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Baidoo N, Sanger GJ. The human colon: Evidence for degenerative changes during aging and the physiological consequences. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2024:e14848. [PMID: 38887160 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.14848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The incidence of constipation increases among the elderly (>65 years), while abdominal pain decreases. Causes include changes in lifestyle (e.g., diet and reduced exercise), disease and medications affecting gastrointestinal functions. Degenerative changes may also occur within the colo-rectum. However, most evidence is from rodents, animals with relatively high rates of metabolism and accelerated aging, with considerable variation in time course. In humans, cellular and non-cellular changes in the aging intestine are poorly investigated. PURPOSE To examine all available studies which reported the effects of aging on cellular and tissue functions of human isolated colon, noting the region studied, sex and age of tissue donors and study size. The focus on human colon reflects the ability to access full-thickness tissue over a wide age range, compared with other gastrointestinal regions. Details are important because of natural human variability. We found age-related changes within the muscle, in the enteric and nociceptor innervation, and in the submucosa. Some involve all regions of colon, but the ascending colon appears more vulnerable. Changes can be cell- and sublayer-dependent. Mechanisms are unclear but may include development of "senescent-like" and associated inflammaging, perhaps associated with increased mucosal permeability to harmful luminal contents. In summary, reduced nociceptor innervation can explain diminished abdominal pain among the elderly. Degenerative changes within the colon wall may have little impact on symptoms and colonic functions, because of high "functional reserve," but are likely to facilitate the development of constipation during age-related challenges (e.g., lifestyle, disease, and medications), now operating against a reduced functional reserve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Baidoo
- School of Life Sciences, University of Westminster, London, UK
- Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Gareth J Sanger
- Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
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McVey Neufeld KA, Mao YK, West CL, Ahn M, Hameed H, Iwashita E, Stanisz AM, Forsythe P, Barbut D, Zasloff M, Kunze WA. Squalamine reverses age-associated changes of firing patterns of myenteric sensory neurons and vagal fibres. Commun Biol 2024; 7:80. [PMID: 38200107 PMCID: PMC10781697 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-05623-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Vagus nerve signaling is a key component of the gut-brain axis and regulates diverse physiological processes that decline with age. Gut to brain vagus firing patterns are regulated by myenteric intrinsic primary afferent neuron (IPAN) to vagus neurotransmission. It remains unclear how IPANs or the afferent vagus age functionally. Here we identified a distinct ageing code in gut to brain neurotransmission defined by consistent differences in firing rates, burst durations, interburst and intraburst firing intervals of IPANs and the vagus, when comparing young and aged neurons. The aminosterol squalamine changed aged neurons firing patterns to a young phenotype. In contrast to young neurons, sertraline failed to increase firing rates in the aged vagus whereas squalamine was effective. These results may have implications for improved treatments involving pharmacological and electrical stimulation of the vagus for age-related mood and other disorders. For example, oral squalamine might be substituted for or added to sertraline for the aged.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yu-Kang Mao
- Brain-Body Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Christine L West
- Brain-Body Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Matthew Ahn
- Brain-Body Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Hashim Hameed
- Brain-Body Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Eiko Iwashita
- Brain-Body Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | | | - Paul Forsythe
- Department of Medicine, 569 Heritage Medical Research Center, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | | | - Michael Zasloff
- Enterin, Inc., Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- MedStar-Georgetown Transplant Institute, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA.
| | - Wolfgang A Kunze
- Brain-Body Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.
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Gomez-Frittelli J, Hamnett R, Kaltschmidt JA. Comparison of wholemount dissection methods for neuronal subtype marker expression in the mouse myenteric plexus. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2024; 36:e14693. [PMID: 37882149 PMCID: PMC10842488 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.14693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Accurately reporting the identity and representation of enteric nervous system (ENS) neuronal subtypes along the length of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract is critical to advancing our understanding of ENS control of GI function. Reports of varying proportions of subtype marker expression have employed different dissection techniques to achieve wholemount muscularis preparations of myenteric plexus. In this study, we asked whether differences in GI dissection methods could introduce variability into the quantification of marker expression. METHODS We compared three commonly used methods of ENS wholemount dissection: two flat-sheet preparations that differed in the order of microdissection and fixation and a third rod-mounted peeling technique. We also tested a reversed orientation variation of flat-sheet peeling, two step-by-step variations of the rod peeling technique, and whole-gut fixation as a tube. We assessed marker expression using immunohistochemistry, genetic reporter lines, confocal microscopy, and automated image analysis. KEY RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS We found no significant differences between the two flat-sheet preparation methods in the expression of calretinin or neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) as a proportion of total neurons in ileum myenteric plexus. However, the rod-mounted peeling method resulted in decreased proportion of neurons labeled for both calretinin and nNOS. This method also resulted in decreased transgenic reporter fluorescent protein (tdTomato) for substance P in distal colon and choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) in both ileum and distal colon. These results suggest that labeling among some markers, both native protein and transgenic fluorescent reporters, is decreased by the rod-mounted mechanical method of peeling. The step-by-step variations of this method point to mechanical manipulation of the tissue as the likely cause of decreased labeling. Our study thereby demonstrates a critical variability in wholemount muscularis dissection methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julieta Gomez-Frittelli
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305 USA
- Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305 USA
| | - Ryan Hamnett
- Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305 USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305 USA
| | - Julia A. Kaltschmidt
- Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305 USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305 USA
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Gomez-Frittelli J, Hamnett R, Kaltschmidt JA. Comparison of wholemount dissection methods for neuronal subtype marker expression in the mouse myenteric plexus. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.01.17.524014. [PMID: 36711933 PMCID: PMC9882214 DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.17.524014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Background Accurately reporting the identity and representation of enteric nervous system (ENS) neuronal subtypes along the length of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract is critical to advancing our understanding of ENS control of GI tract function. Reports of varying proportions of subtype marker expression have employed different dissection techniques to achieve wholemount muscularis preparations of myenteric plexus. In this study we asked whether differences in GI dissection methods could introduce variability into the quantification of marker expression. Methods We compared three commonly used methods of ENS wholemount dissection: two flat-sheet preparations that differed in the order of microdissection and fixation as well as a rod-mounted peeling technique. We assessed marker expression using immunohistochemistry, genetic reporter lines, confocal microscopy, and automated image analysis. Key Results and Conclusions We found no significant differences between the two flat-sheet preparation methods in the expression of calretinin, neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS), or somatostatin (SST) in ileum myenteric plexus. However, the rod-mounted peeling method resulted in decreased marker labeling for both calretinin and nNOS. This method also resulted in decreased transgenic reporter fluorescent protein (tdTomato) for substance P in ileum and choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) in both ileum and distal colon. These results suggest that labeling among some markers, both native protein and transgenic fluorescent reporters, is decreased by the rod-mounted mechanical method of peeling, demonstrating a critical variability in wholemount muscularis dissection methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julieta Gomez-Frittelli
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305 USA
- Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305 USA
| | - Ryan Hamnett
- Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305 USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305 USA
| | - Julia A. Kaltschmidt
- Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305 USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305 USA
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Michel K, Kuch B, Dengler S, Demir IE, Zeller F, Schemann M. How big is the little brain in the gut? Neuronal numbers in the enteric nervous system of mice, Guinea pig, and human. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2022; 34:e14440. [PMID: 35929768 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.14440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite numerous studies on the enteric nervous system (ENS), we lack fundamental knowledge on neuronal densities or total neuron numbers in different species. There are more anecdotal than actual figures on nerve counts. METHODS We used standardized preparation techniques and immunohistochemistry with validated panneuronal markers (human or mouse anti-HuD/C) to determine neuronal densities in specimen from the entire gastrointestinal tract of mice, guinea pig, and humans. In parallel, we measured the dimensions of the gastrointestinal regions in mouse and guinea pig. For humans, we had to rely on literature data. KEY RESULTS The average neuronal densities along the gastrointestinal tract were 35,011 ± 25,017 1/cm2 for the myenteric and 16,685 ± 9098 1/cm2 for the submucous plexus in mice, 24,315 ± 16,627 and 11,850 ± 6122 1/cm2 for guinea pig myenteric and submucous plexus, respectively, and 21,698 ± 9492 and 16,367 ± 5655 1/cm2 for human myenteric and submucous plexus, respectively. The total number of neurons in the ENS was 2.6 million for mice, 14.6 million for guinea pig, and 168 million for human. CONCLUSIONS & INFERENCES This study reports the first comprehensive nerve cell count in mice, guinea pig, and human ENS. Neuronal densities were comparable between the three species and the differences in the total numbers of enteric neurons are likely due to body size and intestinal length. The number of enteric neurons is comparable to the number of neurons in the spinal cord for all three species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus Michel
- Human Biology, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Birgit Kuch
- Human Biology, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Sophie Dengler
- Human Biology, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Ihsan Ekin Demir
- Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Michael Schemann
- Human Biology, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
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Hibberd TJ, Yew WP, Dodds KN, Xie Z, Travis L, Brookes SJ, Costa M, Hu H, Spencer NJ. Quantification of CGRP-immunoreactive myenteric neurons in mouse colon. J Comp Neurol 2022; 530:3209-3225. [PMID: 36043843 DOI: 10.1002/cne.25403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Quantitative data of biological systems provide valuable baseline information for understanding pathology, experimental perturbations, and computational modeling. In mouse colon, calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) is expressed by myenteric neurons with multiaxonal (Dogiel type II) morphology, characteristic of intrinsic primary afferent neurons (IPANs). Analogous neurons in other species and gut regions represent 5-35% of myenteric neurons. We aimed to quantify proportions of CGRP-immunopositive (CGRP+) myenteric neurons. Colchicine-treated wholemount preparations of proximal, mid, and distal colon were labeled for HuC/D, CGRP, nitric oxide synthase (NOS), and peripherin (Per). The pan-neuronal markers (Hu+/Per+) co-labeled 94% of neurons. Hu+/Per- neurons comprised ∼6%, but Hu-/Per+ cells were rare. Thus, quantification was based on Hu+ myenteric neurons (8576 total; 1225 ± 239 per animal, n = 7). CGRP+ cell bodies were significantly larger than the average of all Hu+ neurons (329 ± 13 vs. 261 ± 12 μm2 , p < .0001). CGRP+ neurons comprised 19% ± 3% of myenteric neurons without significant regional variation. NOS+ neurons comprised 42% ± 2% of myenteric neurons overall, representing a lower proportion in proximal colon, compared to mid and distal colon (38% ± 2%, 44% ± 2%, and 44% ± 3%, respectively). Peripherin immunolabeling revealed cell body and axonal morphology in some myenteric neurons. Whether all CGRP+ neurons were multiaxonal could not be addressed using peripherin immunolabeling. However, of 118 putatively multiaxonal neurons first identified based on peripherin immunoreactivity, all were CGRP+ (n = 4). In conclusion, CGRP+ myenteric neurons in mouse colon were comprehensively quantified, occurring within a range expected of a putative IPAN marker. All Per+ multiaxonal neurons, characteristic of Dogiel type II/IPAN morphology, were CGRP+.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J Hibberd
