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Cetinsoy O, Anyanwu I, Krishnanand H, Natarajan G, Ramachandran N, Thomas A, Brookes KJ. Gene Association Study of the Urokinase Plasminogen Activator and Its Receptor Gene in Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2024; 99:241-250. [PMID: 38669542 DOI: 10.3233/jad-231383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Background The role of the innate immune system has long been associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD). There is now accumulating evidence that the soluble Urokinase Plasminogen Activator Receptor pathway, and its genes, PLAU and PLAUR may be important in AD, and yet there have been few genetic association studies to explore this. Objective This study utilizes the DNA bank of the Brains for Dementia Research cohort to investigate the genetic association of common polymorphisms across the PLAU and PLAUR genes with AD. Methods TaqMan genotyping assays were used with standard procedures followed by association analysis in PLINK. Results No association was observed between the PLAU gene and AD; however, two SNPs located in the PLAUR gene were indicative of a trend towards association but did not surpass multiple testing significance thresholds. Conclusions Further genotyping studies and exploration of the consequences of these SNPs on gene expression and alternative splicing are warranted to fully uncover the role this system may have in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ozde Cetinsoy
- Biosciences, Clifton Campus, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
| | - Ijeoma Anyanwu
- Biosciences, Clifton Campus, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
| | | | | | | | - Alan Thomas
- Brains for Dementia Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle, UK
| | - Keeley J Brookes
- Biosciences, Clifton Campus, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
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Kepp KP, Robakis NK, Høilund-Carlsen PF, Sensi SL, Vissel B. The amyloid cascade hypothesis: an updated critical review. Brain 2023; 146:3969-3990. [PMID: 37183523 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awad159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Results from recent clinical trials of antibodies that target amyloid-β (Aβ) for Alzheimer's disease have created excitement and have been heralded as corroboration of the amyloid cascade hypothesis. However, while Aβ may contribute to disease, genetic, clinical, imaging and biochemical data suggest a more complex aetiology. Here we review the history and weaknesses of the amyloid cascade hypothesis in view of the new evidence obtained from clinical trials of anti-amyloid antibodies. These trials indicate that the treatments have either no or uncertain clinical effect on cognition. Despite the importance of amyloid in the definition of Alzheimer's disease, we argue that the data point to Aβ playing a minor aetiological role. We also discuss data suggesting that the concerted activity of many pathogenic factors contribute to Alzheimer's disease and propose that evolving multi-factor disease models will better underpin the search for more effective strategies to treat the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasper P Kepp
- Section of Biophysical and Biomedicinal chemistry, DTU Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Nikolaos K Robakis
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai Medical Center, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Poul F Høilund-Carlsen
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Odense University Hospital, 5000 Odense C, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense C, Denmark
| | - Stefano L Sensi
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technology-CAST, and Institute for Advanced Biotechnology (ITAB), University G. d'Annunzio of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, 66013, Italy
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging, and Clinical Sciences, University G. d'Annunzio of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, 66013, Italy
| | - Bryce Vissel
- St Vincent's Hospital Centre for Applied Medical Research, St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, 2010, Australia
- School of Clinical Medicine, UNSW Medicine and Health, St Vincent's Healthcare Clinical Campus, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
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3
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Kepp KP, Sensi SL, Johnsen KB, Barrio JR, Høilund-Carlsen PF, Neve RL, Alavi A, Herrup K, Perry G, Robakis NK, Vissel B, Espay AJ. The Anti-Amyloid Monoclonal Antibody Lecanemab: 16 Cautionary Notes. J Alzheimers Dis 2023; 94:497-507. [PMID: 37334596 DOI: 10.3233/jad-230099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
After the CLARITY-AD clinical trial results of lecanemab were interpreted as positive, and supporting the amyloid hypothesis, the drug received accelerated Food and Drug Administration approval. However, we argue that benefits of lecanemab treatment are uncertain and may yield net harm for some patients, and that the data do not support the amyloid hypothesis. We note potential biases from inclusion, unblinding, dropouts, and other issues. Given substantial adverse effects and subgroup heterogeneity, we conclude that lecanemab's efficacy is not clinically meaningful, consistent with numerous analyses suggesting that amyloid-β and its derivatives are not the main causative agents of Alzheimer's disease dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasper P Kepp
- Department of Chemistry, Section of Biophysical and Biomedicinal Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Stefano L Sensi
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technology - CAST, and Institute for Advanced Biotechnology (ITAB), University G. d'Annunzio of Chieti-Pescara, Italy
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging, and Clinical Sciences, University G. d'Annunzio of Chieti-Pescara, Italy
| | - Kasper B Johnsen
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Neurobiology Research and Drug Delivery Group, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Jorge R Barrio
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Poul F Høilund-Carlsen
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Rachael L Neve
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Abass Alavi
- Department of Radiology, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Karl Herrup
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - George Perry
- Department of Neuroscience, Developmental and Regenerative Biology, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Nikolaos K Robakis
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Bryce Vissel
- St Vincent's Hospital Centre for Applied Medical Research, St Vincent's Hospital, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
- School of Clinical Medicine, UNSW Medicine & Health, St Vincent's Healthcare Clinical Campus, Faculty of Medicine and Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Alberto J Espay
- Department of Neurology, James J. and Joan A. Gardner Family Center for Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
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4
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Xu J, Zhang P, Huang Y, Zhou Y, Hou Y, Bekris LM, Lathia J, Chiang CW, Li L, Pieper AA, Leverenz JB, Cummings J, Cheng F. Multimodal single-cell/nucleus RNA sequencing data analysis uncovers molecular networks between disease-associated microglia and astrocytes with implications for drug repurposing in Alzheimer's disease. Genome Res 2021; 31:1900-1912. [PMID: 33627474 PMCID: PMC8494225 DOI: 10.1101/gr.272484.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Because disease-associated microglia (DAM) and disease-associated astrocytes (DAA) are involved in the pathophysiology of Alzheimer's disease (AD), we systematically identified molecular networks between DAM and DAA to uncover novel therapeutic targets for AD. Specifically, we develop a network-based methodology that leverages single-cell/nucleus RNA sequencing data from both transgenic mouse models and AD patient brains, as well as drug-target network, metabolite-enzyme associations, the human protein-protein interactome, and large-scale longitudinal patient data. Through this approach, we find both common and unique gene network regulators between DAM (i.e., PAK1, MAPK14, and CSF1R) and DAA (i.e., NFKB1, FOS, and JUN) that are significantly enriched by neuro-inflammatory pathways and well-known genetic variants (i.e., BIN1). We identify shared immune pathways between DAM and DAA, including Th17 cell differentiation and chemokine signaling. Last, integrative metabolite-enzyme network analyses suggest that fatty acids and amino acids may trigger molecular alterations in DAM and DAA. Combining network-based prediction and retrospective case-control observations with 7.2 million individuals, we identify that usage of fluticasone (an approved glucocorticoid receptor agonist) is significantly associated with a reduced incidence of AD (hazard ratio [HR] = 0.86, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.83-0.89, P < 1.0 × 10-8). Propensity score-stratified cohort studies reveal that usage of mometasone (a stronger glucocorticoid receptor agonist) is significantly associated with a decreased risk of AD (HR = 0.74, 95% CI 0.68-0.81, P < 1.0 × 10-8) compared to fluticasone after adjusting age, gender, and disease comorbidities. In summary, we present a network-based, multimodal methodology for single-cell/nucleus genomics-informed drug discovery and have identified fluticasone and mometasone as potential treatments in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jielin Xu
- Genomic Medicine Institute, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
| | - Pengyue Zhang
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, USA
| | - Yin Huang
- Genomic Medicine Institute, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
| | - Yadi Zhou
- Genomic Medicine Institute, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
| | - Yuan Hou
- Genomic Medicine Institute, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
| | - Lynn M Bekris
- Genomic Medicine Institute, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
| | - Justin Lathia
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
| | - Chien-Wei Chiang
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, College of Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Lang Li
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, College of Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Andrew A Pieper
- Harrington Discovery Institute, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
- Geriatric Psychiatry, GRECC, Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
- Institute for Transformative Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland 44106, Ohio, USA
- Weill Cornell Autism Research Program, Weill Cornell Medicine of Cornell University, New York, New York 10065, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
| | - James B Leverenz
- Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health, Neurological Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
| | - Jeffrey Cummings
- Chambers-Grundy Center for Transformative Neuroscience, Department of Brain Health, School of Integrated Health Sciences, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, Nevada 89154, USA
| | - Feixiong Cheng
- Genomic Medicine Institute, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
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Ahmad SS, Younis K, Philippe J, Aschner M, Khan H. Strategic approaches to target the enzymes using natural compounds for the management of Alzheimer's disease: A review. CNS & NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS-DRUG TARGETS 2021; 21:610-620. [PMID: 34382514 DOI: 10.2174/1871527320666210811160007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a chronic neurodegenerative disease. It is clinically characterized by memory loss and intellectual decrease, among other neurological deficits. The etiology of AD is not completely understood but includes amyloid plaques and intracellular helical filaments as well as neurofibrillary tangles with hyperphosphorylated tau protein. AD is also associated with alterations in amyloid processing genes, such as PSEN1 or PSEN2 and APP. The modulation immune system, cholesterol metabolism, and synaptic vesicle endocytosis have all been shown to remediate AD. In this review, enzymes such as AChE, BuChE, β-secretase, γ-secretase, MAO, and RAGE are discussed as potential targets for AD treatment. The aim of this review was to addresses the molecular mechanisms as well as various genetic factors in AD etiology. The use of natural compounds against these targets might be beneficial for the management of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Sayeed Ahmad
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, 38541. Korea
| | - Kaiser Younis
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Integral University, Lucknow. India
| | - Jeandet Philippe
- Research Unit "Induced Resistance and Plant Bioprotection", EA 4707, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, Faculty of Sciences University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne, PO Box 1039, 51687 Reims Cedex 2. France
| | - Michael Aschner
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461. United States
| | - Haroon Khan
- Department of Pharmacy, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan 23200. Pakistan
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6
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Akbor MM, Kim J, Nomura M, Sugioka J, Kurosawa N, Isobe M. A candidate gene of Alzheimer diseases was mutated in senescence-accelerated mouse prone (SAMP) 8 mice. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2021; 572:112-117. [PMID: 34364289 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2021.07.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The senescence-accelerated mouse prone (SAMP) 8 strain exhibits age-related learning and memory deficits (LMD) at 2 months of age. We have found strong association of chromosome 12 locus with learning memory deficit (LMD) phenotype in SAMP8 strain. In the course of searching candidate gene, here we identified solute carrier family 24 sodium/potassium/calcium exchanger member 4 (Slc24a4) in SAMP8 chromosome 12 LMD possessing one single nucleotide polymorphism causing amino acid replacement of Threonine at 413 position with Methionine. Since SLC24A4 has been postulated as a candidate of late onset Alzheimer's diseases (LOAD), we further analyze the functional importance of this polymorphism. By expressing Slc24a4 protein in HEK293 cells, here we showed polymorphic SAMP8 type Slc24a4-T413 M causing significant loss of calcium ion (Ca2+) transporter activity in cells compared with that of wild type mouse (Slc24a4-WT). However, no study yet shows any functional association of human SLC24A4 polymorphism with the onset of LOAD pathogenesis. Thus, our present finding may further help to clarify the importance of this ion exchanger with age related cognitive dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maruf Mohammad Akbor
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Department of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Juhyon Kim
- Division of Bio-Information Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Mai Nomura
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Department of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Juno Sugioka
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Department of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Kurosawa
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Department of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Masaharu Isobe
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Department of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan.
