strain. Taken together, our study elucidated a competitive inhibition mechanism of Fusarium fungus by PCN and provided a structural template for designing more potent phenazine-based fungicides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Li
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210095, China
| | - Tingting Ran
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210095, China
| | - Hong Zhu
- Technical Center for Public Testing and Evaluation and Identification, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210014, China
| | - Mengyu Yin
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210095, China
| | - Wei Yu
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210095, China
| | - Jingpei Zou
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210095, China
| | - Linwei Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Eco-Cultivation and High-Value Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210014, China
| | - Yonghao Ye
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210095, China
| | - Hao Sun
- College of Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210095, China
| | - Weiwu Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210095, China
| | - Jingjing Guo
- Centre for Artificial Intelligence Driven Drug Discovery, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Macao Polytechnic University, Macao 999078, China
| | - Feng Zhang
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210095, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Poudel B, Mullins J, Fiedler JD, Zhong S. Genome-Wide Association Study of Fungicide Sensitivity in a Fusarium graminearum Population Collected from North Dakota. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2024; 114:1088-1096. [PMID: 38079375 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-05-23-0180-kc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
Fusarium head blight is a destructive disease of small grains. The disease is predominantly caused by the haploid ascomycete fungus Fusarium graminearum in North America. To understand the genetics of quantitative traits for sensitivity to fungicides in this fungal pathogen, we conducted a genome-wide association study of sensitivity to two demethylation inhibition class fungicides, tebuconazole and prothioconazole, using an F. graminearum population of 183 isolates collected between 1981 and 2013 from North Dakota. Baseline sensitivity to tebuconazole and prothioconazole was established using 21 isolates collected between 1981 and 1994. Most fungal isolates were sensitive to both tebuconazole and prothioconazole; however, five isolates showed significantly reduced sensitivity to prothioconazole. The genome-wide association study identified one significant marker-trait association on chromosome 3 for tebuconazole resistance, whereas six significant marker-trait associations, one on chromosome 1, three on chromosome 2, and two on chromosome 4, were detected for prothioconazole resistance. Functional annotation of the marker-trait association for tebuconazole revealed a candidate gene encoding a basic helix-loop-helix domain-containing protein that reinforces sterol in the fungal membrane. Putative genes for prothioconazole resistance were also identified, which are involved in RNA interference, the detoxification by ubiquitin-proteasome pathway, and membrane integrity reinforcement. Considering the potential of the pathogen toward overcoming chemical control, continued monitoring of fungal sensitivities to commercially applied fungicides, especially those containing prothioconazole, is warranted to reduce risks of fungicide resistance in the pathogen populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bikash Poudel
- Department of Plant Pathology, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58102
| | - Joseph Mullins
- Department of Plant Pathology, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58102
| | - Jason D Fiedler
- Cereal Crops Research Unit, Edward T. Schafer Agricultural Research Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Fargo, ND 58102
| | - Shaobin Zhong
- Department of Plant Pathology, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58102
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Mao X, Li L, Abubakar YS, Li Y, Luo Z, Chen M, Zheng W, Wang Z, Zheng H. Nucleoside Diphosphate Kinase FgNdpk Is Required for DON Production and Pathogenicity by Regulating the Growth and Toxisome Formation of Fusarium graminearum. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:9637-9646. [PMID: 38642053 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.4c00593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/22/2024]