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Wai Ping Yew
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Kelsi N Dodds
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Zili Xie
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Center for the Study of Itch & Sensory Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Lee Travis
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Simon J Brookes
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Marcello Costa
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Hongzhen Hu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Center for the Study of Itch & Sensory Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Nick J Spencer
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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Geng ZH, Zhu Y, Li QL, Zhao C, Zhou PH. Enteric Nervous System: The Bridge Between the Gut Microbiota and Neurological Disorders. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:810483. [PMID: 35517052 PMCID: PMC9063565 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.810483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The gastrointestinal (GI) tract plays an essential role in food digestion, absorption, and the mucosal immune system; it is also inhabited by a huge range of microbes. The GI tract is densely innervated by a network of 200–600 million neurons that comprise the enteric nervous system (ENS). This system cooperates with intestinal microbes, the intestinal immune system, and endocrine systems; it forms a complex network that is required to maintain a stable intestinal microenvironment. Understanding how gut microbes influence the ENS and central nervous system (CNS) has been a significant research subject over the past decade. Moreover, accumulating evidence from animal and clinical studies has revealed that gut microbiota play important roles in various neurological diseases. However, the causal relationship between microbial changes and neurological disorders currently remains unproven. This review aims to summarize the possible contributions of GI microbiota to the ENS and CNS. It also provides new insights into furthering our current understanding of neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Han Geng
- Endoscopy Center and Endoscopy Research Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Zhu
- Endoscopy Center and Endoscopy Research Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Quan-Lin Li
- Endoscopy Center and Endoscopy Research Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Endoscopy, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Quan-Lin Li,
| | - Chao Zhao
- Endoscopy Center and Endoscopy Research Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, School of Basic Medical Sciences & National Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Chao Zhao,
| | - Ping-Hong Zhou
- Endoscopy Center and Endoscopy Research Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Endoscopy, Shanghai, China
- Ping-Hong Zhou,
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8
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Sorboni SG, Moghaddam HS, Jafarzadeh-Esfehani R, Soleimanpour S. A Comprehensive Review on the Role of the Gut Microbiome in Human Neurological Disorders. Clin Microbiol Rev 2022; 35:e0033820. [PMID: 34985325 PMCID: PMC8729913 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00338-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 70.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The human body is full of an extensive number of commensal microbes, consisting of bacteria, viruses, and fungi, collectively termed the human microbiome. The initial acquisition of microbiota occurs from both the external and maternal environments, and the vast majority of them colonize the gastrointestinal tract (GIT). These microbial communities play a central role in the maturation and development of the immune system, the central nervous system, and the GIT system and are also responsible for essential metabolic pathways. Various factors, including host genetic predisposition, environmental factors, lifestyle, diet, antibiotic or nonantibiotic drug use, etc., affect the composition of the gut microbiota. Recent publications have highlighted that an imbalance in the gut microflora, known as dysbiosis, is associated with the onset and progression of neurological disorders. Moreover, characterization of the microbiome-host cross talk pathways provides insight into novel therapeutic strategies. Novel preclinical and clinical research on interventions related to the gut microbiome for treating neurological conditions, including autism spectrum disorders, Parkinson's disease, schizophrenia, multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, epilepsy, and stroke, hold significant promise. This review aims to present a comprehensive overview of the potential involvement of the human gut microbiome in the pathogenesis of neurological disorders, with a particular emphasis on the potential of microbe-based therapies and/or diagnostic microbial biomarkers. This review also discusses the potential health benefits of the administration of probiotics, prebiotics, postbiotics, and synbiotics and fecal microbiota transplantation in neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Reza Jafarzadeh-Esfehani
- Blood Borne Infectious Research Center, Academic Center for Education, Culture and Research (ACECR)-Khorasan Razavi, Mashhad, Iran
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Saman Soleimanpour
- Antimicrobial Resistance Research Centre, Bu-Ali Research Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Department of Microbiology and Virology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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9
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Balasuriya GK, Nugapitiya SS, Hill-Yardin EL, Bornstein JC. Nitric Oxide Regulates Estrus Cycle Dependent Colonic Motility in Mice. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:647555. [PMID: 34658750 PMCID: PMC8511480 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.647555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Women are more susceptible to functional bowel disorders than men and the severity of their symptoms such as diarrhea, constipation, abdominal pain and bloating changes over the menstrual cycle, suggesting a role for sex hormones in gastrointestinal function. Nitric oxide (NO) is a major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the gut and blockade of nitric oxide synthase (NOS; responsible for NO synthesis) increases colonic motility in male mice ex vivo. We assessed the effects of NOS inhibition on colonic motility in female mice using video imaging analysis of colonic motor complexes (CMCs). To understand interactions between NO and estrogen in the gut, we also quantified neuronal NOS and estrogen receptor alpha (ERα)-expressing myenteric neurons in estrus and proestrus female mice using immunofluorescence. Mice in estrus had fewer CMCs under control conditions (6 ± 1 per 15 min, n = 22) compared to proestrus (8 ± 1 per 15 min, n = 22, One-way ANOVA, p = 0.041). During proestrus, the NOS antagonist N-nitro-L-arginine (NOLA) increased CMC numbers compared to controls (189 ± 46%). In contrast, NOLA had no significant effect on CMC numbers during estrus. During estrus, we observed more NOS-expressing myenteric neurons (48 ± 2%) than during proestrus (39 ± 1%, n = 3, p = 0.035). Increased nuclear expression of ERα was observed in estrus which coincided with an altered motility response to NOLA in contrast with proestrus when ERα was largely cytoplasmic. In conclusion, we confirm a cyclic and sexually dimorphic effect of NOS activity in female mouse colon, which could be due to genomic effects of estrogens via ERα.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gayathri K Balasuriya
- Department of Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Saseema S Nugapitiya
- Department of Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Herston, QLD, Australia
| | - Elisa L Hill-Yardin
- Department of Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Joel C Bornstein
- Department of Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
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10
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Derkinderen P, Rolli-Derkinderen M, Chapelet G, Neunlist M, Noble W. Tau in the gut, does it really matter? J Neurochem 2021; 158:94-104. [PMID: 33569813 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2020] [Revised: 02/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The enteric nervous system plays a critical role in the regulation of gastrointestinal tract functions and is often referred to as the 'second brain' because it shares many features with the central nervous system. These similarities include among others a large panel of neurotransmitters, a large population of glial cells and a susceptibility to neurodegeneration. This close homology between the central and enteric nervous systems suggests that a disease process affecting the central nervous system could also involve its enteric counterpart. This was already documented in Parkinson's disease, the most common synucleinopathy, in which alpha-synuclein deposits are reported in the enteric nervous system in the vast majority of patients. Tau is another key protein involved in neurodegenerative disorders of the brain. Whether changes in tau also occur in the enteric nervous system during gut or brain disorders has just begun to be explored. The scope of the present article is therefore to review existing studies on the expression and phosphorylation pattern of tau in the enteric nervous system under physiological and pathological conditions and to discuss the possible occurrence of 'enteric tauopathies'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Derkinderen
- Inserm, TENS, The Enteric Nervous System in Gut and Brain Diseases, IMAD, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France.,Department of Neurology, CHU Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Malvyne Rolli-Derkinderen
- Inserm, TENS, The Enteric Nervous System in Gut and Brain Diseases, IMAD, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Guillaume Chapelet
- Inserm, TENS, The Enteric Nervous System in Gut and Brain Diseases, IMAD, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France.,Clinical Gerontology Department, CHU Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Michel Neunlist
- Inserm, TENS, The Enteric Nervous System in Gut and Brain Diseases, IMAD, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Wendy Noble
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, King's College London, London, UK
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11
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Protective effects of quercetin-loaded microcapsules on the enteric nervous system of diabetic rats. Auton Neurosci 2021; 230:102759. [DOI: 10.1016/j.autneu.2020.102759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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12
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Chandramowlishwaran P, Vijay A, Abraham D, Li G, Mwangi SM, Srinivasan S. Role of Sirtuins in Modulating Neurodegeneration of the Enteric Nervous System and Central Nervous System. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:614331. [PMID: 33414704 PMCID: PMC7783311 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.614331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegeneration of the central and enteric nervous systems is a common feature of aging and aging-related diseases, and is accelerated in individuals with metabolic dysfunction including obesity and diabetes. The molecular mechanisms of neurodegeneration in both the CNS and ENS are overlapping. Sirtuins are an important family of histone deacetylases that are important for genome stability, cellular response to stress, and nutrient and hormone sensing. They are activated by calorie restriction (CR) and by the coenzyme, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+). Sirtuins, specifically the nuclear SIRT1 and mitochondrial SIRT3, have been shown to have predominantly neuroprotective roles in the CNS while the cytoplasmic sirtuin, SIRT2 is largely associated with neurodegeneration. A systematic study of sirtuins in the ENS and their effect on enteric neuronal growth and survival has not been conducted. Recent studies, however, also link sirtuins with important hormones such as leptin, ghrelin, melatonin, and serotonin which influence many important processes including satiety, mood, circadian rhythm, and gut homeostasis. In this review, we address emerging roles of sirtuins in modulating the metabolic challenges from aging, obesity, and diabetes that lead to neurodegeneration in the ENS and CNS. We also highlight a novel role for sirtuins along the microbiota-gut-brain axis in modulating neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavithra Chandramowlishwaran
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
- Research-Gastroenterology, Atlanta Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Decatur, GA, United States
| | - Anitha Vijay
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Daniel Abraham
- Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Ge Li
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
- Research-Gastroenterology, Atlanta Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Decatur, GA, United States
| | - Simon Musyoka Mwangi
