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Zeper LW, Bos C, Leermakers PA, Franssen GM, Raavé R, Hoenderop JGJ, de Baaij JHF. Liver and spleen predominantly mediate calciprotein particle clearance in a rat model of chronic kidney disease. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2024; 326:F622-F634. [PMID: 38420675 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00239.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Calciprotein particles (CPPs) provide an efficient mineral buffering system to prevent the complexation of phosphate and calcium in the circulation. However, in chronic kidney disease (CKD), the phosphate load exceeds the mineral buffering capacity, resulting in the formation of crystalline CPP2 particles. CPP2 have been associated with cardiovascular events and mortality. Moreover, CPP2 have been demonstrated to induce calcification in vitro. In this study, we examined the fate of CPP2 in a rat model of CKD. Calcification was induced in Sprague-Dawley rats by 5/6 nephrectomy (5/6-Nx) combined with a high-phosphate diet. Control rats received sham surgery and high-phosphate diet. Twelve weeks after surgery, kidney failure was significantly induced in 5/6-Nx rats as determined by enhanced creatinine and urea plasma levels and abnormal kidney histological architecture. Subsequently, radioactive and fluorescent (FITC)-labeled CPP2 ([89Zr]Zr-CPP2-FITC) were injected intravenously to determine clearance in vivo. Using positron emission tomography scans and radioactive biodistribution measurements, it was demonstrated that [89Zr]Zr-CPP2-FITC are mainly present in the liver and spleen in both 5/6-Nx and sham rats. Immunohistochemistry showed that [89Zr]Zr-CPP2-FITC are predominantly taken up by Kupffer cells and macrophages. However, [89Zr]Zr-CPP2-FITC could also be detected in hepatocytes. In the different parts of the aorta and in the blood, low values of [89Zr]Zr-CPP2-FITC were detectable, independent of the presence of calcification. CPP2 are cleared rapidly from the circulation by the liver and spleen in a rat model of CKD. In the liver, Kupffer cells, macrophages, and hepatocytes contribute to CPP2 clearance.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Calciprotein particles (CPPs) buffer calcium and phosphate in the blood to prevent formation of crystals. In CKD, increased phosphate levels may exceed the buffering capacity of CPPs, resulting in crystalline CPPs that induce calcification. This study demonstrates that labeled CPPs are predominantly cleared from the circulation in the liver by Kupffer cells, macrophages, and hepatocytes. Our results suggest that targeting liver CPP clearance may reduce the burden of crystalline CPP in the development of vascular calcification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara W Zeper
- Department of Medical BioSciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Caro Bos
- Department of Medical BioSciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Pieter A Leermakers
- Department of Medical BioSciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Gerben M Franssen
- Department of Medical Imaging, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - René Raavé
- Department of Medical Imaging, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Joost G J Hoenderop
- Department of Medical BioSciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen H F de Baaij
- Department of Medical BioSciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Feenstra L, Kutikhin AG, Shishkova DK, Buikema H, Zeper LW, Bourgonje AR, Krenning G, Hillebrands JL. Calciprotein Particles Induce Endothelial Dysfunction by Impairing Endothelial Nitric Oxide Metabolism. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2023; 43:443-455. [PMID: 36727521 PMCID: PMC9944758 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.122.318420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Calciprotein particles (CPPs) are associated with the development of vascular calcifications in chronic kidney disease. The role of endothelial cells (ECs) in this process is unknown. Here, we investigated the interaction of CPPs and ECs, thereby focusing on endothelial nitric oxide metabolism and oxidative stress. METHODS CPPs were generated in calcium- and phosphate-enriched medium. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells were exposed to different concentrations of CPPs (0-100 µg/mL) for 24 or 72 hours. Ex vivo porcine coronary artery rings were used to measure endothelial cell-dependent vascular smooth muscle cell relaxation after CPP exposure. Serum samples from an early chronic kidney disease cohort (n=245) were analyzed for calcification propensity (measure for CPP formation) and nitrate and nitrite levels (NOx). RESULTS CPP exposure for 24 hours reduced eNOS (endothelial nitric oxide synthase) mRNA expression and decreased nitrite production, indicating reduced nitric oxide bioavailability. Also, 24-hour CPP exposure caused increased mitochondria-derived superoxide generation, together with nitrotyrosine protein residue formation. Long-term (72 hours) exposure of human umbilical vein endothelial cells to CPPs induced eNOS uncoupling and decreased eNOS protein expression, indicating further impairment of the nitric oxide pathway. The ex vivo porcine coronary artery model showed a significant reduction in endothelial-dependent vascular smooth muscle cell relaxation after CPP exposure. A negative association was observed between NOx levels and calcification propensity (r=-0.136; P=0.049) in sera of (early) chronic kidney disease patients. CONCLUSIONS CPPs cause endothelial cell dysfunction by impairing nitric oxide metabolism and generating oxidative stress. Our findings provide new evidence for direct effects of CPPs on ECs and pathways involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lian Feenstra
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology (L.F., G.K., J.-L.H.), University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Anton G. Kutikhin
- Laboratory for Molecular, Translational and Digital Medicine, Research Institute for Complex Issues of Cardiovascular Diseases, Kemerovo, Russian Federation (A.G.K., D.K.S.)
