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Lepre CC, Russo M, Trotta MC, Petrillo F, D'Agostino FA, Gaudino G, D'Amico G, Campitiello MR, Crisci E, Nicoletti M, Gesualdo C, Simonelli F, D'Amico M, Hermenean A, Rossi S. Inhibition of Galectins and the P2X7 Purinergic Receptor as a Therapeutic Approach in the Neurovascular Inflammation of Diabetic Retinopathy. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24119721. [PMID: 37298672 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24119721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is the most frequent microvascular retinal complication of diabetic patients, contributing to loss of vision. Recently, retinal neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration have emerged as key players in DR progression, and therefore, this review examines the neuroinflammatory molecular basis of DR. We focus on four important aspects of retinal neuroinflammation: (i) the exacerbation of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress; (ii) the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome; (iii) the role of galectins; and (iv) the activation of purinergic 2X7 receptor (P2X7R). Moreover, this review proposes the selective inhibition of galectins and the P2X7R as a potential pharmacological approach to prevent the progression of DR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caterina Claudia Lepre
- "Aurel Ardelean" Institute of Life Sciences, Vasile Goldis Western University of Arad, 310144 Arad, Romania
| | - Marina Russo
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Consiglia Trotta
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Francesco Petrillo
- Ph.D. Course in Translational Medicine, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Fabiana Anna D'Agostino
- Multidisciplinary Department of Medical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Gennaro Gaudino
- School of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy
| | | | - Maria Rosaria Campitiello
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Physiopathology of Human Reproduction, ASL Salerno, 84124 Salerno, Italy
| | - Erminia Crisci
- Multidisciplinary Department of Medical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Maddalena Nicoletti
- Multidisciplinary Department of Medical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Carlo Gesualdo
- Multidisciplinary Department of Medical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Francesca Simonelli
- Multidisciplinary Department of Medical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Michele D'Amico
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Anca Hermenean
- "Aurel Ardelean" Institute of Life Sciences, Vasile Goldis Western University of Arad, 310144 Arad, Romania
| | - Settimio Rossi
- Multidisciplinary Department of Medical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", 80138 Naples, Italy
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Kataoka M, Sahashi K, Tsujikawa K, Takeda JI, Hirunagi T, Iida M, Katsunoa M. Dysregulation of Aldh1a2 underlies motor neuron degeneration in spinal muscular atrophy. Neurosci Res 2023:S0168-0102(23)00090-1. [PMID: 37146794 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2023.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Revised: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Lower motor neuron degeneration is the pathological hallmark of spinal muscular atrophy (SMA), a hereditary motor neuron disease caused by loss of the SMN1 gene and the resulting deficiency of ubiquitously expressed SMN protein. The molecular mechanisms underlying motor neuron degeneration, however, remain elusive. To clarify the cell-autonomous defect in developmental processes, we here performed transcriptome analyses of isolated embryonic motor neurons of SMA model mice to explore mechanisms of dysregulation of cell-type-specific gene expression. Of 12 identified genes that were differentially expressed between the SMA and control motor neurons, we focused on Aldh1a2, an essential gene for lower motor neuron development. In primary spinal motor neuron cultures, knockdown of Aldh1a2 led to the formation of axonal spheroids and neurodegeneration, reminiscent of the histopathological changes observed in human and animal cellular models. Conversely, Aldh1a2 rescued these pathological features in spinal motor neurons derived from SMA mouse embryos. Our findings suggest that developmental defects due to Aldh1a2 dysregulation enhances lower motor neuron vulnerability in SMA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayumi Kataoka
- Department of Neurology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, 466-8550 Japan
| | - Kentaro Sahashi
- Department of Neurology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, 466-8550 Japan.
| | - Koyo Tsujikawa
- Department of Neurology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, 466-8550 Japan
| | - Jun-Ichi Takeda
- Division of Neurogenetics, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, 466-8550 Japan
| | - Tomoki Hirunagi
- Department of Neurology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, 466-8550 Japan
| | - Madoka Iida
- Department of Neurology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, 466-8550 Japan
| | - Masahisa Katsunoa
- Department of Neurology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, 466-8550 Japan; Department of Clinical Research Education, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, 466-8550 Japan.