Abstract
Nucleoside diphosphate kinases (NDPKs) are nucleotide metabolism enzymes that play different physiological functions in different species. However, the roles of NDPK in phytopathogen and mycotoxin production are not well understood. In this study, we showed that Fusarium graminearum FgNdpk is important for vegetative growth, conidiation, sexual development, and pathogenicity. Furthermore, FgNdpk is required for deoxynivalenol (DON) production; deletion of FgNDPK downregulates the expression of DON biosynthesis genes and disrupts the formation of FgTri4-GFP-labeled toxisomes, while overexpression of FgNDPK significantly increases DON production. Interestingly, FgNdpk colocalizes with the DON biosynthesis proteins FgTri1 and FgTri4 in the toxisome, and coimmunoprecipitation (Co-IP) assays show that FgNdpk associates with FgTri1 and FgTri4 in vivo and regulates their localizations and expressions, respectively. Taken together, these data demonstrate that FgNdpk is important for vegetative growth, conidiation, and pathogenicity and acts as a key protein that regulates toxisome formation and DON biosynthesis in F. graminearum.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xuzhao Mao
- Fujian Key Laboratory on Conservation and Sustainable Utilization of Marine Biodiversity, Fuzhou Institute of Oceanography, Minjiang University, Fuzhou 350108, China
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Lingping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Yakubu Saddeeq Abubakar
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria 810281, Nigeria
| | - Yulong Li
- Fujian Key Laboratory on Conservation and Sustainable Utilization of Marine Biodiversity, Fuzhou Institute of Oceanography, Minjiang University, Fuzhou 350108, China
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Zenghong Luo
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Meilian Chen
- Fujian Key Laboratory on Conservation and Sustainable Utilization of Marine Biodiversity, Fuzhou Institute of Oceanography, Minjiang University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Wenhui Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Zonghua Wang
- Fujian Key Laboratory on Conservation and Sustainable Utilization of Marine Biodiversity, Fuzhou Institute of Oceanography, Minjiang University, Fuzhou 350108, China
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Huawei Zheng
- Fujian Key Laboratory on Conservation and Sustainable Utilization of Marine Biodiversity, Fuzhou Institute of Oceanography, Minjiang University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Yuan Z, Li P, Yang X, Cai X, Wu L, Zhao F, Wen W, Zhou M, Hou Y. FgPfn participates in vegetative growth, sexual reproduction, pathogenicity, and fungicides sensitivity via affecting both microtubules and actin in the filamentous fungus Fusarium graminearum. PLoS Pathog 2024; 20:e1012215. [PMID: 38701108 PMCID: PMC11095717 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1012215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Fusarium head blight (FHB), caused by Fusarium graminearum species complexes (FGSG), is an epidemic disease in wheat and poses a serious threat to wheat production and security worldwide. Profilins are a class of actin-binding proteins that participate in actin depolymerization. However, the roles of profilins in plant fungal pathogens remain largely unexplored. Here, we identified FgPfn, a homolog to profilins in F. graminearum, and the deletion of FgPfn resulted in severe defects in mycelial growth, conidia production, and pathogenicity, accompanied by marked disruptions in toxisomes formation and deoxynivalenol (DON) transport, while sexual development was aborted. Additionally, FgPfn interacted with Fgα1 and Fgβ2, the significant components of microtubules. The organization of microtubules in the ΔFgPfn was strongly inhibited under the treatment of 0.4 μg/mL carbendazim, a well-known group of tubulin interferers, resulting in increased sensitivity to carbendazim. Moreover, FgPfn interacted with both myosin-5 (FgMyo5) and actin (FgAct), the targets of the fungicide phenamacril, and these interactions were reduced after phenamacril treatment. The deletion of FgPfn disrupted the normal organization of FgMyo5 and FgAct cytoskeleton, weakened the interaction between FgMyo5 and FgAct, and resulting in increased sensitivity to phenamacril. The core region of the interaction between FgPfn and FgAct was investigated, revealing that the integrity of both proteins was necessary for their interaction. Furthermore, mutations in R72, R77, R86, G91, I101, A112, G113, and D124 caused the non-interaction between FgPfn and FgAct. The R86K, I101E, and D124E mutants in FgPfn resulted in severe defects in actin organization, development, and pathogenicity. Taken together, this study revealed the role of FgPfn-dependent cytoskeleton in development, DON production and transport, fungicides sensitivity in F. graminearum.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhili Yuan
