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Silva FS, da Costa Viana J, de França da Costa F, Araújo GB, Brito JM, Neta BMC. Field comparison of broad-spectrum white LED-baited traps with narrow-spectrum green LED-baited traps in the capture of Anopheles mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae). Parasitol Res 2024; 123:194. [PMID: 38656453 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-024-08217-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Light-Emitting Diodes (LEDs) have been effective light sources in attracting Anopheles mosquitoes, but the broad-spectrum white light, even with a wide-ranging application in lighting, have not been evaluated yet. In this study, the white light was field evaluated against the green one in the light trapping of anopheline mosquitoes by using two non-suction Silva traps and two CDC-type suction light traps. Anopheline mosquitoes were captured for two 21-night periods of collecting (2022 and 2023). In the first period, two LEDs were used per Silva trap, but three were used in the second one to increase the luminance/illuminance at traps. A CDC-type suction light trap equipped with an incandescent lamp was used in 2022 and a CDC-type suction light trap equipped with a 6 V-white light (higher luminance/illuminance) in 2023. A total of eight species and 3,289 specimens were captured in both periods. The most frequent species were Anopheles triannulatus s.l., An. goeldii, An. evansae and An. argyritarsis. In 2022, white LEDs were less attractive to anopheline mosquitoes than the other light sources, but without statistical difference among treatments (F = 2.703; P = 0.0752; df = 2). In 2023, even with an increased luminance/illuminance at traps, no statistical difference was found between the two LED-baited Silva traps (F = 6.690; P = 0.0024; df = 2), but rather between the 6 V-white-baited CDC-type suction light trap and green-baited Silva traps. Due to some drawbacks and the lower abundance of individuals caught by using white LEDs, the narrow-banded green LEDs is preferable to white ones for attracting anophelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francinaldo Soares Silva
- Laboratório de Entomologia Médica, Centro de Ciências de Chapadinha, Universidade Federal do Maranhão, Chapadinha, MA, 65500-000, Brazil.
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Maranhão, CEP: 65080-805, São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil.
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Ambientais, Centro de Ciências de Chapadinha, Universidade Federal do Maranhão, Chapadinha, MA, CEP: 65500-000, Brazil.
| | - Joany da Costa Viana
- Laboratório de Entomologia Médica, Centro de Ciências de Chapadinha, Universidade Federal do Maranhão, Chapadinha, MA, 65500-000, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Ambientais, Centro de Ciências de Chapadinha, Universidade Federal do Maranhão, Chapadinha, MA, CEP: 65500-000, Brazil
| | - Francisco de França da Costa
- Laboratório de Entomologia Médica, Centro de Ciências de Chapadinha, Universidade Federal do Maranhão, Chapadinha, MA, 65500-000, Brazil
| | - Geolane Barbosa Araújo
- Laboratório de Entomologia Médica, Centro de Ciências de Chapadinha, Universidade Federal do Maranhão, Chapadinha, MA, 65500-000, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Ambientais, Centro de Ciências de Chapadinha, Universidade Federal do Maranhão, Chapadinha, MA, CEP: 65500-000, Brazil
| | - Jefferson Mesquita Brito
- Laboratório de Entomologia Médica, Centro de Ciências de Chapadinha, Universidade Federal do Maranhão, Chapadinha, MA, 65500-000, Brazil
| | - Benedita Maria Costa Neta
- Laboratório de Entomologia Médica, Centro de Ciências de Chapadinha, Universidade Federal do Maranhão, Chapadinha, MA, 65500-000, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Maranhão, CEP: 65080-805, São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil
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Silva FS, das Neves GS, da Costa FDF, de Oliveira AM, da Costa Viana J, Brito JM, Costa Neta BM. Field evaluation of a new suction light trap for the capture of phlebotomine sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae: Phlebotominae), vectors of leishmaniasis. Parasitol Res 2023; 123:9. [PMID: 38052759 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-023-08076-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
Phlebotomine sand flies are crepuscular and nocturnal small dipteran insects in the family Psychodidae. Several disease agents, including Leishmania parasites, are transmitted to humans and other vertebrate hosts by the bite of an infected female sand fly. As part of leishmaniasis surveillance programs, light traps have been routinely used in sand fly collections. In this context, new trapping devices are always being required to improve vector monitoring. Here, the efficiency of a new suction light trap, named Silva suction trap or SS trap, was field evaluated in collecting sand flies. Two SS traps, one with green (520 nm, 15,000 mcd) and the other with white (wide spectrum, 18,000 mcd) LEDs, and one CDC-type trap were deployed in a rural forested environment. A total of 4686 phlebotomine sand flies were captured. The most frequent species were females of the Ps. Chagasi series (77.8%) followed by males of Ps. wellcomei (11.6%), Nyssomyia whitmani (3.3%), and Bichromomyia flaviscutellata (2.4%). The CDC-type light trap collected 101.9 ± 20.89 sand flies and 14 species, followed by the white-baited SS trap (87.78 ± 16.36, 14), and the green-baited SS trap (70.61 ± 14.75, 15), but there were no statistically significant differences among traps. A discussion on the considerable advantages of the use of SS traps over CDC traps is included. In this study, the Silva suction trap proved to be efficient and can be an alternative to CDC traps for monitoring adult phlebotomine sand fly populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francinaldo Soares Silva
- Laboratório de Entomologia Médica, Centro de Ciências de Chapadinha, Universidade Federal Do Maranhão, Chapadinha, MA, 65500-000, Brazil.
