Direct comparison of galactomannan performance in concurrent serum and bronchoalveolar lavage samples in immunocompromised patients at risk for invasive pulmonary aspergillosis

Diagnostic value of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid galactomannan assay for invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in adults: A meta-analysis

WHAT IS KNOWN AND OBJECTIVE

To analyse the diagnostic accuracy of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid galactomannan (BALF-GM) assay for invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA) in adults to determine the optimal diagnostic cut-off by meta-analysis.

METHODS

PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, China national knowledge infrastructure (CNKI), and China Wanfang databases were searched to collect relevant studies on the diagnostic value of BALF-GM for IPA from inception to March 2022. The summary receiver operating characteristic (SROC) curve was drawn to determine the optimal diagnostic cut-off.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Nineteen articles (56 data sets) were included. The pooled sensitivity, specificity, positive likelihood ratio (PLR), negative likelihood ratio (NLR), and diagnostic odds ratio (DOR) were 0.79 (95% CI: 0.72-0.84), 0.92 (95% CI: 0.88-0.94), 9.25 (95% CI: 6.84-12.52), 0.23 (95% CI: 0.18-0.30), 39.44 (95% CI: 29.55-52.65), and 0.92 (95% CI: 0.90-0.94), respectively. The area under the curves (AUCs) were 0.92, 0.86, 0.93, 0.89, 0.88, and 0.94 when the cut-off values were 0.5, 0.8, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, and 3.0, respectively. Sixteen studies were included in the combined analysis when the cut-off value was 0.5. The results showed that the pooled sensitivity, specificity, PLR, NLR and DOR of BALF-GM (cut-off 0.5) for the diagnosis of IPA were 0.89 (95% CI: 0.83-0.93), 0.79 (95% CI: 0.71-0.86), 4.33 (95% CI: 3.04-6.16), 0.14 (95% CI: 0.09-0.22), and 31.51 (95% CI: 17.43-56.98). The AUC was 0.92 (95% CI: 0.89-0.94).

WHAT IS NEW AND CONCLUSIONS

BALF-GM has excellent diagnostic accuracy for adult IPA, which can be diagnosed early and treated early to reduce the mortality rate. Considering the sensitivity, specificity, PLR and NLR, the recommended diagnostic cut-off of BALF-GM for adult IPA is 0.5.

Diagnosis values of IL-6 and IL-8 levels in serum and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid for invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Among immunologically normal hosts, patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are considered to be at high risk of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA), and early diagnosis and treatment are the key to improving the prognosis of patients. Here we aimed to evaluate whether interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-8 might be used in the detection and diagnosis of IPA in patients with COPD. We prospectively collected 106 patients with COPD and divided them into non-IPA (n=74), probable/possible IPA (n=26) and proven IPA (n=6). Platelia Aspergillus kit was used to detect galactomannan in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), and serum and ELISA kit was used to detect IL-6 and IL-8 levels. Diagnostic efficiency of IL-6, IL-8 and galactomannan in serum and BALF was evaluated by receiver operating characteristic curve. Compared with the non-IPA group, the proven/probable IPA group showed significantly elevated levels of IL-6 and IL-8 in both serum and BALF, which were positively correlated with galactomannan levels. The sensitivity and specificity of IL-6 for diagnosing IPA were 74.32% and 81.25% (cut-off at 92.82 pg/mL, area under the curve (AUC)=0.8366) in serum and 68.92% and 71.88% (cut-off at 229.4 pg/mL, AUC=0.7694) in BALF. The sensitivity and specificity of IL-8 for diagnosing IPA were 83.78% and 81.25% (cut-off at 93.46 pg/mL, AUC=0.8756) in serum and 85.14% and 75.00% (cut-off at 325.4 pg/mL, AUC=0.8252) in BALF. The elevated levels of IL-6 and IL-8 in patients with IPA with COPD could be used as auxiliary indicators to diagnose IPA in addition to galactomannan.

