1
|
Yang J, Endo Y, Munir MM, Woldesenbet S, Altaf A, Limkemann A, Schenk A, Washburn K, Pawlik TM. Waitlist Time, Age, and Social Vulnerability: Impact on the Survival Benefit of Deceased Donor Kidney Transplantation Versus Long-term Dialysis Among Patients With End-stage Renal Disease. Transplantation 2024:00007890-990000000-00807. [PMID: 38995240 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000005125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/13/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We sought to define the survival benefit of kidney transplantation versus long-term dialysis relative to waitlist time on dialysis, social vulnerability, and age among end-stage renal transplant candidates. METHODS End-stage renal disease patients who were candidates for their first deceased donor kidney transplantation between 2008 and 2020 were identified using the US Renal Data System. Survival probabilities for patient survival were compared using the restricted mean survival times (RMSTs) across different age and social vulnerability index (SVI) ranges. RESULTS Among 149 923 patients, 68 795 (45.9%) patients underwent a kidney transplant and 81 128 (54.1%) remained on dialysis. After propensity-score matching (n = 58 035 in each cohort), the 5-y RMST difference between kidney transplant and dialysis demonstrated an increasing trend in mean life-years gained within 5 y of follow-up relative to advancing age (<30 y: 0.40 y, 95% confidence interval, 0.36-0.44 y versus >70 y: 0.75 y, 95% confidence interval, 0.70-0.80 y). Conversely, disparities in 5-y RMSTs remained consistent relative to social vulnerability (median 5-y RMST difference: 0.62 y comparing low versus high SVI). When considering waitlist duration, stratified analyses demonstrated increasing trends across different age groups with the largest RMST differences observed among older patients aged ≥70 y. Notably, longer waitlist durations (>3 y) yielded more pronounced RMST differences compared with shorter durations (<1 y). CONCLUSIONS These data underscore the survival benefit associated with kidney transplantation over long-term dialysis across various age and SVI ranges. Transplantation demonstrated a greater advantage among older patients who had a longer waitlist duration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jason Yang
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center and James Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH
| | - Yutaka Endo
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center and James Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH
| | - Muhammad Musaab Munir
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center and James Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH
| | - Selamawit Woldesenbet
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center and James Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH
| | - Abdulla Altaf
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center and James Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH
| | - Ashley Limkemann
- Department of Surgery, Division of Transplantation, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center and James Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH
| | - Austin Schenk
- Department of Surgery, Division of Transplantation, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center and James Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH
| | - Kenneth Washburn
- Department of Surgery, Division of Transplantation, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center and James Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH
| | - Timothy M Pawlik
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center and James Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Maloney EM, Corcoran P, Costello DJ, O'Reilly ÉJ. Association between social deprivation and incidence of first seizures and epilepsy: a prospective population based cohort. Epilepsia 2022; 63:2108-2119. [PMID: 35611982 PMCID: PMC9544186 DOI: 10.1111/epi.17313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Epidemiologic studies have investigated whether social deprivation is associated with a higher incidence of epilepsy and results are conflicting, especially in children. The mechanisms underlying a potential association are unclear. This study examines whether there is an association between social deprivation and the incidence of first seizures (unprovoked and provoked) and new diagnosis of epilepsy by comparing incidence across an area-level measure of deprivation in a population-based cohort. METHODS Multiple methods of case identification followed by individual case validation and classification were carried out in a defined geographical area (population 542,868) to identify all incident cases of first provoked and first unprovoked seizures and new diagnosis of epilepsy presenting