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal Do Maranhão, São Luís, Maranhão, 65080-805, Brazil.
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Ciências Ambientais, Centro de Ciências de Chapadinha, Universidade Federal Do Maranhão, Chapadinha, MA, 65500-000, Brazil.
| | - Genilson Silva das Neves
- Laboratório de Entomologia Médica, Centro de Ciências de Chapadinha, Universidade Federal Do Maranhão, Chapadinha, MA, 65500-000, Brazil
| | - Francisco de França da Costa
- Laboratório de Entomologia Médica, Centro de Ciências de Chapadinha, Universidade Federal Do Maranhão, Chapadinha, MA, 65500-000, Brazil
| | - Agnael Mendes de Oliveira
- Laboratório de Entomologia Médica, Centro de Ciências de Chapadinha, Universidade Federal Do Maranhão, Chapadinha, MA, 65500-000, Brazil
| | - Joany da Costa Viana
- Laboratório de Entomologia Médica, Centro de Ciências de Chapadinha, Universidade Federal Do Maranhão, Chapadinha, MA, 65500-000, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Ciências Ambientais, Centro de Ciências de Chapadinha, Universidade Federal Do Maranhão, Chapadinha, MA, 65500-000, Brazil
| | - Jefferson Mesquita Brito
- Laboratório de Entomologia Médica, Centro de Ciências de Chapadinha, Universidade Federal Do Maranhão, Chapadinha, MA, 65500-000, Brazil
| | - Benedita Maria Costa Neta
- Laboratório de Entomologia Médica, Centro de Ciências de Chapadinha, Universidade Federal Do Maranhão, Chapadinha, MA, 65500-000, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal Do Maranhão, São Luís, Maranhão, 65080-805, Brazil
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de Beer CJ, Boikanyo SNB, Venter GJ. Evaluation of light emitting diode suction traps for the collection of livestock-associated Culicoides species in South Africa. MEDICAL AND VETERINARY ENTOMOLOGY 2021; 35:408-416. [PMID: 33577119 DOI: 10.1111/mve.12512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Risk analysis of pathogens transmitted by Culicoides (Diptera; Ceratopogonidae) depends on the ability to detect all potential vectors attacking livestock in an area. Onderstepoort 220-V ultraviolet (UV) down-draught light traps are considered the gold standard for this purpose. To improve the flexibility of this trap in the field, in the absence of 220-V power, the possibility of using low-energy light emitting diodes (LEDs) was assessed. The efficiency of a standard 220-V Onderstepoort trap (30 cm 8 W fluorescent UV light tube) was compared to that of 220-V Onderstepoort traps fitted with either two, four or eight individual white LEDs. The Onderstepoort 220-V trap was also compared to a 12-V Onderstepoort trap fitted with an 8 W fluorescent UV light tube, a 12-V Onderstepoort trap with 12 individual white LEDs and 12-V and 220-V Onderstepoort traps fitted with 12 individual UV LEDs. Higher numbers of Culicoides as well as species diversity were collected with a brighter light source. The use of UV LEDs in both the 12-V and 220-V combinations was comparable to the Onderstepoort 220-V light trap with ration to species diversity collected. The Onderstepoort 220-V light trap is recommended if large numbers of Culicoides need to be collected.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J de Beer
- Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Insect Pest Control Laboratory, Vienna, Austria
- Epidemiology, Vectors and Parasites, Agricultural Research Council-Onderstepoort Veterinary Research, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - S N B Boikanyo
- Epidemiology, Vectors and Parasites, Agricultural Research Council-Onderstepoort Veterinary Research, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - G J Venter
- Epidemiology, Vectors and Parasites, Agricultural Research Council-Onderstepoort Veterinary Research, Pretoria, South Africa
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
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Wilson R, Wakefield A, Roberts N, Jones G. Artificial light and biting flies: the parallel development of attractive light traps and unattractive domestic lights. Parasit Vectors 2021; 14:28. [PMID: 33413591 PMCID: PMC7789162 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04530-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Light trapping is an important tool for monitoring insect populations. This is especially true for biting Diptera, where light traps play a crucial role in disease surveillance by tracking the presence and abundance of vector species. Physiological and behavioural data have been instrumental in identifying factors that influence dipteran phototaxis and have spurred the development of more effective light traps. However, the development of less attractive domestic lights has received comparatively little interest but could be important for reducing interactions between humans and vector insects, with consequences for reducing disease transmission. Here, we discuss how dipteran eyes respond to light and the factors influencing positive phototaxis, and conclude by identifying key areas for further research. In addition, we include a synthesis of attractive and unattractive wavelengths for a number of vector species. A more comprehensive understanding of how Diptera perceive and respond to light would allow for more efficient vector sampling as well as potentially limiting the risk posed by domestic lighting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roksana Wilson
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Life Sciences Building, 24 Tyndall Avenue, Bristol, BS8 1TQ, UK.
