1
|
Lourenço LMO, Cunha Â, Sierra-Garcia IN. Light-Driven Tetra- and Octa-β-substituted Cationic Zinc(II) Phthalocyanines for Eradicating Fusarium oxysporum Conidia. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16980. [PMID: 38069303 PMCID: PMC10706913 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242316980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic inactivation (PDI) is an emerging therapeutic approach that can effectively inactivate diverse microbial forms, including vegetative forms and spores, while preserving host tissues and avoiding the development of resistance to the photosensitization procedure. This study evaluates the antifungal and sporicidal photodynamic activity of two water-soluble amphiphilic tetra- and octa-β-substituted zinc(II) phthalocyanine (ZnPc) dyes with dimethylaminopyridinium groups at the periphery (ZnPcs 1, 2) and their quaternized derivatives (ZnPcs 1a, 2a). Tetra(1, 1a)- and octa(2, 2a)-β-substituted zinc(II) phthalocyanines were prepared and assessed as photosensitizers (PSs) for their effects on Fusarium oxysporum conidia. Antimicrobial photoinactivation experiments were performed with each PS at 0.1, 1, 10, and 20 µM under white light irradiation at an irradiance of 135 mW·cm-2, for 60 min (light dose of 486 J·cm-2). High PDI efficiency was observed for PSs 1a, 2, and 2a (10 µM), corresponding to inactivation until the method's detection limit. PS 1 (20 µM) also achieved a considerable reduction of >5 log10 in the concentration of viable conidia. The quaternized PSs (1a, 2a) showed better PDI performance than the non-quaternized ones (1, 2), even at the low concentration of 1 µM, and a light dose of 486 J·cm-2. These cationic phthalocyanines are potent photodynamic drugs for antifungal applications due to their ability to effectively inactivate resistant forms, like conidia, with low concentrations and reasonable energy doses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ângela Cunha
- CESAM, Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (Â.C.); (I.N.S.-G.)
| | - Isabel N. Sierra-Garcia
- CESAM, Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (Â.C.); (I.N.S.-G.)
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Piksa M, Lian C, Samuel IC, Pawlik KJ, Samuel IDW, Matczyszyn K. The role of the light source in antimicrobial photodynamic therapy. Chem Soc Rev 2023; 52:1697-1722. [PMID: 36779328 DOI: 10.1039/d0cs01051k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 74.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/14/2023]
Abstract
Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (APDT) is a promising approach to fight the growing problem of antimicrobial resistance that threatens health care, food security and agriculture. APDT uses light to excite a light-activated chemical (photosensitiser), leading to the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Many APDT studies confirm its efficacy in vitro and in vivo against bacteria, fungi, viruses and parasites. However, the development of the field is focused on exploring potential targets and developing new photosensitisers. The role of light, a crucial element for ROS production, has been neglected. What are the main parameters essential for effective photosensitiser activation? Does an optimal light radiant exposure exist? And finally, which light source is best? Many reports have described the promising antibacterial effects of APDT in vitro, however, its application in vivo, especially in clinical settings remains very limited. The restricted availability may partially be due to a lack of standard conditions or protocols, arising from the diversity of selected photosensitising agents (PS), variable testing conditions including light sources used for PS activation and methods of measuring anti-bacterial activity and their effectiveness in treating bacterial infections. We thus sought to systematically review and examine the evidence from existing studies on APDT associated with the light source used. We show how the reduction of pathogens depends on the light source applied, radiant exposure and irradiance of light used, and type of pathogen, and so critically appraise the current state of development of APDT and areas to be addressed in future studies. We anticipate that further standardisation of the experimental conditions will help the field advance, and suggest key optical and biological parameters that should be reported in all APDT studies. More in vivo and clinical studies are needed and are expected to be facilitated by advances in light sources, leading to APDT becoming a sustainable, alternative therapeutic option for bacterial and other microbial infections in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marta Piksa
- Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Science, Weigla 12, 53-114, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Cheng Lian
- Organic Semiconductor Centre, SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St Andrews, Fife, KY16 9SS, UK.
| | - Imogen C Samuel
- School of Medicine, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Krzysztof J Pawlik
- Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Science, Weigla 12, 53-114, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Ifor D W Samuel
- Organic Semiconductor Centre, SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St Andrews, Fife, KY16 9SS, UK.