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7
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Importance of GWAS in finding un-targeted genetic association of sporadic Alzheimer’s disease. Mol Cell Toxicol 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s13273-021-00130-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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8
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Akbor MM, Kurosawa N, Nakayama H, Nakatani A, Tomobe K, Chiba Y, Ueno M, Tanaka M, Nomura Y, Isobe M. Polymorphic SERPINA3 prolongs oligomeric state of amyloid beta. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0248027. [PMID: 33662018 PMCID: PMC7932536 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0248027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular chaperon SERPINA3 colocalizes with accumulated amyloid peptide in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) patient’s brain. From the QTL analysis, we narrowed down Serpina3 with two SNPs in senescence-accelerated mouse prone (SAMP) 8 strain. Our study showed SAMP8 type Serpina3 prolonged retention of oligomeric Aβ 42 for longer duration (72 hr) while observing under transmission electron microscope (TEM). From Western blot results, we confirmed presence of Aβ 42 oligomeric forms (trimers, tetramers) were maintained for longer duration only in the presences of SAMP8 type Serpina3. Using SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cell line, we observed until 36 hr preincubated Aβ 42 with SAMP8 type Serpina3 caused neuronal cell death compared to 12 hr preincubated Aβ 42 with SAMR1 or JF1 type Serpina3 proteins. Similar results were found by extending this study to analyze the effect of polymorphism of SERPINA3 gene of the Japanese SNP database for geriatric research (JG-SNP). We observed that polymorphic SERPINA3 I308T (rs142398813) prolonged toxic oligomeric Aβ 42 forms till 48 hr in comparison to the presence wild type SERPINA3 protein, resulting neuronal cell death. From this study, we first clarified pathogenic regulatory role of polymorphic SERPINA3 in neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maruf Mohammad Akbor
- Department of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Engineering, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Kurosawa
- Department of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Engineering, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Hiroki Nakayama
- Department of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Engineering, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Ayumi Nakatani
- Department of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Engineering, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Koji Tomobe
- Department of Pathophysiology, Yokohama University of Pharmacy, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Yoichi Chiba
- Department of Pathology and Host Defense, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Masaki Ueno
- Department of Pathology and Host Defense, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Masashi Tanaka
- Department for Health and Longevity Research, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Nomura
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Kurume University, Kurume, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Masaharu Isobe
- Department of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Engineering, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
- * E-mail:
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De Marco M, Manca R, Kirby J, Hautbergue GM, Blackburn DJ, Wharton SB, Venneri A, Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative. The Association between Polygenic Hazard and Markers of Alzheimer's Disease Following Stratification for APOE Genotype. Curr Alzheimer Res 2020; 17:667-679. [PMID: 33023447 DOI: 10.2174/1567205017666201006161800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Research indicates that polygenic indices of risk of Alzheimer's disease are linked to clinical profiles. OBJECTIVE Given the "genetic centrality" of the APOE gene, we tested whether this held true for both APOE-ε4 carriers and non-carriers. METHODS A polygenic hazard score (PHS) was extracted from 784 non-demented participants recruited in the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative and stratified by APOE ε4 status. Datasets were split into sub-cohorts defined by clinical (unimpaired/MCI) and amyloid status (Aβ+/Aβ-). Linear models were devised in each sub-cohort and for each APOE-ε4 status to test the association between PHS and memory, executive functioning and grey-matter volumetric maps. RESULTS PHS predicted memory and executive functioning in ε4ε3 MCI patients, memory in ε3ε3 MCI patients, and memory in ε4ε3 Aβ+ participants. PHS also predicted volume in sensorimotor regions in ε3ε3 Aβ+ participants. CONCLUSION The link between polygenic hazard and neurocognitive variables varies depending on APOE-ε4 allele status. This suggests that clinical phenotypes might be influenced by complex genetic interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo De Marco
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2RX, United Kingdom
| | - Riccardo Manca
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2RX, United Kingdom
| | - Janine Kirby
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2RX, United Kingdom
| | | | - Daniel J Blackburn
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2RX, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen B Wharton
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2RX, United Kingdom
| | - Annalena Venneri
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2RX, United Kingdom
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Kang K, Sun X, Wang L, Yao X, Tang S, Deng J, Wu X, Yang C, Chen G. Direct-to-consumer genetic testing in China and its role in GWAS discovery and replication. QUANTITATIVE BIOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s40484-020-0209-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Neuropathology-driven Whole-genome Sequencing Study Points to Novel Candidate Genes for Healthy Brain Aging. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord 2020; 33:7-14. [PMID: 30681437 DOI: 10.1097/wad.0000000000000294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Understanding the healthy brain aging process is key to uncover the mechanisms that lead to pathologic age-related neurodegeneration, including progression to Alzheimer disease (AD). We aimed to address the issue of pathologic heterogeneity that often underlies a clinical AD diagnosis. METHODS We performed a deep whole-genome sequencing study aiming to identify variants that are associated specifically with healthy brain aging. PATIENTS We examined samples from the community-based longitudinal Vienna Transdanubian Aging study comparing neuropathologically "healthy" aging in individuals above 80 years of age with pure AD patients of the same age. RESULTS Focusing on potentially functional variants, we discovered a single variant (rs10149146) that lies on the autophagy-associated TECPR2 gene and was carried by 53.6% of the "healthy" brain elderly individuals (15/28). An additional nonsynonymous variant on the CINP gene (encoding a cell cycle checkpoint protein) was also found in 46% of healthy controls. Both variants are absent from all AD cases. TECPR2 and CINP appear to be "partner" genes in terms of regulation and their associated transcription factors have been previously implicated in AD and neurodegeneration. CONCLUSIONS Our study underlines the strength of neuropathology-driven definitions in genetic association studies and points to a potentially neuroprotective effect of key molecules of autophagy and cell cycle control.
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Eid A, Mhatre I, Richardson JR. Gene-environment interactions in Alzheimer's disease: A potential path to precision medicine. Pharmacol Ther 2019; 199:173-187. [PMID: 30877021 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2019.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the leading cause of dementia in the United States and afflicts >5.7 million Americans in 2018. Therapeutic options remain extremely limited to those that are symptom targeting, while no drugs have been approved for the modification or reversal of the disease itself. Risk factors for AD including aging, the female sex, as well as carrying an APOE4 genotype. These risk factors have been extensively examined in the literature, while less attention has been paid to modifiable risk factors, including lifestyle, and environmental risk factors such as exposures to air pollution and pesticides. This review highlights the most recent data on risk factors in AD and identifies gene by environment interactions that have been investigated. It also provides a suggested framework for a personalized therapeutic approach to AD, by combining genetic, environmental and lifestyle risk factors. Understanding modifiable risk factors and their interaction with non-modifiable factors (age, susceptibility alleles, and sex) is paramount for designing personalized therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aseel Eid
- Department of Environmental Health, Robert Stempel School of Public Health and Social Work, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States of America
| | - Isha Mhatre
- Department of Environmental Health, Robert Stempel School of Public Health and Social Work, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States of America; Department of Neurosciences, School of Biomedical Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH
| | - Jason R Richardson
- Department of Environmental Health, Robert Stempel School of Public Health and Social Work, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States of America.