Invasive aspergillosis in solid organ transplant patients: diagnosis, prophylaxis, treatment, and assessment of response

BACKGROUND

Invasive aspergillosis (IA) is a rare complication in solid organ transplant (SOT) recipients. Although IA has significant implications on graft and patient survival, data on diagnosis and management of this infection in SOT recipients are still limited.

METHODS

Discussion of current practices and limitations in the diagnosis, prophylaxis, and treatment of IA and proposal of means of assessing treatment response in SOT recipients.

RESULTS

Liver, lung, heart or kidney transplant recipients have common as well as different risk factors to the development of IA, thus each category needs a separate evaluation. Diagnosis of IA in SOT recipients requires a high degree of awareness, because established diagnostic tools may not provide the same sensitivity and specificity observed in the neutropenic population. IA treatment relies primarily on mold-active triazoles, but potential interactions with immunosuppressants and other concomitant therapies need special attention.

CONCLUSIONS

Criteria to assess response have not been sufficiently evaluated in the SOT population and CT lesion dynamics, and serologic markers may be influenced by the underlying disease and type and severity of immunosuppression. There is a need for well-orchestrated efforts to study IA diagnosis and management in SOT recipients and to develop comprehensive guidelines for this population.

A Lung Granuloma Case Possibly Associated with a Working Environment: A Case Report

Lung granulomas are uncommon in Thailand. The disease typically develops from an occupational environment and is mostly caused by infection. Herein is a case report of a female patient, aged 48, working as a nurse in an Accident and Emergency Department at a hospital. Eighteen years prior to admission the patient was diagnosed with myasthenia gravis and pulmonary tuberculosis. The chest X-ray and CT scans showed a solitary pulmonary nodule in the lower left lung. The patient received an open thoracotomy with a left lobectomy. Granulomatous and nonseptate hyphae were found in the pathology diagnosis. The patient was thus diagnosed as having a lung granuloma. The galactomannan antigen test was positive. The solitary pulmonary nodule-found from the use of a Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) test-was an Aspergillus spp. The fungus culture was collected from air samples. The air samples were collected by the impaction technique using a microbial air sampler. Three types of Aspergillus spp. were found as well as Penicillium spp. and Monilia sitophila. The Aspergillus spp. was a match for the patient's disease. The patient was diagnosed as having a lung granuloma possibly Aspergillus nodule which was caused by airborne Aspergillus spp. from the occupational environment.

Diagnostic Accuracy of Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid Galactomannan for Invasive Aspergillosis

Background

The pathogenesis of invasive aspergillosis (IA) is still unknown, but its progression is rapid and mortality rate remains high. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) galactomannan (GM) analysis has been used to diagnose IA. This study is aimed at making an accurate estimate of the whole accuracy of BALF-GM in diagnosing IA.

Methods

After a systematic review of the study, a bivariate meta-analysis was used to summarize the specificity (SPE), the sensitivity (SEN), the positive likelihood ratios (PLR), and the negative likelihood ratios (NLR) of BALF-GM in diagnosing IA. The overall test performance was summarized using a layered summary receiver operating characteristic (SROC) curve. Subgroup analysis was performed to explore the heterogeneity between studies.

Results

A total of 65 studies that are in line with the inclusion criteria were included. The summary estimates of BALF-GM analysis are divided into four categories. The first is the proven+probable vs. possible+no IA, with an SPE, 0.87 (95% CI, 0.85-0.98); SEN, 0.81 (95% CI, 0.76-0.84); PLR, 9.78 (5.78-16.56); and NLR, 0.20 (0.14-0.29). The AUC was 0.94. The BALF-GM test for proven+probable vs. no IA showed SPE, 0.88 (95% CI, 0.87-0.90); SEN, 0.82 (95% CI, 0.78-0.85); PLR, 6.56 (4.93-8.75); and NLR, 0.24 (0.17-0.33). The AUC was 0.93. The BALF-GM test for proven+probable+possible vs. no IA showed SPE, 0.82 (95% CI, 0.79-0.95); SEN, 0.59 (95% CI, 0.55-0.63); PLR, 3.60 (2.07-6.25); and NLR, 0.31 (0.15-0.61). The AUC was 0.86. The analyses for others showed SPE, 0.85 (95% CI, 0.83-0.87); SEN, 0.89 (95% CI, 0.86-0.91); PLR, 6.91 (4.67-10.22); and NLR, 0.18 (0.13-0.26). The AUC was 0.94.