| | - Katarzyna Matczyszyn
- Institute of Advanced Materials, Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wyb. Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ning X, He G, Zeng W, Xia Y. The photosensitizer-based therapies enhance the repairing of skin wounds. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:915548. [PMID: 36035433 PMCID: PMC9403269 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.915548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Wound repair remains a clinical challenge and bacterial infection is a common complication that may significantly delay healing. Therefore, proper and effective wound management is essential. The photosensitizer-based therapies mainly stimulate the photosensitizer to generate reactive oxygen species through appropriate excitation source irradiation, thereby killing pathogenic microorganisms. Moreover, they initiate local immune responses by inducing the recruitment of immune cells as well as the production of proinflammatory cytokines. In addition, these therapies can stimulate the proliferation, migration and differentiation of skin resident cells, and improve the deposition of extracellular matrix; subsequently, they promote the re-epithelialization, angiogenesis, and tissue remodeling. Studies in multiple animal models and human skin wounds have proved that the superior sterilization property and biological effects of photosensitizer-based therapies during different stages of wound repair. In this review, we summarize the recent advances in photosensitizer-based therapies for enhancing tissue regeneration, and suggest more effective therapeutics for patients with skin wounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoying Ning
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Gang He
- State Key Laboratory for Strength and Vibration of Mechanical Structures, Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
- Xi’an Key Laboratory of Sustainable Energy Materials Chemistry, Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Weihui Zeng
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Yumin Xia
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
- *Correspondence: Yumin Xia,
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Yasin G, Nasr M, Abdel Gaber SA, Hüttenberger D, Fadel M. Response surface methodological approach for optimization of photodynamic therapy of onychomycosis using chlorin e6 loaded nail penetration enhancer vesicles. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY. B, BIOLOGY 2022; 232:112461. [PMID: 35551052 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2022.112461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 11/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Antimicrobial photodynamic inactivation (aPDI) has a tremendous potential as an alternative therapeutic modality to conventional antifungals in treatment of onychomycosis, yet the nail barrier properties and the deep-seated nature of fungi within the nails remain challenging. Therefore, the aim of this study was to prepare, optimize, and characterize Chorin e6 (Ce6) nail penetration enhancer containing vesicles (Ce6-nPEVs) and evaluate their photodynamic mediated effect against Trichophyton rubrum (T.rubrum); the main causative agent of onychomycosis. Optimization of the particle size and encapsulation efficiency of nPEVs was performed using a four-factor two-level full factorial design. The transungual delivery potential of the selected formulation was assessed in comparison with the free drug. The photodynamic treatment conditions for T.rubrum aPDI by free Ce6 was optimized using response surface methodology based on Box-Behnken design, and the aPDI effect of the selected Ce6-nPEVs was evaluated versus the free Ce6 at the optimized condition. Results showed that formulations exhibited high encapsulation efficiency for Ce6 ranging from 79.4 to 98%, particle sizes ranging from 225 to 859 nm, positive zeta potential values ranging from +30 to +70 mV, and viscosity ranging from 1.26 to 3.43 cP. The predominant parameters for maximizing the encapsulation efficiency and minimizing the particle size of Ce6-nPEVs were identified. The selected formulation showed 1.8-folds higher nail hydration and 2.3 folds improvement in percentage of Ce6 up-taken by nails compared to the free drug. Results of the microbiological study confirmed the reliability and adequacy of the Box-Behnken model, and delineated Ce6 concentration and incubation time as the significant model terms. Free Ce6 and Ce6-nPEVs showed an equipotent in vitro fungicidal effect on T.rubrum at the optimized conditions, however Ce6-nPEVs is expected to show a differential effect at the in vivo level where the advantage of the enhanced nail penetration feature will be demonstrated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ghada Yasin
- Pharmaceutical Nano-Technology Laboratory, Department of Medical Applications of Laser, National Institute of Laser Enhanced Sciences (NILES), Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Maha Nasr
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Sara A Abdel Gaber
- Nanomedicine Department, Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, Egypt
| | | | - Maha Fadel
- Pharmaceutical Nano-Technology Laboratory, Department of Medical Applications of Laser, National Institute of Laser Enhanced Sciences (NILES), Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Li Z, Shen F, Song L, Zhang S. Antifungal Activity of NP20 Derived from Amphioxus Midkine/Pleiotrophin Homolog Against Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus fumigatus. MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2022; 24:614-625. [PMID: 35610324 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-022-10131-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