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
- Research-Gastroenterology, Atlanta Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Decatur, GA, United States
| | - Shanthi Srinivasan
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
- Research-Gastroenterology, Atlanta Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Decatur, GA, United States
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13
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Walrath T, Dyamenahalli KU, Hulsebus HJ, McCullough RL, Idrovo JP, Boe DM, McMahan RH, Kovacs EJ. Age-related changes in intestinal immunity and the microbiome. J Leukoc Biol 2020; 109:1045-1061. [PMID: 33020981 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.3ri0620-405rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The gastrointestinal (GI) tract is a vitally important site for the adsorption of nutrients as well as the education of immune cells. Homeostasis of the gut is maintained by the interplay of the intestinal epithelium, immune cells, luminal Ags, and the intestinal microbiota. The well-being of the gut is intrinsically linked to the overall health of the host, and perturbations to this homeostasis can have severe impacts on local and systemic health. One factor that causes disruptions in gut homeostasis is age, and recent research has elucidated how critical systems within the gut are altered during the aging process. Intestinal stem cell proliferation, epithelial barrier function, the gut microbiota, and the composition of innate and adaptive immune responses are all altered in advanced age. The aging population continues to expand worldwide, a phenomenon referred to as the "Silver Tsunami," and every effort must be made to understand how best to prevent and treat age-related maladies. Here, recent research about changes observed in the intestinal epithelium, the intestinal immune system, the microbiota, and how the aging gut interacts with and influences other organs such as the liver, lung, and brain are reviewed. Better understanding of these age-related changes and their impact on multi-organ interactions will aid the development of therapies to increase the quality of life for all aged individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Travis Walrath
- Department of Surgery, Division of GI, Trauma and Endocrine Surgery, and Burn Research Program, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Kiran U Dyamenahalli
- Department of Surgery, Division of GI, Trauma and Endocrine Surgery, and Burn Research Program, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Holly J Hulsebus
- Department of Surgery, Division of GI, Trauma and Endocrine Surgery, and Burn Research Program, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA.,Immunology Graduate Program, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Rebecca L McCullough
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA.,GI and Liver Innate Immune Program, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Juan-Pablo Idrovo
- Department of Surgery, Division of GI, Trauma and Endocrine Surgery, and Burn Research Program, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Devin M Boe
- Department of Surgery, Division of GI, Trauma and Endocrine Surgery, and Burn Research Program, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA.,Immunology Graduate Program, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA.,Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Rachel H McMahan
- Department of Surgery, Division of GI, Trauma and Endocrine Surgery, and Burn Research Program, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Elizabeth J Kovacs
- Department of Surgery, Division of GI, Trauma and Endocrine Surgery, and Burn Research Program, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA.,Immunology Graduate Program, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA.,Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA.,GI and Liver Innate Immune Program, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA
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14
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Xu W, Wong G, Hwang YY, Larbi A. The untwining of immunosenescence and aging. Semin Immunopathol 2020; 42:559-572. [PMID: 33165716 PMCID: PMC7665974 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-020-00824-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
From a holistic point of view, aging results from the cumulative erosion of the various systems. Among these, the immune system is interconnected to the rest as immune cells are present in all organs and recirculate through bloodstream. Immunosenescence is the term used to define the remodelling of immune changes during aging. Because immune cells-and particularly lymphocytes-can further differentiate after their maturation in response to pathogen recognition, it is therefore unclear when senescence is induced in these cells. Additionally, it is also unclear which signals triggers senescence in immune cells (i) aging per se, (ii) specific response to pathogens, (iii) underlying conditions, or (iv) inflammaging. In this review, we will cover the current knowledge and concepts linked to immunosenescence and we focus this review on lymphocytes and T cells, which represent the typical model for replicative senescence. With the evidence presented, we propose to disentangle the senescence of immune cells from chronological aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weili Xu
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), Immunos, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Glenn Wong
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), Immunos, Singapore, Singapore
| | - You Yi Hwang
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), Immunos, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Anis Larbi
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), Immunos, Singapore, Singapore.
- Department of Geriatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, J1K 2R1, Canada.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119228, Singapore.
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15
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West CL, Amin JY, Farhin S, Stanisz AM, Mao YK, Kunze WA. Colonic Motility and Jejunal Vagal Afferent Firing Rates Are Decreased in Aged Adult Male Mice and Can Be Restored by an Aminosterol. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:955. [PMID: 31551703 PMCID: PMC6746984 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a general decline in gastrointestinal function in old age including decreased intestinal motility, sensory signaling, and afferent sensitivity. There is also increased prevalence of significant constipation in aged populations. We hypothesized this may be linked to reduced colonic motility and alterations in vagal-gut-brain sensory signaling. Using in vitro preparations from young (3 months) and old (18–24 months) male CD1 mice we report functional age-related differences in colonic motility and jejunal mesenteric afferent firing. Furthermore, we tested the effect of the aminosterol squalamine on colonic motility and jejunal vagal firing rate. Old mice had significantly reduced velocity of colonic migrating motor complexes (MMC) by 27% compared to young mice (p = 0.0161). Intraluminal squalamine increased colonic MMC velocity by 31% in old mice (p = 0.0150), which also had significantly reduced mesenteric afferent single-unit firing rates from the jejunum by 51% (p < 0.0001). The jejunal vagal afferent firing rate was reduced in aged mice by 62% (p = 0.0004). While the time to peak response to squalamine was longer in old mice compared to young mice (18.82 ± 1.37 min vs. 12.95 ± 0.99 min; p = 0.0182), it significantly increased vagal afferent firing rate by 36 and 56% in young and old mice, respectively (p = 0.0006, p = 0.0013). Our results show for the first time that the jejunal vagal afferent firing rate is reduced in aged-mice. They also suggest that there is translational potential for the therapeutic use of squalamine in the treatment of age-related constipation and dysmotility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine L West
- St. Joseph's Healthcare, The Brain-Body Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.,Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Jessica Y Amin
- St. Joseph's Healthcare, The Brain-Body Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Sohana Farhin
- St. Joseph's Healthcare, The Brain-Body Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Andrew M Stanisz
- St. Joseph's Healthcare, The Brain-Body Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Yu-Kang Mao
- St. Joseph's Healthcare, The Brain-Body Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Wolfgang A Kunze
- St. Joseph's Healthcare, The Brain-Body Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.,Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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16
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Presbyesophagus presented with chronic intermittent dysphagia. Aging Clin Exp Res 2019; 31:1343-1346. [PMID: 30632077 DOI: 10.1007/s40520-018-1080-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/17/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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17
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Broad J, Kung VWS, Palmer A, Elahi S, Karami A, Darreh-Shori T, Ahmed S, Thaha MA, Carroll R, Chin-Aleong J, Martin JE, Saffrey MJ, Knowles CH, Sanger GJ. Changes in neuromuscular structure and functions of human colon during ageing are region-dependent. Gut 2019; 68:1210-1223. [PMID: 30228216 PMCID: PMC6594449 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2018-316279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Revised: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine if human colonic neuromuscular functions decline with increasing age. DESIGN Looking for non-specific changes in neuromuscular function, a standard burst of electrical field stimulation (EFS) was used to evoke neuronally mediated (cholinergic/nitrergic) contractions/relaxations in ex vivomuscle strips of human ascending and descending colon, aged 35-91 years (macroscopically normal tissue; 239 patients undergoing cancer resection). Then, to understand mechanisms of change, numbers and phenotype of myenteric neurons (30 306 neurons stained with different markers), densities of intramuscular nerve fibres (51 patients in total) and pathways involved in functional changes were systematically investigated (by immunohistochemistry and use of pharmacological tools) in elderly (≥70 years) and adult (35-60 years) groups. RESULTS With increasing age, EFS was more likely to evoke muscle relaxation in ascending colon instead of contraction (linear regression: n=109, slope 0.49%±0.21%/year, 95% CI), generally uninfluenced by comorbidity or use of medications. Similar changes were absent in descending colon. In the elderly, overall numbers of myenteric and neuronal nitric oxide synthase-immunoreactive neurons and intramuscular nerve densities were unchanged in ascending and descending colon, compared with adults. In elderly ascending, not descending, colon numbers of cell bodies exhibiting choline acetyltransferase immunoreactivity increased compared with adults (5.0±0.6 vs 2.4±0.3 neurons/mm myenteric plexus, p=0.04). Cholinergically mediated contractions were smaller in elderly ascending colon compared with adults (2.1±0.4 and 4.1±1.1 g-tension/g-tissue during EFS; n=25/14; p=0.04); there were no changes in nitrergic function or in ability of the muscle to contract/relax. Similar changes were absent in descending colon. CONCLUSION In ascending not descending colon, ageing impairs cholinergic function.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Broad
- Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Victor W S Kung
- Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Alexandra Palmer
- Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Shezan Elahi
- Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Azadeh Karami
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, NEO, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Taher Darreh-Shori
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, NEO, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Shafi Ahmed
- Department of Surgery, Barts Health NHS Trust, The Royal London Hospital, London, UK,Department of Pathology, Barts Health NHS Trust, The Royal London Hospital, London, UK
| | - Mohamed Adhnan Thaha
- Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK,Department of Surgery, Barts Health NHS Trust, The Royal London Hospital, London, UK,Department of Pathology, Barts Health NHS Trust, The Royal London Hospital, London, UK
| | - Rebecca Carroll
- Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Joanne Chin-Aleong
- Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Joanne E Martin
- Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - M Jill Saffrey
- School of Life, Health and Chemical Sciences, Open University, Milton Keynes, UK
| | - Charles H Knowles
- Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK,Department of Surgery, Barts Health NHS Trust, The Royal London Hospital, London, UK,Department of Pathology, Barts Health NHS Trust, The Royal London Hospital, London, UK
| | - Gareth John Sanger
- Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
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18
