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Malik H, Usman M, Arif M, Ahmed Z, Ali G, Rauf K, Sewell RDE. Diosgenin normalization of disrupted behavioral and central neurochemical activity after single prolonged stress. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1232088. [PMID: 37663254 PMCID: PMC10468593 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1232088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a chronic mental illness triggered by traumatic experiences such as wars, natural disasters, or catastrophes, and it is characterized by anxiety, depression and cognitive impairment. Diosgenin is a steroidal sapogenin with known neuroprotective and antioxidant properties. This study aimed to assess the pharmacological potential of diosgenin in a single prolonged stress (SPS) model of PTSD, plus other behavioral models along with any consequent alterations in brain neurochemistry in male mice. Methodology: SPS was induced by restraining animals for 2 h, followed by 20 min of forced swim, recuperation for 15 min, and finally, exposure to ether to induce anesthesia. The SPS-exposed animals were treated with diosgenin (20, 40, and 60 mg/kg) and compared with the positive controls, fluoxetine or donepezil, then they were observed for any changes in anxiety/depression-like behaviors, and cognitive impairment. After behavioral screening, postmortem serotonin, noradrenaline, dopamine, vitamin C, adenosine and its metabolites inosine and hypoxanthine were quantified in the frontal cortex, hippocampus, and striatum by high-performance liquid chromatography. Additionally, animal serum was screened for changes in corticosterone levels. Results: The results showed that diosgenin reversed anxiety- and depression-like behaviors, and ameliorated cognitive impairment in a dose-dependent manner. Additionally, diosgenin restored monoamine and vitamin C levels dose-dependently and modulated adenosine and its metabolites in the brain regions. Diosgenin also reinstated otherwise increased serum corticosterone levels in SPS mice. Conclusion: The findings suggest that diosgenin may be a potential candidate for improving symptoms of PTSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hurmat Malik
- Department of Pharmacy, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Usman
- Department of Pharmacy, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad, Pakistan
| | - Mehreen Arif
- Department of Pharmacy, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad, Pakistan
| | - Zainab Ahmed
- Department of Pharmacy, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad, Pakistan
| | - Gowhar Ali
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Khalid Rauf
- Department of Pharmacy, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad, Pakistan
| | - Robert D. E. Sewell
- Cardiff School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
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Tkáč I, Benneyworth MA, Nichols-Meade T, Steuer EL, Larson SN, Metzger GJ, Uğurbil K. Long-term behavioral effects observed in mice chronically exposed to static ultra-high magnetic fields. Magn Reson Med 2021; 86:1544-1559. [PMID: 33821502 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.28799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The primary goal of this study was to investigate whether chronic exposures to ultra-high B0 fields can induce long-term cognitive, behavioral, or biological changes in C57BL/6 mice. METHODS C57BL/6 mice were chronically exposed to 10.5-T or 16.4-T magnetic fields (3-h exposures, two exposure sessions per week, 4 or 8 weeks of exposure). In vivo single-voxel 1 H magnetic resonance spectroscopy was used to investigate possible neurochemical changes in the hippocampus. In addition, a battery of behavioral tests, including the Morris water-maze, balance-beam, rotarod, and fear-conditioning tests, were used to examine long-term changes induced by B0 exposures. RESULTS Hippocampal neurochemical profile, cognitive, and basic motor functions were not impaired by chronic magnetic field exposures. However, the balance-beam-walking test and the Morris water-maze testing revealed B0 -induced changes in motor coordination and balance. The tight-circling locomotor behavior during Morris water-maze tests was found as the most sensitive factor indexing B0 -induced changes. Long-term behavioral changes were observed days or even weeks subsequent to the last B0 exposure at 16.4 T but not at 10.5 T. Fast motion of mice in and out of the 16.4-T magnet was not sufficient to induce such changes. CONCLUSION Observed results suggest that the chronic exposure to a magnetic field as high as 16.4 T may result in long-term impairment of the vestibular system in mice. Although observation of mice may not directly translate to humans, nevertheless, they indicate that studies focused on human safety at very high magnetic fields are necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Tkáč
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Michael A Benneyworth
- Mouse Behavioral Core, Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Tessa Nichols-Meade
- Mouse Behavioral Core, Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Elizabeth L Steuer
- N Bud Grossman Center for Memory Research & Care, Department of Neurology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Sarah N Larson
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Gregory J Metzger
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Kâmil Uğurbil
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
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Ng KS, Montes-Adrian NA, Mahns DA, Gladman MA. Quantification and neurochemical coding of the myenteric plexus in humans: No regional variation between the distal colon and rectum. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2018; 30. [PMID: 28836741 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.13193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It remains unclear whether regional variation exists in the human enteric nervous system (ENS) ie, whether intrinsic innervation varies along the gut. Recent classification of gastrointestinal neuropathies has highlighted inadequacies in the quantification of the human ENS. This study used paired wholemounts to accurately quantify and neurochemically code the hindgut myenteric plexus, comparing human distal colon and rectum. METHODS Paired human descending colonic/rectal specimens were procured from 15 patients undergoing anterior resection. Wholemounts of myenteric plexi were triple-immunostained with anti-Hu/NOS/ChAT antibodies. Images were acquired by motorized epifluorescence microscopy, allowing assessment of ganglionic density/size, ganglionic area density, and neuronal density. 'Stretch-corrected' values were calculated using stretched/relaxed tissue dimensions. KEY RESULTS Tile-stitching created a collage with average area 99 300 000 μm2 . Stretch-corrected ganglionic densities were similar (colon: median 510 ganglia/100 mm2 [range 386-1170], rectum: 585 [307-923]; P = .99), as were average ganglionic sizes (colon: 57 593 μm2 [40 301-126 579], rectum: 54 901 [38 701-90 211], P = .36). Ganglionic area density (colon: 11.92 mm2 per 100 mm2 [7.53-18.64], rectum: 9.84 [5.80-17.19], P = .10) and stretch-corrected neuronal densities (colon: 189 neurons/mm2 [117-388], rectum: 182 [89-361], P = .31) were also similar, as were the neurochemical profiles of myenteric ganglia, with comparable proportions of NOS+ and ChAT+ neurons (P > .10). CONCLUSIONS AND INFERENCES This study has revealed similar neuronal and ganglionic densities and neurochemical profiles in human distal colon and rectum. Further investigation of other components of the ENS, incorporating additional immunohistochemical markers are required to confirm that there is no regional variation in the human hindgut ENS.