With the emergence of antifungal resistance, systematic infections with Aspergillus are becoming the major cause of the clinical morbidity. The development of novel antifungal agents with high efficacy, low drug tolerance, and few side effects is urgent. In response to that need, we have identified NP20. Here we demonstrate clearly that NP20 has antifungal activity, capable of killing the spores of Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus fumigatus as well as causing direct damage to the surface, membrane, cytoplasm, organelle, and nucleus of the fungal spores. Interestingly, NP20 is active under temperature stress and a wide range of pH. Subsequently, MTT assay, assay for binding of NP20 to fungal cell wall components, membrane depolarization assay, confocal microscopy, ROS assay, DNA replication, and protein synthesis assay are performed to clarify the mechanisms underlying NP20 against Aspergillus. The results show that NP20 can bind with and pass through the fungal cell wall, and then interfere with the lipid membrane. Moreover, NP20 can induce intracellular ROS production, DNA fragmentation, and protein synthesis inhibition of the fungal cells. These together indicate that NP20 is a novel antifungal peptide, which has considerable potential for future development as novel peptide antibiotics against Aspergillus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Li
- Laboratory for Evolution & Development, Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity and Department of Marine Biology, Ocean University of China, Room 320, 5 Yushan Road, Darwin Building, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Fangwang Shen
- Laboratory for Evolution & Development, Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity and Department of Marine Biology, Ocean University of China, Room 320, 5 Yushan Road, Darwin Building, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Lili Song
- Laboratory for Evolution & Development, Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity and Department of Marine Biology, Ocean University of China, Room 320, 5 Yushan Road, Darwin Building, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Shicui Zhang
- Laboratory for Evolution & Development, Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity and Department of Marine Biology, Ocean University of China, Room 320, 5 Yushan Road, Darwin Building, Qingdao, 266003, China.
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao, 266003, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Cen Y, Li Y, Zhang P, Liu Z, Huang C, Wang W. The facilitating effect of blue light on the antifungal agent susceptibilities of passaged conidia from the ocular-derived Fusarium solani species complex. Lasers Med Sci 2022; 37:1651-1665. [PMID: 35094176 DOI: 10.1007/s10103-021-03415-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The eye is a light-receiving organ and has anatomical advantages to accept phototherapy. Fungi colonizing on the eyes, which cause ocular mycoses, are affected by daily blue light and could easily accept additional light irritation. Ocular mycoses are recalcitrant and blindness-causing eye diseases, and antifungal agent treatments are insufficient. Our team previously found that blue light could inhibit Fusarium solani hyphal growth but promote conidiation. Here, we investigated the antifungal susceptibilities and biological characteristics of the passaged conidia. Twelve Fusarium solani strains (11 ocular-derived strains and 1 standard laboratory strain) were inoculated under blue light (0.5 mW/cm2) and darkness conditions, respectively, to obtain the passaged conidia of blue light group (n = 12) and darkness group (n = 12). Two groups were tested to determine the growth abilities and in vitro antifungal susceptibilities to five antifungal drugs (voriconazole (VRC), amphotericin B (AMB), terbinafine (TRB), caspofungin (CAS), and 5-flucytosine (5FC)), which were examined by microscopy for morphological observation and spectrophotometry for turbidity analysis. The results showed that blue light group passaged conidia were more sensitive to antifungal drugs (AMB, VRC, TRB, and CAS) compared to darkness group. The MIC50 of VRC significantly decreased after blue light treatment (P < 0.05). The fungal inhibition rate significantly increased for VRC, AMB, and TRB in the low concentration range (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01). Blue light did not affect germination or hyphal extension of passaged conidia. These results suggested that blue light could facilitate fungal inhibition effect of AMB, VRC, TRB, and CAS and may improve the therapeutic efficiency in VRC and AMB clinical applications. Blue light phototherapy may provide a new adjuvant approach for the treatment of ocular mycosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yujie Cen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University Third Hospital, North Garden Road, Haidian District, Beijing, People's Republic of China, 100191
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Restoration of Damaged Ocular Nerve, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingyu Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University Third Hospital, North Garden Road, Haidian District, Beijing, People's Republic of China, 100191
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Restoration of Damaged Ocular Nerve, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Pei Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University Third Hospital, North Garden Road, Haidian District, Beijing, People's Republic of China, 100191
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Restoration of Damaged Ocular Nerve, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ziyuan Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University Third Hospital, North Garden Road, Haidian District, Beijing, People's Republic of China, 100191
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Restoration of Damaged Ocular Nerve, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Chen Huang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University Third Hospital, North Garden Road, Haidian District, Beijing, People's Republic of China, 100191.