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Misra A, Chakrabarti SS, Gambhir IS. New genetic players in late-onset Alzheimer's disease: Findings of genome-wide association studies. Indian J Med Res 2019; 148:135-144. [PMID: 30381536 PMCID: PMC6206761 DOI: 10.4103/ijmr.ijmr_473_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Late-onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD) or sporadic AD is the most common form of AD. The precise pathogenetic changes that trigger the development of AD remain largely unknown. Large-scale genome-wide association studies (GWASs) have identified single-nucleotide polymorphisms in multiple genes which are associated with AD; most notably, these are ABCA7, bridging integrator 1(B1N1), triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2), CD33, clusterin (CLU), complement receptor 1 (CRI), ephrin type-A receptor 1 (EPHA1), membrane-spanning 4-domains, subfamily A (MS4A) and phosphatidylinositol binding clathrin assembly protein (PICALM) genes. The proteins coded by the candidate genes participate in a variety of cellular processes such as oxidative balance, protein metabolism, cholesterol metabolism and synaptic function. This review summarizes the major gene loci affecting LOAD identified by large GWASs. Tentative mechanisms have also been elaborated in various studies by which the proteins coded by these genes may exert a role in AD pathogenesis have also been elaborated. The review suggests that these may together affect LOAD pathogenesis in a complementary fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anamika Misra
- Department of Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | | | - Indrajeet Singh Gambhir
- Department of Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
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Chen AH, Ge W, Metcalf W, Jakobsson E, Mainzer LS, Lipka AE. An assessment of true and false positive detection rates of stepwise epistatic model selection as a function of sample size and number of markers. Heredity (Edinb) 2018; 122:660-671. [PMID: 30443009 PMCID: PMC6462028 DOI: 10.1038/s41437-018-0162-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Revised: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Association studies have been successful at identifying genomic regions associated with important traits, but routinely employ models that only consider the additive contribution of an individual marker. Because quantitative trait variability typically arises from multiple additive and non-additive sources, utilization of statistical approaches that include main and two-way interaction marker effects of several loci in one model could lead to unprecedented characterization of these sources. Here we examine the ability of one such approach, called the Stepwise Procedure for constructing an Additive and Epistatic Multi-Locus model (SPAEML), to detect additive and epistatic signals simulated using maize and human marker data. Our results revealed that SPAEML was capable of detecting quantitative trait nucleotides (QTNs) at sample sizes as low as n = 300 and consistently specifying signals as additive and epistatic for larger sizes. Sample size and minor allele frequency had a major influence on SPAEML's ability to distinguish between additive and epistatic signals, while the number of markers tested did not. We conclude that SPAEML is a useful approach for providing further elucidation of the additive and epistatic sources contributing to trait variability when applied to a small subset of genome-wide markers located within specific genomic regions identified using a priori analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela H Chen
- Department of Statistics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Weihao Ge
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.,Center for Biophysics and Computational Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - William Metcalf
- Department of Computer Sciences, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology, Terre Haute, IN, 47803, USA
| | - Eric Jakobsson
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.,Center for Biophysics and Computational Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.,Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.,Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.,National Center for Supercomputing Applications, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.,Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Liudmila Sergeevna Mainzer
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA. .,National Center for Supercomputing Applications, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA. .,Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.
| | - Alexander E Lipka
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.
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Abstract
The past decade has seen tremendous efforts in biomarker discovery and validation for neurodegenerative diseases. The source and type of biomarkers has continued to grow for central nervous system diseases, from biofluid-based biomarkers (blood or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)), to nucleic acids, tissue, and imaging. While DNA remains a predominant biomarker used to identify familial forms of neurodegenerative diseases, various types of RNA have more recently been linked to familial and sporadic forms of neurodegenerative diseases during the past few years. Imaging approaches continue to evolve and are making major contributions to target engagement and early diagnostic biomarkers. Incorporation of biomarkers into drug development and clinical trials for neurodegenerative diseases promises to aid in the development and demonstration of target engagement and drug efficacy for neurologic disorders. This review will focus on recent advancements in developing biomarkers for clinical utility in Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Robert Bowser
- Iron Horse Diagnostics, Inc., Scottsdale, AZ, 85255, USA.
- Divisions of Neurology and Neurobiology, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, 350 W Thomas Rd, Phoenix, AZ, 85013, USA.
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16
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Hane FT, Li T, Plata JA, Hassan A, Granberg K, Albert MS. Inhaled Xenon Washout as a Biomarker of Alzheimer's Disease. Diagnostics (Basel) 2018; 8:E41. [PMID: 29882765 PMCID: PMC6023430 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics8020041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Revised: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Biomarkers have the potential to aid in the study of Alzheimer’s disease (AD); unfortunately, AD biomarker values often have a high degree of overlap between healthy and AD individuals. This study investigates the potential utility of a series of novel AD biomarkers, the sixty second 129Xe retention time, and the xenon washout parameter, based on the washout of hyperpolarized 129Xe from the brain of AD participants following inhalation. The xenon washout parameter is influenced by cerebral perfusion, T1 relaxation of xenon, and the xenon partition coefficient, all factors influenced by AD. Participants with AD (n = 4) and healthy volunteers (n = 4) were imaged using hyperpolarized 129Xe magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) to determine the amount of retained xenon in the brain. At 60 s after the breath hold, AD patients retained significantly higher amounts of 129Xe compared to healthy controls. Data was fit to a pharmacokinetic model and the xenon washout parameter was extracted. Xenon washout in white and grey matter occurs at a slower rate in Alzheimer’s participants (129Xe half-life time of 42 s and 43 s, respectively) relative to controls (20 s and 16 s, respectively). Following larger scale clinical trials for validation, the xenon washout parameter has the potential to become a useful biomarker for the support of AD diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis T Hane
- Department of Chemistry, Lakehead University, 955 Oliver Rd, Thunder Bay, ON P7B 5E1, Canada.
- Thunder Bay Regional Health Research Institute, 980 Oliver Rd, Thunder Bay, ON P7B 5E1, Canada.
| | - Tao Li
- Department of Chemistry, Lakehead University, 955 Oliver Rd, Thunder Bay, ON P7B 5E1, Canada.
| | - Jennifer-Anne Plata
- Department of Chemistry, Lakehead University, 955 Oliver Rd, Thunder Bay, ON P7B 5E1, Canada.
| | - Ayman Hassan
- Thunder Bay Regional Health Sciences Centre, 980 Oliver Rd, Thunder Bay, ON P7B 5E1, Canada.
| | - Karl Granberg
- Thunder Bay Regional Health Sciences Centre, 980 Oliver Rd, Thunder Bay, ON P7B 5E1, Canada.
| | - Mitchell S Albert
- Department of Chemistry, Lakehead University, 955 Oliver Rd, Thunder Bay, ON P7B 5E1, Canada.
- Thunder Bay Regional Health Research Institute, 980 Oliver Rd, Thunder Bay, ON P7B 5E1, Canada.
- Northern Ontario School of Medicine, 955 Oliver Rd, Thunder Bay, ON P7B 5E1, Canada.
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17
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Sao T, Yoshino Y, Yamazaki K, Ozaki Y, Mori Y, Ochi S, Yoshida T, Mori T, Iga JI, Ueno SI. MEF2C mRNA expression and cognitive function in Japanese patients with Alzheimer's disease. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2018; 72:160-167. [PMID: 29112298 DOI: 10.1111/pcn.12618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Revised: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
AIM Despite continuing research into Alzheimer's disease (AD), its pathological mechanisms and modulating factors remain unknown. Several genes influence AD pathogenesis by affecting inflammatory pathways. Myocyte-enhancer factor 2C (MEF2C) is one such candidate gene for AD. METHODS We examined MEF2C mRNA expression levels and methylation rates of CpG on its promoter region in peripheral leukocytes from Japanese AD patients compared with age- and sex-matched control subjects. RESULTS In peripheral leukocytes, MEF2C mRNA expression levels in AD subjects were significantly lower than those in control subjects (0.86 ± 0.25 vs 0.99 ± 0.27, respectively, P = 0.007) and were correlated with the Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale (r = -0.345, P = 0.049) and the Mini Mental State Examination (r = 0.324, P = 0.02). No significant differences were found in methylation rates between AD and control subjects. CONCLUSION MEF2C mRNA expression in leukocytes may be a biological marker for cognitive decline in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoko Sao
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Molecules, and Function, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon, Japan
| | - Yuta Yoshino
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Molecules, and Function, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon, Japan
| | - Kiyohiro Yamazaki
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Molecules, and Function, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon, Japan
| | - Yuki Ozaki
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Molecules, and Function, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon, Japan
| | - Yoko Mori
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Molecules, and Function, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon, Japan
| | - Shinichiro Ochi
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Molecules, and Function, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon, Japan
| | - Taku Yoshida
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Molecules, and Function, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon, Japan
| | - Takaaki Mori
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Molecules, and Function, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon, Japan
| | - Jun-Ichi Iga
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Molecules, and Function, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon, Japan
| | - Shu-Ichi Ueno
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Molecules, and Function, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon, Japan
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Robinson M, Lee BY, Hane FT. Recent Progress in Alzheimer's Disease Research, Part 2: Genetics and Epidemiology. J Alzheimers Dis 2018; 57:317-330. [PMID: 28211812 PMCID: PMC5366246 DOI: 10.3233/jad-161149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
This is the second part of a three-part review series reviewing the most important advances in Alzheimer's disease (AD) research since 2010. This review covers the latest research on genetics and epidemiology. Epidemiological and genetic studies are revealing important insights into the etiology of, and factors that contribute to AD, as well as areas of priority for research into mechanisms and interventions. The widespread adoption of genome wide association studies has provided compelling evidence of the genetic complexity of AD with genes associated with such diverse physiological function as immunity and lipid metabolism being implicated in AD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan Robinson