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3
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Jiang Z, Wang Z, Wei X, Yu XF. Inflammatory checkpoints in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: From biomarkers to therapeutic targets. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1059994. [PMID: 36618399 PMCID: PMC9815501 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1059994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by progressive motor neuron damage. Due to the complexity of the ALS, so far the etiology and underlying pathogenesis of sporadic ALS are not completely understood. Recently, many studies have emphasized the role of inflammatory networks, which are comprised of various inflammatory molecules and proteins in the pathogenesis of ALS. Inflammatory molecules and proteins may be used as independent predictors of patient survival and might be used in patient stratification and in evaluating the therapeutic response in clinical trials. This review article describes the latest advances in various inflammatory markers in ALS and its animal models. In particular, this review discusses the role of inflammatory molecule markers in the pathogenesis of the disease and their relationship with clinical parameters. We also highlight the advantages and disadvantages of applying inflammatory markers in clinical manifestations, animal studies, and drug clinical trials. Further, we summarize the potential application of some inflammatory biomarkers as new therapeutic targets and therapeutic strategies, which would perhaps expand the therapeutic interventions for ALS.
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Kawamoto Y, Tada M, Asano T, Nakamura H, Jitsuki-Takahashi A, Makihara H, Kubota S, Hashiguchi S, Kunii M, Ohshima T, Goshima Y, Takeuchi H, Doi H, Nakamura F, Tanaka F. Phosphorylated CRMP1, axon guidance protein, is a component of spheroids and is involved in axonal pathology in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Front Neurol 2022; 13:994676. [PMID: 36237616 PMCID: PMC9552802 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.994676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), neurodegeneration is characterized by distal axonopathy that begins at the distal axons, including the neuromuscular junctions, and progresses proximally in a “dying back” manner prior to the degeneration of cell bodies. However, the molecular mechanism for distal axonopathy in ALS has not been fully addressed. Semaphorin 3A (Sema3A), a repulsive axon guidance molecule that phosphorylates collapsin response mediator proteins (CRMPs), is known to be highly expressed in Schwann cells near distal axons in a mouse model of ALS. To clarify the involvement of Sema3A–CRMP signaling in the axonal pathogenesis of ALS, we investigated the expression of phosphorylated CRMP1 (pCRMP1) in the spinal cords of 35 patients with sporadic ALS and seven disease controls. In ALS patients, we found that pCRMP1 accumulated in the proximal axons and co-localized with phosphorylated neurofilaments (pNFs), which are a major protein constituent of spheroids. Interestingly, the pCRMP1:pNF ratio of the fluorescence signal in spheroid immunostaining was inversely correlated with disease duration in 18 evaluable ALS patients, indicating that the accumulation of pCRMP1 may precede that of pNFs in spheroids or promote ALS progression. In addition, overexpression of a phospho-mimicking CRMP1 mutant inhibited axonal outgrowth in Neuro2A cells. Taken together, these results indicate that pCRMP1 may be involved in the pathogenesis of axonopathy in ALS, leading to spheroid formation through the proximal progression of axonopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Kawamoto
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Medicine, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Neurobiology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Mikiko Tada
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Medicine, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Asano
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Medicine, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Haruko Nakamura
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Medicine, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Aoi Jitsuki-Takahashi
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroko Makihara
- Department of Nursing Course Biological Science and Nursing, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Shun Kubota
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Medicine, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Shunta Hashiguchi
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Medicine, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Misako Kunii
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Medicine, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Toshio Ohshima
- Department of Life Science and Medical Bioscience, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshio Goshima
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Neurobiology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Takeuchi
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Medicine, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Doi
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Medicine, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Fumio Nakamura
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Fumiaki Tanaka
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Medicine, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
- *Correspondence: Fumiaki Tanaka
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Cai Z, Yin K, Liu Q, Liu M, Yang X, Cui L. Association between abnormal expression and methylation of LGALS1 in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Brain Res 2022; 1792:148022. [PMID: 35872012 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2022.148022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2022] [Revised: 07/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE DNA methylation has been identified to play an important role in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Galectin-1, encoded by LGALS1 gene, has been proved to be associated with ALS. We aimed to investigate the association between the expression and methylation of LGALS1 in blood samples from ALS patients. METHODS Forty-five patients diagnosed with ALS were enrolled. Thirty-two healthy relatives consisted the control group. Among them, samples from 12 patients and 12 controls consisted the exploration samples. In the exploration samples, mRNA expression levels were detected by quantitative real-time PCR. In all the samples, DNA methylation levels of one CpG island containing 12 CpG sites in the gene promoter were detected by bisulfite sequencing PCR, and galectin-1 levels were examined by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. Associations between the gene expression and methylation level, as well as between the region-specific methylation level and clinical variables were calculated. RESULTS The mRNA expression level of LGALS1 was significantly increased and the promoter of LGALS1 was hypomethylated in ALS patients. Serum galectin-1 levels were significantly elevated in the ALS patients. The ALS group had significantly lower methylation level at certain CpG sites than the control group. There were significant negative associations between abnormal expression and methylation of LGALS1, as well as between region-specific methylation levels and the age of onset. CONCLUSIONS The aberrant expression and DNA methylation of LGALS1 and their association reveals epigenetic changes in ALS patients, which are helpful for early intervention and treatment for the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengyi Cai
- Department of Neurology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Kaili Yin
- McKusick-Zhang Center for Genetic Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Qing Liu
- Department of Neurology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Mingsheng Liu
- Department of Neurology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xunzhe Yang
- Department of Neurology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Liying Cui
- Department of Neurology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China; Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.