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Grundmann D, Loris E, Maas-Omlor S, Schäfer KH. Enteric Neurogenesis During Life Span Under Physiological and Pathophysiological Conditions. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2019; 302:1345-1353. [PMID: 30950581 DOI: 10.1002/ar.24124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2018] [Revised: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The enteric nervous system (ENS) controls gastrointestinal key functions and is mainly characterized by two ganglionated plexus located in the gut wall: the myenteric plexus and the submucous plexus. The ENS harbors a high number and diversity of enteric neurons and glial cells, which generate neuronal circuitry to regulate intestinal physiology. In the past few years, the pivotal role of enteric neurons in the underlying mechanism of several intestinal diseases was revealed. Intestinal diseases are associated with neuronal death that could in turn compromise intestinal functionality. Enteric neurogenesis and regeneration is therefore a crucial aspect within the ENS and could be revealed not only during embryogenesis and early postnatal periods, but also in the adulthood. Enteric glia and/or enteric neural precursor/progenitor cells differentiate into enteric neurons, both under homeostatic and pathologic conditions beyond the perinatal period. The unique role of the intestinal microbiota and serotonin signaling in postnatal and adult neurogenesis has been shown by several studies in health and disease. In this review article, we will mainly focus on different recent studies, which advanced the concept of postnatal and adult ENS neurogenesis. Moreover, we will discuss the key factors and underlying mechanisms, which promote enteric neurogenesis. Finally, we will shortly describe neurogenesis of transplanted enteric neural progenitor cells. Anat Rec, 302:1345-1353, 2019. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Grundmann
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Applied Sciences Kaiserslautern, Zweibrucken, Germany
| | - Eva Loris
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Applied Sciences Kaiserslautern, Zweibrucken, Germany
| | - Silke Maas-Omlor
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Applied Sciences Kaiserslautern, Zweibrucken, Germany
| | - Karl-Herbert Schäfer
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Applied Sciences Kaiserslautern, Zweibrucken, Germany.,Department of Pediatric Surgery, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
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19
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Fidalgo S, Patel BA, Ranson RN, Saffrey MJ, Yeoman MS. Changes in murine anorectum signaling across the life course. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2018; 30:e13426. [PMID: 30062757 PMCID: PMC6175477 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.13426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increasing age is associated with an increase in the incidence of chronic constipation and fecal impaction. The contribution of the natural aging process to these conditions is not fully understood. This study examined the effects of increasing age on the function of the murine anorectum. METHODS The effects of increasing age on cholinergic, nitrergic, and purinergic signaling pathways in the murine anorectum were examined using classical organ bath assays to examine tissue function and electrochemical sensing to determine age-related changes in nitric oxide and acetylcholine release. KEY RESULTS Nitrergic relaxation increased between 3 and 6 months, peaked at 12 months and declined in the 18 and 24 months groups. These changes were in part explained by an age-related decrease in nitric oxide (NO) release. Cholinergic signaling was maintained with age by an increase in acetylcholine (ACh) release and a compensatory decrease in cholinesterase activity. Age-related changes in purinergic relaxation were qualitatively similar to nitrergic relaxation although the relaxations were much smaller. Increasing age did not alter the response of the anorectum smooth muscle to exogenously applied ACh, ATP, sodium nitroprusside or KCl. Similarly, there was no change in basal tension developed by the anorectum. CONCLUSIONS AND INFERENCES The decrease in nitrergic signaling with increasing age may contribute to the age-related fecal impaction and constipation previously described in this model by partially obstructing defecation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Fidalgo
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular ScienceCentre for Stress and Age‐Related DiseaseUniversity of BrightonBrightonUK
| | - B. A. Patel
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular ScienceCentre for Stress and Age‐Related DiseaseUniversity of BrightonBrightonUK
| | - R. N. Ranson
- Department of Applied SciencesFaculty of Health and Life SciencesNorthumbria UniversityNewcastle upon TyneUK
| | - M. J. Saffrey
- School of Life, Health and Chemical SciencesThe Open UniversityMilton KeynesUK
| | - M. S. Yeoman
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular ScienceCentre for Stress and Age‐Related DiseaseUniversity of BrightonBrightonUK
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20
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Hibberd TJ, Feng J, Luo J, Yang P, Samineni VK, Gereau RW, Kelley N, Hu H, Spencer NJ. Optogenetic Induction of Colonic Motility in Mice. Gastroenterology 2018; 155:514-528.e6. [PMID: 29782847 PMCID: PMC6715392 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2018.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Strategies are needed to increase gastrointestinal transit without systemic pharmacologic agents. We investigated whether optogenetics, focal application of light to control enteric nervous system excitability, could be used to evoke propagating contractions and increase colonic transit in mice. METHODS We generated transgenic mice with Cre-mediated expression of light-sensitive channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) in calretinin neurons (CAL-ChR2 Cre+ mice); Cre- littermates served as controls. Colonic myenteric neurons were analyzed by immunohistochemistry, patch-clamp, and calcium imaging studies. Motility was assessed by mechanical, electrophysiological, and video recording in vitro and by fecal output in vivo. RESULTS In isolated colons, focal light stimulation of calretinin enteric neurons evoked classic polarized motor reflexes (50/58 stimulations), followed by premature anterograde propagating contractions (39/58 stimulations). Light stimulation could evoke motility from sites along the entire colon. These effects were prevented by neural blockade with tetrodotoxin (n = 2), and did not occur in control mice (n = 5). Light stimulation of proximal colon increased the proportion of natural fecal pellets expelled over 15 minutes in vitro (75% ± 17% vs 32% ± 8% for controls) (P < .05). In vivo, activation of wireless light-emitting diodes implanted onto the colon wall significantly increased hourly fecal pellet output in conscious, freely moving mice (4.2 ± 0.4 vs 1.3 ± 0.3 in controls) (P < .001). CONCLUSIONS In studies of mice, we found that focal activation of a subset of enteric neurons can increase motility of the entire colon in vitro, and fecal output in vivo. Optogenetic control of enteric neurons might therefore be used to modify gut motility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J Hibberd
- College of Medicine and Public Health & Centre for Neuroscience, Flinders University, Australia
| | - Jing Feng
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Center for the Study of Itch, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jialie Luo
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Center for the Study of Itch, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Pu Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Center for the Study of Itch, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Vijay K Samineni
- Washington University Pain Center, Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Robert W Gereau
- Washington University Pain Center, Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Nigel Kelley
- SA Biomedical Engineering, SA Health, Government of South Australia, Australia
| | - Hongzhen Hu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Center for the Study of Itch, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri.
| | - Nick J Spencer
- College of Medicine and Public Health and Centre for Neuroscience, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia.
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21
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Nagpal R, Mainali R, Ahmadi S, Wang S, Singh R, Kavanagh K, Kitzman DW, Kushugulova A, Marotta F, Yadav H. Gut microbiome and aging: Physiological and mechanistic insights. NUTRITION AND HEALTHY AGING 2018; 4:267-285. [PMID: 29951588 PMCID: PMC6004897 DOI: 10.3233/nha-170030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 357] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The development of human gut microbiota begins as soon as the neonate leaves the protective environment of the uterus (or maybe in-utero) and is exposed to innumerable microorganisms from the mother as well as the surrounding environment. Concurrently, the host responses to these microbes during early life manifest during the development of an otherwise hitherto immature immune system. The human gut microbiome, which comprises an extremely diverse and complex community of microorganisms inhabiting the intestinal tract, keeps on fluctuating during different stages of life. While these deviations are largely natural, inevitable and benign, recent studies show that unsolicited perturbations in gut microbiota configuration could have strong impact on several features of host health and disease. Our microbiota undergoes the most prominent deviations during infancy and old age and, interestingly, our immune health is also in its weakest and most unstable state during these two critical stages of life, indicating that our microbiota and health develop and age hand-in-hand. However, the mechanisms underlying these interactions are only now beginning to be revealed. The present review summarizes the evidences related to the age-associated changes in intestinal microbiota and vice-versa, mechanisms involved in this bi-directional relationship, and the prospective for development of microbiota-based interventions such as probiotics for healthy aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravinder Nagpal
- Center for Obesity, Diabetes and Metabolism (Internal Medicine-Molecular Medicine), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Rabina Mainali
- Center for Obesity, Diabetes and Metabolism (Internal Medicine-Molecular Medicine), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Shokouh Ahmadi
- Center for Obesity, Diabetes and Metabolism (Internal Medicine-Molecular Medicine), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
- Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Shaohua Wang
- Center for Obesity, Diabetes and Metabolism (Internal Medicine-Molecular Medicine), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Ria Singh
- Center for Obesity, Diabetes and Metabolism (Internal Medicine-Molecular Medicine), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Kylie Kavanagh
- Department of Pathology (Comparative Medicine), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Dalane W. Kitzman
- Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Almagul Kushugulova
- Center for Life Sciences, NLA, Nazarbayev University, Astana, Republic of Kazakhstan
| | - Francesco Marotta
- ReGenera Research and Development for Aging Interventions, and San Babila Clinic, Corso Matteotti 1/A, Milano, Italy
| | - Hariom Yadav
- Center for Obesity, Diabetes and Metabolism (Internal Medicine-Molecular Medicine), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
- Corresponding author: Hariom Yadav, PhD., Center for Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism (Internal Medicine-Molecular Medicine), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Biotech Place, Suite 2E-034, 575 Patterson Ave., Winston-Salem, NC 27101, USA. Tel.: +1 336 713 5049; Fax: +1 336 716 9928; E-mail:
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22
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Grusha MM, Romanenko OV. State of Synaptic Inhibition in Smooth Muscles of the Colon of Individuals of Different Ages. NEUROPHYSIOLOGY+ 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11062-018-9692-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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23
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Ng KS, Montes-Adrian NA, Mahns DA, Gladman MA. Quantification and neurochemical coding of the myenteric plexus in humans: No regional variation between the distal colon and rectum. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2018; 30. [PMID: 28836741 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.13193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It remains unclear whether regional variation exists in the human enteric nervous system (ENS) ie, whether intrinsic innervation varies along the gut. Recent classification of gastrointestinal neuropathies has highlighted inadequacies in the quantification of the human ENS. This study used paired wholemounts to accurately quantify and neurochemically code the hindgut myenteric plexus, comparing human distal colon and rectum. METHODS Paired human descending colonic/rectal specimens were procured from 15 patients undergoing anterior resection. Wholemounts of myenteric plexi were triple-immunostained with anti-Hu/NOS/ChAT antibodies. Images were acquired by motorized epifluorescence microscopy, allowing assessment of ganglionic density/size, ganglionic area density, and neuronal density. 'Stretch-corrected' values were calculated using stretched/relaxed tissue dimensions. KEY RESULTS Tile-stitching created a collage with average area 99 300 000 μm2 . Stretch-corrected ganglionic densities were similar (colon: median 510 ganglia/100 mm2 [range 386-1170], rectum: 585 [307-923]; P = .99), as were average ganglionic sizes (colon: 57 593 μm2 [40 301-126 579], rectum: 54 901 [38 701-90 211], P = .36). Ganglionic area density (colon: 11.92 mm2 per 100 mm2 [7.53-18.64], rectum: 9.84 [5.80-17.19], P = .10) and stretch-corrected neuronal densities (colon: 189 neurons/mm2 [117-388], rectum: 182 [89-361], P = .31) were also similar, as were the neurochemical profiles of myenteric ganglia, with comparable proportions of NOS+ and ChAT+ neurons (P > .10). CONCLUSIONS AND INFERENCES This study has revealed similar neuronal and ganglionic densities and neurochemical profiles in human distal colon and rectum. Further investigation of other components of the ENS, incorporating additional immunohistochemical markers are required to confirm that there is no regional variation in the human hindgut ENS.