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Brenda Y Lee
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Francis T Hane
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada.,Department of Chemistry, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, ON, Canada.,Thunder Bay Regional Research Institute, Thunder Bay, ON, Canada
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Ahmad S, Bannister C, Lee SJ, Vojinovic D, Adams HH, Ramirez A, Escott‐Price V, Sims R, Baker E, Williams J, Holmans P, Vernooij MW, Ikram MA, Amin N, Duijn CM. Disentangling the biological pathways involved in early features of Alzheimer's disease in the Rotterdam Study. Alzheimers Dement 2018; 14:848-857. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2018.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Revised: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shahzad Ahmad
- Department of EpidemiologyErasmus Medical CentreRotterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Christian Bannister
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics & GenomicsInstitute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical NeurosciencesCardiff UniversityCardiffUnited Kingdom
| | - Sven J. Lee
- Department of EpidemiologyErasmus Medical CentreRotterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Dina Vojinovic
- Department of EpidemiologyErasmus Medical CentreRotterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Hieab H.H. Adams
- Department of EpidemiologyErasmus Medical CentreRotterdamThe Netherlands
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear MedicineErasmus Medical CentreRotterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Alfredo Ramirez
- Department for Neurodegenerative Diseases and Geriatric PsychiatryUniversity Hospital BonnBonnGermany
- Department of Psychiatry and PsychotherapyUniversity Hospital CologneCologneGermany
- Institute of Human GeneticsUniversity of BonnBonnGermany
| | - Valentina Escott‐Price
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics & GenomicsInstitute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical NeurosciencesCardiff UniversityCardiffUnited Kingdom
| | - Rebecca Sims
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics & GenomicsInstitute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical NeurosciencesCardiff UniversityCardiffUnited Kingdom
| | - Emily Baker
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics & GenomicsInstitute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical NeurosciencesCardiff UniversityCardiffUnited Kingdom
| | - Julie Williams
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics & GenomicsInstitute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical NeurosciencesCardiff UniversityCardiffUnited Kingdom
| | - Peter Holmans
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics & GenomicsInstitute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical NeurosciencesCardiff UniversityCardiffUnited Kingdom
| | - Meike W. Vernooij
- Department of EpidemiologyErasmus Medical CentreRotterdamThe Netherlands
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear MedicineErasmus Medical CentreRotterdamThe Netherlands
| | - M. Arfan Ikram
- Department of EpidemiologyErasmus Medical CentreRotterdamThe Netherlands
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear MedicineErasmus Medical CentreRotterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Najaf Amin
- Department of EpidemiologyErasmus Medical CentreRotterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Cornelia M. Duijn
- Department of EpidemiologyErasmus Medical CentreRotterdamThe Netherlands
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20
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Cintra MTG, Ávila RT, Soares TO, Cunha LCM, Silveira KD, de Moraes EN, Simas KR, Fernandes RB, Gonçalves DU, de Rezende NA, Bicalho MAC. Increased N200 and P300 latencies in cognitively impaired elderly carrying ApoE ε-4 allele. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2018; 33:e221-e227. [PMID: 28833437 DOI: 10.1002/gps.4773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare the results of neuropsychological tests, evoked potentials N200 and P300 and polymorphisms of ApoE and BDNF rs6265 between patients with normal cognition and those with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and Alzheimer's dementia (AD). METHODS This is a cross-sectional study of elderly individuals with normal cognition and those with MCI and AD, who were submitted to evoked potential tests (N200 and P300) by means of hearing stimuli based on the auditory oddball paradigm. Genotyping was obtained by using the real-time PCR technique. RESULTS Sixty-five patients were evaluated as follows: 14 controls, 34 with MCI and 17 with AD. N200 latency and P300 latency and amplitude were not associated with MCI and AD diagnosis. Patients with cognitive impairment (MCI or AD) showed increase in the latencies of P300 and N200. BNDF gene was not associated with cognitive impairment. CONCLUSION Latencies of N200 and P300 increased in cognitively impaired patients with the presence of ApoE ε-4 allele.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rafaela Teixeira Ávila
- Neuropsychologist of Clinical Hospital of Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Thayana Oliveira Soares
- Molecular Medicine Postgraduate Program of Universidade Federal de Mina Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | | | - Katia Daniela Silveira
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology of Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Edgar Nunes de Moraes
- Department of Medical Clinic of Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Kaique Roger Simas
- Medicine Student of Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | | | - Denise Utsch Gonçalves
- Department of Ophthalmology and Otorhinolaryngology of Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Nilton Alves de Rezende
- Department of Medical Clinic of Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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ZCWPW1 is associated with late-onset Alzheimer's disease in Han Chinese: a replication study and meta-analyses. Oncotarget 2018; 7:20305-11. [PMID: 26958812 PMCID: PMC4991456 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.7945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, a large genome-wide association study (GWAS) has identified a novel variant (rs1476679) within ZCWPW1 showing strong association with late-onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD) in Caucasian. However, the effect of rs1476679 on other populations remains unclear. In order to explore whether rs1476679 is also associated with the LOAD risk in other ethnic groups, we recruited 2350 unrelated Northern Han Chinese subjects, which include 992 LOAD patients and 1358 healthy controls. Analysis of data from these subjects suggests that the rs1476679 polymorphism is significantly associated with the LOAD (genotype P = 0.017, allele P = 0.044). The logistic regression reveals the C allele at rs1476679 is a protective factor for LOAD in the dominant model (OR = 0.779, 95%CI = 0.659–0.921, Pc = 0.009) adjusting for gender, age and APOE ε4 status. Furthermore, rs1476679 can decrease the AD risk (Dominant: OR = 0.733, 95%CI = 0.607–0.884, Pc = 0.006; Additive: OR = 0.820, 95%CI = 0.708–0.950, Pc = 0.048) in APOE ε4 non-carriers after stratification. Furthermore, meta-analysis of 82525 individuals confirmed that rs1476679 within ZCWPW1 decreased the risk of LOAD (OR = 0.91, 95%CI = 0.89–0.94). To summarize, the rs1476679 polymorphism in ZCWPW1 is associated with LOAD in Northern Han Chinese population.
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Parker Gaddis K, Megonigal J, Clay J, Wolfe C. Genome-wide association study for ketosis in US Jerseys using producer-recorded data. J Dairy Sci 2018; 101:413-424. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-13383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 09/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Stem Cell Technology for (Epi)genetic Brain Disorders. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 978:443-475. [PMID: 28523560 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-53889-1_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Despite the enormous efforts of the scientific community over the years, effective therapeutics for many (epi)genetic brain disorders remain unidentified. The common and persistent failures to translate preclinical findings into clinical success are partially attributed to the limited efficiency of current disease models. Although animal and cellular models have substantially improved our knowledge of the pathological processes involved in these disorders, human brain research has generally been hampered by a lack of satisfactory humanized model systems. This, together with our incomplete knowledge of the multifactorial causes in the majority of these disorders, as well as a thorough understanding of associated (epi)genetic alterations, has been impeding progress in gaining more mechanistic insights from translational studies. Over the last years, however, stem cell technology has been offering an alternative approach to study and treat human brain disorders. Owing to this technology, we are now able to obtain a theoretically inexhaustible source of human neural cells and precursors in vitro that offer a platform for disease modeling and the establishment of therapeutic interventions. In addition to the potential to increase our general understanding of how (epi)genetic alterations contribute to the pathology of brain disorders, stem cells and derivatives allow for high-throughput drugs and toxicity testing, and provide a cell source for transplant therapies in regenerative medicine. In the current chapter, we will demonstrate the validity of human stem cell-based models and address the utility of other stem cell-based applications for several human brain disorders with multifactorial and (epi)genetic bases, including Parkinson's disease (PD), Alzheimer's disease (AD), fragile X syndrome (FXS), Angelman syndrome (AS), Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS), and Rett syndrome (RTT).
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Xiao E, Chen Q, Goldman AL, Tan HY, Healy K, Zoltick B, Das S, Kolachana B, Callicott JH, Dickinson D, Berman KF, Weinberger DR, Mattay VS. Late-Onset Alzheimer's Disease Polygenic Risk Profile Score Predicts Hippocampal Function. BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY: COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE AND NEUROIMAGING 2017; 2:673-679. [PMID: 29560901 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsc.2017.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Revised: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 08/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We explored the cumulative effect of several late-onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD) risk loci using a polygenic risk profile score (RPS) approach on measures of hippocampal function, cognition, and brain morphometry. METHODS In a sample of 231 healthy control subjects (19-55 years of age), we used an RPS to study the effect of several LOAD risk loci reported in a recent meta-analysis on hippocampal function (determined by its engagement with blood oxygen level-dependent functional magnetic resonance imaging during episodic memory) and several cognitive metrics. We also studied effects on brain morphometry in an overlapping sample of 280 subjects. RESULTS There was almost no significant association of LOAD-RPS with cognitive or morphometric measures. However, there was a significant negative relationship between LOAD-RPS and hippocampal function (familywise error [small volume correction-hippocampal region of interest] p < .05). There were also similar associations for risk score based on APOE haplotype, and for a combined LOAD-RPS + APOE haplotype risk profile score (p < .05 familywise error [small volume correction-hippocampal region of interest]). Of the 29 individual single nucleotide polymorphisms used in calculating LOAD-RPS, variants in CLU, PICALM, BCL3, PVRL2, and RELB showed strong effects (p < .05 familywise error [small volume correction-hippocampal region of interest]) on hippocampal function, though none survived further correction for the number of single nucleotide polymorphisms tested. CONCLUSIONS There is a cumulative deleterious effect of LOAD risk genes on hippocampal function even in healthy volunteers. The effect of LOAD-RPS on hippocampal function in the relative absence of any effect on cognitive and morphometric measures is consistent with the reported temporal characteristics of LOAD biomarkers with the earlier manifestation of synaptic dysfunction before morphometric and cognitive changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ena Xiao
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, Maryland.