Conclusions

The findings of this BALF-GM test resulted in some impact on the diagnosis of IA. The BALF-GM assay is considered a method for diagnosing IA with high SEN and SPE. However, the patients' underlying diseases may affect the accuracy of diagnosis. When the cutoff is greater than 1, the sensitivity will be higher.

Performance of Aspergillus Galactomannan Lateral Flow Assay on Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid for the Diagnosis of Invasive Pulmonary Aspergillosis

Background: Several newly developed biomarker tests for invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA) have been developed, including the IMMY Aspergillus galactomannan lateral flow assay (Aspergillus GM-LFA) evaluated in this study. Methods: Twenty patients with proven/probable IPA (EORTC/MSGERC criteria) were matched by age and underlying disease with 20 patients without IPA. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) was analyzed in duplicate using the Aspergillus GM-LFA. Results were read visually by two blinded observers, and the optical density index (ODI) was obtained digitally with a cube reader. Results: Using a cutoff of ≥0.5 ODI, the Aspergillus GM-LFA had a sensitivity of 40%, specificity of 80%, positive predictive value (PPV) of 67% and negative predictive value (NPV) of 57%. When the cutoff was increased to ≥1.0 ODI, sensitivity remained at 40%, specificity rose to 95%, PPV was 89%, and NPV was 61%. Excellent agreement was found when duplicate samples were read either visually (κ = 1) or with the cube reader (κ = 0.89). Correlation of results obtained by visual inspection and those obtained using the cube reader was excellent (κ = 0.82). Conclusion: The Aspergillus GM-LFA had poor sensitivity but excellent specificity for proven/probable IPA in BALF. The assay was easy to interpret, and there was high concordance between results obtained visually and with a cube reader.

Clinical Usefulness of Bronchoalveolar Lavage in the Management of Pulmonary Infiltrates in Adults with Hematological Malignancies and Stem Cell Transplantation

Introduction

Pulmonary complications are frequent in patients with hematologic malignancies and stem cell transplantation. Regardless of the microbiological usefulness of bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), little information exists on both its benefits as a guide for therapeutic decisions and its impact on patients’ clinical outcome.

Methods

A prospective observational single-center study was performed between July 2011 and July 2016. Consecutive episodes of pulmonary infiltrates were analyzed in subjects over 18 years of age who presented hematologic malignancies and underwent chemotherapy or stem cell transplantation.

Results

Ninety-six episodes of pulmonary infiltrates were analyzed. Acute leukemia was the most frequent underlying condition. Thirty-seven patients (38.5%) received a stem cell transplant. Sixty-one (62.9%) were neutropenic at the moment of inclusion in the study. A definitive etiologic diagnosis was obtained in 41 cases (42.7%), where infection accounted for the vast majority of cases (33 cases, 80.5%). Definitive diagnosis was reached by non-invasive methods in 13 cases (13.5%). BAL was performed in 47 cases and led to a diagnosis in 40.4% of the cases. BAL results led to therapeutic changes in 27 cases (57.4%), including the addition of new antimicrobials to empiric treatments in 10. Regarding BAL’s safety, two patients experienced minor adverse events and one a severe adverse event; no procedure-related deaths were observed.

Conclusions

Infection was the leading cause of pulmonary infiltrates in patients with hematologic malignancies and stem cell transplantation. BAL was a useful decision-making diagnostic tool, with minor adverse events.

The screening of blood by Aspergillus PCR and galactomannan ELISA precedes BAL detection in patients with proven and probable IA

Early detection of Aspergillus infection has the potential to facilitate a more effective management of invasive disease. Data from probable/proven cases of invasive aspergillosis (IA) with a positive galactomannan enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (GM) bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) was analyzed in respect to serum GM and/or polymerase chain reaction (PCR) screening of blood samples prior to, or concurrent with bronchoscopy. Concurrent serum GM testing is less sensitive than BALF itself. Nevertheless screening of blood using GM or PCR testing detected IA cases earlier (GM: 42% or PCR: 56%), particularly when combined (GM/PCR: 73%). Therefore, regular screening facilitates and improves early detection of IA in patients suffering from acute leukemia.