- Center of Basic Medical Research, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University Third Hospital, North Garden Road, Haidian District, Beijing, People's Republic of China, 100191.
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Restoration of Damaged Ocular Nerve, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Ma W, Zhang M, Cui Z, Wang X, Niu X, Zhu Y, Yao Z, Ye F, Geng S, Liu C. Aloe-emodin-mediated antimicrobial photodynamic therapy against dermatophytosis caused by Trichophyton rubrum. Microb Biotechnol 2022; 15:499-512. [PMID: 34165875 PMCID: PMC8867962 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.13875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Trichophyton rubrum is responsible for the majority of dermatophytosis. Current systemic and topical antifungals against dermatophytosis are often tedious and sometimes unsatisfactory. Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) is a non-invasive alternative suitable for the treatment of superficial fungal infections. This work investigated the photodynamic inactivation efficacy and effects of aloe-emodin (AE), a natural photosensitizer (PS) against T. rubrum microconidia in vitro, and evaluated the treatment effects of AE-mediated aPDT for T. rubrum-caused tinea corporis in vivo and tinea unguium ex vivo. The photodynamic antimicrobial efficacy of AE on T. rubrum microconidia was evaluated by MTT assay. The inhibition effect of AE-mediated aPDT on growth of T. rubrum was studied. Intracellular location of AE, damage induced by AE-mediated aPDT on cellular structure and surface of microconidia and generation of intracellular ROS were investigated by microscopy and flow cytometry. The therapeutic effects of AE-mediated aPDT against dermatophytosis were assessed in T. rubrum-caused tinea corporis guinea pig model and tinea unguium ex vivo model. AE-mediated aPDT effectively inactivated T. rubrum microconidia in a light energy dose-dependent manner and exhibited strong inhibitory effect on growth of T. rubrum. Microscope images indicated that AE is mainly targeted to the organelles and caused damage to the cytoplasm of microconidia after irradiation through generation of abundant intracellular ROS. AE-mediated aPDT demonstrated effective therapeutic effects for T. rubrum-caused tinea corporis on guinea pig model and tinea unguium in ex vivo model. The results obtained suggest that AE is a potential PS for the photodynamic treatment of dermatophytosis caused by T. rubrum, but its permeability in skin and nails needs to be improved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenpeng Ma
- Department of Pathogenic Microbiology & ImmunologySchool of Basic Medical SciencesXi'an Jiao Tong University Health Science Center76 West Yanta RoadXi'an710061China
- Clinical LaboratoryThe Second Hospital of Weinan2 East Chaoyang StreetWeinan714000China
| | - Miaomiao Zhang
- Department of Pathogenic Microbiology & ImmunologySchool of Basic Medical SciencesXi'an Jiao Tong University Health Science Center76 West Yanta RoadXi'an710061China
| | - Zixin Cui
- Department of Pathogenic Microbiology & ImmunologySchool of Basic Medical SciencesXi'an Jiao Tong University Health Science Center76 West Yanta RoadXi'an710061China
- Department of InfectionThe First Affiliated Hospital of College of MedicineXi'an Jiao Tong University227 West Yanta RoadXi'an710061China
| | - Xiaopeng Wang
- Department of DermatologyThe Second Affiliated Hospital of College of MedicineXi'an Jiao Tong University157 Xi Wu RoadXi'an710004China
| | - Xinwu Niu
- Department of DermatologyThe Second Affiliated Hospital of College of MedicineXi'an Jiao Tong University157 Xi Wu RoadXi'an710004China
| | - Yanyan Zhu
- Department of DermatologyThe Second Affiliated Hospital of College of MedicineXi'an Jiao Tong University157 Xi Wu RoadXi'an710004China
| | - Zhihong Yao
- Department of Pathogenic Microbiology & ImmunologySchool of Basic Medical SciencesXi'an Jiao Tong University Health Science Center76 West Yanta RoadXi'an710061China
- Department of Clinical MedicineHanzhong Vocational and Technical College81 Zongying TownHanzhong723002China
| | - Feng Ye
- Department of InfectionThe First Affiliated Hospital of College of MedicineXi'an Jiao Tong University227 West Yanta RoadXi'an710061China
| | - Songmei Geng
- Department of DermatologyThe Second Affiliated Hospital of College of MedicineXi'an Jiao Tong University157 Xi Wu RoadXi'an710004China
