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Joly-Tonetti N, Legouffe R, Tomezyk A, Gumez C, Gaudin M, Bonnel D, Schaller M. Penetration Profiles of Four Topical Antifungals in Mycotic Human Toenails Quantified by Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization-Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance Imaging. Infect Dis Ther 2024; 13:1269-1279. [PMID: 38704491 PMCID: PMC11128420 DOI: 10.1007/s40121-024-00978-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Onychomycosis is a fungal infection of the nails that can be challenging to treat. Here, matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (MALDI-FTICR) imaging was applied to the quantitative analysis of the penetration profile of the antifungal compound, amorolfine, in human mycotic toenails. The amorolfine profile was compared with those of three other antifungals, ciclopirox, naftifine, and tioconazole. METHODS Antifungal compounds (amorolfine 5% lacquer, ciclopirox 8% lacquer, naftifine 1% solution, and tioconazole 28% solution) were applied to mycotic nails (n = 42). Nail sections were prepared, and MALDI-FTICR analysis was performed on the sections at a spatial resolution of 70 μm to compare the distribution profiles. Based on the minimum inhibitory concentrations of the four test compounds needed to kill 90% (MIC90) of the fungal organism, Trichophyton rubrum, the fold differences between the MIC90 and the antifungal concentrations in the nails (termed the multiplicity of the MIC90) were calculated for each. RESULTS The penetration profiles indicated higher concentrations of amorolfine and ciclopirox in the deeper layers of the nails 3 h after treatment, compared with naftifine and tioconazole. The mean concentrations across the entire nail sections at 3 h were significantly different among the four antifungals: amorolfine, 2.46 mM; ciclopirox, 0.95 mM; naftifine, 0.63 mM; and tioconazole, 1.36 mM (p = 0.016; n = 8 per compound). The median multiplicity of the MIC90 at 3 h was 191-fold for amorolfine, tenfold for ciclopirox, 52-fold for naftifine, and 208-fold for tioconazole. CONCLUSION In this study, MALDI-FTICR was successfully applied to the quantitative analysis of antifungal distribution in human mycotic nails. The findings suggest that amorolfine penetrates deeper layers of the nail and accumulates at concentrations far exceeding the MIC needed to exert antimycotic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Raphael Legouffe
- Aliri, Parc Eurasanté, 152 Rue du Dr Yersin, 59120, Loos, France
| | - Aurore Tomezyk
- Aliri, Parc Eurasanté, 152 Rue du Dr Yersin, 59120, Loos, France
| | - Clémence Gumez
- Aliri, Parc Eurasanté, 152 Rue du Dr Yersin, 59120, Loos, France
| | - Mathieu Gaudin
- Aliri, Parc Eurasanté, 152 Rue du Dr Yersin, 59120, Loos, France
| | - David Bonnel
- Aliri, Parc Eurasanté, 152 Rue du Dr Yersin, 59120, Loos, France
| | - Martin Schaller
- Department of Dermatology, Eberhard-Karls-University, Liebermeisterstr. 25, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
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Joly-Tonetti N, Legouffe R, Tomezyk A, Gumez C, Gaudin M, Bonnel D, Schaller M. Penetration Profile of Terbinafine Compared to Amorolfine in Mycotic Human Toenails Quantified by Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization-Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance Imaging. Infect Dis Ther 2024; 13:1281-1290. [PMID: 38713301 PMCID: PMC11128419 DOI: 10.1007/s40121-024-00979-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Amorolfine 5% lacquer is an established topical treatment for fungal infection of the nails. The success of topical therapy for onychomycosis depends on whether the permeated drug concentration in the deep nail bed is retained above the effective antifungal minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). We compared the penetration profile of amorolfine and a new topical formula of terbinafine in human mycotic toenails using matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry imaging-Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (MALDI-FTICR) imaging. METHODS Amorolfine 5% lacquer and terbinafine 7.8% lacquer were applied to mycotic nails (n = 17); nail sections were prepared, and MALDI-FTICR analysis was performed. Based on the MICs of amorolfine and terbinafine needed to kill 90% (MIC90) of Trichophyton rubrum, the fold differences between the MIC90 and the antifungal concentrations in the nails (the multiplicity of the MIC90) were calculated overall and for the keratin-unbound fractions. RESULTS Both amorolfine and terbinafine penetrated the entire thickness of the nail. The mean concentration across the entire nail section 3 h following terbinafine treatment was 1414 μg/g of tissue (equivalent to 4.9 mM) compared with 780 μg/g (2.5 mM) following amorolfine treatment (not significantly different; p = 0.878). The median multiplicity of the MIC90 was significantly higher in amorolfine- than terbinafine-treated nails overall (191 vs. 48; p = 0.010) and for the keratin-unbound fractions only (7.4 vs. 0.8; p = 0.002). CONCLUSION In this ex vivo study, MALDI-FTICR demonstrated that, although amorolfine 5% and terbinafine 7.8% had similar distribution profiles, both penetrating from the surface to the nail bed, the concentration of amorolfine in the nail was significantly higher than that of terbinafine relative to their respective MIC90 values. Clinical studies are required to determine whether these effects translate to a clinical difference in treatment success.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Raphael Legouffe
- Aliri, Parc Eurasanté, 152 Rue du Dr Yersin, 59120, Loos, France
| | - Aurore Tomezyk
- Aliri, Parc Eurasanté, 152 Rue du Dr Yersin, 59120, Loos, France
| | - Clémence Gumez
- Aliri, Parc Eurasanté, 152 Rue du Dr Yersin, 59120, Loos, France
| | - Mathieu Gaudin
- Aliri, Parc Eurasanté, 152 Rue du Dr Yersin, 59120, Loos, France
| | - David Bonnel
- Aliri, Parc Eurasanté, 152 Rue du Dr Yersin, 59120, Loos, France
| | - Martin Schaller
