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Chen QC, Jiang Z, Zhang JH, Cao LX, Chen ZQ. Xiangbinfang granules enhance gastric antrum motility via intramuscular interstitial cells of Cajal in mice. World J Gastroenterol 2021; 27:576-591. [PMID: 33642830 PMCID: PMC7901053 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v27.i7.576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interdigestive migrating motor complexes (MMC) produce periodic contractions in the gastrointestinal tract, but the exact mechanism of action still remains unclear. Intramuscular interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC-IM) participate in gastrointestinal hormone and neuromodulation, but the correlation between ICC-IM and MMC is also unclear. We found that xiangbinfang granules (XBF) mediated the phase III contraction of MMC. Here, the effects of XBF on gastric antrum motility in W/Wv mice and the effects of ICC-IM on gastric antrum MMC are reported.
AIM To observe the effects of ICC-IM on gastric antrum motility and to establish the mechanism of XBF in promoting gastric antrum motility.
METHODS The density of c-kit-positive ICC myenteric plexus (ICC-MP) and ICC-IM in the antral muscularis of W/Wv and wild-type (WT) mice was examined by confocal microscopy. The effects of XBF on gastric antrum slow waves in W/Wv and WT mice were recorded by intracellular amplification recording. Micro-strain-gauge force transducers were implanted into the gastric antrum to monitor the MMC and the effect of XBF on gastric antrum motility in conscious W/Wv and WT mice.
RESULTS In the gastric antrum of W/Wv mice, c-kit immunoreactivity was significantly reduced, and no ICC-IM network was observed. Spontaneous rhythmic slow waves also appeared in the antrum of W/Wv mice, but the amplitude of the antrum slow wave decreased significantly in W/Wv mice (22.62 ± 2.23 mV vs 2.92 ± 0.52 mV, P < 0.0001). MMCs were found in 7 of the 8 WT mice but no complete MMC cycle was found in W/Wv mice. The contractile frequency and amplitude index of the gastric antrum were significantly increased in conscious WT compared to W/Wv mice (frequency, 3.53 ± 0.18 cpm vs 1.28 ± 0.12 cpm; amplitude index, 23014.26 ± 1798.65 mV·20 min vs 3782.16 ± 407.13 mV·20 min; P < 0.0001). XBF depolarized smooth muscle cells of the gastric antrum in WT and W/Wv mice in a dose-dependent manner. Similarly, the gastric antrum motility in WT mice was significantly increased after treatment with XBF 5 mg (P < 0.05). Atropine (0.1 mg/kg) blocked the enhancement of XBF in WT and W/Wv mice completely, while tetrodotoxin (0.05 mg/kg) partially inhibited the enhancement by XBF.
CONCLUSION ICC-IM participates in the regulation of gastric antrum MMC in mice. XBF induces MMC III-like contractions that enhance gastric antrum motility via ICC-IM in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi-Cheng Chen
- The Research Team of TCM Applications of Perioperative, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510120, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Zhi Jiang
- The Research Team of TCM Applications of Perioperative, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510120, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Jun-Hong Zhang
- Department of Research Public Service Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510120, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Li-Xing Cao
- The Research Team of TCM Applications of Perioperative, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510120, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Zhi-Qiang Chen
- The Research Team of TCM Applications of Perioperative, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510120, Guangdong Province, China
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Yu HZ, Fu MH, Ji XP, E-Ni RG. Progress in research of gastrointestinal motility regulation. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2020; 28:1183-1191. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v28.i23.1183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal motility is an important part of the physiological function of the digestive tract, and its dysfunction is one of the key factors that cause different gastrointestinal motility disorders. These diseases seriously affect patients' normal life. With the development of scientific research and technology, well-designed research studies have been conducted on the regulatory mechanisms of gastrointestinal motility, which mainly include the regulation of gastrointestinal hormones, intestinal microflora, neurotransmitters, brain-gut peptides, interstitial cells of Cajal, and gastrointestinal electrical activities. In addition, current studies have proved that bitter taste receptors have certain regulatory effects on gastrointestinal motility. This paper primarily discusses the relevant pathways controlling gastrointestinal motility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Zhen Yu