during the calendar year 2017. An area-level relative deprivation index, based on ten indicators from census data, was assigned to each patient according to registered address and categorised into quintiles from most to least deprived. RESULTS The annual incidence of first unprovoked seizures (n=372), first provoked seizures (n=189) and new diagnosis of epilepsy (n=336) was highest in the most deprived areas compared to the least deprived areas (incidence ratios of 1·79 (95%CI 1·26, 2·52), 1·55 (95%CI 1·04, 2·32) and 1·83 (95%CI 1·28, 2·62), respectively). This finding was evident in both adults and children and in those with structural and unknown aetiologies of epilepsy. SIGNIFICANCE The incidence of first seizures and new diagnosis of epilepsy is associated with more social deprivation. The reason for this higher incidence is likely multifactorial.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eimer M Maloney
- Epilepsy Service, Department of Neurology, Cork University Hospital, Ireland.,School of Medicine, University College Cork, Ireland.,School of Public Health, University College Cork, Ireland
| | - Paul Corcoran
- School of Public Health, University College Cork, Ireland
| | - Daniel J Costello
- Epilepsy Service, Department of Neurology, Cork University Hospital, Ireland.,School of Medicine, University College Cork, Ireland.,FutureNeuro SFI Research Centre for Chronic and Rare Neurological Diseases hosted in RCSI, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Éilis J O'Reilly
- School of Public Health, University College Cork, Ireland.,Department of Nutrition, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, USA.,Environmental Research Institute, University College Cork, Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Park S, Park GC, Park J, Kim JE, Yu MY, Kim K, Park M, Kim YC, Kim DK, Joo KW, Kim YS, Lee H. Disparity in Accessibility to and Prognosis of Kidney Transplantation According to Economic Inequality in South Korea: A Widening Gap After Expansion of Insurance Coverage. Transplantation 2021; 105:404-412. [PMID: 32265414 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000003256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nationwide studies on the effects of wealth inequality on kidney transplantation are rare, particularly in a country with an expanded National Health Insurance Service and in Asian countries. METHODS In this nationwide, population-based cohort study, we reviewed the national claims database of Korea in which details of nationwide health insurance are provided. From 2007 to 2015, 9 annual cohorts of end-stage renal disease patients were included. The annual financial statuses were collected and stratified into 5 subgroups in each year: the aided group in which insurance fee was waived and the 4 other groups divided by quartiles of their medical insurance fee. Time trends of incidence proportion of kidney transplantation among end-stage renal disease patients in each year were initially assessed. The risk of graft failure, both including death-censored graft failure and death with a functioning graft, was analyzed as a prognostic outcome within the transplant recipients. RESULTS Significant disparity in the accessibility of kidney transplantation was present, and it was further widening, particularly from 2009 in which the National Health Insurance Service started to cover desensitized kidney transplantation. Desensitized or preemptive transplantation was less common in the poorest group who were more frequently receiving transplantation after 5 years of dialysis in the latter years. The prognosis of kidney transplantation was significantly worse in the poorer people, and this disparity also worsened during the study period. CONCLUSIONS Prominent disparity regarding accessibility to and prognosis of kidney transplantation was observed in Korea according to wealth inequality, and this disparity was worsening.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sehoon Park
- Department of Biomedical Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Armed Forces Capital Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Gi Chan Park
- Division of Clinical Bioinformatics, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jina Park
- Division of Clinical Bioinformatics, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ji Eun Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Mi-Yeon Yu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hanyang University Guri Hospital, Gyeonggio-do, Korea
| | - Kwangsoo Kim
- Division of Clinical Bioinformatics, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Minsu Park
- Department of Statistics, Keimyung University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Yong Chul Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dong Ki Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Kidney Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kwon Wook Joo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Kidney Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yon Su Kim