- Department of Dermatology, Liebermeisterstr. 25, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
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Schaller M, Walker B, Nabhani S, Odon A, Riel S, Jäckel A. Activity of amorolfine or ciclopirox in combination with terbinafine against pathogenic fungi in onychomycosis-Results of an in vitro investigation. Mycoses 2024; 67:e13710. [PMID: 38414346 DOI: 10.1111/myc.13710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Onychomycoses are difficult-to-treat fungal infections with high relapse rates. Combining oral and topical antifungal drugs is associated with higher success rates. Additive or synergistic modes of action are expected to enhance treatment success rates. OBJECTIVES Investigation of the combined effects of antifungal drugs in vitro with different modes of action and application on clinical isolates from mycotic nails. METHODS Isolates of Trichophyton rubrum, Trichophyton interdigitale and Scopulariopsis brevicaulis were collected from infected toenail specimens of patients with onychomycosis. Susceptibility testing was performed in 96-well polystyrene plates using a standard stepwise microdilution protocol. Additive or synergistic activity at varying concentrations was investigated by the checkerboard method. RESULTS Combining terbinafine with amorolfine tended to be more effective than terbinafine in conjunction with ciclopirox. In most combinations, additive effects were observed. Synergy was detected in combinations with involving amorolfine in S. brevicaulis. These additive and synergistic interactions indicate that combined therapy with topical amorolfine and oral terbinafine is justified. Sublimation of amorolfine (and terbinafine) may enhance the penetration in and through the nail plate, and support treatment efficacy. CONCLUSIONS These in vitro results support the notion that combining oral terbinafine and topical amorolfine is beneficial to patients with onychomycosis, particularly if the pathogen is a non-dermatophyte fungus such as S. brevicaulis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Schaller
- Department of Dermatology, Eberhard-Karls University Hospital, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Birgit Walker
- Department of Dermatology, Eberhard-Karls University Hospital, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Schafiq Nabhani
- Medical and Regulatory Department, Galderma Laboratorium GmbH, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Astrid Odon
- Department of Dermatology, Eberhard-Karls University Hospital, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Simon Riel
- Department of Dermatology, Eberhard-Karls University Hospital, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Andreas Jäckel
- Medical and Regulatory Department, Galderma Laboratorium GmbH, Düsseldorf, Germany
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Kishishita J, de Almeida Perez Pimenta C, Cerqueira Macedo DP, Delgado-Charro MB, Bastos Leal L. New Formulation-Microporation Combination Approaches to Delivering Ciclopirox across Human Nails. Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:72. [PMID: 38258083 PMCID: PMC10819317 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16010072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 12/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/01/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Topical treatments for onychomycosis are of interest to those seeking to avoid systemic drug interactions and to improve systemic safety. This work aimed to develop aqueous-based, simple, and cost-effective vehicles that provide high solubility for ciclopirox and enable the delivery of an active through channels created by nail microporation. Following solubility tests, aqueous gels and thermogels based on hydroxypropylmethylcellulose and poloxamer 407, respectively, were loaded with 8% and 16% ciclopirox. Their performance was then compared to the marketed lacquer Micolamina® in in vitro release tests with artificial membranes and in in vitro permeation tests with human nail clippings with and without poration. Finally, a microbiological assay compared the best gel formulations and the reference product. Little correlation was observed between the in vitro release and the permeation data, and the drug release was highly membrane-dependent. Ciclopirox nail retention in single-dose, porated nails tests was larger than in daily-dosing, non-porated nail conditions. The series of new gel and thermogel vehicles delivered ciclopirox more effectively than Micolamina® in single-dose, porated nail experiments. The inhibition of Trichophyton rubrum activity was significantly increased with microporated nails when the gel formulations were applied but not with Micolamina®. Overall, the results suggest that the new vehicles could be successfully combined with nail microporation to improve the drug delivery and efficacy of topical antifungal medication while reducing the dosing frequency, facilitating patients' adherence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Kishishita
- Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Núcleo de Desenvolvimento Farmacêutico e Cosmético (NUDFAC), Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (UFPE), Recife 50740-521, PE, Brazil; (J.K.); (C.d.A.P.P.); (L.B.L.)
| | - Camila de Almeida Perez Pimenta
- Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Núcleo de Desenvolvimento Farmacêutico e Cosmético (NUDFAC), Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (UFPE), Recife 50740-521, PE, Brazil; (J.K.); (C.d.A.P.P.); (L.B.L.)
| | - Danielle Patricia Cerqueira Macedo
- Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Laboratório de Análises Microbiológicas (LAM), Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (UFPE), Recife 50740-521, PE, Brazil;
| | | | - Leila Bastos Leal
- Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Núcleo de Desenvolvimento Farmacêutico e Cosmético (NUDFAC), Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (UFPE), Recife 50740-521, PE, Brazil; (J.K.); (C.d.A.P.P.); (L.B.L.)