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Affiliation(s)
- K-S Ng
- Academic Colorectal Unit, Sydney Medical School - Concord, University of Sydney, Concord, New South Wales, Australia
| | - N A Montes-Adrian
- Academic Colorectal Unit, Sydney Medical School - Concord, University of Sydney, Concord, New South Wales, Australia
| | - D A Mahns
- Department of Integrative Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Western Sydney, Campbelltown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - M A Gladman
- Academic Colorectal Unit, Sydney Medical School - Concord, University of Sydney, Concord, New South Wales, Australia.,Enteric Neuroscience and Gastrointestinal Research Group, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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Kim HJ, Kim N, Kim YS, Nam RH, Lee SM, Park JH, Choi D, Hwang YJ, Lee J, Lee HS, Kim MS, Lee MY, Lee DH. Changes in the interstitial cells of Cajal and neuronal nitric oxide synthase positive neuronal cells with aging in the esophagus of F344 rats. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0186322. [PMID: 29182640 PMCID: PMC5705109 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0186322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The aging-associated cellular and molecular changes in esophagus have not been established, yet. Thus we evaluated histological structure, interstitial cells of Cajal (ICCs), neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS)-positive cells, and contractility in the esophagus of Fischer 344 rat at different ages (6-, 31-, 74-weeks, and 2-years). The lamina propria thickness and endomysial area were calculated. The immunoreactivity of c-Kit, nNOS and protein gene product (PGP) 9.5 was counted after immunohistochemistry. Expression of c-Kit, stem cell factor (SCF), nNOS and PGP 9.5 mRNA was measured by real-time PCR, and expression of c-Kit and nNOS protein was detected by Western blot. Isovolumetric contractile force measurement and electrical field stimulation (EFS) were conducted. The lamina propria thickness increased (6 week vs 2 year, P = 0.005) and the endomysial area of longitudinal muscle decreased with aging (6 week vs 2 year, P<0.001), while endomysial area of circular muscle did not significantly decrease. The proportions of NOS-immunoreactive cells and c-Kit-immunoreactive areas declined with aging (6 week vs 2 year; P<0.001 and P = 0.004, respectively), but there was no significant change of PGP 9.5-immunopositiviy. The expressions of nNOS, c-Kit and SCF mRNA also reduced with aging (6 week vs 2 year; P = 0.006, P = 0.001 and P = 0.006, respectively), while the change of PGP 9.5 mRNA expression was not significant. Western blot showed the significant decreases of nNOS and c-Kit protein expression with aging (6 week vs 2 year; P = 0.008 and P = 0.012, respectively). The EFS-induced esophageal contractions significantly decreased in 2-yr-old rat compared with 6-wk-old rats, however, L-NG-Nitroarginine methylester did not significantly increase the spontaneous and EFS-induced contractions in the 6-wk- and 2-yr-old rat esophagus. In conclusion, an increase of lamina propria thickness, a decrease of endomysial area, c-Kit, SCF and NOS expression with preserved total enteric neurons, and contractility in aged rat esophagus may explain the aging-associated esophageal dysmotility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee Jin Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, S. Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Myongji Hospital, Goyang, S. Korea
| | - Nayoung Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, S. Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine and Liver Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, S. Korea
- * E-mail:
| | - Yong Sung Kim
- Department of Gastroenterology and Digestive Disease Research Institute, Wonkwang University School of Medicine, Iksan, S. Korea
| | - Ryoung Hee Nam
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, S. Korea
| | - Sun Min Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, S. Korea
| | - Ji Hyun Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, S. Korea
| | - Daeun Choi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, S. Korea
| | - Young-Jae Hwang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, S. Korea
| | - Jongchan Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, S. Korea
| | - Hye Seung Lee
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, S. Korea
| | - Min-Seob Kim
- Department of Physiology and Institute of Wonkwang Medical Science, Wonkwang University College of Medicine, Iksan, S. Korea
| | - Moon Young Lee
- Department of Physiology and Institute of Wonkwang Medical Science, Wonkwang University College of Medicine, Iksan, S. Korea
| | - Dong Ho Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, S. Korea
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Vicentini GE, Martins HA, Fracaro L, de Souza SRG, da Silva Zanoni KP, Silva TNX, Blegniski FP, Guarnier FA, Zanoni JN. Does l -glutamine-supplemented diet extenuate NO-mediated damage on myenteric plexus of Walker 256 tumor-bearing rats? Food Res Int 2017; 101:24-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2017.08.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Revised: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Lee SM, Kim N, Jo HJ, Park JH, Nam RH, Lee HS, Kim HJ, Lee MY, Kim YS, Lee DH. Comparison of Changes in the Interstitial Cells of Cajal and Neuronal Nitric Oxide Synthase-positive Neuronal Cells With Aging Between the Ascending and Descending Colon of F344 Rats. J Neurogastroenterol Motil 2017; 23:592-605. [PMID: 28774159 PMCID: PMC5628993 DOI: 10.5056/jnm17061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2017] [Revised: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/Aims Neuronal degeneration and changes in interstitial cells of Cajal (ICCs) are important mechanisms of age-related constipation. This study aims to compare the distribution of ICCs and neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) with regard to age-related changes between the ascending colon (AC) and descending colon (DC) in 6-, 31-, and 74-week old and 2-year old male Fischer-344 rats. Methods The amount of fecal pellet and the bead expulsion times were measured. Fat proportion in the muscle layer of the colon was analyzed by hematoxylin and eosin staining. Proto-oncogene receptor tyrosine kinase (KIT) and neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) expression were analyzed with Western blotting and immunohistochemistry. Isovolumetric contractile measurements and electrical field stimulation were used to assess smooth muscle contractility. Results Colon transit and bead expulsion slowed with senescence. Fat in the muscle layer accumulated with age in the AC, but not in the DC. The proportion of KIT-immunoreactive ICCs in the submucosal and myenteric plexus was higher in the DC than in the AC, and it declined with age, especially in the AC. In contrast, the proportion of NOS-immunoreactive neurons in the myenteric plexus was higher in the AC than in the DC, and both decreased in older rats. Nitric oxide levels declined with age in the DC. Muscle strip experiments showed that the inhibitory response mediated by nitric oxide in the circular direction of the DC was reduced in 2-year old rats. Conclusion The AC and DC differ in their distribution of ICCs and nNOS, and age-related loss of nitrergic neurons more severely affects the DC than the AC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun Min Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Nayoung Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Gyeonggi-do, Korea.,Department of Internal Medicine and Liver Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyun Jin Jo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Ji Hyun Park
- Department of Internal Medicine and Liver Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ryoung Hee Nam
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Hye Seung Lee
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Hyun Jin Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gyeongsang National University Changwon Hospital, Gyeongsang National University College of Medicine, Jinju, Gyeongsangnam-do, Korea
| | - Moon Young Lee
- Department of Physiology and Institute of Wonkwang Medical Science, Wonkwang University College of Medicine, Iksan, Jeollabuk-do, Korea
| | - Yong Sung Kim
- Division of Gastroenterology and Wonkwang Digestive Disease Research Institute, Department of Internal Medicine, Wonkwang University Sanbon Hospital, Gunpo, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Dong Ho Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
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Vicentini GE, Fracaro L, de Souza SRG, Martins HA, Guarnier FA, Zanoni JN. Experimental Cancer Cachexia Changes Neuron Numbers and Peptide Levels in the Intestine: Partial Protective Effects after Dietary Supplementation with L-Glutamine. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0162998. [PMID: 27635657 PMCID: PMC5026352 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0162998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal dysmotility frequently occurs in cancer cachexia and may result from damage to enteric innervation caused by oxidative stress, especially due to glutathione depletion. We assessed the effect of dietary supplementation with 20 g/kg l-glutamine (a glutathione precursor) on the intrinsic innervation of the enteric nervous system in healthy and Walker 256 tumor-bearing Wistar rats during the development of experimental cachexia (14 days), in comparison with non-supplemented rats, by using immunohistochemical methods and Western blotting. The total neural population and cholinergic subpopulation densities in the myenteric plexus, as well as the total population and VIPergic subpopulation in the submucosal plexus of the jejunum and ileum, were reduced in cachectic rats, resulting in adaptive morphometric alterations and an increase in vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) expression, suggesting a neuroplastic response. l-glutamine supplementation prevented decrease in myenteric neuronal density in the ileum, morphometric alterations in the neurons and nerve fibers (in both the plexuses of the jejunum and ileum), and the overexpression of VIP and CGRP. Cancer cachexia severely affected the intrinsic innervation of the jejunum and ileum to various degrees and this injury seems to be associated with adaptive neural plasticity. l-glutamine supplementation presented partial protective effects on the enteric innervation against cancer cachexia, possibly by attenuating oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geraldo E. Vicentini
- Department of Morphological Sciences, Universidade Estadual de Maringa, Maringa, Parana, Brazil
| | - Luciane Fracaro
- Department of Morphological Sciences, Universidade Estadual de Maringa, Maringa, Parana, Brazil
| | - Sara R. G. de Souza
- Department of Morphological Sciences, Universidade Estadual de Maringa, Maringa, Parana, Brazil
| | - Heber A. Martins
- Department of Morphological Sciences, Universidade Estadual de Maringa, Maringa, Parana, Brazil
| | - Flávia A. Guarnier
- Department of General Pathology, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Parana, Brazil
| | - Jacqueline N. Zanoni