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Nio-Kobayashi J, Itabashi T. Galectins and Their Ligand Glycoconjugates in the Central Nervous System Under Physiological and Pathological Conditions. Front Neuroanat 2021; 15:767330. [PMID: 34720894 PMCID: PMC8554236 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2021.767330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Galectins are β-galactoside-binding lectins consisting of 15 members in mammals. Galectin-1,-3,-4,-8, and -9 are predominantly expressed in the central nervous system (CNS) and regulate various physiological and pathological events. This review summarizes the current knowledge of the cellular expression and role of galectins in the CNS, and discusses their functions in neurite outgrowth, myelination, and neural stem/progenitor cell niches, as well as in ischemic/hypoxic/traumatic injuries and neurodegenerative diseases such as multiple sclerosis. Galectins are expressed in both neurons and glial cells. Galectin-1 is mainly expressed in motoneurons, whereas galectin-3-positive neurons are broadly distributed throughout the brain, especially in the hypothalamus, indicating its function in the regulation of homeostasis, stress response, and the endocrine/autonomic system. Astrocytes predominantly contain galectin-1, and galectin-3 and−9 are upregulated along with its activation. Activated, but not resting, microglia contain galectin-3, supporting its phagocytic activity. Galectin-1,−3, and -4 are characteristically expressed during oligodendrocyte differentiation. Galectin-3 from microglia promotes oligodendrocyte differentiation and myelination, while galectin-1 and axonal galectin-4 suppress its differentiation and myelination. Galectin-1- and- 3-positive cells are involved in neural stem cell niche formation in the subventricular zone and hippocampal dentate gyrus, and the migration of newly generated neurons and glial cells to the olfactory bulb or damaged lesions. In neurodegenerative diseases, galectin-1,-8, and -9 have neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory activities. Galectin-3 facilitates pro-inflammatory action; however, it also plays an important role during the recovery period. Several ligand glycoconjugates have been identified so far such as laminin, integrins, neural cell adhesion molecule L1, sulfatide, neuropilin-1/plexinA4 receptor complex, triggering receptor on myeloid cells 2, and T cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain. N-glycan branching on lymphocytes and oligodendroglial progenitors mediated by β1,6-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase V (Mgat5/GnTV) influences galectin-binding, modulating inflammatory responses and remyelination in neurodegenerative diseases. De-sulfated galactosaminoglycans such as keratan sulfate are potential ligands for galectins, especially galectin-3, regulating neural regeneration. Galectins have multitudinous functions depending on cell type and context as well as post-translational modifications, including oxidization, phosphorylation, S-nitrosylation, and cleavage, but there should be certain rules in the expression patterns of galectins and their ligand glycoconjugates, possibly related to glucose metabolism in cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junko Nio-Kobayashi
- Laboratory of Histology and Cytology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Itabashi
- Laboratory of Histology and Cytology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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Lin F, Lin W, Zhu C, Lin J, Zhu J, Li XY, Wang Z, Wang C, Huang H. Sequencing of neurofilament genes identified NEFH Ser787Arg as a novel risk variant of sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis in Chinese subjects. BMC Med Genomics 2021; 14:222. [PMID: 34511133 PMCID: PMC8436554 DOI: 10.1186/s12920-021-01073-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a devastating neurodegenerative disease with neuronal cell inclusions composed of neurofilaments and other abnormal aggregative proteins as pathological hallmarks. Approximately 90% of patients have sporadic cases (sALS), and at least 4 genes, i.e. C9orf72, SOD1, FUS and TARDBP, have been identified as the main causative genes, while many others have been proposed as potential risk genes. However, these mutations could explain only ~ 10% of sALS cases. The neurofilament polypeptides encoded by NEFH, NEFM, and NEFL are promising protein biomarkers for ALS and other degenerative diseases. However, whether the genetic variants of these genes were associated with ALS remain ambiguous. METHODS Here, we used PCR-Sanger to sequence the exons of these three genes in a cohort of 371 sALS patients and 711 healthy controls (Phase I) and validated the risk variant in another 300 sALS patients and 1076 controls (Phase II). RESULTS A total of 92 variants