1
|
Zeper LW, Smith ER, Ter Braake AD, Tinnemans PT, de Baaij JHF, Hoenderop JGJ. Calciprotein Particle Synthesis Strategy Determines In Vitro Calcification Potential. Calcif Tissue Int 2023; 112:103-117. [PMID: 36326853 PMCID: PMC9813048 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-022-01036-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Circulating calciprotein particles (CPP), colloids of calcium, phosphate and proteins, were identified as potential drivers of the calcification process in chronic kidney disease. The present study compared CPP produced using different protocols with respect to particle morphology, composition, particle number and in vitro calcification potency. CPP were synthesized with 4.4 mM (CPP-A and B) or 6 mM (CPP-C and D) phosphate and 2.8 mM (CPP-A and B) or 10 mM (CPP-C and D) calcium, with either bovine fetuin-A (CPP-C) or fetal bovine serum (CPP-A, B and D) as a source of protein, and incubated for 7 (CPP-A2) or 14 days (CPP-B2), 12 h (CPP-C2, D2 and B1) or 30 min (CPP-D1). Particle number was determined with nanoparticle tracking and calcium content was measured in CPP preparations and to determine human vascular smooth muscle cell (hVSMC) calcification. Morphologically, CPP-C2 were the largest. Particle number did not correspond to the calcium content of CPP. Both methods of quantification resulted in variable potencies of CPP2 to calcify VSMC, with CPP-B2 as most stable inducer of hVSMC calcification. In contrast, CPP-B1 and D1 were unable to induce calcification of hVSMC, and endogenous CPP derived from pooled serum of dialysis patients were only able to calcify hVSMC to a small extent compared to CPP2.CPP synthesized using different protocols appear morphologically similar, but in vitro calcification potency is dependent on composition and how the CPP are quantified. Synthetic CPP are not comparable to endogenous CPP in terms of the calcification propensity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lara W Zeper
- Department of Physiology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9101, 6500HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Edward R Smith
- Department of Nephrology, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Nephrology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Anique D Ter Braake
- Department of Physiology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9101, 6500HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Paul T Tinnemans
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen H F de Baaij
- Department of Physiology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9101, 6500HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Joost G J Hoenderop
- Department of Physiology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9101, 6500HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Gelli R, Pucci V, Ridi F, Baglioni P. A study on biorelevant calciprotein particles: Effect of stabilizing agents on the formation and crystallization mechanisms. J Colloid Interface Sci 2022; 620:431-441. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2022.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
3
|
Calciprotein Particles and Serum Calcification Propensity: Hallmarks of Vascular Calcifications in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9051287. [PMID: 32365608 PMCID: PMC7288330 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9051287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular complications are one of the leading causes of mortality worldwide and are strongly associated with atherosclerosis and vascular calcification (VC). Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) have a higher prevalence of VC as renal function declines, which will result in increased mortality. Serum calciprotein particles (CPPs) are colloidal nanoparticles that have a prominent role in the initiation and progression of VC. The T50 test is a novel test that measures the conversion of primary to secondary calciprotein particles indicating the tendency of serum to calcify. Therefore, we accomplished a comprehensive review as the first integrated approach to clarify fundamental aspects that influence serum CPP levels and T50, and to explore the effects of CPP and calcification propensity on various chronic disease outcomes. In addition, new topics were raised regarding possible clinical uses of T50 in the assessment of VC, particularly in patients with CKD, including possible opportunities in VC management. The relationships between serum calcification propensity and cardiovascular and all-cause mortality were also addressed. The review is the outcome of a comprehensive search on available literature and could open new directions to control VC.