Galactomannan detection in broncho-alveolar lavage fluid for invasive aspergillosis in immunocompromised patients

BACKGROUND

Invasive aspergillosis (IA) is a life-threatening opportunistic mycosis that occurs in some people with a compromised immune system. The serum galactomannan enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) rapidly gained widespread acceptance as part of the diagnostic work-up of a patient suspected of IA. Due to its non-invasive nature, it can be used as a routine screening test. The ELISA can also be performed on bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), allowing sampling of the immediate vicinity of the infection. The invasive nature of acquiring BAL, however, changes the role of the galactomannan test significantly, for example by precluding its use as a routine screening test.

OBJECTIVES

To assess the diagnostic accuracy of galactomannan detection in BAL for the diagnosis of IA in people who are immunocompromised, at different cut-off values for test positivity, in accordance with the Cochrane Diagnostic Test Accuracy Handbook.

SEARCH METHODS

We searched three bibliographic databases including MEDLINE on 9 September 2016 for aspergillosis and galactomannan as text words and subject headings where appropriate. We checked reference lists of included studies for additional studies.

SELECTION CRITERIA

We included cohort studies that examined the accuracy of BAL galactomannan for the diagnosis of IA in immunocompromised patients if they used the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer/Invasive Fungal Infections Cooperative Group and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Mycoses Study Group (EORTC/MSG) classification as reference standard.

DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS

Two review authors assessed study quality and extracted data. Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies-2 (QUADAS-2) was used for quality assessment.

MAIN RESULTS

We included 17 studies in our review. All studies except one had a high risk of bias in two or more domains. The diagnostic performance of an optical density index (ODI) of 0.5 as cut-off value was reported in 12 studies (with 1123 patients). The estimated sensitivity was 0.88 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.75 to 1.00) and specificity 0.81 (95% CI 0.71 to 0.91). The performance of an ODI of 1.0 as cut-off value could be determined in 11 studies (with 648 patients). The sensitivity was 0.78 (95% CI 0.61 to 0.95) and specificity 0.93 (95% CI 0.87 to 0.98). At a cut-off ODI of 1.5 or higher, the heterogeneity in specificity decreased significantly and was invariably >90%.

AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS

The optimal cut-off value depends on the local incidence and clinical pathway. At a prevalence of 12% a hypothetical population of 1000 patients will consist of 120 patients with IA. At a cut-off value of 0.5 14 patients with IA will be missed and there will be 167 patients incorrectly diagnosed with IA. If we use the test at a cut-off value of 1.0, we will miss 26 patients with IA. And there will be 62 patients incorrectly diagnosed with invasive aspergillosis. The populations and results were very heterogeneous. Therefore, interpretation and extrapolation of these results has to be performed with caution. A test result of 1.5 ODI or higher appears a strong indicator of IA.

Broad spectrum triazoles for invasive mould infections in adults: Which drug and when?

Invasive mould infections are an increasing cause of morbidity and mortality globally, mainly due to increasing numbers of immunocompromised individuals at risk for fungal infections. The introduction of broad spectrum triazoles, which are much better tolerated compared to conventional amphotericin B formulations, has increased survival, particularly in invasive mould infection. However, early initiation of appropriate antifungal treatment remains a major predictor of outcome in invasive mould infection, but despite significant advances in diagnosis of these diseases, early diagnosis remains a challenge. As a result, prophylaxis with mould-active triazoles is widely used for those patients at highest risk for invasive mould infection, including patients with prolonged neutropenia after induction chemotherapy for acute myeloid leukemia and patients with graft-versus-host-disease. Posaconazole is the recommended drug of choice for antimould prophylaxis in these high-risk patients. Voriconazole has its primary role in treatment of invasive aspergillosis but not in prophylaxis. Recently, isavuconazole has been introduced as an excellent alternative to voriconazole for primary treatment of invasive aspergillosis in patients with hematological malignancies. Compared to voriconazole, isavuconazole and posaconazole have broader activity against moulds and are therefore also an option for treatment of mucormycosis in the presence of intolerance or contraindications against liposomal amphotericin B.