were identified, including 36 rare heterozygous variants in NEFH, 27 in NEFM, and 16 in NEFL, and only rs568759161 (p.Ser787Arg) in NEFH reached nominal statistical power (P = 0.02 at Phase I, P = 0.009 at Phase II) in the case-control comparison. Together, the Phase I and II studies showed the significantly higher frequency of the variant in cases (9/1342, 0.67%) than in controls (2/3574, 0.07%) (OR 12.06; 95% CI 2.60-55.88; P = 0.0003). No variants passed multiple testing in the discovery cohort, but rs568759161 was associated with ALS in a replication cohort. CONCLUSIONS Our results confirmed that NEFH Ser787Arg is a novel sALS risk variant in Chinese subjects, but NEFM and NEFL were not associated with sALS. These data may have implications for genetic counselling and for understanding the pathogenesis of sALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Lin
- Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fujian, 350001, China
| | - Wanhui Lin
- Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fujian, 350001, China
| | - Chaofeng Zhu
- Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fujian, 350001, China
| | - Jilan Lin
- Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fujian, 350001, China
| | - Junge Zhu
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China
| | - Xu-Ying Li
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China
| | - Zhanjun Wang
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China
| | - Chaodong Wang
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China
| | - Huapin Huang
- Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fujian, 350001, China.
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Shiraishi W, Yamasaki R, Hashimoto Y, Ko S, Kobayakawa Y, Isobe N, Matsushita T, Kira JI. Clearance of peripheral nerve misfolded mutant protein by infiltrated macrophages correlates with motor neuron disease progression. Sci Rep 2021; 11:16438. [PMID: 34385589 PMCID: PMC8360983 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-96064-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophages expressing C-C chemokine receptor type 2 (CCR2) infiltrate the central and peripheral neural tissues of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) patients. To identify the functional role of CCR2+ macrophages in the pathomechanisms of ALS, we used an ALS animal model, mutant Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase 1G93A (mSOD1)-transgenic (Tg) mice. To clarify the CCR2 function in the model, we generated SOD1G93A/CCR2Red fluorescence protein (RFP)/Wild type (WT)/CX3CR1Green fluorescence protein (GFP)/WT-Tg mice, which heterozygously express CCR2-RFP and CX3CR1-GFP, and SOD1G93A/CCR2RFP/RFP-Tg mice, which lack CCR2 protein expression and present with a CCR2-deficient phenotype. In mSOD1-Tg mice, mSOD1 accumulated in the sciatic nerve earlier than in the spinal cord. Furthermore, spinal cords of SOD1G93A/CCR2RFP/WT/CX3CR1GFP/WT mice showed peripheral macrophage infiltration that emerged at the end-stage, whereas in peripheral nerves, macrophage infiltration started from the pre-symptomatic stage. Before disease onset, CCR2+ macrophages harboring mSOD1 infiltrated sciatic nerves earlier than the lumbar cord. CCR2-deficient mSOD1-Tg mice showed an earlier onset and axonal derangement in the sciatic nerve than CCR2-positive mSOD1-Tg mice. CCR2-deficient mSOD1-Tg mice showed an increase in deposited mSOD1 in the sciatic nerve compared with CCR2-positive mice. These findings suggest that CCR2+ and CX3CR1+ macrophages exert neuroprotective functions in mSOD1 ALS via mSOD1 clearance from the peripheral nerves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wataru Shiraishi
- grid.177174.30000 0001 2242 4849Department of Neurology, Neurological Institute, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582 Japan ,grid.415432.50000 0004 0377 9814Department of Neurology, Kokura Memorial Hospital, Fukuoka, 802-8555 Japan
| | - Ryo Yamasaki
- grid.177174.30000 0001 2242 4849Department of Neurology, Neurological Institute, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582 Japan
| | - Yu Hashimoto
- grid.177174.30000 0001 2242 4849Department of Neurology, Neurological Institute, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582 Japan
| | - Senri Ko
- grid.177174.30000 0001 2242 4849Department of Neurology, Neurological Institute, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582 Japan
| | - Yuko Kobayakawa
- grid.177174.30000 0001 2242 4849Department of Neurology, Neurological Institute, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582 Japan
| | - Noriko Isobe
- grid.177174.30000 0001 2242 4849Department of Neurology, Neurological Institute, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582 Japan
| | - Takuya Matsushita
- grid.177174.30000 0001 2242 4849Department of Neurology, Neurological Institute, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582 Japan