Collapse
|
4
|
Cai MMX, Smith ER, Kent A, Huang L, Hewitson TD, McMahon LP, Holt SG. Calciprotein Particle Formation in Peritoneal Dialysis Effluent Is Dependent on Dialysate Calcium Concentration. Perit Dial Int 2018; 38:286-292. [PMID: 29793980 DOI: 10.3747/pdi.2017.00163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The accumulation of fetuin-A-containing calciprotein particles (CPP) in the serum of patients with renal disease and those with chronic inflammation may be involved in driving sterile inflammation and extraosseous mineral deposition. We previously showed that both fetuin-A and CPP were present in the peritoneal dialysis (PD) effluent of stable PD patients. It is unknown whether different PD fluids might affect the formation of CPP in vivo. METHOD Peritoneal effluent from 12 patients was collected after a 6-hour dwell with 7 different commercial PD fluids. Calciprotein particles and inflammatory cytokines were measured by flow cytometry. RESULTS High inter-subject variability in CPP concentration was observed. Peritoneal dialysis fluids containing 1.75 mmol/L calcium were associated with enhanced formation of CPP in vivo, compared with fluids containing 1.25 mmol/L calcium. Osmotic agent, fluid pH, and glucose concentration did not affect CPP formation. Peritoneal dialysis effluent CPP levels were not associated with changes in inflammatory cytokines. CONCLUSION High calcium-containing PD fluids favor intraperitoneal CPP formation. This finding may have relevance for future PD fluid design.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael M X Cai
- Department of Nephrology, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Australia .,Department of Medicine (Royal Melbourne Hospital), University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Edward R Smith
- Department of Nephrology, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Australia.,Department of Medicine (Royal Melbourne Hospital), University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Annette Kent
- Eastern Health Integrated Renal Services, Eastern Health, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Louis Huang
- Eastern Health Integrated Renal Services, Eastern Health, Melbourne, Australia.,Eastern Health Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Timothy D Hewitson
- Department of Nephrology, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Australia.,Department of Medicine (Royal Melbourne Hospital), University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Lawrence P McMahon
- Eastern Health Integrated Renal Services, Eastern Health, Melbourne, Australia.,Eastern Health Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Stephen G Holt
- Department of Nephrology, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Australia.,Department of Medicine (Royal Melbourne Hospital), University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Blood is a biological fluid, which controls the precipitation of calcium and phosphate and transports mineral debris. This review presents and discusses the current concepts and novel assessment methods of systemic calcification propensity in blood. RECENT FINDINGS Calcium and phosphate combine with calcification-inhibiting proteins, mainly fetuin-A, to form amorphous calcium phosphate-containing primary calciprotein particles (CPPs). These nanosized mineral-protein clusters undergo spontaneous transformation to secondary CPP, which contain crystalline calcium phosphate. Two recently developed methods assess complementary aspects of the calcification propensity of serum. The CPP-fetuin-A method determines the amount of sedimentable fetuin-A, whereas the T50-Test determines the transformation time point T50 from amorphous to crystalline CPPs in artificially supersaturated serum.Clinical studies in renal patients have already demonstrated close associations of the CPP-fetuin-A method with all-cause mortality, severity of coronary calcification and aortic stiffness, and of the T50-Test with cardiovascular and all-cause mortality, renal graft failure and aortic stiffening. SUMMARY Systemic calcification propensity can be assessed by two novel methods providing complementary information about the status and performance of the humoral calcification-regulating system in serum. These tests may help guide better patient care in the future with the use of more individualized therapies.
Collapse
|
6
|
Fetuin-A in the peritoneal effluent of patients with encapsulating peritoneal sclerosis—more than a protein? Kidney Int 2017; 92:1289-1290. [DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2017.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
7
|
Zavvos V, Davies SJ, Topley N, Johnson TS. The Authors Reply. Kidney Int 2017; 92:1290. [PMID: 29055432 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2017.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vasileios Zavvos
- Nephrology Centre "G. Papadakis," Nikea-Piraeus General Hospital "Agios Panteleimon," Nikaia, Greece; Academic Nephrology Unit & Sheffield Kidney Institute, University of Sheffield, UK.