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Pengfei Li
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xin Yang
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaowei Cai
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Luoyu Wu
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Feifei Zhao
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Weidong Wen
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Mingguo Zhou
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yiping Hou
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Chen Y, Yao Z, Zhao L, Yu M, Chen B, Zou C. Redundant and Distinct Roles of Two 14-3-3 Proteins in Fusarium sacchari, Pathogen of Sugarcane Pokkah Boeng Disease. J Fungi (Basel) 2024; 10:257. [PMID: 38667928 PMCID: PMC11051555 DOI: 10.3390/jof10040257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Fusarium sacchari, a key pathogen of sugarcane, is responsible for the Pokkah boeng disease (PBD) in China. The 14-3-3 proteins have been implicated in critical developmental processes, including dimorphic transition, signal transduction, and carbon metabolism in various phytopathogenic fungi. However, their roles are poorly understood in F. sacchari. This study focused on the characterization of two 14-3-3 protein-encoding genes, FsBmh1 and FsBmh2, within F. sacchari. Both genes were found to be expressed during the vegetative growth stage, yet FsBmh1 was repressed at the sporulation stage in vitro. To elucidate the functions of these genes, the deletion mutants ΔFsBmh1 and ΔFsBmh2 were generated. The ΔFsBmh2 exhibited more pronounced phenotypic defects, such as impaired hyphal branching, septation, conidiation, spore germination, and colony growth, compared to the ΔFsBmh1. Notably, both knockout mutants showed a reduction in virulence, with transcriptome analysis revealing changes associated with the observed phenotypes. To further investigate the functional interplay between FsBmh1 and FsBmh2, we constructed and analyzed mutants with combined deletion and silencing (ΔFsBmh/siFsBmh) as well as overexpression (O-FsBmh). The combinations of ΔFsBmh1/siFsBmh2 or ΔFsBmh2/siFsBmh1 displayed more severe phenotypes than those with single allele deletions, suggesting a functional redundancy between the two 14-3-3 proteins. Yeast two-hybrid (Y2H) assays identified 20 proteins with pivotal roles in primary metabolism or diverse biological functions, 12 of which interacted with both FsBmh1 and FsBmh2. Three proteins were specifically associated with FsBmh1, while five interacted exclusively with FsBmh2. In summary, this research provides novel insights into the roles of FsBmh1 and FsBmh2 in F. sacchari and highlights potential targets for PBD management through the modulation of FsBmh functions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuejia Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Ministry & Province Co-Sponsored Center of Collaborative Innovation for Sugarcane Industry, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; (Y.C.); (M.Y.)
| | - Ziting Yao
- Plant Protection Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agriculture Science, Nanning 530007, China;
| | - Lixian Zhao
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biology, College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China;
| | - Mei Yu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Ministry & Province Co-Sponsored Center of Collaborative Innovation for Sugarcane Industry, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; (Y.C.); (M.Y.)
| | - Baoshan Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Ministry & Province Co-Sponsored Center of Collaborative Innovation for Sugarcane Industry, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; (Y.C.); (M.Y.)
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biology, College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China;
| | - Chengwu Zou
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Ministry & Province Co-Sponsored Center of Collaborative Innovation for Sugarcane Industry, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; (Y.C.); (M.Y.)