| | - Qiang Chen
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Aaron L Goldman
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Hao Yang Tan
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Kaitlin Healy
- Genes Cognition and Psychosis Program, National Institute of Mental Health Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Brad Zoltick
- Clinical and Translational Neuroscience Branch, National Institute of Mental Health Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Saumitra Das
- Clinical and Translational Neuroscience Branch, National Institute of Mental Health Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Bhaskar Kolachana
- Clinical and Translational Neuroscience Branch, National Institute of Mental Health Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Joseph H Callicott
- Clinical and Translational Neuroscience Branch, National Institute of Mental Health Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Dwight Dickinson
- Clinical and Translational Neuroscience Branch, National Institute of Mental Health Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Karen F Berman
- Clinical and Translational Neuroscience Branch, National Institute of Mental Health Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Daniel R Weinberger
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, Maryland; Department of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Venkata S Mattay
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, Maryland; Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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Yeh FL, Hansen DV, Sheng M. TREM2, Microglia, and Neurodegenerative Diseases. Trends Mol Med 2017; 23:512-533. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2017.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2016] [Revised: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Chiba-Falek O, Lutz MW. Towards precision medicine in Alzheimer's disease: deciphering genetic data to establish informative biomarkers. EXPERT REVIEW OF PRECISION MEDICINE AND DRUG DEVELOPMENT 2017; 2:47-55. [PMID: 28944295 DOI: 10.1080/23808993.2017.1286227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Developing biomarker tools for identification of individuals at high-risk for late-onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD) is important for prognosis and early treatment. This review focuses on genetic factors and their potential role for precision medicine in LOAD. AREAS COVERED APOEe4 is the strongest genetic risk factor for non-Mendelian LOAD, and the APOE-linkage disequilibrium (LD) region has produced the most significant association signal in multi-center genome-wide-association-studies (GWAS). Consideration of extended haplotypes in the APOE-LD region and specifically, non-coding variants in putative enhancer elements, such as the TOMM40-polyT, in-addition to the coding variants that comprise the APOE-genotypes, may be useful for predicting subjects at high-risk of developing LOAD and estimating age-of-onset of early disease-stage symptoms. A genetic-biomarker based on APOE-TOMM40-polyT haplotypes, and age is currently applied in a clinical trial for prevention/delay of LOAD onset. Additionally, we discuss LOAD-GWAS discoveries and the development of new genetic risk scores based on LOAD-GWAS findings other than the APOE-LD region. EXPERT COMMENTARY Deciphering the precise causal genetic-variants within LOAD-GWAS regions will advance the development of genetic-biomarkers to complement and refine the APOE-LD region based prediction model. Collectively, the genetic-biomarkers will be translational for early diagnosis and enrichment of clinical trials with subjects at high-risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ornit Chiba-Falek
- Department of Neurology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.,Center for Genomic and Computational Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Michael W Lutz
- Department of Neurology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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With mouse age comes wisdom: A review and suggestions of relevant mouse models for age-related conditions. Mech Ageing Dev 2016; 160:54-68. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2016.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Revised: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Vieira RN, Ávila R, de Paula JJ, Cintra MTG, de Souza RP, Nicolato R, Malloy-Diniz L, de Miranda DM, de Moraes EN, de Marco LA, Romano-Silva MA, Bicalho MAC. Association between DCHS2 gene and mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease in an elderly Brazilian sample. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2016; 31:1337-1344. [PMID: 26876984 DOI: 10.1002/gps.4440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Revised: 12/20/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES In 2012, Kamboh and colleagues published a genome-wide association study that identified the DCHS2 gene (rs1466662 T/A) influencing the age at onset of Alzheimer's disease (AD). We aimed to investigate if there is association between the DCHS2 gene and amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) and AD in a sample of the Brazilian population. METHODS 143 controls, 79 aMCI and 299 AD patients were selected and submitted to the same protocol of tests. Genotyping was performed using the Real Time PCR RESULTS: Amnestic MCI patients showed a higher prevalence of AA than controls and a lower frequency of TT when compared with controls. We also stratified the sample according to the APOE ε4 status. No difference in DCHS2 genotype or allelic frequency occurred in the APOE ε4 allele carrier subgroup. Amnestic MCI patients showed a higher frequency of AA genotype and a lower frequency of TA and TT when compared with controls in APOE ε4 allele non-carrier subgroup. The allelic distribution followed the same pattern. In AD group, we observed a significant difference with a higher A allelic frequency in AD in this subgroup. A multiple logistic regression demonstrated that in APOE ε4 non-carriers, allele rs1466662 was associated to aMCI group. Different variables were associated with aMCI and AD according to APOE ε4 status in our sample. Low level of education was associated with AD, while diabetes mellitus type 2 was associated with aMCI. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest a possible role for DCHS2 gene in aMCI and AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renalice Neves Vieira
- INCT de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Rafaela Ávila
- INCT de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.,Reference Center for Geriatrics Instituto Jenny de Andrade Faria de Atenção à Saúde do Idoso, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Jonas Jardim de Paula
- INCT de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.,Reference Center for Geriatrics Instituto Jenny de Andrade Faria de Atenção à Saúde do Idoso, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Marco Túlio Gualberto Cintra
- Reference Center for Geriatrics Instituto Jenny de Andrade Faria de Atenção à Saúde do Idoso, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Renan Pedra de Souza
- INCT de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Nicolato
- INCT de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.,Department of Mental Health, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Leandro Malloy-Diniz
- INCT de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.,Reference Center for Geriatrics Instituto Jenny de Andrade Faria de Atenção à Saúde do Idoso, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Débora Marques de Miranda
- INCT de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.,Department of Pediatrics, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Edgar Nunes de Moraes
- INCT de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.,Reference Center for Geriatrics Instituto Jenny de Andrade Faria de Atenção à Saúde do Idoso, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.,Department of Internal Medicine, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Luiz Armando de Marco
- INCT de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.,Department of Surgery, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Marco Aurélio Romano-Silva
- INCT de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.,Department of Mental Health, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Maria Aparecida Camargos Bicalho
- INCT de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil. .,Reference Center for Geriatrics Instituto Jenny de Andrade Faria de Atenção à Saúde do Idoso, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil. .,Department of Internal Medicine, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.
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Kepp KP. Ten Challenges of the Amyloid Hypothesis of Alzheimer’s Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2016; 55:447-457. [DOI: 10.3233/jad-160550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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30
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Wang M, Roussos P, McKenzie A, Zhou X, Kajiwara Y, Brennand KJ, De Luca GC, Crary JF, Casaccia P, Buxbaum JD, Ehrlich M, Gandy S, Goate A, Katsel P, Schadt E, Haroutunian V, Zhang B. Integrative network analysis of nineteen brain regions identifies molecular signatures and networks underlying selective regional vulnerability to Alzheimer's disease. Genome Med 2016; 8:104. [PMID: 27799057 PMCID: PMC5088659 DOI: 10.1186/s13073-016-0355-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia, characterized by progressive cognitive impairment and neurodegeneration. However, despite extensive clinical and genomic studies, the molecular basis of AD development and progression remains elusive. Methods To elucidate molecular systems associated with AD, we developed a large scale gene expression dataset from 1053 postmortem brain samples across 19 cortical regions of 125 individuals with a severity spectrum of dementia and neuropathology of AD. We excluded brain specimens that evidenced neuropathology other than that characteristic of AD. For the first time, we performed a pan-cortical brain region genomic analysis, characterizing the gene expression changes associated with a measure of dementia severity and multiple measures of the severity of neuropathological lesions associated with AD (neuritic plaques and neurofibrillary tangles) and constructing region-specific co-expression networks. We rank-ordered 44,692 gene probesets, 1558 co-expressed gene modules and 19 brain regions based upon their association with the disease traits. Results The neurobiological pathways identified through these analyses included actin cytoskeleton, axon guidance, and nervous system development. Using public human brain single-cell RNA-sequencing data, we computed brain cell type-specific marker genes for human and determined that many of the abnormally expressed gene signatures and network modules were specific to oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, and neurons. Analysis based on disease severity suggested that: many of the gene expression changes, including those of oligodendrocytes, occurred early in the progression of disease, making them potential translational/treatment development targets and unlikely to be mere bystander result of degeneration; several modules were closely linked to cognitive compromise with lesser association with traditional measures of neuropathology. The brain regional analyses identified temporal lobe gyri as sites associated with the greatest and earliest gene expression abnormalities. Conclusions This transcriptomic network analysis of 19 brain regions provides a comprehensive assessment of the critical molecular pathways associated with AD pathology and offers new insights into molecular mechanisms underlying selective regional vulnerability to AD at different stages of the progression of cognitive compromise and development of the canonical neuropathological lesions of AD. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13073-016-0355-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minghui Wang
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, 1470 Madison Avenue, New York, NY, 10029, USA.,Icahn Institute of Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Panos Roussos
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, 1470 Madison Avenue, New York, NY, 10029, USA.,Icahn Institute of Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY, 10029, USA.,Division of Psychiatric Genomics, Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY, 10029, USA.,Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY, 10029, USA.,Psychiatry, JJ Peters VA Medical Center, 130 West Kingsbridge Road, Bronx, NY, 10468, USA
| | - Andrew McKenzie
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, 1470 Madison Avenue, New York, NY, 10029, USA.,Icahn Institute of Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Xianxiao Zhou
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, 1470 Madison Avenue, New York, NY, 10029, USA.,Icahn Institute of Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Yuji Kajiwara
- Division of Psychiatric Genomics, Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY, 10029, USA.,Seaver Autism Center for Research and Treatment, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Kristen J Brennand
- Division of Psychiatric Genomics, Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Gabriele C De Luca
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - John F Crary
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY, 10029, USA.,Fishberg Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY, 10029, USA.,Department of Pathology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Patrizia Casaccia
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, 1470 Madison Avenue, New York, NY, 10029, USA.,Fishberg Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Joseph D Buxbaum
- Division of Psychiatric Genomics, Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY, 10029, USA.,Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY, 10029, USA.,Seaver Autism Center for Research and Treatment, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Michelle Ehrlich
- Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L Levy Place, New York, NY, 10029, USA.,Departments of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L Levy Place, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Sam Gandy
- Psychiatry, JJ Peters VA Medical Center, 130 West Kingsbridge Road, Bronx, NY, 10468, USA.,Departments of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L Levy Place, New York, NY, 10029, USA.,The Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L Levy Place, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Alison Goate
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, 1470 Madison Avenue, New York, NY, 10029, USA.,Icahn Institute of Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY, 10029, USA.,Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY, 10029, USA.,Fishberg Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY, 10029, USA.,Departments of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L Levy Place, New York, NY, 10029, USA.,The Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L Levy Place, New York, NY, 10029, USA.,Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer's Disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L Levy Place, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Pavel Katsel
- Division of Psychiatric Genomics, Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY, 10029, USA.,Psychiatry, JJ Peters VA Medical Center, 130 West Kingsbridge Road, Bronx, NY, 10468, USA
| | - Eric Schadt
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, 1470 Madison Avenue, New York, NY, 10029, USA.,Icahn Institute of Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Vahram Haroutunian
- Division of Psychiatric Genomics, Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY, 10029, USA. .,Psychiatry, JJ Peters VA Medical Center, 130 West Kingsbridge Road, Bronx, NY, 10468, USA. .,Fishberg Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY, 10029, USA. .,The Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L Levy Place, New York, NY, 10029, USA.