- Department of Morphological Sciences, Universidade Estadual de Maringa, Maringa, Parana, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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A rapid and efficient method for dissociated cultures of mouse myenteric neurons. J Neurosci Methods 2016; 261:110-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2015.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Revised: 11/13/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Diss L, Dyball S, Ghela T, Golding J, Morris R, Robinson S, Tucker R, Walter T, Young P, Allen M, Fidalgo S, Gard P, Mabley J, Patel B, Chatterjee P, Yeoman M. Acute paraquat exposure impairs colonic motility by selectively attenuating nitrergic signalling in the mouse. Auton Neurosci 2016; 195:8-15. [PMID: 26853977 DOI: 10.1016/j.autneu.2016.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Revised: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Paraquat, a common herbicide, is responsible for large numbers of deaths worldwide through both deliberate and accidental ingestion. Previous studies have eluded that the bioavailability of paraquat increases substantially with increasing dose and that these changes may in part be due to the effects that these high concentrations have on the gastrointestinal tract (GI tract). To date, the actions of acute, high concentrations (20mM for 60 min) of paraquat on the GI tract, particularly the colon which is a major site of paraquat absorption, are unknown. This study examined the effects of acute paraquat administration on colonic motility in the C57BL/6 mouse. Acute paraquat exposure decreased colonic motility and the amplitude of colonic migrating motor complexes (CMMCs), which are major motor patterns involved in faecal pellet propulsion. In isolated segments of distal colon, paraquat increased resting tension and markedly attenuated electrical field stimulation-evoked relaxations. Pharmacological dissection of paraquat's mechanism of action on both the CMMCs and field stimulated tissue using the nitric oxide synthase inhibitor NG-nitro-L-arginine and direct measurement of NO release from the myenteric plexus, demonstrated that paraquat selectively attenuates nitrergic signalling pathways. These changes did not appear to be due to alterations in colonic oxidative stress, inflammation or complex 1 activity, but were most likely caused by paraquat's ability to act as a redox couple. In summary, these data demonstrate that acute paraquat exposure attenuates colonic transit. These changes may facilitate the absorption of paraquat into the circulation and so facilitate its toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy Diss
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Huxley Building, College of Life, Health and Physical Sciences, University of Brighton, Brighton, East Sussex BN2 4GJ, UK
| | - Sarah Dyball
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Huxley Building, College of Life, Health and Physical Sciences, University of Brighton, Brighton, East Sussex BN2 4GJ, UK
| | - Tina Ghela
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Huxley Building, College of Life, Health and Physical Sciences, University of Brighton, Brighton, East Sussex BN2 4GJ, UK
| | - Jonathan Golding
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Huxley Building, College of Life, Health and Physical Sciences, University of Brighton, Brighton, East Sussex BN2 4GJ, UK
| | - Rachel Morris
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Huxley Building, College of Life, Health and Physical Sciences, University of Brighton, Brighton, East Sussex BN2 4GJ, UK
| | - Stephen Robinson
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Huxley Building, College of Life, Health and Physical Sciences, University of Brighton, Brighton, East Sussex BN2 4GJ, UK
| | - Rosemary Tucker
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Huxley Building, College of Life, Health and Physical Sciences, University of Brighton, Brighton, East Sussex BN2 4GJ, UK
| | - Talia Walter
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Huxley Building, College of Life, Health and Physical Sciences, University of Brighton, Brighton, East Sussex BN2 4GJ, UK
| | - Paul Young
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Huxley Building, College of Life, Health and Physical Sciences, University of Brighton, Brighton, East Sussex BN2 4GJ, UK
| | - Marcus Allen
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Huxley Building, College of Life, Health and Physical Sciences, University of Brighton, Brighton, East Sussex BN2 4GJ, UK
| | - Sara Fidalgo
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Huxley Building, College of Life, Health and Physical Sciences, University of Brighton, Brighton, East Sussex BN2 4GJ, UK
| | - Paul Gard
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Huxley Building, College of Life, Health and Physical Sciences, University of Brighton, Brighton, East Sussex BN2 4GJ, UK
| | - Jon Mabley
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Huxley Building, College of Life, Health and Physical Sciences, University of Brighton, Brighton, East Sussex BN2 4GJ, UK
| | - Bhavik Patel
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Huxley Building, College of Life, Health and Physical Sciences, University of Brighton, Brighton, East Sussex BN2 4GJ, UK
| | - Prabal Chatterjee
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Huxley Building, College of Life, Health and Physical Sciences, University of Brighton, Brighton, East Sussex BN2 4GJ, UK
| | - Mark Yeoman
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Huxley Building, College of Life, Health and Physical Sciences, University of Brighton, Brighton, East Sussex BN2 4GJ, UK.
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Rémond D, Shahar DR, Gille D, Pinto P, Kachal J, Peyron MA, Dos Santos CN, Walther B, Bordoni A, Dupont D, Tomás-Cobos L, Vergères G. Understanding the gastrointestinal tract of the elderly to develop dietary solutions that prevent malnutrition. Oncotarget 2015; 6:13858-98. [PMID: 26091351 PMCID: PMC4546438 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.4030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the prevalence of malnutrition in the old age is increasing worldwide a synthetic understanding of the impact of aging on the intake, digestion, and absorption of nutrients is still lacking. This review article aims at filling the gap in knowledge between the functional decline of the aging gastrointestinal tract (GIT) and the consequences of malnutrition on the health status of elderly. Changes in the aging GIT include the mechanical disintegration of food, gastrointestinal motor function, food transit, chemical food digestion, and functionality of the intestinal wall. These alterations progressively decrease the ability of the GIT to provide the aging organism with adequate levels of nutrients, what contributes to the development of malnutrition. Malnutrition, in turn, increases the risks for the development of a range of pathologies associated with most organ systems, in particular the nervous-, muscoskeletal-, cardiovascular-, immune-, and skin systems. In addition to psychological, economics, and societal factors, dietary solutions preventing malnutrition should thus propose dietary guidelines and food products that integrate knowledge on the functionality of the aging GIT and the nutritional status of the elderly. Achieving this goal will request the identification, validation, and correlative analysis of biomarkers of food intake, nutrient bioavailability, and malnutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Didier Rémond
- UMR 1019, UNH, CRNH Auvergne, INRA, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
- Clermont Université, Université d'Auvergne, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, BP 10448, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Danit R. Shahar
- Department of Public Health, The S. Daniel Abraham International Center for Health and Nutrition, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, 84105 Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Doreen Gille
- Institute for Food Sciences IFS, Agroscope, Federal Department of Economic Affairs, Education and Research EAER, 3003 Berne, Switzerland
| | - Paula Pinto
- Escola Superior Agrária, Insituto Politécnico de Santarém, 2001-904 Santarem, Portugal
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | | | - Marie-Agnès Peyron
- UMR 1019, UNH, CRNH Auvergne, INRA, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
- Clermont Université, Université d'Auvergne, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, BP 10448, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Claudia Nunes Dos Santos
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
- Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Barbara Walther
- Institute for Food Sciences IFS, Agroscope, Federal Department of Economic Affairs, Education and Research EAER, 3003 Berne, Switzerland
| | - Alessandra Bordoni
- Department of Agri-Food Sciences and Technologies, University of Bologna, 47521 Cesena, Italy
| | - Didier Dupont
- UMR 1253, Science et Technologie du Lait & de l'Œuf, INRA, 35000 Rennes, France
| | | | - Guy Vergères
- Institute for Food Sciences IFS, Agroscope, Federal Department of Economic Affairs, Education and Research EAER, 3003 Berne, Switzerland
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Grundmann D, Klotz M, Rabe H, Glanemann M, Schäfer KH. Isolation of high-purity myenteric plexus from adult human and mouse gastrointestinal tract. Sci Rep 2015; 5:9226. [PMID: 25791532 DOI: 10.1038/srep09226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The enteric nervous system (ENS) orchestrates a broad range of important gastrointestinal functions such as intestinal motility and gastric secretion. The ENS can be affected by environmental factors, diet and disease. Changes due to these alterations are often hard to evaluate in detail when whole gut samples are used. Analyses based on pure ENS tissue can more effectively reflect the ongoing changes during pathological processes. Here, we present an optimized approach for the isolation of pure myenteric plexus (MP) from adult mouse and human. To do so, muscle tissue was individually digested with a purified collagenase. After incubation and a gentle mechanical disruption step, MP networks could be collected with anatomical integrity. These tissues could be stored and used either for immediate genomic, proteomic or in vitro approaches, and enteric neurospheres could be generated and differentiated. In a pilot experiment, the influence of bacterial lipopolysaccharide on human MP was analyzed using 2-dimensional gel electrophoresis. The method also allows investigation of factors that are secreted by myenteric tissue in vitro. The isolation of pure MP in large amounts allows new analytical approaches that can provide a new perspective in evaluating changes of the ENS in experimental models, human disease and aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Grundmann
- ENS Group, University of Applied Sciences Kaiserslautern/Zweibrücken, Germany
| | - Markus Klotz
- ENS Group, University of Applied Sciences Kaiserslautern/Zweibrücken, Germany
| | - Holger Rabe
- ENS Group, University of Applied Sciences Kaiserslautern/Zweibrücken, Germany
| | - Matthias Glanemann
- Department of General, Visceral, Vascular and Pediatric Surgery, Medical Faculty of the University of Saarland, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Karl-Herbert Schäfer
- 1] ENS Group, University of Applied Sciences Kaiserslautern/Zweibrücken, Germany [2] University of Heidelberg, Paediatric Surgery Mannheim, Germany
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Ranson RN, Saffrey MJ. Neurogenic mechanisms in bladder and bowel ageing. Biogerontology 2015; 16:265-84. [PMID: 25666896 PMCID: PMC4361768 DOI: 10.1007/s10522-015-9554-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2014] [Accepted: 01/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The prevalence of both urinary and faecal incontinence, and also chronic constipation, increases with ageing and these conditions have a major impact on the quality of life of the elderly. Management of bladder and bowel dysfunction in the elderly is currently far from ideal and also carries a significant financial burden. Understanding how these changes occur is thus a major priority in biogerontology. The functions of the bladder and terminal bowel are regulated by complex neuronal networks. In particular neurons of the spinal cord and peripheral ganglia play a key role in regulating micturition and defaecation reflexes as well as promoting continence. In this review we discuss the evidence for ageing-induced neuronal dysfunction that might predispose to neurogenic forms of incontinence in the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard N Ranson