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biology, College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China;
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Wang C, Zhao F, Wu Z, Cai X, Zhou M, Hou Y. Mitochondria-Associated Protein FgNdk1 Regulates the Development, Pathogenicity, and SDHI Fungicide Sensitivity of Fusarium graminearum by Interacting with Succinate Dehydrogenase. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:3913-3925. [PMID: 38355300 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c07934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
Nucleoside diphosphate kinase (NDK) plays an important role in many cellular processes in all organisms. In this study, we functionally characterized a nucleoside diphosphate kinase (FgNdk1) in Fusarium graminearum, a causal agent of Fusarium head blight (FHB). FgNdk1 was involved in the generation of energy in the electron-transfer chain by interacting with succinate dehydrogenase (FgSdhA, FgSdhC1, and FgSdhC2). Deletion of FgNdk1 not only resulted in abnormal mitochondrial morphology, decreased ATP content, defective fungal development, and impairment in the formation of the toxisome but also led to the suppressed expression level of DON biosynthesis enzymes, decreased DON biosynthesis, and declined pathogenicity as well. Furthermore, deletion of FgNdk1 caused increasing transcriptional levels of FgSdhC1 and FgdhC2, in the presence of pydiflumetofen, related to the decreased sensitivity to SDHI fungicides. Overall, this study identified a new regulatory mechanism of FgNdk1 in the pathogenicity and SDHI fungicide sensitivity of Fusarium graminearum.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chenguang Wang
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Feifei Zhao
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - ZhiWen Wu
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaowei Cai
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Mingguo Zhou
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yiping Hou
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Liu Y, Xi Y, Lv Y, Yan J, Song M, Yang H, Zhang Y, Miao W, Lin C. The Plasma Membrane H + ATPase CsPMA2 Regulates Lipid Droplet Formation, Appressorial Development and Virulence in Colletotrichum siamense. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:17337. [PMID: 38139168 PMCID: PMC10743824 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242417337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Plasma membrane H+-ATPases (PMAs) play an important role in the pathogenicity of pathogenic fungi. Lipid droplets are important storage sites for neutral lipids in fungal conidia and hyphae and can be used by plant pathogenic fungi for infection. However, the relationship between plasma membrane H+-ATPase, lipid droplets and virulence remains unclear. Here, we characterized a plasma membrane H+-ATPase, CsPMA2, that plays a key role in lipid droplet formation, appresorial development and virulence in C. siamense. Deletion of CsPMA2 impaired C. siamense conidial size, conidial germination, appressorial development and virulence but did not affect hyphal growth. ΔCsPMA2 increased the sensitivity of C. siamense to phytic acid and oxalic acid. CsPMA2 was localized to lipids on the plasma membrane and intracellular membrane. Deletion of CsPMA2 significantly inhibited the accumulation of lipid droplets and significantly affected the contents of some species of lipids, including 12 species with decreased lipid contents and 3 species with increased lipid contents. Furthermore, low pH can inhibit CsPMA2 expression and lipid droplet accumulation. Overall, our data revealed that the plasma membrane H+-ATPase CsPMA2 is involved in the regulation of lipid droplet formation and affects appressorial development and virulence in C. siamense.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Liu
- Sanya Institute of Breeding and Multiplication, School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; (Y.L.); (Y.L.); (J.Y.); (M.S.); (H.Y.); (Y.Z.); (W.M.)
| | - Yitao Xi
- Rubber Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Science, Haikou 571101, China;
| | - Yanyu Lv
- Sanya Institute of Breeding and Multiplication, School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; (Y.L.); (Y.L.); (J.Y.); (M.S.); (H.Y.); (Y.Z.); (W.M.)
| | - Jingting Yan
- Sanya Institute of Breeding and Multiplication, School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; (Y.L.); (Y.L.); (J.Y.); (M.S.); (H.Y.); (Y.Z.); (W.M.)
| | - Miao Song
- Sanya Institute of Breeding and Multiplication, School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; (Y.L.); (Y.L.); (J.Y.); (M.S.); (H.Y.); (Y.Z.); (W.M.)
| | - Hong Yang
- Sanya Institute of Breeding and Multiplication, School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; (Y.L.); (Y.L.); (J.Y.); (M.S.); (H.Y.); (Y.Z.); (W.M.)
- Rubber Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Science, Haikou 571101, China;
| | - Yu Zhang
- Sanya Institute of Breeding and Multiplication, School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; (Y.L.); (Y.L.); (J.Y.); (M.S.); (H.Y.); (Y.Z.); (W.M.)
| | - Weiguo Miao
- Sanya Institute of Breeding and Multiplication, School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; (Y.L.); (Y.L.); (J.Y.); (M.S.); (H.Y.); (Y.Z.); (W.M.)
| | - Chunhua Lin
- Sanya Institute of Breeding and Multiplication, School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; (Y.L.); (Y.L.); (J.Y.); (M.S.); (H.Y.); (Y.Z.); (W.M.)