| | - Bin Zhang
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, 1470 Madison Avenue, New York, NY, 10029, USA. .,Icahn Institute of Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY, 10029, USA. .,Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer's Disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L Levy Place, New York, NY, 10029, USA.
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ABCA7 Deficiency Accelerates Amyloid-β Generation and Alzheimer's Neuronal Pathology. J Neurosci 2016; 36:3848-59. [PMID: 27030769 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3757-15.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED In Alzheimer's disease (AD), the accumulation and deposition of amyloid-β (Aβ) peptides in the brain is a central event. Aβ is cleaved from amyloid precursor protein (APP) by β-secretase and γ-secretase mainly in neurons. Although mutations inAPP,PS1, orPS2cause early-onset familial AD,ABCA7encoding ATP-binding cassette transporter A7 is one of the susceptibility genes for late-onset AD (LOAD), in which itsloss-of-functionvariants increase the disease risk. ABCA7 is homologous to a major lipid transporter ABCA1 and is highly expressed in neurons and microglia in the brain. Here, we show that ABCA7 deficiency altered brain lipid profile and impaired memory in ABCA7 knock-out (Abca7(-/-)) mice. When bred to amyloid model APP/PS1 mice, plaque burden was exacerbated by ABCA7 deficit.In vivomicrodialysis studies indicated that the clearance rate of Aβ was unaltered. Interestingly, ABCA7 deletion facilitated the processing of APP to Aβ by increasing the levels of β-site APP cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1) and sterol regulatory element-binding protein 2 (SREBP2) in primary neurons and mouse brains. Knock-down of ABCA7 expression in neurons caused endoplasmic reticulum stress highlighted by increased level of protein kinase R-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK) and increased phosphorylation of eukaryotic initiation factor 2α (eIF2α). In the brains of APP/PS1;Abca7(-/-)mice, the level of phosphorylated extracellular regulated kinase (ERK) was also significantly elevated. Together, our results reveal novel pathways underlying the association of ABCA7 dysfunction and LOAD pathogenesis. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Gene variants inABCA7encoding ATP-binding cassette transporter A7 are associated with the increased risk for late-onset Alzheimer's disease (AD). Importantly, we found the altered brain lipid profile and impaired memory in ABCA7 knock-out mice. The accumulation of amyloid-β (Aβ) peptides cleaved from amyloid precursor protein (APP) in the brain is a key event in AD pathogenesis and we also found that ABCA7 deficit exacerbated brain Aβ deposition in amyloid AD model APP/PS1 mice. Mechanistically, we found that ABCA7 deletion facilitated the processing of APP and Aβ production by increasing the levels of β-secretase 1 (BACE1) in primary neurons and mouse brains without affecting the Aβ clearance rate in APP/PS1 mice. Our study demonstrates a novel mechanism underlying how dysfunctions of ABCA7 contribute to the risk for AD.
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Kepp KP. Alzheimer's disease due to loss of function: A new synthesis of the available data. Prog Neurobiol 2016; 143:36-60. [PMID: 27327400 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2016.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Revised: 06/10/2016] [Accepted: 06/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is a highly complex disease involving a broad range of clinical, cellular, and biochemical manifestations that are currently not understood in combination. This has led to many views of AD, e.g. the amyloid, tau, presenilin, oxidative stress, and metal hypotheses. The amyloid hypothesis has dominated the field with its assumption that buildup of pathogenic β-amyloid (Aβ) peptide causes disease. This paradigm has been criticized, yet most data suggest that Aβ plays a key role in the disease. Here, a new loss-of-function hypothesis is synthesized that accounts for the anomalies of the amyloid hypothesis, e.g. the curious pathogenicity of the Aβ42/Aβ40 ratio, the loss of Aβ caused by presenilin mutation, the mixed phenotypes of APP mutations, the poor clinical-biochemical correlations for genetic variant carriers, and the failure of Aβ reducing drugs. The amyloid-loss view accounts for recent findings on the structure and chemical features of Aβ variants and their coupling to human patient data. The lost normal function of APP/Aβ is argued to be metal transport across neuronal membranes, a view with no apparent anomalies and substantially more explanatory power than the gain-of-function amyloid hypothesis. In the loss-of-function scenario, the central event of Aβ aggregation is interpreted as a loss of soluble, functional monomer Aβ rather than toxic overload of oligomers. Accordingly, new research models and treatment strategies should focus on remediation of the functional amyloid balance, rather than strict containment of Aβ, which, for reasons rationalized in this review, has failed clinically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasper P Kepp
- Technical University of Denmark, DTU Chemistry, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.
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Spangenberg EE, Lee RJ, Najafi AR, Rice RA, Elmore MRP, Blurton-Jones M, West BL, Green KN. Eliminating microglia in Alzheimer's mice prevents neuronal loss without modulating amyloid-β pathology. Brain 2016; 139:1265-81. [PMID: 26921617 DOI: 10.1093/brain/aww016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 454] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 12/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In addition to amyloid-β plaque and tau neurofibrillary tangle deposition, neuroinflammation is considered a key feature of Alzheimer's disease pathology. Inflammation in Alzheimer's disease is characterized by the presence of reactive astrocytes and activated microglia surrounding amyloid plaques, implicating their role in disease pathogenesis. Microglia in the healthy adult mouse depend on colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF1R) signalling for survival, and pharmacological inhibition of this receptor results in rapid elimination of nearly all of the microglia in the central nervous system. In this study, we set out to determine if chronically activated microglia in the Alzheimer's disease brain are also dependent on CSF1R signalling, and if so, how these cells contribute to disease pathogenesis. Ten-month-old 5xfAD mice were treated with a selective CSF1R inhibitor for 1 month, resulting in the elimination of ∼80% of microglia. Chronic microglial elimination does not alter amyloid-β levels or plaque load; however, it does rescue dendritic spine loss and prevent neuronal loss in 5xfAD mice, as well as reduce overall neuroinflammation. Importantly, behavioural testing revealed improvements in contextual memory. Collectively, these results demonstrate that microglia contribute to neuronal loss, as well as memory impairments in 5xfAD mice, but do not mediate or protect from amyloid pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth E Spangenberg
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697-4545, USA
| | - Rafael J Lee
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697-4545, USA
| | - Allison R Najafi
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697-4545, USA
| | - Rachel A Rice
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697-4545, USA
| | - Monica R P Elmore
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697-4545, USA
| | - Mathew Blurton-Jones
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697-4545, USA
| | - Brian L West
- Plexxikon Inc., Berkeley, California, 94710, USA
| | - Kim N Green
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697-4545, USA
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Gómez-Ramos A, Podlesniy P, Soriano E, Avila J. Distinct X-chromosome SNVs from some sporadic AD samples. Sci Rep 2015; 5:18012. [PMID: 26648445 PMCID: PMC4673451 DOI: 10.1038/srep18012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Sporadic Alzheimer disease (SAD) is the most prevalent neurodegenerative disorder. With the development of new generation DNA sequencing technologies, additional genetic risk factors have been described. Here we used various methods to process DNA sequencing data in order to gain further insight into this important disease. We have sequenced the exomes of brain samples from SAD patients and non-demented controls. Using either method, we found a higher number of single nucleotide variants (SNVs), from SAD patients, in genes present at the X chromosome. Using the most stringent method, we validated these variants by Sanger sequencing. Two of these gene variants, were found in loci related to the ubiquitin pathway (UBE2NL and ATXN3L), previously do not described as genetic risk factors for SAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Gómez-Ramos
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), ISCIII, Madrid 28031, Spain.,Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSIC-UAM), Neurobiology Laboratory, Madrid 28049, Spain
| | - P Podlesniy
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), ISCIII, Madrid 28031, Spain.,Neurobiology Unit, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona, CSIC, IDIBAPS, Barcelona 08036, Spain
| | - E Soriano
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), ISCIII, Madrid 28031, Spain.,Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona and Parc Científic de Barcelona, Barcelona 08028, Spain.,Vall d'Hebrón Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Barcelona 08023, Spain.,ICREA Academia, Barcelona 08010, Spain
| | - J Avila
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), ISCIII, Madrid 28031, Spain.,Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSIC-UAM), Neurobiology Laboratory, Madrid 28049, Spain
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Majid T, Griffin D, Criss Z, Jarpe M, Pautler RG. Pharmocologic treatment with histone deacetylase 6 inhibitor (ACY-738) recovers Alzheimer's disease phenotype in amyloid precursor protein/presenilin 1 (APP/PS1) mice. ALZHEIMERS & DEMENTIA-TRANSLATIONAL RESEARCH & CLINICAL INTERVENTIONS 2015; 1:170-181. [PMID: 29854936 PMCID: PMC5975056 DOI: 10.1016/j.trci.2015.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Current therapy for Alzheimer's disease (AD) focuses on delaying progression, illustrating the need for more effective therapeutic targets. Histone deacetylase 6 (HDAC6) modulates tubulin acetylation and has been implicated as an attractive target. HDAC6 is also elevated in postmortem tissue samples from patients. However, HDAC6 inhibitors have had limited success preclinically due to low blood-brain barrier penetration. Method We investigated a specific, potent HDAC6 inhibitor (ACY-738) in a mouse model of AD. We determined the effects of ACY-738 treatment on axonal transport, behavior, and pathology in amyloid precursor protein/presenilin 1 mice. Results We demonstrated improvements in in vivo axonal transport in two treatment groups as a result of ACY-738 brain levels. We also demonstrated recovery of short-term learning and memory deficits, hyperactivity, and modifications of tau and tubulin. Discussion Our findings implicate specific, targeted HDAC6 inhibitors as potential therapeutics and demonstrate that further investigations are warranted into effects of HDAC6 inhibitors in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tabassum Majid