| | - Jun-ichi Kira
- grid.177174.30000 0001 2242 4849Department of Neurology, Neurological Institute, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582 Japan ,grid.411731.10000 0004 0531 3030Translational Neuroscience Center, Graduate School of Medicine, and School of Pharmacy At Fukuoka, International University of Health and Welfare, 137-1 Enokizu, Ookawa, Fukuoka 831-8501 Japan ,grid.411731.10000 0004 0531 3030Department of Neurology, Brain and Nerve Center, Fukuoka Central Hospital, International University of Health and Welfare, 2-6-11 Yakuin, Chuo-ku, Fukuoka, 810-0022 Japan
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Das S, Li Z, Noori A, Hyman BT, Serrano-Pozo A. Meta-analysis of mouse transcriptomic studies supports a context-dependent astrocyte reaction in acute CNS injury versus neurodegeneration. J Neuroinflammation 2020; 17:227. [PMID: 32736565 PMCID: PMC7393869 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-020-01898-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Neuronal damage in acute CNS injuries and chronic neurodegenerative diseases is invariably accompanied by an astrocyte reaction in both mice and humans. However, whether and how the nature of the CNS insult—acute versus chronic—influences the astrocyte response, and whether astrocyte transcriptomic changes in these mouse models faithfully recapitulate the astrocyte reaction in human diseases remains to be elucidated. We hypothesized that astrocytes set off different transcriptomic programs in response to acute versus chronic insults, besides a shared “pan-injury” signature common to both types of conditions, and investigated the presence of these mouse astrocyte signatures in transcriptomic studies from human neurodegenerative diseases. Methods We performed a meta-analysis of 15 published astrocyte transcriptomic datasets from mouse models of acute injury (n = 6) and chronic neurodegeneration (n = 9) and identified pan-injury, acute, and chronic signatures, with both upregulated (UP) and downregulated (DOWN) genes. Next, we investigated these signatures in 7 transcriptomic datasets from various human neurodegenerative diseases. Results In mouse models, the number of UP/DOWN genes per signature was 64/21 for pan-injury and 109/79 for acute injury, whereas only 13/27 for chronic neurodegeneration. The pan-injury-UP signature was represented by the classic cytoskeletal hallmarks of astrocyte reaction (Gfap and Vim), plus extracellular matrix (i.e., Cd44, Lgals1, Lgals3, Timp1), and immune response (i.e., C3, Serping1, Fas, Stat1, Stat2, Stat3). The acute injury-UP signature was enriched in protein synthesis and degradation (both ubiquitin-proteasome and autophagy systems), intracellular trafficking, and anti-oxidant defense genes, whereas the acute injury-DOWN signature included genes that regulate chromatin structure and transcriptional activity, many of which are transcriptional repressors. The chronic neurodegeneration-UP signature was further enriched in astrocyte-secreted extracellular matrix proteins (Lama4, Cyr61, Thbs4), while the DOWN signature included relevant genes such as Agl (glycogenolysis), S1pr1 (immune modulation), and Sod2 (anti-oxidant). Only the pan-injury-UP mouse signature was clearly present in some human neurodegenerative transcriptomic datasets. Conclusions Acute and chronic CNS injuries lead to distinct astrocyte gene expression programs beyond their common astrocyte reaction signature. However, caution should be taken when extrapolating astrocyte transcriptomic findings from mouse models to human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudeshna Das
- MGH BioMedical Informatics Core (BMIC), Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.,Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, 02114, USA.,Massachusetts Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, 114 16th street, Suite 2012, Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02116, USA
| | - Zhaozhi Li
- MGH BioMedical Informatics Core (BMIC), Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.,Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Ayush Noori
- MGH BioMedical Informatics Core (BMIC), Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.,Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Bradley T Hyman
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, 02114, USA.,Massachusetts Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, 114 16th street, Suite 2012, Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02116, USA
| | - Alberto Serrano-Pozo
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, 02114, USA. .,Massachusetts Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, 114 16th street, Suite 2012, Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA. .,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02116, USA.