- Department of Biomedical Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Kidney Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hajeong Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Schucht J, Davis EG, Jones CM, Cannon RM. Does Distance to Transplant Center Affect Post Kidney Transplant Readmission Rates? Am Surg 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/000313481908500833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Many transplant recipients travel long distances to their transplant center with challenging access to their transplant team. As such, many centers keep recipients near to the center for a period immediately after discharge from the transplant admission. Thus far, the correlation between distance to the transplant center, readmission, and outcomes has not been described. The aim of this study was to examine this relationship. Patients undergoing deceased donor kidney transplant at a single center over a three-year period were analyzed via retrospective chart review for factors associated with distance to the transplant center and readmission. P values < 0.05 were considered significant. Of 141 patients, the overall 90-day readmission rate was 38.3 per cent, and rates were similar between nonlocal and local recipients. Nonlocal were more likely whites (66.1% vs 45.6%; P = 0.032) and from rural areas (56.5% vs 13.9%; P < 0.001). Length of stay was similar between groups, as were rates of delayed graft function. Non–death-censored graft survival was higher at one and three years for nonlocal patients (96.8% and 96.8% vs 89.7% and 78.4%; P = 0.016). This remained significant after adjusting for baseline differences between the groups (hazard ratio (HR) for graft failure = 0.195, 95%, P = 0.046). Patients who live remotely from the transplant center do not experience higher rates of readmission or worsened outcomes, and thus may be managed safely at home. Interestingly, graft survival is improved in nonlocal patients. This may reflect the urban nature of the area surrounding our transplant center, but warrants further study for conclusions to be reached.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Schucht
- From the Hiram C. Polk Jr. MD Department of Surgery, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Eric G. Davis
- From the Hiram C. Polk Jr. MD Department of Surgery, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Christopher M. Jones
- From the Hiram C. Polk Jr. MD Department of Surgery, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Robert M. Cannon
- From the Hiram C. Polk Jr. MD Department of Surgery, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Pankhurst T, Evison F, Mytton J, Williamson S, Kerecuk L, Lipkin G. Young adults have worse kidney transplant outcomes than other age groups. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2020; 35:1043-1051. [PMID: 32459843 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfaa059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The objective of this study was to establish if renal transplant outcomes (graft and patient survival) for young adults in England were worse than for other age groups. METHODS Outcomes for all renal transplant recipients in England (n = 26 874) were collected from Hospital Episode Statistics and the Office for National Statistics databases over 12 years. Graft and patient outcomes, follow-up and admissions were studied for all patients, stratified by age bands. RESULTS Young adults (14-23 years) had substantially greater likelihood [hazard ratio (HR) = 1.26, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.10-1.19; P < 0.001] of kidney transplant failure than any other age band. They had a higher non-attendance rate for clinic appointments (1.6 versus 1.2/year; P < 0.001) and more emergency admissions post-transplantation (25% of young adults on average are admitted each year, compared with 15-20% of 34- to 43-year olds). Taking into account deprivation, ethnicity, transplant type and transplant centre, in the 14- to 23-year group, return to dialysis remained significantly worse than all other age bands (HR = 1.41, 95% CI 1.26-1.57). For the whole cohort, increasing deprivation related to poorer outcomes and black ethnicity was associated with poorer outcomes. However, neither ethnicity nor deprivation was over-represented in the young adult cohort. CONCLUSIONS Young adults who receive a kidney transplant have a significant increased likelihood of a return to dialysis in the first 10 years post-transplant when compared with those aged 34-43 years in multivariable analysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tanya Pankhurst
- Department of Nephrology, University Hospitals Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Felicity Evison