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Shi D, Wang J, Cao Y, Zhang Z, Li X, Mbadianya JI, Chen C. Overexpression of FgPtp3 Is Involved in Fludioxonil Resistance in Fusarium graminearum by Inhibiting the Phosphorylation of FgHog1. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:12807-12818. [PMID: 37585613 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c02663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
Fusarium graminearum is the main causal agent of Fusarium head blight (FHB), a destructive disease in cereal crops worldwide. Resistance to fludioxonil has been reported in F. graminearum in the field, but its underlying mechanisms remain elusive. In this study, 152 fludioxonil-resistant (FR) mutants of F. graminearum were obtained by selection in vitro. The FR strains exhibited dramatically impaired fitness, but only 7 of the 13 analyzed strains possessed mutations in genes previously reported to underlie fludioxonil resistance. Comparison between the FR-132 strain and its parental strain PH-1 using whole genome sequencing revealed no mutations between them, but transcriptome analysis, after the strains were treated with 0.5 μg/mL fludioxonil, revealed 2778 differently expressed genes (DEGs) mapped to 96 KEGG pathways. Investigation of DEGs in the MAPK pathway showed that overexpression of the tyrosine protein phosphatase FgPtp3, but not FgPtp2, enhanced fludioxonil resistance. Further analysis found that FgPtp3 interacted directly with FgHog1 to regulate the phosphorylation of Hog1, and overexpressed FgPtp3 in PH-1 could significantly suppress the phosphorylation of FgHog1 and hinder signal transmission of the HOG-MAPK pathway. Overall, FgPtp3 plays a significant role in regulating fludioxonil resistance in F. graminearum.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dongya Shi
- Department of Pesticide Science, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jin Wang
- Department of Pesticide Science, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yingying Cao
- Department of Pesticide Science, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Zhihui Zhang
- Department of Pesticide Science, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Pesticide Science, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jane Ifunanya Mbadianya
- Department of Pesticide Science, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Changjun Chen
- Department of Pesticide Science, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Yang SZ, Peng LT. Significance of the plasma membrane H +-ATPase and V-ATPase for growth and pathogenicity in pathogenic fungi. ADVANCES IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2023; 124:31-53. [PMID: 37597947 DOI: 10.1016/bs.aambs.2023.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/21/2023]
Abstract
Pathogenic fungi are widespread and cause a variety of diseases in human beings and other organisms. At present, limited classes of antifungal agents are available to treat invasive fungal diseases. With the wide use of the commercial antifungal agents, drug resistance of pathogenic fungi are continuously increasing. Therefore, exploring effective antifungal agents with novel drug targets is urgently needed to cope with the challenges that the antifungal area faces. pH homeostasis is vital for multiple cellular processes, revealing the potential for defining novel drug targets. Fungi have evolved a number of strategies to maintain a stable pH internal environment in response to rapid metabolism and a dramatically changing extracellular environment. Among them, plasma membrane H+-ATPase (PMA) and vacuolar H+-ATPase (V-ATPase) play a central role in the regulation of pH homeostasis system. In this chapter, we will summarize the current knowledge about pH homeostasis and its regulation mechanisms in pathogenic fungi, especially for the recent advances in PMA and V-ATPase, which would help in revealing the regulating mechanism of pH on cell growth and pathogenicity, and further designing effective drugs and identify new targets for combating fungal diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Z Yang
- Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, P.R. China.