- Department of Applied Sciences (Biomedical Sciences), Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 8ST, UK,
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Wilhelm M, Lawrence JJ, Gábriel R. Enteric plexuses of two choline-acetyltransferase transgenic mouse lines: chemical neuroanatomy of the fluorescent protein-expressing nerve cells. Brain Res Bull 2015; 111:76-83. [PMID: 25592616 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2015.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Revised: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
We studied cholinergic circuit elements in the enteric nervous system (ENS) of two distinct transgenic mouse lines in which fluorescent protein expression was driven by the choline-acetyltransferase (ChAT) promoter. In the first mouse line, green fluorescent protein was fused to the tau gene. This construct allowed the visualization of the fiber tracts and ganglia, however the nerve cells were poorly resolved. In the second mouse line (ChATcre-YFP), CRE/loxP recombination yielded cytosolic expression of yellow fluorescent protein (YFP). In these preparations the morphology of enteric neurons could be well studied. We also determined the neurochemical identity of ENS neurons in muscular and submucous layers using antibodies against YFP, calretinin (CALR), calbindin (CALB), and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP). Confocal microscopic imaging was used to visualize fluorescently-conjugated secondary antibodies. In ChATcre-YFP preparations, YFP was readily apparent in somatodendritic regions of ENS neurons. In the myenteric plexus, YFP/CALR/VIP staining revealed that 34% of cholinergic cells co-labeled with CALR. Few single-stained CR-positive cells were observed. Neither YFP nor CALR co-localized with VIP. In GFP/CALB/CALR staining, all co-localization combinations were represented. In the submucosal plexus, YFP/CALR/VIP staining revealed discrete neuronal populations. However, in separate preparations, double labeling was observed for YFP/CALR and CALR/VIP. In YFP/CALR/CALB staining, all combinations of double staining and triple labeling were verified. In conclusion, the neurochemical coding of ENS neurons in these mouse lines is consistent with many observations in non-transgenic animals. Thus, they provide useful tools for physiological and pharmacological studies on distinct neurochemical subtypes of ENS neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Márta Wilhelm
- Institute of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - J Josh Lawrence
- COBRE Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience; Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana, USA
| | - Robert Gábriel
- Department of Experimental Zoology and Neurobiology, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary.
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Enteric nervous system abnormalities are present in human necrotizing enterocolitis: potential neurotransplantation therapy. Stem Cell Res Ther 2014; 4:157. [PMID: 24423414 PMCID: PMC4054965 DOI: 10.1186/scrt387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2013] [Revised: 10/15/2013] [Accepted: 11/11/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Intestinal dysmotility following human necrotizing enterocolitis suggests that the enteric nervous system is injured during the disease. We examined human intestinal specimens to characterize the enteric nervous system injury that occurs in necrotizing enterocolitis, and then used an animal model of experimental necrotizing enterocolitis to determine whether transplantation of neural stem cells can protect the enteric nervous system from injury. Methods Human intestinal specimens resected from patients with necrotizing enterocolitis (n = 18), from control patients with bowel atresia (n = 8), and from necrotizing enterocolitis and control patients undergoing stoma closure several months later (n = 14 and n = 6 respectively) were subjected to histologic examination, immunohistochemistry, and real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction to examine the myenteric plexus structure and neurotransmitter expression. In addition, experimental necrotizing enterocolitis was induced in newborn rat pups and neurotransplantation was performed by administration of fluorescently labeled neural stem cells, with subsequent visualization of transplanted cells and determination of intestinal integrity and intestinal motility. Results There was significant enteric nervous system damage with increased enteric nervous system apoptosis, and decreased neuronal nitric oxide synthase expression in myenteric ganglia from human intestine resected for necrotizing enterocolitis compared with control intestine. Structural and functional abnormalities persisted months later at the time of stoma closure. Similar abnormalities were identified in rat pups exposed to experimental necrotizing enterocolitis. Pups receiving neural stem cell transplantation had improved enteric nervous system and intestinal integrity, differentiation of transplanted neural stem cells into functional neurons, significantly improved intestinal transit, and significantly decreased mortality compared with control pups. Conclusions Significant injury to the enteric nervous system occurs in both human and experimental necrotizing enterocolitis. Neural stem cell transplantation may represent a novel future therapy for patients with necrotizing enterocolitis.
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Coulombe J, Gamage P, Gray MT, Zhang M, Tang MY, Woulfe J, Saffrey MJ, Gray DA. Loss of UCHL1 promotes age-related degenerative changes in the enteric nervous system. Front Aging Neurosci 2014; 6:129. [PMID: 24994982 PMCID: PMC4063237 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2014.00129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2014] [Accepted: 05/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
UCHL1 (ubiquitin carboxyterminal hydrolase 1) is a deubiquitinating enzyme that is particularly abundant in neurons. From studies of a spontaneous mutation arising in a mouse line it is clear that loss of function of UCHL1 generates profound degenerative changes in the central nervous system, and it is likely that a proteolytic deficit contributes to the pathology. Here these effects were found to be recapitulated in mice in which the Uchl1 gene had been inactivated by homologous recombination. In addition to the previously documented neuropathology associated with loss of UCHL1 function, axonal swellings were detected in the striatum. In agreement with previously reported findings the loss of UCHL1 function was accompanied by perturbations in ubiquitin pools, but glutathione levels were also significantly depleted in the brains of the knockout mice, suggesting that oxidative defense mechanisms may be doubly compromised. To determine if, in addition to its role in the central nervous system, UCHL1 function is also required for homeostasis of the enteric nervous system the gastrointestinal tract was analyzed in UCHL1 knockout mice. The mice displayed functional changes and morphological changes in gut neurons that preceded degenerative changes in the brain. The changes were qualitatively and quantitatively similar to those observed in wild type mice of much greater age, and strongly resemble changes reported for elderly humans. UCHL1 knockout mice should therefore serve as a useful model of gut aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josée Coulombe
- Centre for Cancer Therapeutics, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Prasanna Gamage
- Biomedical Research Network, Department of Life, Health and Chemical Sciences, Open University Milton Keynes, UK
| | - Madison T Gray
- Centre for Cancer Therapeutics, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Mei Zhang
- Centre for Cancer Therapeutics, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Matthew Y Tang
- Centre for Cancer Therapeutics, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - John Woulfe
- Centre for Cancer Therapeutics, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - M Jill Saffrey
- Biomedical Research Network, Department of Life, Health and Chemical Sciences, Open University Milton Keynes, UK
| | - Douglas A Gray
- Centre for Cancer Therapeutics, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute Ottawa, ON, Canada ; Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Ottawa Ottawa, ON, Canada
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Saffrey MJ. Aging of the mammalian gastrointestinal tract: a complex organ system. AGE (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 2014; 36:9603. [PMID: 24352567 PMCID: PMC4082571 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-013-9603-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2013] [Accepted: 11/25/2013] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal disorders are a major cause of morbidity in the elderly population. The gastrointestinal tract is the most complex organ system; its diverse cells perform a range of functions essential to life, not only secretion, digestion, absorption and excretion, but also, very importantly, defence. The gastrointestinal tract acts not only as a barrier to harmful materials and pathogens but also contains the vast number of beneficial bacterial populations that make up the microbiota. Communication between the cells of the gastrointestinal tract and the central nervous and endocrine systems modifies behaviour; the organisms of the microbiota also contribute to this brain-gut-enteric microbiota axis. Age-related physiological changes in the gut are not only common, but also variable, and likely to be influenced by external factors as well as intrinsic aging of the cells involved. The cellular and molecular changes exhibited by the aging gut cells also vary. Aging intestinal smooth muscle cells exhibit a number of changes in the signalling pathways that regulate contraction. There is some evidence for age-associated degeneration of neurons and glia of the enteric nervous system, although enteric neuronal losses are likely not to be nearly as extensive as previously believed. Aging enteric neurons have been shown to exhibit a senescence-associated phenotype. Epithelial stem cells exhibit increased mitochondrial mutation in aging that affects their progeny in the mucosal epithelium. Changes to the microbiota and intestinal immune system during aging are likely to contribute to wider aging of the organism and are increasingly important areas of analysis. How changes of the different cell types of the gut during aging affect the numerous cellular interactions that are essential for normal gut functions will be important areas for future aging research.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Jill Saffrey
- Department of Life Health and Chemical Sciences, Biomedical Research Network, The Open University, Milton Keynes, MK7 6AA, UK,