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Affiliation(s)
- K-S Ng
- Academic Colorectal Unit, Sydney Medical School - Concord, University of Sydney, Concord, New South Wales, Australia
| | - N A Montes-Adrian
- Academic Colorectal Unit, Sydney Medical School - Concord, University of Sydney, Concord, New South Wales, Australia
| | - D A Mahns
- Department of Integrative Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Western Sydney, Campbelltown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - M A Gladman
- Academic Colorectal Unit, Sydney Medical School - Concord, University of Sydney, Concord, New South Wales, Australia.,Enteric Neuroscience and Gastrointestinal Research Group, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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Abstract
Proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy of biofluids has become one of the key techniques for metabolic profiling and phenotyping. This technique has been widely used in a number of epidemiological studies and in a variety of health disorders. However, its utilization in brain disorders is limited due to the blood-brain barrier, which not only protects the brain from unwanted substances in the blood, but also substantially limits the potential of finding biomarkers for neurological disorders in serum. This review article focuses on the potential of localized in vivo proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS) for non-invasive neurochemical profiling in the human brain. First, methodological aspects of 1H-MRS (data acquisition, processing and metabolite quantification) that are essential for reliable non-invasive neurochemical profiling are described. Second, the power of 1H-MRS-based neurochemical profiling is demonstrated using some examples of its application in neuroscience and neurology. Finally, the authors present their vision and propose necessary steps to establish 1H-MRS as a method suitable for large-scale neurochemical profiling in epidemiological research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica McKay
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Ivan Tkáč
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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van de Bank B, Emir U, Boer V, van Asten J, Maas M, Wijnen JP, Kan H, Oz G, Klomp D, Scheenen T. Multi-center reproducibility of neurochemical profiles in the human brain at 7 T. NMR Biomed 2015; 28:306-16. [PMID: 25581510 PMCID: PMC4339538 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.3252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2014] [Revised: 11/26/2014] [Accepted: 11/27/2014] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this work was to harmonize data acquisition and post-processing of single voxel proton MRS ((1) H-MRS) at 7 T, and to determine metabolite concentrations and the accuracy and reproducibility of metabolite levels in the adult human brain. This study was performed in compliance with local institutional human ethics committees. The same seven subjects were each examined twice using four different 7 T MR systems from two different vendors using an identical semi-localization by adiabatic selective refocusing spectroscopy sequence. Neurochemical profiles were obtained from the posterior cingulate cortex (gray matter, GM) and the corona radiata (white matter, WM). Spectra were analyzed with LCModel, and sources of variation in concentrations ('subject', 'institute' and 'random') were identified with a variance component analysis. Concentrations of 10-11 metabolites, which were corrected for T1 , T2 , magnetization transfer effects and partial volume effects, were obtained with mean Cramér-Rao lower bounds below 20%. Data variances and mean concentrations in GM and WM were comparable for all institutions. The primary source of variance for glutamate, myo-inositol, scyllo-inositol, total creatine and total choline was between subjects. Variance sources for all other metabolites were associated with within-subject and system noise, except for total N-acetylaspartate, glutamine and glutathione, which were related to differences in signal-to-noise ratio and in shimming performance between vendors. After multi-center harmonization of acquisition and post-processing protocols, metabolite concentrations and the sizes and sources of their variations were established for neurochemical profiles in the healthy brain at 7 T, which can be used as guidance in future studies quantifying metabolite and neurotransmitter concentrations with (1) H-MRS at ultra-high magnetic field.
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Affiliation(s)
- B.L. van de Bank
- Department of Radiology, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - U.E. Emir
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, United States of America
- FMRIB Centre, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, UK
| | - V.O. Boer
- Department of Radiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - J.J.A. van Asten
- Department of Radiology, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - M.C. Maas
- Department of Radiology, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - J. P. Wijnen
- Department of Radiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- C.J. Gorter Center for High Field MRI, Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - H.E. Kan
- C.J. Gorter Center for High Field MRI, Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - G. Oz
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, United States of America
| | - D.W.J. Klomp
- Department of Radiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - T.W.J. Scheenen
- Department of Radiology, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Erwin L. Hahn Institute, University Hospital Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
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