- Interdepartmental Program in Translational Biology and Molecular Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Deric Griffin
- Interdepartmental Program in Translational Biology and Molecular Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Zachary Criss
- Interdepartmental Program in Translational Biology and Molecular Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Robia G Pautler
- Interdepartmental Program in Translational Biology and Molecular Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
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The GAB2 and BDNF polymorphisms and the risk for late-onset Alzheimer's disease in an elderly Brazilian sample. Int Psychogeriatr 2015; 27:1687-92. [PMID: 25853819 DOI: 10.1017/s1041610215000514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evidences suggest that GAB2 and BDNF genes may be associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD). We aimed to investigate the GAB2 rs2373115 and BDNF rs6265 polymorphisms and the risk of AD in a Brazilian sample. METHODS 269 AD patients and 114 controls were genotyped with Real-time PCR. Multifactor dimensionality reduction (MDR) was employed to explore the effects of gene-gene interactions. RESULTS GAB2 and BDNF were not associated with AD in our sample. Nevertheless BDNF Val allele (rs6265) presented a synergic association with the APOE ε4 allele. A multiple logistic regression demonstrated that the APOE ε4 allele and years of education were the best predictors for AD. In ε4 non-carriers sex, education and hypertension were independently correlated with AD, while in ε4 carriers we did not observe any association. The findings were further confirmed by bootstrapping method. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that the interaction of BDNF and APOE has significant effect on AD. Moreover in absence of ε4, female sex, low level of education and hypertension are independently associated with AD. Interventions aimed to prevent AD should focus on these factors and also taking into account the APOE alleles.
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Zhang ZG, Li Y, Ng CT, Song YQ. Inflammation in Alzheimer's Disease and Molecular Genetics: Recent Update. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2015; 63:333-44. [PMID: 26232392 DOI: 10.1007/s00005-015-0351-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2014] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a complex age-related neurodegenerative disorder of the central nervous system. Since the first description of AD in 1907, many hypotheses have been established to explain its causes. The inflammation theory is one of them. Pathological and biochemical studies of brains from AD individuals have provided solid evidence of the activation of inflammatory pathways. Furthermore, people with long-term medication of anti-inflammatory drugs have shown a reduced risk to develop the disease. After three decades of genetic study in AD, dozens of loci harboring genetic variants influencing inflammatory pathways in AD patients has been identified through genome-wide association studies (GWAS). The most well-known GWAS risk factor that is responsible for immune response and inflammation in AD development should be APOE ε4 allele. However, a growing number of other GWAS risk AD candidate genes in inflammation have recently been discovered. In the present study, we try to review the inflammation in AD and immunity-associated GWAS risk genes like HLA-DRB5/DRB1, INPP5D, MEF2C, CR1, CLU and TREM2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Gang Zhang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Li
- Energy Research Institute of Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Cheung Toa Ng
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - You-Qiang Song
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China. .,State Key Laboratory for Cognitive and Brain Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China.
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39
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Simpson JE, Ince PG, Minett T, Matthews FE, Heath PR, Shaw PJ, Goodall E, Garwood CJ, Ratcliffe LE, Brayne C, Rattray M, Wharton SB. Neuronal DNA damage response-associated dysregulation of signalling pathways and cholesterol metabolism at the earliest stages of Alzheimer-type pathology. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2015; 42:167-79. [PMID: 26095650 PMCID: PMC5102584 DOI: 10.1111/nan.12252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Aims Oxidative damage and an associated DNA damage response (DDR) are evident in mild cognitive impairment and early Alzheimer's disease, suggesting that neuronal dysfunction resulting from oxidative DNA damage may account for some of the cognitive impairment not fully explained by Alzheimer‐type pathology. Methods Frontal cortex (Braak stage 0–II) was obtained from the Medical Research Council's Cognitive Function and Ageing Study cohort. Neurones were isolated from eight cases (four high and four low DDR) by laser capture microdissection and changes in the transcriptome identified by microarray analysis. Results Two thousand three hundred seventy‐eight genes were significantly differentially expressed (1690 up‐regulated, 688 down‐regulated, P < 0.001) in cases with a high neuronal DDR. Functional grouping identified dysregulation of cholesterol biosynthesis, insulin and Wnt signalling, and up‐regulation of glycogen synthase kinase 3β. Candidate genes were validated by quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction. Cerebrospinal fluid levels of 24(S)‐hydroxycholesterol associated with neuronal DDR across all Braak stages (rs = 0.30, P = 0.03). Conclusions A persistent neuronal DDR may result in increased cholesterol biosynthesis, impaired insulin and Wnt signalling, and increased GSK3β, thereby contributing to neuronal dysfunction independent of Alzheimer‐type pathology in the ageing brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie E Simpson
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Paul G Ince
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Thais Minett
- Institute of Public Health, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Department of Radiology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Fiona E Matthews
- MRC Biostatistics Unit, Institute of Public Health, Cambridge, UK.,Institute of Health and Society, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, UK
| | - Paul R Heath
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Pamela J Shaw
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Emily Goodall
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Claire J Garwood
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Laura E Ratcliffe
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Carol Brayne
- Institute of Public Health, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Magnus Rattray
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.,Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Stephen B Wharton
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
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40
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PART, a distinct tauopathy, different from classical sporadic Alzheimer disease. Acta Neuropathol 2015; 129:757-62. [PMID: 25778618 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-015-1407-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Revised: 03/04/2015] [Accepted: 03/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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41
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Association between TNF-α promoter −308 A/G polymorphism and Alzheimer’s disease: a meta-analysis. Neurol Sci 2015; 36:825-32. [DOI: 10.1007/s10072-015-2102-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Accepted: 01/30/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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42
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Excess of rare coding variants in PLD3 in late- but not early-onset Alzheimer's disease. Hum Genome Var 2015; 2:14028. [PMID: 27081517 PMCID: PMC4785568 DOI: 10.1038/hgv.2014.28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2014] [Revised: 09/28/2014] [Accepted: 10/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, mutations in phospholipase D3 (PLD3) were reported in late-onset Alzheimer's disease (AD). By screening the coding regions of PLD3 for variants in a European cohort of 1,089 AD cases, 182 individuals with frontotemporal lobar degeneration and 1,456 controls, we identified 32 variants with a minor allele frequency <5% and observed an excess of rare variants in individuals with late- but not early-onset AD (P=0.034, χ2-test; odds ratio=1.46).
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43
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Opportunities and Limitations of Modelling Alzheimer's Disease with Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells. J Clin Med 2014; 3:1357-72. [PMID: 26237606 PMCID: PMC4470188 DOI: 10.3390/jcm3041357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2014] [Revised: 10/31/2014] [Accepted: 11/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Reprogramming of somatic cells into induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) has opened the way for patient-specific disease modelling. Following their differentiation into neuronal cell types, iPSC have enabled the investigation of human neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). While human iPSCs certainly provide great opportunities to repeatedly interrogate specific human brain cell types of individuals with familial and sporadic forms of the disease, the complex aetiology and timescale over which AD develops in humans poses particular challenges to iPSC-based AD models. Here, we discuss the current state-of-play in the context of these and other iPSC model-related challenges and elaborate on likely future developments in this field of research.