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10
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TrkB Signaling Influences Gene Expression in Cortistatin-Expressing Interneurons. eNeuro 2020; 7:ENEURO.0310-19.2019. [PMID: 31941661 PMCID: PMC7031852 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0310-19.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) signals through its cognate receptor tropomyosin receptor kinase B (TrkB) to promote the function of several classes of inhibitory interneurons. We previously reported that loss of BDNF-TrkB signaling in cortistatin (Cort)-expressing interneurons leads to behavioral hyperactivity and spontaneous seizures in mice. We performed bulk RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) from the cortex of mice with disruption of BDNF-TrkB signaling in cortistatin interneurons, and identified differential expression of genes important for excitatory neuron function. Using translating ribosome affinity purification and RNA-seq, we define a molecular profile for Cort-expressing inhibitory neurons and subsequently compare the translatome of normal and TrkB-depleted Cort neurons, revealing alterations in calcium signaling and axon development. Several of the genes enriched in Cort neurons and differentially expressed in TrkB-depleted neurons are also implicated in autism and epilepsy. Our findings highlight TrkB-dependent molecular pathways as critical for the maturation of inhibitory interneurons and support the hypothesis that loss of BDNF signaling in Cort interneurons leads to altered excitatory/inhibitory balance.
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11
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Moreno-Martínez L, de la Torre M, Toivonen JM, Zaragoza P, García-Redondo A, Calvo AC, Osta R. Circulating Cytokines Could Not Be Good Prognostic Biomarkers in a Mouse Model of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Front Immunol 2019; 10:801. [PMID: 31031774 PMCID: PMC6473074 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: There is growing evidence of the role of inflammation in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) during the last decade. Although the origin of ALS remains unknown, multiple potential inflammatory biomarkers have been described in ALS patients and murine models of this disease to explain the progressive motor neuron loss and muscle atrophy. However, the results remain controversial. To shed light on this issue, we aimed to identify novel biomarkers of inflammation that can influence disease progression and survival in serial blood samples from transgenic SOD1G93A mice, a model of ALS. Methods: A cytokine array assay was performed to analyze protein expression of 97 cytokines in plasma samples from wildtype controls and transgenic SOD1G93A mice at asymptomatic stage. Subsequently, serial plasma samples were obtained from SOD1G93A mice at early symptomatic, symptomatic and terminal stages to monitor cytokine levels during disease progression through immunoassays. Comparisons of means of quantifiable cytokines between short-and long-lived mice were analyzed by unrelated t-test or Mann-Whitney U-test. Relationships between cytokines levels and survival time were assessed using Pearson's correlation analysis and Kaplan-Meier analysis. Results: A total of 16 cytokines (6Ckine, ALK-1, CD30 L, eotaxin-1, galectin-1, GITR, IL-2, IL-6, IL-10, IL-13, IL-17B R, MIP-1α, MIP-3β, RANKL, TROY, and VEGF-D) were found dysregulated in transgenic SOD1G93A mice at asymptomatic stage compared with age-matched controls. Immunoassays of serial samples revealed positive expression of ALK-1, GITR and IL-17B R at P60 and P90 in mice with shorter survival. In addition, eotaxin-1 and galectin-1 levels were significantly increased at terminal stage in SOD1G93A mice that showed shorter survival time. Finally, levels of eotaxin-1, galectin-1, IL-2, IL-6, MIP-1α, and TROY at P90 or endpoint negatively correlated with the longevity of transgenic mice. Conclusions: We demonstrated in the SOD1G93A model of ALS that increased levels of several cytokines were associated with a shorter lifespan. However, their role as prognostic biomarkers is unclear as their expression was very variable depending on both the disease stage and the subject. Nevertheless, cytokines may be potential therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Moreno-Martínez
- LAGENBIO, Faculty of Veterinary-IIS, IA2-CITA, CIBERNED, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Miriam de la Torre
- LAGENBIO, Faculty of Veterinary-IIS, IA2-CITA, CIBERNED, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Janne M Toivonen
- LAGENBIO, Faculty of Veterinary-IIS, IA2-CITA, CIBERNED, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Pilar Zaragoza
- LAGENBIO, Faculty of Veterinary-IIS, IA2-CITA, CIBERNED, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | | | - Ana Cristina Calvo
- LAGENBIO, Faculty of Veterinary-IIS, IA2-CITA, CIBERNED, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Rosario Osta
- LAGENBIO, Faculty of Veterinary-IIS, IA2-CITA, CIBERNED, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
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12