| | - L T Peng
- Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Liu M, Niu Q, Wang Z, Qi H, Liang X, Gai Y, Wang B, Yin S. Comparative physiological and transcriptome analysis provide insights into the inhibitory effect of 6-pentyl-2H-pyran-2-one on Clarireedia jacksonii. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 193:105456. [PMID: 37248022 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2023.105456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Clarireedia spp. is a destructive phytopathogenic fungus that causes turf dollar spot of bent-grass, leading to widespread lawn death. In this study, we explored the antifungal capability of 6-pentyl-2H-pyran-2-one (6PP), a natural metabolite volatilized by microorganisms, which plays an important role in the biological control of turfgrass dollar spot. However, the mechanisms by which 6PP inhibits Clarireedia jacksonii remain unknown. In the present study, C. jacksonii mycelial growth was inhibited by the 6PP treatment and the 6PP treatment damaged cell membrane integrity, causing an increase in relative conduc-tivity. Furthermore, physiological and biochemistry assay showed that 6PP treatment can enhance reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, malondialdehyde (MDA) content obviously increased with 6PP exposure, increased alchohol dehydrogenase (ADH) and depleted acetalde-hyde dehydrogenase (ALDH), and activated the activities of many antioxidant enzymes in C. jacksonii. Gen Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis revealed that some genes in C. jacksonii after 6PP treatment related to integrity of the cell wall and membrane, and oxidative stress were significantly downregulated. It is worth mentioning that the fatty acid degradation pathway is significantly upregulated, with an increase in ATP content and ATP synthase activity, which may promote fungal cell apoptosis. Moreover, we found that the expression of ABC transporters, and glutathione metabolism encoding genes were increased to respond to external stimuli. Taken together, these findings revealed the potential antifungal mechanism of 6PP against Clarireedia spp., which also provides a theoretical basis for the commercial utilization of 6PP as a green pesticide in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Man Liu
- School of Grassland Science, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Qichen Niu
- School of Grassland Science, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Ziyue Wang
- School of Grassland Science, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Hongyin Qi
- School of Grassland Science, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Xingxing Liang
- School of Grassland Science, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Yunpeng Gai
- School of Grassland Science, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Baisen Wang
- School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China.
| | - Shuxia Yin
- School of Grassland Science, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Zhang F, Meng Y, Wang Y, Zhu S, Liu R, Li J, Xu L, Huang L. VmPma1 contributes to virulence via regulation of the acidification process during host infection in Valsa mali. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 228:123-137. [PMID: 36566811 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.12.178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Valsa mali is a destructive phytopathogenic fungus that mainly infects apple and pear trees. Infection with V. mali results in host tissue acidification via the generation of citric acid, which promote invasion. Here, two plasma membrane H+-ATPases, VmPma1 and VmPma2, were identified in V. mali. The VmPma1 deletion mutant (∆VmPma1) displayed higher intracellular acid accumulation and a lower growth rate compared to the wild type. In contrast, the VmPma2 deletion mutant (∆VmPma2) showed no obvious phenotypic differences. Meanwhile, loss of VmPma1, but not VmPma2, in V. mali led to a significant decrease in growth under acidic or alkaline conditions compared with WT. More importantly, ∆VmPma1 showed a greater reduction in ATPase hydrolase activity and acidification of the external environment, more sensitivity to abiotic stress, and weaker pathogenicity than ∆VmPma2. This evidence indicates that VmPma1 is the main gene of the two plasma membrane H+-ATPases. Transcriptomic analysis indicated that many metabolic processes regulated by VmPma1 are strictly pH-regulated. Besides, we identified two genes (named VmAgn1p and Vmap1) that contribute to the pathogenicity of V. mali by differentially regulating external acidification capacity. Overall, our findings show that VmPma1 plays a pivotal role in pathogenicity by affecting the acidification of V. mali.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Feiran Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yangguang Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yinghao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Shan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Ronghao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jianyu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Liangsheng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Lili Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Zhao F, Yuan Z, Wen W, Huang Z, Mao X, Zhou M, Hou Y. FgMet3 and FgMet14 related to cysteine and methionine biosynthesis regulate vegetative growth, sexual reproduction, pathogenicity, and sensitivity to fungicides in Fusarium graminearum. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1011709. [PMID: 36352883 PMCID: PMC9638117 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1011709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Fusarium graminearum is a destructive filamentous fungus, which widely exists in wheat and other cereal crops. Cysteine and Methionine are unique sulfur-containing amino acids that play an essential role in protein synthesis and cell life, but their functions and regulation in F. graminearum remain largely unknown. Here we identified two proteins, FgMet3 and FgMet14 in F. graminearum, which are related to the synthesis of cysteine and methionine. We found FgMet3 and FgMet14 were localized to the cytoplasm and there was an interaction between them. FgMet3 or FgMet14 deletion mutants (ΔFgMet3 and ΔFgMet14) were deficient in vegetative growth, pigment formation, sexual development, penetrability and pathogenicity. With exogenous addition of cysteine and methionine, the vegetative growth and penetrability could be completely restored in ΔFgMet3 and ΔFgMet14, while sexual reproduction could be fully restored in ΔFgMet3 and partially restored in ΔFgMet14. ΔFgMet3 and ΔFgMet14 exhibited decreased sensitivity to Congo red stress and increased sensitivity to SDS, NaCl, KCl, Sorbitol, Menadione, and Zn ion stresses. Moreover, FgMet3 and FgMet14 nonspecifically regulate the sensitivity of F. graminearum to fungicides. In conclusion, FgMet3 and FgMet14 interacted to jointly regulate the development, pathogenicity, pigment formation, sensitivity to fungicides and stress factors in F. graminearum.