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44
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Keenan TDL, Goldacre R, Goldacre MJ. Associations between primary open angle glaucoma, Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia: record linkage study. Br J Ophthalmol 2014; 99:524-7. [PMID: 25370081 DOI: 10.1136/bjophthalmol-2014-305863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The potential association between primary open angle glaucoma (POAG) and Alzheimer's disease (AD) is uncertain and has implications for understanding disease pathogenesis, referral and treatments. The aim was to determine whether individuals diagnosed with POAG are at higher risk of subsequently developing AD or vascular dementia. METHODS A POAG cohort of 87 658 people was constructed from English National Health Service linked hospital episode statistics from 1999 to 2011. An AD cohort (251 703 people), vascular dementia cohort (217 302 people) and reference cohort (>2.5 million people) were constructed in similar ways. Risk of dementia following POAG was determined: rate ratios were calculated based on standardised rates of dementia in the POAG cohort. RESULTS The risk of AD following a diagnosis of POAG was not elevated: the rate ratio was 1.01 (95% CI 0.96 to 1.06). The risk of vascular dementia after POAG was modestly elevated, with rate ratio 1.10 (1.05 to 1.16). The likelihood of a hospital record of POAG following AD or vascular dementia was very low, with rate ratios 0.28 (0.24 to 0.31) and 0.32 (0.28 to 0.37), respectively. CONCLUSIONS POAG and AD are neurodegenerative conditions that share some pathological features. However, considering AD after POAG, their coexistence at the individual level is no different from that expected by chance. By contrast, a diagnosis of POAG is modestly associated with later development of vascular dementia, presumably owing to shared vascular risk factors. People with dementia in England are much less likely to be admitted subsequently with POAG, perhaps through poor access to hospital eye services and diagnostic challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiarnan D L Keenan
- Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, Institute of Human Development, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK Manchester Royal Eye Hospital, Manchester, UK
| | - Raph Goldacre
- Unit of Health-Care Epidemiology, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Michael J Goldacre
- Unit of Health-Care Epidemiology, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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Transcriptomics and mechanistic elucidation of Alzheimer's disease risk genes in the brain and in vitro models. Neurobiol Aging 2014; 36:1221.e15-28. [PMID: 25281018 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2014.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2014] [Revised: 08/08/2014] [Accepted: 09/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we have assessed the expression and splicing status of genes involved in the pathogenesis or affecting the risk of Alzheimer's disease (AD) in the postmortem inferior temporal cortex samples obtained from 60 subjects with varying degree of AD-related neurofibrillary pathology. These subjects were grouped based on neurofibrillary pathology into 3 groups: Braak stages 0-II, Braak stages III-IV, and Braak stages V-VI. We also examined the right frontal cortical biopsies obtained during life from 22 patients with idiopathic shunt-responding normal pressure hydrocephalus, a disease that displays similar pathologic alterations as seen in AD. These 22 patients were categorized according to dichotomized amyloid-β positive or negative pathology in the biopsies. We observed that the expression of FRMD4A significantly decreased, and the expression of MS4A6A significantly increased in relation to increasing AD-related neurofibrillary pathology. Moreover, the expression of 2 exons in both CLU and TREM2 significantly increased with increase in AD-related neurofibrillary pathology. However, a similar trend toward increased expression in CLU and TREM2 was observed with most of the studied exons, suggesting a global change in the expression rather than altered splicing. Correlation of gene expression with well-established AD-related factors, such as α-, β-, and γ-secretase activities, brain amyloid-β42 levels, and cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers, revealed a positive correlation between β-secretase activity and the expression of TREM2 and BIN1. In expression quantitative trait loci analysis, we did not detect significant effects of the risk alleles on gene expression or splicing. Analysis of the normal pressure hydrocephalus biopsies revealed no differences in the expression or splicing profiles of the studied genes between amyloid-β positive and negative patients. Using the protein-protein interaction-based in vitro pathway analysis tools, we found that downregulation of FRMD4A associated with increased APP-β-secretase interaction, increased amyloid-β40 secretion, and altered phosphorylation of tau. Taken together, our results suggest that the expression of FRMD4A, MS4A6A, CLU, and TREM2 is altered in relation to increasing AD-related neurofibrillary pathology, and that FRMD4A may play a role in amyloidogenic and tau-related pathways in AD. Therefore, investigation of gene expression changes in the brain and effects of the identified genes on disease-associated pathways in vitro may provide mechanistic insights on how alterations in these genes may contribute to AD pathogenesis.
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Adaptors for disorders of the brain? The cancer signaling proteins NEDD9, CASS4, and PTK2B in Alzheimer's disease. Oncoscience 2014; 1:486-503. [PMID: 25594051 PMCID: PMC4278314 DOI: 10.18632/oncoscience.64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2014] [Accepted: 07/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
No treatment strategies effectively limit the progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD), a common and debilitating neurodegenerative disorder. The absence of viable treatment options reflects the fact that the pathophysiology and genotypic causes of the disease are not well understood. The advent of genome-wide association studies (GWAS) has made it possible to broadly investigate genotypic alterations driving phenotypic occurrences. Recent studies have associated single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in two paralogous scaffolding proteins, NEDD9 and CASS4, and the kinase PTK2B, with susceptibility to late-onset AD (LOAD). Intriguingly, NEDD9, CASS4, and PTK2B have been much studied as interacting partners regulating oncogenesis and metastasis, and all three are known to be active in the brain during development and in cancer. However, to date, the majority of studies of these proteins have emphasized their roles in the directly cancer relevant processes of migration and survival signaling. We here discuss evidence for roles of NEDD9, CASS4 and PTK2B in additional processes, including hypoxia, vascular changes, inflammation, microtubule stabilization and calcium signaling, as potentially relevant to the pathogenesis of LOAD. Reciprocally, these functions can better inform our understanding of the action of NEDD9, CASS4 and PTK2B in cancer.
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47
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Bouter Y, Kacprowski T, Weissmann R, Dietrich K, Borgers H, Brauß A, Sperling C, Wirths O, Albrecht M, Jensen LR, Kuss AW, Bayer TA. Deciphering the molecular profile of plaques, memory decline and neuron loss in two mouse models for Alzheimer's disease by deep sequencing. Front Aging Neurosci 2014; 6:75. [PMID: 24795628 PMCID: PMC3997018 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2014.00075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2014] [Accepted: 04/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the central research questions on the etiology of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the elucidation of the molecular signatures triggered by the amyloid cascade of pathological events. Next-generation sequencing allows the identification of genes involved in disease processes in an unbiased manner. We have combined this technique with the analysis of two AD mouse models: (1) The 5XFAD model develops early plaque formation, intraneuronal Aβ aggregation, neuron loss, and behavioral deficits. (2) The Tg4–42 model expresses N-truncated Aβ4–42 and develops neuron loss and behavioral deficits albeit without plaque formation. Our results show that learning and memory deficits in the Morris water maze and fear conditioning tasks in Tg4–42 mice at 12 months of age are similar to the deficits in 5XFAD animals. This suggested that comparative gene expression analysis between the models would allow the dissection of plaque-related and -unrelated disease relevant factors. Using deep sequencing differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified and subsequently verified by quantitative PCR. Nineteen DEGs were identified in pre-symptomatic young 5XFAD mice, and none in young Tg4–42 mice. In the aged cohort, 131 DEGs were found in 5XFAD and 56 DEGs in Tg4–42 mice. Many of the DEGs specific to the 5XFAD model belong to neuroinflammatory processes typically associated with plaques. Interestingly, 36 DEGs were identified in both mouse models indicating common disease pathways associated with behavioral deficits and neuron loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne Bouter
- Division of Molecular Psychiatry, Georg-August-University Goettingen, University Medicine Goettingen , Goettingen , Germany
| | - Tim Kacprowski
- Department of Bioinformatics, Institute of Biometrics and Medical Informatics, University Medicine Greifswald , Greifswald , Germany ; Department of Functional Genomics, Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald , Greifswald , Germany
| | - Robert Weissmann
- Human Molecular Genetics, Department for Human Genetics of the Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, Institute for Human Genetics, University Medicine Greifswald, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt University Greifswald , Greifswald , Germany
| | - Katharina Dietrich
- Division of Molecular Psychiatry, Georg-August-University Goettingen, University Medicine Goettingen , Goettingen , Germany
| | - Henning Borgers
- Division of Molecular Psychiatry, Georg-August-University Goettingen, University Medicine Goettingen , Goettingen , Germany
| | - Andreas Brauß
- Division of Molecular Psychiatry, Georg-August-University Goettingen, University Medicine Goettingen , Goettingen , Germany
| | - Christian Sperling
- Human Molecular Genetics, Department for Human Genetics of the Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, Institute for Human Genetics, University Medicine Greifswald, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt University Greifswald , Greifswald , Germany
| | - Oliver Wirths
- Division of Molecular Psychiatry, Georg-August-University Goettingen, University Medicine Goettingen , Goettingen , Germany
| | - Mario Albrecht
- Department of Bioinformatics, Institute of Biometrics and Medical Informatics, University Medicine Greifswald , Greifswald , Germany ; Institute for Knowledge Discovery, Graz University of Technology , Graz , Austria
| | - Lars R Jensen
- Human Molecular Genetics, Department for Human Genetics of the Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, Institute for Human Genetics, University Medicine Greifswald, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt University Greifswald , Greifswald , Germany
| | - Andreas W Kuss
- Human Molecular Genetics, Department for Human Genetics of the Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, Institute for Human Genetics, University Medicine Greifswald, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt University Greifswald , Greifswald , Germany
| | - Thomas A Bayer
- Division of Molecular Psychiatry, Georg-August-University Goettingen, University Medicine Goettingen , Goettingen , Germany
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