| | - Andrew Wakefield
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Life Sciences Building, 24 Tyndall Avenue, Bristol, BS8 1TQ, UK
| | - Nicholas Roberts
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Life Sciences Building, 24 Tyndall Avenue, Bristol, BS8 1TQ, UK
| | - Gareth Jones
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Life Sciences Building, 24 Tyndall Avenue, Bristol, BS8 1TQ, UK
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Mazumdar SM, Mazumdar A. Preferential attraction of different colours of light emitting diodes for Culicoides species in West Bengal, India. MEDICAL AND VETERINARY ENTOMOLOGY 2020; 34:411-419. [PMID: 32426858 DOI: 10.1111/mve.12452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The preferential attraction of adult Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) to specific wavelengths was studied in West Bengal, India. A total of 280 collections were made with suction light traps fitted with various colours of light emitting diodes (LEDs) placed at cattle sheds during June, August and November in 2017. In addition, the numbers that have been collected in the evening and morning were compared. Locally manufactured suction light traps fitted with ultra violet (UV), blue, green, yellow, pink, red and white LEDs were compared. UV light attracted the highest number of midges followed by blue and then green LED. Culicoides peregrinus Kieffer and Culicoides oxystoma Kieffer were the most abundant followed by Culicoides fulvus Sen and Das Gupta, Culicoides innoxius Sen and Das Gupta, Culicoides anophelis Edwards and Culicoides huffi Causey. The species composition remained similar across the wavelengths. Although significant variations in midge population have been observed across the months, no significant difference in dusk and dawn abundance was noticed. The females showed a mixed population with less parous individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Mazumdar
- Department of Zoology, The University of Burdwan, Burdwan, India
| | - A Mazumdar
- Department of Zoology, The University of Burdwan, Burdwan, India
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Riddin MA, Venter GJ, Labuschagne K, Villet MH. Culicoides species as potential vectors of African horse sickness virus in the southern regions of South Africa. MEDICAL AND VETERINARY ENTOMOLOGY 2019; 33:498-511. [PMID: 31172556 DOI: 10.1111/mve.12391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Revised: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
African horse sickness (AHS), a disease of equids caused by the AHS virus, is of major concern in South Africa. With mortality reaching up to 95% in susceptible horses and the apparent reoccurrence of cases in regions deemed non-endemic, most particularly the Eastern Cape, epidemiological research into factors contributing to the increase in the range of this economically important virus became imperative. The vectors, Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae), are considered unable to proliferate during the unfavourable climatic conditions experienced in winter in the province, although the annual occurrence of AHS suggests that the virus has become established and that vector activity continues throughout the year. Surveillance of Culicoides within the province is sparse and little was known of the diversity of vector species or the abundance of known vectors, Culicoides imicola and Culicoides bolitinos. Surveillance was performed using light trapping methods at selected sites with varying equid species over two winter and two outbreak seasons, aiming to determine diversity, abundance and vector epidemiology of Culicoides within the province. The research provided an updated checklist of Culicoides species within the Eastern Cape, contributing to an increase in the knowledge of AHS vector epidemiology, as well as prevention and control in southern Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Riddin
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa
| | - G J Venter
- Epidemiology, Parasites and Vectors, Agricultural Research Council-Onderstepoort Veterinary Research, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - K Labuschagne
- Epidemiology, Parasites and Vectors, Agricultural Research Council-Onderstepoort Veterinary Research, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - M H Villet
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa
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