Collapse
|
14
|
Miltenburg MG, Bonner C, Hepworth S, Huang M, Rampitsch C, Subramaniam R. Proximity-dependent biotinylation identifies a suite of candidate effector proteins from Fusarium graminearum. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 112:369-382. [PMID: 35986640 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Fusarium graminearum is a fungal pathogen that causes Fusarium head blight in cereal crops. The identification of proteins secreted from pathogens to overcome plant defenses and cause disease, collectively known as effectors, can reveal the etiology of a disease process. Proximity-dependent biotin identification (BioID) was used to identify potential effector proteins secreted in planta by F. graminearum during the infection of Arabidopsis. Mass spectrometry analysis of streptavidin affinity-purified proteins revealed over 300 proteins from F. graminearum, of which 62 were candidate effector proteins (CEPs). An independent analysis of secreted proteins from axenic cultures of F. graminearum showed a 42% overlap with CEPs, thereby assuring confidence in the BioID methodology. The analysis also revealed that 19 out of 62 CEPs (approx. 30%) had been previously characterized with virulence function in fungi. The functional characterization of additional CEPs was undertaken through deletion analysis by the CRISPR/Cas9 method, and by overexpression into Triticum aestivum (wheat) leaves by the Ustilago hordei delivery system. Deletion studies of 12 CEPs confirmed the effector function of three previously characterized CEPs and validated the function of another four CEPs on wheat inflorescence or vegetative tissues. Lastly, overexpression in wheat showed that all seven CEPs enhanced resistance against the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae DC3000.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mary G Miltenburg
- Department of Biology, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, ON, K1S 5B6, Canada
- Ottawa Research and Development Centre, Agriculture Canada, 960 Carling Avenue, Ottawa, ON, K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Christopher Bonner
- Ottawa Research and Development Centre, Agriculture Canada, 960 Carling Avenue, Ottawa, ON, K1S 5B6, Canada
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Harbord Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 3G5, Canada
| | - Shelley Hepworth
- Department of Biology, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, ON, K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Mei Huang
- Morden Research and Development Centre, Agriculture Canada, 101 Route 100, Morden, MB, R6M 1Y5, Canada
| | - Christof Rampitsch
- Morden Research and Development Centre, Agriculture Canada, 101 Route 100, Morden, MB, R6M 1Y5, Canada
| | - Rajagopal Subramaniam
- Department of Biology, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, ON, K1S 5B6, Canada
- Ottawa Research and Development Centre, Agriculture Canada, 960 Carling Avenue, Ottawa, ON, K1S 5B6, Canada
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Harbord Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 3G5, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
The plasma membrane H +-ATPase is critical for cell growth and pathogenicity in Penicillium digitatum. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 106:5123-5136. [PMID: 35771244 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-022-12036-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Revised: 06/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The plasma membrane H+-ATPase (PMA1) is a major cytosolic pH regulator and a potential candidate for antifungal drug discovery due to its fungal specificity and criticality. In this study, the function of Penicillum digitatum PMA1 was characterized through RNA interference (RNAi) and overexpression technology. The results showed that silencing the PMA1 gene reduces cell growth and pathogenicity, and increases susceptibility of P. digitatum to proton pump inhibitors (PPIs). Under scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) examination, cell morphology was significantly altered in the PMA1- silenced mutant (si57). When compared with wild type (WT) and the overexpressed mutant (oe9), the cell walls of the si57 mutant were thicker and their