PCR with electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry on bronchoalveolar lavage for detection of invasive mold infections in hematological patients

Invasive mold infections are life-threatening complications in patients with hematological malignancies. Conventional microbiological methods for diagnosing invasive pulmonary mold infections have low sensitivity, and molecular methods are being developed. Detection of molds using PCR with a narrow spectrum has been reported, but data with broad-spectrum PCR are lacking. In this study, the diagnostic performance and utility of a broad-spectrum PCR (broad-spectrum PCR with subsequent electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry, PCR/ESI-MS) for detection of molds in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) in 27 hematological patients with a new pulmonary infiltrate was analyzed. Using the revised EORTC/MSG criteria, PCR/ESI-MS was the only positive microbiological test in patients with proven invasive mold infection (n = 2) and correctly identified all cases of probable invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (n = 5). In patients with a possible invasive mold infection (n = 5), PCR/ESI-MS was positive in three patients. Mucorales was identified with PCR/ESI-MS in four patients that were all culture negative. The PCR/ESI-MS results had a clinical impact on antifungal therapy in 12 (44%) of the patients: modification of treatment in 6 (22%) patients and discontinuation in 6 (22%) patients. This study provides proof of concept that routine use of a broad-spectrum PCR for molds in bronchoalveolar lavage in immunocompromised patients is sensitive, fast, and has an impact on clinical decision-making.

Genotyping of Aspergillus fumigatus in Formalin-Fixed Paraffin-Embedded Tissues and Serum Samples From Patients With Invasive Aspergillosis

Invasive aspergillosis (IA) is a deep tissue infection with a high mortality occurring mostly in immunocompromised patients. To investigate the pathology of patients with IA it may be important to determine the genotype of the invasive isolate of Aspergillus, however available tissues for study are often formalin fixed paraffin embedded (FFPE). Although DNA has been successfully isolated from such tissues for species identification, genotyping of Aspergillus species on such tissues has not yet been performed. In this study we aimed to determine the genotype of Aspergillus fumigatus in FFPE tissue and serum samples from five patients with invasive aspergillosis using nine highly polymorphic short tandem repeat (STRAf) loci. FFPE lung and bronchial biopsies from all patients were successfully typed. By comparing the latter result with non-FFPE materials from non-sterile samples such as sputum, bronchoalveolar lavage and lung abscess, we found identical genotypes within three patients, while the two other patients had a dominant genotype shared among all sample types. Genotyping of serum samples was successful in two serum samples with galactomannan ratios of 4 and 5.6, but failed in serum samples with galactomannan levels <0.5. In addition, testing a subset of these materials with the AsperGenius multiplex qPCR assay, we did not find azole resistance mutations. With this STRAf assay, A. fumigatus from FFPE tissue and serum was successfully genotyped, allowing retrospective examination of A. fumigatus in culture negative patients with IA.

Diagnosis of invasive fungal diseases in haematology and oncology: 2018 update of the recommendations of the infectious diseases working party of the German society for hematology and medical oncology (AGIHO)

Invasive fungal diseases (IFD) are a primary cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with haematological malignancies. These infections are mostly life-threatening and an early diagnosis and initiation of appropriate antifungal therapy are essential for the clinical outcome. Most commonly, Aspergillus and Candida species are involved. However, other Non-Aspergillus moulds are increasingly identified in case of documented IFD. For definite diagnosis of IFD, a combination of diagnostic tools have to be applied, including conventional mycological culture and non-conventional microbiological tests such as antibody/antigen and molecular tests, as well as histopathology and radiology. Although varying widely in cancer patients, the risk of invasive fungal infection is highest in those with allogeneic stem cell transplantation and those with acute leukaemia and markedly lower in patients with solid cancer. Since the last edition of Diagnosis of Invasive Fungal Diseases recommendations of the German Society for Hematology and Oncology in 2012, integrated care pathways have been proposed for the management and therapy of IFDs with either a diagnostic driven strategy as opposed to a clinical or empirical driven strategy. This update discusses the impact of this additional evidence and effective revisions.