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Gelfman S, Dugger S, de Araujo Martins Moreno C, Ren Z, Wolock CJ, Shneider NA, Phatnani H, Cirulli ET, Lasseigne BN, Harris T, Maniatis T, Rouleau GA, Brown RH, Gitler AD, Myers RM, Petrovski S, Allen A, Goldstein DB, Harms MB. A new approach for rare variation collapsing on functional protein domains implicates specific genic regions in ALS. Genome Res 2019; 29:809-818. [PMID: 30940688 PMCID: PMC6499321 DOI: 10.1101/gr.243592.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Large-scale sequencing efforts in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) have implicated novel genes using gene-based collapsing methods. However, pathogenic mutations may be concentrated in specific genic regions. To address this, we developed two collapsing strategies: One focuses rare variation collapsing on homology-based protein domains as the unit for collapsing, and the other is a gene-level approach that, unlike standard methods, leverages existing evidence of purifying selection against missense variation on said domains. The application of these two collapsing methods to 3093 ALS cases and 8186 controls of European ancestry, and also 3239 cases and 11,808 controls of diversified populations, pinpoints risk regions of ALS genes, including SOD1, NEK1, TARDBP, and FUS. While not clearly implicating novel ALS genes, the new analyses not only pinpoint risk regions in known genes but also highlight candidate genes as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahar Gelfman
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, 10032, USA
| | - Sarah Dugger
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, 10032, USA
| | | | - Zhong Ren
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, 10032, USA
| | - Charles J Wolock
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, 10032, USA
| | - Neil A Shneider
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York 10032, USA.,Motor Neuron Center, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York 10032, USA
| | - Hemali Phatnani
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, 10032, USA.,Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York 10032, USA.,New York Genome Center, New York, New York 10013, USA
| | | | | | - Tim Harris
- SV Health Investors, Boston, Massachusetts 02108, USA
| | - Tom Maniatis
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York 10032, USA
| | - Guy A Rouleau
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, H3A 2B4 Canada
| | - Robert H Brown
- Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655, USA
| | - Aaron D Gitler
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Richard M Myers
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, Alabama 35806, USA
| | - Slavé Petrovski
- Department of Medicine, Austin Health and Royal Melbourne Hospital, University of Melbourne, Melbourne VIC 3050, Australia
| | - Andrew Allen
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA
| | - David B Goldstein
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, 10032, USA.,Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York 10032, USA
| | - Matthew B Harms
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, 10032, USA.,Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York 10032, USA.,Motor Neuron Center, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York 10032, USA
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13
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Galectin-1 expression imprints a neurovascular phenotype in proliferative retinopathies and delineates responses to anti-VEGF. Oncotarget 2018; 8:32505-32522. [PMID: 28455954 PMCID: PMC5464805 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.17129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Neovascular retinopathies are leading causes of irreversible blindness. Although vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) inhibitors have been established as the mainstay of current treatment, clinical management of these diseases is still limited. As retinal impairment involves abnormal neovascularization and neuronal degeneration, we evaluated here the involvement of galectin-1 in vascular and non-vascular alterations associated with retinopathies, using the oxygen-induced retinopathy (OIR) model. Postnatal day 17 OIR mouse retinas showed the highest neovascular profile and exhibited neuro-glial injury as well as retinal functional loss, which persisted until P26 OIR. Concomitant to VEGF up-regulation, galectin-1 was highly expressed in P17 OIR retinas and it was mainly localized in neovascular tufts. In addition, OIR induced remodelling of cell surface glycophenotype leading to exposure of galectin-1-specific glycan epitopes. Whereas VEGF returned to baseline levels at P26, increased galectin-1 expression persisted until this time period. Remarkably, although anti-VEGF treatment in P17 OIR improved retinal vascularization, neither galectin-1 expression nor non-vascular and functional alterations were attenuated. However, this functional defect was partially prevented in galectin-1-deficient (Lgals1-/-) OIR mice, suggesting the importance of targeting both VEGF and galectin-1 as non-redundant independent pathways. Supporting the clinical relevance of these findings, we found increased levels of galectin-1 in aqueous humor from patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy and neovascular glaucoma. Thus, using an OIR model and human samples, we identified a role for galectin-1 accompanying vascular and non-vascular retinal alterations in neovascular retinopathies.