- School of Mongolian Medicine, Inner Mongolia University for Nationalities, Tongliao 028000, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China
| | - Ming-Hai Fu
- School of Mongolian Medicine, Inner Mongolia University for Nationalities, Tongliao 028000, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China
| | - Xiao-Ping Ji
- School of Mongolian Medicine, Inner Mongolia University for Nationalities, Tongliao 028000, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China
| | - Rong-Gui E-Ni
- School of Mongolian Medicine, Inner Mongolia University for Nationalities, Tongliao 028000, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China
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Kishi K, Kamizaki M, Kaji N, Iino S, Hori M. A Close Relationship Between Networks of Interstitial Cells of Cajal and Gastrointestinal Transit In Vivo. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:587453. [PMID: 33633564 PMCID: PMC7902082 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.587453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The interstitial cells of Cajal associated with the myenteric plexus (ICC-MP) are located in the same area as the myenteric plexus. ICC-MP networks are linked to the generation of electrical pacemaker activity that causes spontaneous gastrointestinal (GI) contractions; however, its role in GI transit is not clear. The aim of this study was to comprehensively investigate the effect of ICC-MP disruption on GI transit in vivo using W/Wv mice, partially ICC-deficient model mice. In this study, we measured GI transit using a 13C-octanoic acid breath test, an orally administered dye and a bead expulsion assay. ICC were detected by immunohistochemical staining for c-Kit, a specific marker for ICC. Interestingly, we found that gastric emptying in W/Wv mice was normal. We also found that the ability of small intestinal and colonic transit was significantly reduced in W/Wv mice. Immunohistochemical staining using whole-mount muscularis samples revealed that c-Kit-positive ICC-MP networks were formed in wild-type mice. In contrast, ICC-MP networks in W/Wv mice were maintained only in the gastric antrum and were significantly reduced in the ileum and colon. No significant changes were observed in the nerve structures of the myenteric plexus in W/Wv mice. These findings suggest that ICC-MP contribute to GI transit as a powerful driving function in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhisa Kishi
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology, Graduate School of Agriculture and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Moe Kamizaki
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology, Graduate School of Agriculture and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Kaji
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Satoshi Iino
- Division of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Department of Morphological and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Hori
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology, Graduate School of Agriculture and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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Iino S, Horiguchi S, Horiguchi K, Hashimoto T. Interstitial cells of Cajal in W sh/W sh c-kit mutant mice. J Smooth Muscle Res 2020; 56:58-68. [PMID: 33132281 PMCID: PMC7596356 DOI: 10.1540/jsmr.56.58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The c-Kit receptor tyrosine kinase regulates the development and differentiation of
several progenitor cells. In the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, the c-Kit regulates the
development of the interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) that are responsible for motility
regulation of the GI musculature. W-sash
(Wsh) is an inversion mutation upstream of the
c-kit promoter region that affects a key regulatory element, resulting
in cell-type-specific altered gene expression, leading to a decrease in the number of mast
cells, melanocytes, and ICC. We extensively examined the GI tract of
Wsh/Wsh mice using
immunohistochemistry and electron microscopy. Although the musculature of the
Wsh/Wsh mice did not show any
c-Kit immunoreactivity, we detected intensive immunoreactivity for transmembrane member
16A (TMEM16A, anoctamin-1), another ICC marker. TMEM16A immunopositive cells were observed
as ICC-MY in the gastric corpus-antrum and the large intestine, ICC-DMP in the small
intestine, and ICC-SM in the colon. Electron microscopic analysis revealed these cells as
ICC from their ultrastructural features, such as numerous mitochondria and caveolae, and
their close contact with nerve terminals. In the developmental period, we examined 14.5
and 18.5 day embryos but did not observe c-Kit immunoreactivity in the
Wsh/Wsh small intestine. From
this study, ICC subtypes developed and maturated structurally without c-Kit expression.