Galactomannan testing and Aspergillus PCR in same-day bronchoalveolar lavage and blood samples for diagnosis of invasive aspergillosis

In recent years galactomannan antigen testing (GM) and also Aspergillus PCR have become increasingly important for diagnosis of invasive aspergillosis (IA). Whether or not these tests need to be performed with bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF; i.e., primary site of infection), or testing of blood samples is sufficient, remains, however, a matter of debate. We evaluated the diagnostic performance of GM ELISA, and Aspergillus PCR by using BALF samples and blood samples obtained at the same day from a total of 53 immunocompromised patients (16 with probable/proven IA and 37 with no evidence of IA according to the revised EORTC/MSG criteria; 38 patients with hematological malignancies were prospectively enrolled at the Medical University of Graz, Austria, 15 patients with mixed underlying diseases at the Mannheim University Hospital). Patients with possible IA were excluded from this analysis. A total of 34/53 (64%) of all patients and 12/16 (75%) of patients with probable/proven IA received mold-active antifungal prophylaxis/therapy at the time of the BALF procedure. Sensitivities of GM and Aspergillus PCR were 38% and 44% in BALF, and 31% and 0% in blood, respectively. Best sensitivity (75%) for detecting proven/probable IA was achieved when BALF Aspergillus PCR, BALF GM (>1.0 ODI), BALF-culture and serum-GM (>0.5 ODI) were combined (specificity 95%). In conclusion, sensitivities of the evaluated diagnostic tests-when interpreted on their own-were low in BALF and even lower in blood, sensitivities increased markedly when diagnostic tests were combined.

Detection of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in critically ill patients by combined use of conventional culture, galactomannan, 1-3-beta-D-glucan and Aspergillus specific nested polymerase chain reaction in a prospective pilot study

Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA) is an emerging and life-threatening infectious disease in patients admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU). Most diagnostic studies are conducted in hematological patients and results cannot readily be transferred to ICU patients lacking classical host factors. In a multicenter, prospective clinical trial including 44 ICU patients, hematological (n = 14) and non-hematological patients (n = 30), concurrent serum and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) samples were analyzed by conventional culture, galactomannan (GM), 1-3-beta-D-glucan (BDG) as well as an Aspergillus specific nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Nine patients (20%) had putative IPA according to AspICU classification. GM and PCR showed superior performance in BAL with sensitivity/specificity of 56%/94% and 44%/94% compared to 33%/97% and 11%/94% in serum. Despite better sensitivity of 89%, BDG showed poor specificity of only 31% (BAL) and 26% (serum). Combination of GM and PCR (BAL) with BDG (serum) resulted in 100% sensitivity, but also reduced specificity to 23%. Whereas mean GM levels were significantly higher in hematological patients BDG and PCR did not differ between hematological and non-hematological patients. Under present clinical conditions test combinations integrating both BAL and blood samples are advantageous. BDG might best serve as possible indicator for ruling out IPA.

TRIAL REGISTRATION

ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01695499. First posted: September 28, 2012, last update posted: May 8, 2017.

Sputum signatures for invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in patients with underlying respiratory diseases (SPARED): study protocol for a prospective diagnostic trial

BACKGROUND

Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA) has been increasingly reported in patients with underlying respiratory diseases (URD). Early diagnosis of IPA is crucial for mortality reduction and improved prognosis, yet remains difficult. Existing diagnostic tools for IPA largely rely on the detection of biomarkers based on serum or bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), both of which have their limitations. The use of sputum sample is non-invasive, and Aspergillus detection is feasible; however, the usefulness of sputum biomarkers for the diagnosis of IPA, especially in patients with URD, has not been systematically studied.