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14
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Pasquini JM, Barrantes FJ, Quintá HR. Normal development of spinal axons in early embryo stages and posterior locomotor function is independent of GAL-1. J Comp Neurol 2017; 525:2861-2875. [DOI: 10.1002/cne.24243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Revised: 05/11/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Juana M. Pasquini
- Departamento de Química Biológica; Instituto de Química y Físico Química Biológica, Universidad de Buenos Aires; Buenos Aires Argentina
| | | | - Héctor R. Quintá
- Departamento de Química Biológica; Instituto de Química y Físico Química Biológica, Universidad de Buenos Aires; Buenos Aires Argentina
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15
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Jo M, Chung AY, Yachie N, Seo M, Jeon H, Nam Y, Seo Y, Kim E, Zhong Q, Vidal M, Park HC, Roth FP, Suk K. Yeast genetic interaction screen of human genes associated with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: identification of MAP2K5 kinase as a potential drug target. Genome Res 2017; 27:1487-1500. [PMID: 28596290 PMCID: PMC5580709 DOI: 10.1101/gr.211649.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
To understand disease mechanisms, a large-scale analysis of human–yeast genetic interactions was performed. Of 1305 human disease genes assayed, 20 genes exhibited strong toxicity in yeast. Human–yeast genetic interactions were identified by en masse transformation of the human disease genes into a pool of 4653 homozygous diploid yeast deletion mutants with unique barcode sequences, followed by multiplexed barcode sequencing to identify yeast toxicity modifiers. Subsequent network analyses focusing on amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)-associated genes, such as optineurin (OPTN) and angiogenin (ANG), showed that the human orthologs of the yeast toxicity modifiers of these ALS genes are enriched for several biological processes, such as cell death, lipid metabolism, and molecular transport. When yeast genetic interaction partners held in common between human OPTN and ANG were validated in mammalian cells and zebrafish, MAP2K5 kinase emerged as a potential drug target for ALS therapy. The toxicity modifiers identified in this study may deepen our understanding of the pathogenic mechanisms of ALS and other devastating diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myungjin Jo
- Department of Pharmacology, Brain Science and Engineering Institute, and Department of Biomedical Sciences, BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, 41944, Korea
| | - Ah Young Chung
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Korea University Ansan Hospital, Ansan-si, Gyeonggi-do, 425-707, Korea
| | - Nozomu Yachie
- Donnelly Centre and Departments of Molecular Genetics and Computer Science, University of Toronto and Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X5, Canada
| | - Minchul Seo
- Department of Pharmacology, Brain Science and Engineering Institute, and Department of Biomedical Sciences, BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, 41944, Korea
| | - Hyejin Jeon
- Department of Pharmacology, Brain Science and Engineering Institute, and Department of Biomedical Sciences, BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, 41944, Korea
| | - Youngpyo Nam
- Department of Pharmacology, Brain Science and Engineering Institute, and Department of Biomedical Sciences, BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, 41944, Korea
| | - Yeojin Seo
- Department of Pharmacology, Brain Science and Engineering Institute, and Department of Biomedical Sciences, BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, 41944, Korea
| | - Eunmi Kim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Korea University Ansan Hospital, Ansan-si, Gyeonggi-do, 425-707, Korea
| | - Quan Zhong
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wright State University, Dayton, Ohio 45435, USA
| | - Marc Vidal
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wright State University, Dayton, Ohio 45435, USA
| | - Hae Chul Park
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Korea University Ansan Hospital, Ansan-si, Gyeonggi-do, 425-707, Korea
| | - Frederick P Roth
- Donnelly Centre and Departments of Molecular Genetics and Computer Science, University of Toronto and Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X5, Canada.,Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1Z8, Canada
| | - Kyoungho Suk
- Department of Pharmacology, Brain Science and Engineering Institute, and Department of Biomedical Sciences, BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, 41944, Korea
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16
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Abstract
The ability to use induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) to model brain diseases is a powerful tool for unraveling mechanistic alterations in these disorders. Rodent models of brain diseases have spurred understanding of pathology but the concern arises that they may not recapitulate the full spectrum of neuron disruptions associated with human neuropathology. iPSC derived neurons, or other neural cell types, provide the ability to access pathology in cells derived directly from a patient's blood sample or skin biopsy where availability of brain tissue is limiting. Thus, utilization of iPSC to study brain diseases provides an unlimited resource for disease modelling but may also be used for drug screening for effective therapies and may potentially be used to regenerate aged or damaged cells in the future. Many brain diseases across the spectrum of neurodevelopment, neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric are being approached by iPSC models. The goal of an iPSC based disease model is to identify a cellular phenotype that discriminates the disease-bearing cells from the control cells. In this mini-review, the importance of iPSC cell models validated for pluripotency, germline competency and function assessments is discussed. Selected examples for the variety of brain diseases that are being approached by iPSC technology to discover or establish the molecular basis of the neuropathology are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy E McKinney
- iPSC Lab/Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine and The Gibbs Research Institute, Spartanburg, SC, USA
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