cell membrane damage manifested particularly at sites of polarized growth. Consistent with the morphological change on the cell wall, chitin and glucan content of the cell wall of si57 were significantly lower and accompanied with increased activities of chitinase and glucanase. The lower ergosterol content in the si57 mutant then increased cell membrane permeability, ultimately leading to leakage of cytoplasmic contents such as ions, reduced sugars and soluble proteins. Furthermore, significantly decreased activity of cell wall degrading enzymes of si57 during citrus fruit infections indicates a reduced pathogenicity in this mutant. We conclude that PMA1 in P. digitatum plays an important role in maintaining pathogenesis and PMA1 could be a candidate novel fungicidal drug discovery for citrus green mold. KEY POINTS: Silencing PMA1 gene decreased the growth and pathogenicity of P. digitatum. Silencing PMA1 gene damaged cell wall and cell membrane integrity of P. digitatum. PMA1 appears to be a suitable fungicidal target against citrus green mold.
Collapse
|
16
|
Nemati M, Singh B, Mir RA, Nemati M, Babaei A, Ahmadi M, Rasmi Y, Golezani AG, Rezaie J. Plant-derived extracellular vesicles: a novel nanomedicine approach with advantages and challenges. Cell Commun Signal 2022; 20:69. [PMID: 35606749 PMCID: PMC9128143 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-022-00889-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many eukaryote cells produce membrane-enclosed extracellular vesicles (EVs) to establish cell-to-cell communication. Plant-derived EVs (P-EVs) contain proteins, RNAs, lipids, and other metabolites that can be isolated from the juice, the flesh, and roots of many species. METHODS In the present review study, we studied numerous articles over the past two decades published on the role of P-EVs in plant physiology as well as on the application of these vesicles in different diseases. RESULTS Different types of EVs have been identified in plants that have multiple functions including reorganization of cell structure, development, facilitating crosstalk between plants and fungi, plant immunity, defense against pathogens. Purified from several edible species, these EVs are more biocompatible, biodegradable, and extremely available from many plants, making them useful for cell-free therapy. Emerging evidence of clinical and preclinical studies suggest that P-EVs have numerous benefits over conventional synthetic carriers, opening novel frontiers for the novel drug-delivery system. Exciting new opportunities, including designing drug-loaded P-EVs to improve the drug-delivery systems, are already being examined, however clinical translation of P-EVs-based therapies faces challenges. CONCLUSION P-EVs hold great promise for clinical application in the treatment of different diseases. In addition, despite enthusiastic results, further scrutiny should focus on unravelling the detailed mechanism behind P-EVs biogenesis and trafficking as well as their therapeutic applications. Video Abstract.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohadeseh Nemati
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Bipin Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Bennett University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201310 India
| | - Rakeeb Ahmad Mir
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bio-Sciences and Biotechnology Baba Ghulam, Shah Badshah University, Rajouri, Jammu & Kashmir 185234 India
| | - Mahdieh Nemati
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Science, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Azadeh Babaei
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Medical Science, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahdi Ahmadi
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Yousef Rasmi
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Afsaneh Gholinejad Golezani
- Solid Tumor Research Center, Cellular and Molecular Medicine Institute, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Shafa St, Ershad Blvd., P.O. Box: 1138, Urmia, 57147 Iran
| | - Jafar Rezaie
- Solid Tumor Research Center, Cellular and Molecular Medicine Institute, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Shafa St, Ershad Blvd., P.O. Box: 1138, Urmia, 57147 Iran
| |
Collapse
|