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Maciel LÍL, Bernardo RA, Martins RO, Batista Junior AC, Oliveira JVA, Chaves AR, Vaz BG. Desorption electrospray ionization and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization as imaging approaches for biological samples analysis. Anal Bioanal Chem 2023:10.1007/s00216-023-04783-8. [PMID: 37329466 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-023-04783-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The imaging of biological tissues can offer valuable information about the sample composition, which improves the understanding of analyte distribution in such complex samples. Different approaches using mass spectrometry imaging (MSI), also known as imaging mass spectrometry (IMS), enabled the visualization of the distribution of numerous metabolites, drugs, lipids, and glycans in biological samples. The high sensitivity and multiple analyte evaluation/visualization in a single sample provided by MSI methods lead to various advantages and overcome drawbacks of classical microscopy techniques. In this context, the application of MSI methods, such as desorption electrospray ionization-MSI (DESI-MSI) and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-MSI (MALDI-MSI), has significantly contributed to this field. This review discusses the evaluation of exogenous and endogenous molecules in biological samples using DESI and MALDI imaging. It offers rare technical insights not commonly found in the literature (scanning speed and geometric parameters), making it a comprehensive guide for applying these techniques step-by-step. Furthermore, we provide an in-depth discussion of recent research findings on using these methods to study biological tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Boniek Gontijo Vaz
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, 74690-900, Brazil.
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Mass spectrometry imaging in drug distribution and drug metabolism studies – Principles, applications and perspectives. Trends Analyt Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2021.116482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Lu Q, Guan X, You X, Xu Z, Zenobi R. High-Spatial Resolution Atmospheric Pressure Mass Spectrometry Imaging Using Fiber Probe Laser Ablation-Dielectric Barrier Discharge Ionization. Anal Chem 2021; 93:14694-14700. [PMID: 34699179 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c03055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Atmospheric pressure mass spectrometry imaging (AP-MSI) is a powerful tool in many fields; however, there are still some difficulties to achieve high spatial resolution for AP-MSI, one of them being the need for a small ablation crater. Here, a fiber probe laser ablation (FPLA) system is introduced that uses an etched optical fiber with a sharp tip (o.d. 200 nm) to deliver ablation laser pulses to a sample surface to ablate materials with high spatial resolution. The tip-to-sample distance was adjusted to ∼10 μm using a micro-actuator having a stepping motor with submicron accuracy. The laser-ablated neutrals were post-ionized using a home-built in-line dielectric barrier discharge source, which can be interfaced to any mass spectrometer with an AP interface. Using MSI on a standard sample with a striped pattern and sections of fingernails treated with the drug methyl green zinc chloride salt, a FPLA-DBDI-MSI spatial resolution of ≈5 μm was demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiao Lu
- Department of Chemistry and the MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis & Instrumentation, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Xiaokang Guan
- Department of Chemistry and the MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis & Instrumentation, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Xue You
- Department of Chemistry and the MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis & Instrumentation, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Zhouyi Xu
- Department of Chemistry and the MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis & Instrumentation, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Renato Zenobi
- Department of Chemistry and the MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis & Instrumentation, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China.,Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich CH-8093, Switzerland
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Safety Testing of Cosmetic Products: Overview of Established Methods and New Approach Methodologies (NAMs). COSMETICS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/cosmetics8020050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cosmetic products need to have a proven efficacy combined with a comprehensive toxicological assessment. Before the current Cosmetic regulation N°1223/2009, the 7th Amendment to the European Cosmetics Directive has banned animal testing for cosmetic products and for cosmetic ingredients in 2004 and 2009, respectively. An increasing number of alternatives to animal testing has been developed and validated for safety and efficacy testing of cosmetic products and cosmetic ingredients. For example, 2D cell culture models derived from human skin can be used to evaluate anti-inflammatory properties, or to predict skin sensitization potential; 3D human skin equivalent models are used to evaluate skin irritation potential; and excised human skin is used as the gold standard for the evaluation of dermal absorption. The aim of this manuscript is to give an overview of the main in vitro and ex vivo alternative models used in the safety testing of cosmetic products with a focus on regulatory requirements, genotoxicity potential, skin sensitization potential, skin and eye irritation, endocrine properties, and dermal absorption. Advantages and limitations of each model in safety testing of cosmetic products are discussed and novel technologies capable of addressing these limitations are presented.
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