| | - Chengcheng Liu
- Department of Pathogenic Microbiology & ImmunologySchool of Basic Medical SciencesXi'an Jiao Tong University Health Science Center76 West Yanta RoadXi'an710061China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Cabral FV, Sellera FP, Ribeiro MS. Methylene blue-mediated antimicrobial photodynamic therapy for canine dermatophytosis caused by Microsporum canis: A successful case report with 6 months follow-up. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2021; 36:102602. [PMID: 34706277 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2021.102602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Dermatophytosis is a superficial skin infection that widely effects companion animals. Miscrosporum canis is one of the most prevalent species isolated from dogs and cats, and because of the serious zoonotic potential, short-term treatment regimens are preferred to prevent the spread of disease either by direct contact or through contamination of the environment. Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (APDT) has emerged as a promising strategy able to kill effectively a wide range of pathogens in a short period with minimal morbidity . In this case report, a 7-year-old male dog was diagnosed with dermatophytosis caused by M. canis. Methylene blue-mediated antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (MB-APDT) was applied over the lesions in two sessions with an interval of 7 days. The dog successfully healed, achieving a complete clinical cure after 21 days, without reports of recurrence after a follow-up period of 6 months. Therefore, MB-APDT could be a potential ally of small animal clinicians to treat superficial fungal diseases and should be further explored in Veterinary Medicine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda V Cabral
- Center for Lasers and Applications, Energy and Nuclear Research Institute (IPEN/CNEN), São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Fábio P Sellera
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; School of Veterinary Medicine, Metropolitan University of Santos, Santos, SP, Brazil
| | - Martha S Ribeiro
- Center for Lasers and Applications, Energy and Nuclear Research Institute (IPEN/CNEN), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Gnat S, Łagowski D, Dyląg M, Zielinski J, Nowakiewicz A. In vitro evaluation of photodynamic activity of methylene blue against Trichophyton verrucosum azole-susceptible and -resistant strains. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2021; 14:e202100150. [PMID: 34185387 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.202100150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The intense search for the "Holy Grail" of antifungal therapy can be observed today. The searches are not limited only to discovery of potential antifungal drugs, but also new therapeutic strategies involving the use of chemosensitizers to achieve synergistic effect or physicochemical factors inducing stress conditions in fungal cells. In this study was examined in vitro effectiveness of photodynamic antifungal strategy with methylene blue using a light beam with a wavelength equal to 635 nm toward the Trichophyton verrucosum susceptible and itraconazole- and/or fluconazole-resistant strains. Methylene blue used at concentration equal to 5 μg/mL and in the presence of 40 J/cm2 of light energy showed fungicidal effect toward the susceptible strains. However, for azole-resistant isolates, only the energy dose equal to 60 J/cm2 at 5 μg/mL of methylene blue allowed to kill the pathogen. This study confirms that methylene blue induced by red light has a definite inhibitory effect on zoophilic dermatophytes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Gnat
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Microbiology, University of Life Sciences, Lublin, Poland
| | - Dominik Łagowski
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Microbiology, University of Life Sciences, Lublin, Poland
| | - Mariusz Dyląg
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, Department of Mycology and Genetics, University of Wroclaw, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Jessica Zielinski
- Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Aneta Nowakiewicz
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Microbiology, University of Life Sciences, Lublin, Poland
| |
Collapse
|