| | - Daria K. Shishkova
- Laboratory for Molecular, Translational and Digital Medicine, Research Institute for Complex Issues of Cardiovascular Diseases, Kemerovo, Russian Federation (A.G.K., D.K.S.)
| | - Hendrik Buikema
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology (H.B., G.K.), University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Lara W. Zeper
- Department of Physiology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands (L.W.Z.)
| | - Arno R. Bourgonje
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (A.R.B.), University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Guido Krenning
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology (L.F., G.K., J.-L.H.), University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands.,Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology (H.B., G.K.), University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jan-Luuk Hillebrands
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology (L.F., G.K., J.-L.H.), University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands
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Zeper LW, Smith ER, Ter Braake AD, Tinnemans PT, de Baaij JHF, Hoenderop JGJ. Calciprotein Particle Synthesis Strategy Determines In Vitro Calcification Potential. Calcif Tissue Int 2023; 112:103-117. [PMID: 36326853 PMCID: PMC9813048 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-022-01036-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Circulating calciprotein particles (CPP), colloids of calcium, phosphate and proteins, were identified as potential drivers of the calcification process in chronic kidney disease. The present study compared CPP produced using different protocols with respect to particle morphology, composition, particle number and in vitro calcification potency. CPP were synthesized with 4.4 mM (CPP-A and B) or 6 mM (CPP-C and D) phosphate and 2.8 mM (CPP-A and B) or 10 mM (CPP-C and D) calcium, with either bovine fetuin-A (CPP-C) or fetal bovine serum (CPP-A, B and D) as a source of protein, and incubated for 7 (CPP-A2) or 14 days (CPP-B2), 12 h (CPP-C2, D2 and B1) or 30 min (CPP-D1). Particle number was determined with nanoparticle tracking and calcium content was measured in CPP preparations and to determine human vascular smooth muscle cell (hVSMC) calcification. Morphologically, CPP-C2 were the largest. Particle number did not correspond to the calcium content of CPP. Both methods of quantification resulted in variable potencies of CPP2 to calcify VSMC, with CPP-B2 as most stable inducer of hVSMC calcification. In contrast, CPP-B1 and D1 were unable to induce calcification of hVSMC, and endogenous CPP derived from pooled serum of dialysis patients were only able to calcify hVSMC to a small extent compared to CPP2.CPP synthesized using different protocols appear morphologically similar, but in vitro calcification potency is dependent on composition and how the CPP are quantified. Synthetic CPP are not comparable to endogenous CPP in terms of the calcification propensity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara W Zeper
- Department of Physiology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9101, 6500HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Edward R Smith
- Department of Nephrology, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Nephrology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Anique D Ter Braake
- Department of Physiology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9101, 6500HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Paul T Tinnemans
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen H F de Baaij
- Department of Physiology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9101, 6500HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Joost G J Hoenderop
- Department of Physiology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9101, 6500HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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Ter Braake AD, Eelderink C, Zeper LW, Pasch A, Bakker SJL, de Borst MH, Hoenderop JGJ, de Baaij JHF. Calciprotein particle inhibition explains magnesium-mediated protection against vascular calcification. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2020; 35:765-773. [PMID: 31605492 PMCID: PMC7203562 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfz190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Phosphate (Pi) toxicity is a strong determinant of vascular calcification development in chronic kidney disease (CKD). Magnesium (Mg2+) may improve cardiovascular risk via vascular calcification. The mechanism by which Mg2+ counteracts vascular calcification remains incompletely described. Here we investigated the effects of Mg2+ on Pi and secondary crystalline calciprotein particles (CPP2)-induced calcification and crystal maturation. Methods Vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) were treated with high Pi or CPP2 and supplemented with Mg2+ to study cellular calcification. The effect of Mg2+ on CPP maturation, morphology and composition was studied by medium absorbance, electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectroscopy. To translate our findings to CKD patients, the effects of Mg2+ on calcification propensity (T50) were measured in sera from CKD patients and healthy controls. Results Mg2+ supplementation prevented Pi-induced calcification in VSMCs. Mg2+ dose-dependently delayed the maturation of primary CPP1 to CPP2 in vitro. Mg2+ did not prevent calcification and associated gene and protein expression when added to already formed CPP2. Confirmatory experiments in human serum demonstrated that the addition of 0.2 mmol/L Mg2+ increased T50 from healthy controls by 51 ± 15 min (P < 0.05) and CKD patients by 44 ± 13 min (P < 0.05). Each further 0.2 mmol/L addition of Mg2+ led to further increases in both groups. Conclusions Our results demonstrate that crystalline CPP2 mediates Pi-induced calcification in VSMCs. In vitro, Mg2+ delays crystalline CPP2 formation and thereby prevents Pi-induced calcification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anique D Ter Braake
- Department of Physiology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Coby Eelderink
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Lara W Zeper
- Department of Physiology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Andreas Pasch
- Calciscon AG, Nidau, Switzerland.,Institute for Physiology and Pathophysiology, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Linz, Austria
| | - Stephan J L Bakker
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Martin H de Borst
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Joost G J Hoenderop
- Department of Physiology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen H F de Baaij
- Department of Physiology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Hageman JHJ, Keijer J, Dalsgaard TK, Zeper LW, Carrière F, Feitsma AL, Nieuwenhuizen AG. Free fatty acid release from vegetable and bovine milk fat-based infant formulas and human milk during two-phase in vitro digestion. Food Funct 2019; 10:2102-2113. [DOI: 10.1039/c8fo01940a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The profile of fatty acids released during in vitro digestion of vegetable and bovine milk fat-based infant formula differ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeske H. J. Hageman
- Human and Animal Physiology
- Wageningen University
- 6708 WD Wageningen
- the Netherlands
- FrieslandCampina
| | - Jaap Keijer
- Human and Animal Physiology
- Wageningen University
- 6708 WD Wageningen
- the Netherlands
| | | | - Lara W. Zeper
- Human and Animal Physiology
- Wageningen University
- 6708 WD Wageningen
- the Netherlands
| | - Frédéric Carrière
- Aix Marseille Univ
- CNRS
- Bioénergetique et Ingénierie des Protéines UMR7281
- 13402 Marseille
- France
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Hageman JHJ, Keijer J, Dalsgaard TK, Zeper LW, Carrière F, Feitsma AL, Nieuwenhuizen AG. Correction: Free fatty acid release from vegetable and bovine milk fat-based infant formulas and human milk during two-phase in vitro digestion. Food Funct 2019; 10:3018-3020. [DOI: 10.1039/c9fo90021g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Correction for ‘Free fatty acid release from vegetable and bovine milk fat-based infant formulas and human milk during two-phase in vitro digestion’ by Jeske H. J. Hageman et al., Food Funct., 2019, 10, 2102–2113.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeske H. J. Hageman
- Human and Animal Physiology
- Wageningen University
- 6708 WD Wageningen
- the Netherlands
- FrieslandCampina
| | - Jaap Keijer
- Human and Animal Physiology
- Wageningen University
- 6708 WD Wageningen
- the Netherlands
| | | | - Lara W. Zeper
- Human and Animal Physiology
- Wageningen University
- 6708 WD Wageningen
- the Netherlands
| | - Frédéric Carrière
- Aix Marseille Univ
- CNRS
- Bioénergetique et Ingénierie des Protéines UMR7281
- 13402 Marseille
- France
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