| | - Simon J Davies
- Institute of Applied Clinical Sciences, Keele University, UK
| | - Nicholas Topley
- Wales Kidney Research Unit, Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
| | - Timothy S Johnson
- Academic Nephrology Unit & Sheffield Kidney Institute, University of Sheffield, UK
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Aghagolzadeh P, Radpour R, Bachtler M, van Goor H, Smith ER, Lister A, Odermatt A, Feelisch M, Pasch A. Hydrogen sulfide attenuates calcification of vascular smooth muscle cells via KEAP1/NRF2/NQO1 activation. Atherosclerosis 2017; 265:78-86. [PMID: 28865326 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2017.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Revised: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Vascular calcification is a common health problem related to oxidative stress, inflammation, and circulating calciprotein particles (CPP). Hydrogen sulfide is an endogenous signaling molecule with antioxidant properties and potential for drug development targeting redox signaling. Yet, its molecular mechanisms of action in vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) calcification have not been delineated. We therefore sought to identify key pathways involved in the calcification-inhibitory properties of sulfide employing our recently developed CPP-induced VSMC calcification model. METHODS Using next-generation sequencing, we investigated the transcriptomic changes of sodium hydrosulfide-treated versus non-treated calcifying VSMCs. The potential role of candidate genes and/or regulatory pathways in prevention of calcification was investigated by small interfering RNA (siRNA). RESULTS CPP led to a pronounced accumulation of cell-associated calcium, which was decreased by sulfide in a concentration-dependent manner. Both, CPP-induced hydrogen peroxide production and enhanced pro-inflammatory/oxidative stress-related gene expression signatures were attenuated by sulfide-treatment. Gene ontology enrichment and in silico pathway analysis of our transcriptome data suggested NAD(P)H dehydrogenase [quinone] 1 (NQO1) as potential mediator. Corroborating these findings, silencing of Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (KEAP1), an inhibitor of nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (NRF2) nuclear activity, enhanced NQO1 expression, whereas NRF2 silencing reduced the expression of NQO1 and abrogated the calcification-suppressing activity of sulfide. Moreover, immunofluorescence microscopy and Western blot analysis confirmed nuclear translocation of NRF2 by sulfide in VSMC. CONCLUSIONS Sulfide attenuates CPP-induced VSMC calcification in vitro via the KEAP1-NRF2 redox sensing/stress response system by enhancing NQO1 expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Parisa Aghagolzadeh
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Bern, Switzerland; The National Centre of Competence in Research (NCCR) "Kidney.CH - Kidney Control of Homeostasis", Switzerland
| | - Ramin Radpour
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Bachtler
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Bern, Switzerland; The National Centre of Competence in Research (NCCR) "Kidney.CH - Kidney Control of Homeostasis", Switzerland
| | - Harry van Goor
- Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Edward R Smith
- Department of Nephrology, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Adam Lister
- Division of Molecular & Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; The National Centre of Competence in Research (NCCR) "Kidney.CH - Kidney Control of Homeostasis", Switzerland
| | - Alex Odermatt
- Division of Molecular & Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; The National Centre of Competence in Research (NCCR) "Kidney.CH - Kidney Control of Homeostasis", Switzerland
| | - Martin Feelisch
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Andreas Pasch
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Bern, Switzerland; The National Centre of Competence in Research (NCCR) "Kidney.CH - Kidney Control of Homeostasis", Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Smith ER, Hewitson TD, Cai MMX, Aghagolzadeh P, Bachtler M, Pasch A, Holt SG. A novel fluorescent probe-based flow cytometric assay for mineral-containing nanoparticles in serum. Sci Rep 2017; 7:5686. [PMID: 28720774 PMCID: PMC5515983 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-05474-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Calciprotein particles, nanoscale aggregates of insoluble mineral and binding proteins, have emerged as potential mediators of phosphate toxicity in patients with Chronic Kidney Disease. Although existing immunochemical methods for their detection have provided compelling data, these approaches are indirect, lack specificity and are subject to a number of other technical and theoretical shortcomings. Here we have developed a rapid homogeneous fluorescent probe-based flow cytometric method for the detection and quantitation of individual mineral-containing nanoparticles in human and animal serum. This method allows the discrimination of membrane-bound from membrane-free particles and different mineral phases (amorphous vs. crystalline). Critically, the method has been optimised for use on a conventional instrument, without the need for manual hardware adjustments. Using this method, we demonstrate a consistency in findings across studies of Chronic Kidney Disease patients and commonly used uraemic animal models. These studies demonstrate that renal dysfunction is associated with the ripening of calciprotein particles to the crystalline state and reveal bone metabolism and dietary mineral as important modulators of circulating levels. Flow cytometric analysis of calciprotein particles may enhance our understanding of mineral handling in kidney disease and provide a novel indicator of therapeutic efficacy for interventions targeting Chronic Kidney Disease-Mineral Bone Disorder.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edward R Smith