- Department of Nephrology, University Hospitals Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Jemma Mytton
- Department of Nephrology, University Hospitals Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | | | - Larissa Kerecuk
- Department of Nephrology, Birmingham Women's and Children's NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Graham Lipkin
- Department of Nephrology, University Hospitals Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Socioeconomic Status and Kidney Transplant Outcomes in a Universal Healthcare System: A Population-based Cohort Study. Transplantation 2019; 103:1024-1035. [PMID: 30247444 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000002383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Conflicting evidence exists regarding the relationship between socioeconomic status (SES) and outcomes after kidney transplantation. METHODS We conducted a population-based cohort study in a publicly funded healthcare system using linked administrative healthcare databases from Ontario, Canada to assess the relationship between SES and total graft failure (ie, return to chronic dialysis, preemptive retransplantation, or death) in individuals who received their first kidney transplant between 2004 and 2014. Secondary outcomes included death-censored graft failure, death with a functioning graft, all-cause mortality, and all-cause hospitalization (post hoc outcome). RESULTS Four thousand four hundred-fourteen kidney transplant recipients were included (median age, 53 years; 36.5% female), and the median (25th, 75th percentile) follow-up was 4.3 (2.1-7.1) years. In an unadjusted Cox proportional hazards model, each CAD $10000 increase in neighborhood median income was associated with an 8% decline in the rate of total graft failure (hazard ratio [HR], 0.92; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.87-0.97). After adjusting for recipient, donor, and transplant characteristics, SES was not significantly associated with total or death-censored graft failure. However, each CAD $10000 increase in neighborhood median income remained associated with a decline in the rate of death with a functioning graft (adjusted (a)HR, 0.91; 95% CI, 0.83-0.98), all-cause mortality (aHR, 0.92; 95% CI, 0.86-0.99), and all-cause hospitalization (aHR, 0.95; 95% CI, 0.92-0.98). CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, in a universal healthcare system, SES may not adversely influence graft health, but SES gradients may negatively impact other kidney transplant outcomes and could be used to identify patients at increased risk of death or hospitalization.
Collapse
|
7
|
Miller R, Akateh C, Thompson N, Tumin D, Hayes D, Black SM, Tobias JD. County socioeconomic characteristics and pediatric renal transplantation outcomes. Pediatr Nephrol 2018. [PMID: 29532229 PMCID: PMC6425941 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-018-3928-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Existing risk adjustment models for solid organ transplantation omit socioeconomic status (SES). With limited data available on transplant candidates' SES, linkage of transplant outcomes data to geographic SES measures has been proposed. We investigate the utility of county SES for understanding differences in pediatric kidney transplantation (KTx) outcomes. METHODS We identified patients < 18 years of age receiving first-time KTx using United Network for Organ Sharing registry data in two eras: 2006-2010 and 2011-2015, corresponding to periods of county SES data collection. In each era, counties were ranked by 1-year rates of survival with intact graft, and by county SES score. We used Spearman correlation (ρ) to evaluate the association between county rankings on SES and transplant outcomes in each era and consistency between these measures across eras. We also evaluated the utility of county SES for improving prediction of individual KTx outcomes. RESULTS The analysis included 2972 children and 108 counties. County SES and transplant outcomes were not correlated in either 2006-2010 (ρ = 0.06; p = 0.525) or 2011-2015 (ρ = 0.162, p = 0.093). County SES rankings were strongly correlated between eras (ρ = 0.99, p < 0.001), whereas county rankings of transplant outcomes were not correlated between eras (ρ = 0.16, p = 0.097). Including county SES quintile in individual-level models of transplant outcomes did not improve model predictive utility. CONCLUSIONS Pediatric kidney transplant outcomes are unstable from period to period at the county level and are not correlated with county-level SES. Appropriate adjustment for SES disparities in transplant outcomes could require further collection of detailed individual SES data.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Miller
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, 700 Children's Drive, Columbus, OH, 43205, USA.