METHODS

This is a prospective diagnostic trial. At least 118 participants will be recruited from respiratory wards and intensive care units. IPA is defined according to the EORTC/MSG criteria modified for patients with URD. Induced sputum and blood will be collected, and BALF will be obtained by bronchoscopy. Sputum biomarkers, including galactomannan, Aspergillus DNA, triacetylfusarinine and bis(methylthio)gliotoxin will be determined, and the presence of a JF5 antigen will be examined with a lateral fluid device. The sensitivity, specificity, negative predictive value, positive predictive value and diagnostic odds ratio will be computed for different biomarkers and compared using the McNemar χ2 test. Receiver operating characteristic analyses will be performed, and the cut-off values will be established. Participants will receive follow-up evaluations at 3 months and 6 months after recruitment. The difference in hospital stay and survival will be analysed, and the relationships between the levels of biomarkers and hospital stay and survival will be analysed via regression models.

DISCUSSION

We have developed and verified the feasibility of Aspergillus-related biomarker assays for sputum. The study findings will contribute to a novel look at the diagnostic performance of sputum biomarkers in IPA and provide important insight into the improvement of the early diagnosis of IPA, particularly in patients with URD.

TRIAL REGISTRATION

This study has been registered with the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry ( ChiCTR-DPD-16009070 ) on 24th of August 2016.

The evolving landscape of new diagnostic tests for invasive aspergillosis in hematology patients: strengths and weaknesses

PURPOSE OF REVIEW

The diagnosis of invasive aspergillosis in hematologic patients is a complex composite of clinical preconditions and features, imaging findings, biomarker combinations from appropriate clinical samples and microbiological and/or histological findings.

RECENT FINDINGS

Recent developments in the evolving landscape of diagnostic tests for invasive aspergillosis in adult hematology patients are highlighted.

SUMMARY

Novel approaches and tools are currently under development. Focusing optimized diagnostic performance, in particular the combination of biomarkers from appropriate clinical samples, improved diagnostic performance distinctly.

Effect of involved Aspergillus species on galactomannan in bronchoalveolar lavage of patients with invasive aspergillosis

PURPOSE

The detection of galactomannan (GM) in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid is an important surrogate marker for the early diagnosis and therapeutic monitoring of invasive aspergillosis (IA), regardless of the involved species of Aspergillus. Here, we utilized the Platelia Aspergillus GM enzyme immunoassay (Bio-Rad) to evaluate the GM index in BAL fluid samples from patients with proven, probable or putative IA due to Aspergillusflavus versus Aspergillusfumigatus.

METHODOLOGY

In a prospective study between 2009 and 2015, 116 BAL samples were collected from suspected IA patients referred to two university hospitals in Tehran, Iran.

KEY FINDINGS

According to European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer and Mycoses Study Group and Blot criteria, 35 patients were classified as IA patients, of which 33 cases tested positive for GM above 0.5 and, among these patients, 22 had a GM index ≥1. Twenty-eight were culture positive for A. flavus and seven for A. fumigatus. The GM index for A. flavus cases was between 0.5-6.5 and those of A. fumigatus ranged from 1 to 6.5. The sensitivity and specificity of a GM index ≥0.5 in cases with A. flavus were 86 and 88 % and for A. fumigatus patients were 100 and 73 %, respectively.

CONCLUSION

Overall, the mean GM index in patients with A. fumigatus (3.1) was significantly higher than those of A. flavus (1.6; P-value=0.031) and the sensitivity of GM lower for A. flavus when compared to A. fumigatus. This finding has implications for diagnosis in hospitals and countries with a high proportion of A. flavus infections.

Fungal Pneumonia in Patients with Hematologic Malignancy and Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation

Fungal pneumonias cause unacceptable morbidity among patients with hematologic malignancies (HM) and recipients of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). The high incidence of fungal pneumonias in HM/HSCT populations arises from their frequently severe, complex, and persistent immune dysfunction caused by the underlying disease and its treatment. The cytopenias, treatment toxicities, and other immune derangements that make patients susceptible to fungal pneumonia frequently complicate its diagnosis and increase the intensity and duration of antifungal therapy. This article addresses the host factors that contribute to susceptibility, summarizes diagnostic recommendations, and reviews current guidelines for management of fungal pneumonia in patients with HM/HSCT.