- Department of Nephrology, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. .,Department of Medicine - Royal Melbourne Hospital, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Tim D Hewitson
- Department of Nephrology, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Medicine - Royal Melbourne Hospital, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michael M X Cai
- Department of Nephrology, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Medicine - Royal Melbourne Hospital, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Matthias Bachtler
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Pasch
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Stephen G Holt
- Department of Nephrology, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Medicine - Royal Melbourne Hospital, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Aghagolzadeh P, Bachtler M, Bijarnia R, Jackson C, Smith ER, Odermatt A, Radpour R, Pasch A. Calcification of vascular smooth muscle cells is induced by secondary calciprotein particles and enhanced by tumor necrosis factor-α. Atherosclerosis 2016; 251:404-414. [PMID: 27289275 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2016.05.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Revised: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Vascular calcification is prevalent in clinical states characterized by low-grade chronic inflammation, such as chronic kidney disease (CKD). Calciprotein particles (CPP) are calcium phosphate-containing nano-aggregates, which have been found in the blood of CKD patients and appear pro-inflammatory in vitro. The interplay of CPPs and inflammatory cytokines with regard to the calcification of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC), in vitro, has not been investigated yet. METHODS Primary or secondary CPP were generated using phosphate-enriched culture medium (DMEM/10% FBS) incubated at 37 °C. Human VSMC were cultured with these media and mineralization was measured. Expression of TNF-α was detected by qPCR, ELISA and Western blot in calcified VSMC. To further characterize the significance of TNF-α and its receptors for the calcification of VSMC, RNA interference experiments using siTNF-α, siTNFR1 and siTNFR2 were performed. RESULTS The addition of phosphate to cell culture medium containing DMEM/10% FBS led to the rapid formation of primary CPP, which underwent spontaneous transformation to secondary CPP. Exposure of VSMC towards secondary CPP led to pronounced and concentration-dependent calcification, whereas exposure towards primary CPP did not. Importantly, secondary CPP induced oxidative stress, and led to the up-regulation and release of TNF-α. Addition of TNF-α to the cell culture medium enhanced, whereas the suppression of endogenous TNF-α or TNF receptor type 1 (TNFR1) expression by siRNA, ameliorated calcification. CONCLUSIONS Secondary, but not primary CPP, induce VSMC calcification. Secondary CPP induce the expression and release of TNF-α, which enhances calcification via its receptor TNFR1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Matthias Bachtler
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Bern, Switzerland; National Centre of Competence in Research (NCCR) Kidney.ch, Switzerland
| | - Rakesh Bijarnia
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Bern, Switzerland; National Centre of Competence in Research (NCCR) Kidney.ch, Switzerland
| | - Christopher Jackson
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Bern, Inselspital, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Edward R Smith
- Department of Nephrology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Alex Odermatt
- National Centre of Competence in Research (NCCR) Kidney.ch, Switzerland; Division of Molecular & Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ramin Radpour
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Pasch
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Bern, Switzerland; National Centre of Competence in Research (NCCR) Kidney.ch, Switzerland; Department of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Bern, Inselspital, Bern, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
The role of fetuin-A in mineral trafficking and deposition. BONEKEY REPORTS 2015; 4:672. [PMID: 25987986 DOI: 10.1038/bonekey.2015.39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Calcium and phosphate are the principle ions involved in the deposition of mineral in the human body. Inhibitors of mineralisation are essential for the prevention of ectopic mineral precipitation and deposition. In the past decade, through in vitro, in vivo and clinical observation studies, we have come to appreciate the importance of fetuin-A (Fet-A), a circulating glycoprotein, in preventing ectopic calcium phosphate mineralisation. Moreover, the detection of Fet-A-containing mineral complex, termed calciprotein particles (CPPs), has provided new ways to assess an individual's calcific risk. The pathophysiological significance of CPPs in disease states is yet to be defined, but it provides an exciting avenue to further our understanding of the development of ectopic mineralisation.
Collapse
|