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Schoffen JPF, Santi Rampazzo AP, Cirilo CP, Zapater MCU, Vicentini FA, Comar JF, Bracht A, Natali MRM. Food restriction enhances oxidative status in aging rats with neuroprotective effects on myenteric neuron populations in the proximal colon. Exp Gerontol 2014; 51:54-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2014.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2013] [Revised: 01/03/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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Patel BA, Patel N, Fidalgo S, Wang C, Ranson RN, Saffrey MJ, Yeoman MS. Impaired colonic motility and reduction in tachykinin signalling in the aged mouse. Exp Gerontol 2014; 53:24-30. [PMID: 24560671 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2014.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2013] [Revised: 02/05/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Ageing is associated with an increased incidence of constipation in humans. The contribution that the ageing process makes to this condition is unclear. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of age on faecal output and colonic motility in male C57BL/6J mice and to determine the role that altered tachykinin signalling plays in this process. Total faecal output recorded over a 24h period decreased with age due to a reduction in the number of pellets produced and their water content. These changes occurred in the absence of any significant change in food and water intake. There was an increase in the amount of faecal matter stored in the isolated colon with age which caused a proportional increase in colonic length. Analysis of colonic motility using an artificial pellet demonstrated that pellets moved in a stepwise fashion through the colon. There was an age-related increase in pellet transit time due to decreases in the step distance, velocity, and frequency of stepwise movements. These changes were reversed using the neurokinin 2 (NK2) receptor agonist neurokinin A. Addition of the NK2receptor antagonist GR159897 significantly increased transit time in the young animals by decreasing step distance, velocity and frequency, but was without effect in the aged colon. In summary, the ageing C57BL/6J mouse shows an impaired motility phenotype. These effects appear, at least in part, to be due to an attenuation of tachykinin signalling via NK2 receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhavik Anil Patel
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Huxley Building, University of Brighton, Lewes Road, Brighton BN2 4GJ, UK
| | - Nikkita Patel
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Huxley Building, University of Brighton, Lewes Road, Brighton BN2 4GJ, UK
| | - Sara Fidalgo
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Huxley Building, University of Brighton, Lewes Road, Brighton BN2 4GJ, UK
| | - Chunfang Wang
- Department of Life, Health and Chemical Sciences, Biomedical Research Network, Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK
| | - Richard N Ranson
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Ellison Building, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST, UK
| | - M Jill Saffrey
- Department of Life, Health and Chemical Sciences, Biomedical Research Network, Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK
| | - Mark S Yeoman
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Huxley Building, University of Brighton, Lewes Road, Brighton BN2 4GJ, UK.
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Kapur RP. Counting neurons is not as easy as 'one-two, three'. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2013; 25:549-53. [PMID: 23621607 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.12141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2013] [Accepted: 03/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
An accurate determination of the number of neurons in a segment of bowel is fundamental to establish population norms and identify neurodegenerative conditions, including age-related loss of myenteric ganglion cells. Although the latter phenomenon has been observed by several laboratories in various mammals, in this issue of Neurogastroenterology and Motility, Gamage et al. present evidence that colonic myenteric ganglion cells are maintained in aged mice. These discordant findings prompt a thoughtful consideration, the range of variables affecting the accuracy of neuronal counts and the survival of neuronal populations in aging animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. P. Kapur
- Department of Laboratories; Seattle Children's Hospital; University of Washington; Seattle; WA; USA
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Wang C, Houghton MJ, Gamage PPKM, Collins HE, Patel BA, Yeoman MS, Ranson RN, Saffrey MJ. Changes in the innervation of the mouse internal anal sphincter during aging. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2013; 25:e469-77. [PMID: 23634828 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.12144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2013] [Accepted: 03/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The innervation of the mouse internal anal sphincter (IAS) has been little studied, and how it changes during aging has not previously been investigated. The aim of this study was therefore to characterize the distribution and density of subtypes of nerve fibers in the IAS and underlying mucosa in 3-, 12- to 13-, 18- and 24- to 25-month-old male C57BL/6 mice. METHODS Nerve fibers were immunolabeled with antibodies against protein gene product 9.5 (PGP9.5), neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS), vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), substance P (SP), calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), and calretinin (CR). Immunoreactivity in nerve fibers in the circular muscle and mucosa was quantified using Image J software. KEY RESULTS In young adult (3 month) mice, nNOS-immunoreactive (IR) nerve fibers were densely distributed in the circular muscle, but relatively few in the mucosa; VIP-IR nerve fibers were abundant in the circular muscle and common in the mucosa; SP-IR nerve fibers were common in circular muscle and mucosa; CGRP- and CR-IR nerve fibers were dense in mucosa and sparse in circular muscle. The density of PGP9.5 immunoreactivity (IRY) was not significantly reduced with age, but a significant reduction in nNOS-IRY and SP-IRY with age was found in the IAS circular muscle. Neuronal nitric oxide synthase-, VIP-, and SP-IRY in the anal mucosa were significantly reduced with age. CGRP-IRY in both circular muscle and mucosa was increased in 18-month-old animals. CONCLUSIONS & INFERENCES The density of immunoreactivity of markers for some types of IAS nerve fibers decreases during aging, which may contribute to age-related ano-rectal dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Wang
- Department of Life, Health and Chemical Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes, UK
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Diss LB, Robinson SD, Wu Y, Fidalgo S, Yeoman MS, Patel BA. Age-related changes in melatonin release in the murine distal colon. ACS Chem Neurosci 2013; 4:879-87. [PMID: 23631514 DOI: 10.1021/cn4000617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Constipation and fecal impaction are conditions of the bowel whose prevalence increases with age. Limited information is known about how these conditions manifest; however, functional deficits are likely to be due to changes in signaling within the bowel. This study investigated the effects of age on colonic mucosal melatonin (MEL) release and the consequences this had on colonic motility. Electrochemical measurements of MEL overflow demonstrated that both basal and mechanically stimulated MEL release decreased with age. The MEL/serotonin also decreased with increasing age, and the trend was similar to that of MEL overflow, suggestive that age-related changes were primarily due to a reduction in MEL levels. Levels of N-acetylserotonin and the N-acetylserotonin/serotonin ratio were reduced with age, providing an explanation for the reduction in MEL release. Decreases in colonic motility were observed in animals between 3 and 24 months old. Exogenous application of MEL could reverse this deficit in aged colon. In summary, we propose that the age-related decline in MEL release may be due to either decreases or alterations in mechanosensory channels and/or a loss in levels/activity of the N-acetyltransferase enzyme responsible for the synthesis of N-acetylserotonin. Decreases in MEL release may explain the decreases in colonic motility observed in 24 month old animals and could offer a new potential therapeutic treatment for age-related constipation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy B. Diss
- School of Pharmacy and
Biomolecular Sciences, University of Brighton, Brighton BN2 4GJ, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen D. Robinson
- School of Pharmacy and
Biomolecular Sciences, University of Brighton, Brighton BN2 4GJ, United Kingdom
| | - Yukyee Wu
- School of Pharmacy and
Biomolecular Sciences, University of Brighton, Brighton BN2 4GJ, United Kingdom
| | - Sara Fidalgo
- School of Pharmacy and
Biomolecular Sciences, University of Brighton, Brighton BN2 4GJ, United Kingdom
| | - Mark S. Yeoman
- School of Pharmacy and
Biomolecular Sciences, University of Brighton, Brighton BN2 4GJ, United Kingdom
| | - Bhavik Anil Patel
- School of Pharmacy and
Biomolecular Sciences, University of Brighton, Brighton BN2 4GJ, United Kingdom
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Saffrey MJ. Cellular changes in the enteric nervous system during ageing. Dev Biol 2013; 382:344-55. [PMID: 23537898 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2013.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2012] [Revised: 02/22/2013] [Accepted: 03/19/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The intrinsic neurons of the gut, enteric neurons, have an essential role in gastrointestinal functions. The enteric nervous system is plastic and continues to undergo changes throughout life, as the gut grows and responds to dietary and other environmental changes. Detailed analysis of changes in the ENS during ageing suggests that enteric neurons are more vulnerable to age-related degeneration and cell death than neurons in other parts of the nervous system, although there is considerable variation in the extent and time course of age-related enteric neuronal loss reported in different studies. Specific neuronal subpopulations, particularly cholinergic myenteric neurons, may be more vulnerable than others to age-associated loss or damage. Enteric degeneration and other age-related neuronal changes may contribute to gastrointestinal dysfunction that is common in the elderly population. Evidence suggests that caloric restriction protects against age-associated loss of enteric neurons, but recent advances in the understanding of the effects of the microbiota and the complex interactions between enteric ganglion cells, mucosal immune system and intestinal epithelium indicate that other factors may well influence ageing of enteric neurons. Much remains to be understood about the mechanisms of neuronal loss and damage in the gut, although there is evidence that reactive oxygen species, neurotrophic factor dysregulation and/or activation of a senescence associated phenotype may be involved. To date, there is no evidence for ongoing neurogenesis that might replace dying neurons in the ageing gut, although small local sites of neurogenesis would be difficult to detect. Finally, despite the considerable evidence for enteric neurodegeneration during ageing, and evidence for some physiological changes in animal models, the ageing gut appears to maintain its function remarkably well in animals that exhibit major neuronal loss, indicating that the ENS has considerable functional reserve.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Jill Saffrey
- Department Life, Health & Chemical Sciences, Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, United Kingdom.
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