| | - Clifford Akateh
- Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Noelle Thompson
- Center for Innovation in Pediatric Practice, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Dmitry Tumin
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, 700 Children’s Drive, Columbus, OH 43205, USA,Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Don Hayes
- Section of Pulmonary Medicine, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA,Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Sylvester M. Black
- Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Joseph D. Tobias
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, 700 Children’s Drive, Columbus, OH 43205, USA,Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Wayda B, Clemons A, Givens RC, Takeda K, Takayama H, Latif F, Restaino S, Naka Y, Farr MA, Colombo PC, Topkara VK. Socioeconomic Disparities in Adherence and Outcomes After Heart Transplant: A UNOS (United Network for Organ Sharing) Registry Analysis. Circ Heart Fail 2018; 11:e004173. [PMID: 29664403 DOI: 10.1161/circheartfailure.117.004173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is mixed evidence of racial and socioeconomic disparities in heart transplant outcomes. Their underlying cause-and whether individual- or community-level traits are most influential-remains unclear. The current study aimed to characterize socioeconomic disparities in outcomes and identify time trends and mediators of these disparities. METHODS AND RESULTS We used United Network for Organ Sharing registry data and included 33 893 adult heart transplant recipients between 1994 and 2014. Socioeconomic status (SES) indicators included insurance, education, and neighborhood SES measured using a composite index. Black race and multiple indicators of low SES were associated with the primary outcome of death or retransplant, independent of baseline clinical characteristics. Blacks had lower HLA and race matching, but further adjustment for these and other graft characteristics only slightly attenuated the association with black race (HR, 1.25 after adjustment). This and the associations with neighborhood SES (HR, 1.19 for lowest versus highest decile), Medicare (HR, 1.17), Medicaid (HR, 1.29), and college education (HR, 0.90) remained significant after full adjustment. When comparing early (1994-2000) and late (2001-2014) cohorts, the disparities associated with the middle (second and third) quartiles significantly decreased over time, but those associated with lowest SES quartile and black race persisted. Low neighborhood SES was also associated with higher risks of noncompliance (HR, 1.76), rejection (HR, 1.28), hospitalization (HR, 1.13), and infection (HR, 1.10). CONCLUSIONS Racial and socioeconomic disparities exist in heart transplant outcomes, but the latter may be narrowing over time. These disparities are not explained by differences in clinical or graft characteristics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brian Wayda
- From the Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (B.W., A.C., R.C.G., F.L., S.R., M.A.F., P.C.C., V.K.T.) and Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery (K.T., H.T., Y.N.), Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY
| | - Autumn Clemons
- From the Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (B.W., A.C., R.C.G., F.L., S.R., M.A.F., P.C.C., V.K.T.) and Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery (K.T., H.T., Y.N.), Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY
| | - Raymond C Givens
- From the Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (B.W., A.C., R.C.G., F.L., S.R., M.A.F., P.C.C., V.K.T.) and Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery (K.T., H.T., Y.N.), Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY
| | - Koji Takeda
- From the Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (B.W., A.C., R.C.G., F.L., S.R., M.A.F., P.C.C., V.K.T.) and Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery (K.T., H.T., Y.N.), Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY
| | - Hiroo Takayama
- From the Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (B.W., A.C., R.C.G., F.L., S.R., M.A.F., P.C.C., V.K.T.) and Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery (K.T., H.T., Y.N.), Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY
| | - Farhana Latif
- From the Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (B.W., A.C., R.C.G., F.L., S.R., M.A.F., P.C.C., V.K.T.) and Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery (K.T., H.T., Y.N.), Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY
| | - Susan Restaino
- From the Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (B.W., A.C., R.C.G., F.L., S.R., M.A.F., P.C.C., V.K.T.) and Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery (K.T., H.T., Y.N.), Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY
| | - Yoshifumi Naka
- From the Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (B.W., A.C., R.C.G., F.L., S.R., M.A.F., P.C.C., V.K.T.) and Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery (K.T., H.T., Y.N.), Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY
| | - Maryjane A Farr
- From the Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (B.W., A.C., R.C.G., F.L., S.R., M.A.F., P.C.C., V.K.T.) and Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery (K.T., H.T., Y.N.), Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY
| | - Paolo C Colombo
- From the Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (B.W., A.C., R.C.G., F.L., S.R., M.A.F., P.C.C., V.K.T.) and Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery (K.T., H.T., Y.N.), Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY
| | - Veli K Topkara
- From the Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (B.W., A.C., R.C.G., F.L., S.R., M.A.F., P.C.C., V.K.T.) and Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery (K.T., H.T., Y.N.), Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY.
| |
Collapse
|