Wsh/Wsh mice are a new model
to investigate the effects of c-Kit and unknown signaling on ICC development and
function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Iino
- Department of Anatomy, University of Fukui Faculty of Medical Sciences, Eiheiji, Fukui 910-1193, Japan
| | - Satomi Horiguchi
- Department of Anatomy, University of Fukui Faculty of Medical Sciences, Eiheiji, Fukui 910-1193, Japan
| | - Kazuhide Horiguchi
- Department of Anatomy, University of Fukui Faculty of Medical Sciences, Eiheiji, Fukui 910-1193, Japan
| | - Takashi Hashimoto
- Department of Anatomy, University of Fukui Faculty of Medical Sciences, Eiheiji, Fukui 910-1193, Japan
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Yan S, Yue YZ, Sun MM, Wu BS, Wang XP. Suppressive effect of Aurantii Fructus Immaturus and Atractylodis Macrocephalae Rhizoma on glutamic acid-induced autophagy of interstitial cells of Cajal. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE MEDICINE-JIM 2020; 18:334-343. [PMID: 32532614 DOI: 10.1016/j.joim.2020.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effects of Aurantii Fructus Immaturus (Zhishi, ZS) and Atractylodis Macrocephalae Rhizoma (Baizhu, BZ)-containing serum on glutamate-induced autophagy in rat colonic interstitial cells of Cajal (ICCs) and to analyze the underlying mechanism. METHODS Rat colonic ICCs cultured in vitro were identified by fluorescence and then stimulated with glutamic acid (5 mmol/L) for 24 h to establish a cell model of autophagy. The cells were then treated with different concentrations of ZSBZ-containing serum or rat serum. The viability of the ICCs was detected with cell counting kit-8 assays, and cell apoptosis rates were examined with flow cytometry. The ultrastructure and autophagosomes in the ICCs were observed using transmission electron microscopy. The effects of ZSBZ-containing serum on apoptosis-associated mediators were assessed by Western blotting and real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. In addition, microtubule-associated protein light chain 3 (LC3), p-phosphoinositide 3-kinase (p-PI3K), p-Akt and p-mammalian target of rapamycin (p-mTOR) expression was detected via Western blotting analysis. RESULTS Compared to those in the model group, ICC viability and apoptosis rates were significantly increased by ZSBZ-containing serum (P < 0.05). In addition, the expression levels of Beclin-1, LC3, p-PI3K, p-Akt and p-mTOR were significantly lower (P < 0.05) and Bcl-2 expression was higher in the ZSBZ-containing serum treatment groups than in the model group (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION Our findings demonstrated that ZSBZ protects glutamic acid-stimulated ICCs, and this beneficial effect may be mediated by a reduction in autophagy via inhibition of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Yan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu Province, China; Department of Anorectal Surgery, Suzhou TCM Hospital, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Suzhou 215009, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yin-Zi Yue
- First Clinical Medical School, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Ming-Ming Sun
- Department of Anorectal Surgery, Suzhou TCM Hospital, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Suzhou 215009, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Ben-Sheng Wu
- Department of Anorectal Surgery, Suzhou TCM Hospital, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Suzhou 215009, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xiao-Peng Wang
- Department of Anorectal Surgery, Suzhou TCM Hospital, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Suzhou 215009, Jiangsu Province, China.
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Fintl C, Lindberg R, McL Press C. Myenteric networks of interstitial cells of Cajal are reduced in horses with inflammatory bowel disease. Equine Vet J 2019; 52:298-304. [PMID: 31397916 DOI: 10.1111/evj.13160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a well-recognised but poorly understood disease complex in the horse. Clinical signs may vary but often include weight loss, diarrhoea and colic. The effect this disease process may have on the gastrointestinal pacemaker cells (the interstitial cells of Cajal), enteric neurons and glial cells has not been previously evaluated in the horse. OBJECTIVES To compare the density of the interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC), enteric neurons and glial cells in horses with IBD to those of normal horses using immunohistochemical markers. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective, quantitative immunohistochemical study. METHODS Ileal samples were collected during post-mortem examinations from 14 horses with a clinical and histopathological diagnosis of IBD and from eight normal controls. All horses were Standardbreds 1-15 years of age. Six of the IBD cases had eosinophilic gastroenteritis (EG) while the remaining eight had granulomatous enteritis (GE). Tissue sections were labelled with anti-CD117 (c-Kit), anti-TMEM16 (TMEM16), anti-protein gene product (PGP9.5) and anti-glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) using standard immunohistochemical labelling techniques. Image analysis was performed to quantify the presence of ICC (CD117, TMEM16) as well as neuronal (PGP9.5) and enteroglial (GFAP) networks. RESULTS Interstitial cells of Cajal networks were significantly reduced in the myenteric plexus (MP) region in IBD horses compared with the controls for both markers (P<0.05). There was no significant difference in the density of the neuronal or glial cell markers between the two groups (P>0.05). MAIN LIMITATIONS The number of horses included in the study. CONCLUSIONS Disruption to ICC networks may contribute to the clinical signs of colic in some horses with IBD. Further studies are needed to establish the pathophysiological mechanisms involved and the functional effects of the reduced ICC networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Fintl
- Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - R Lindberg
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - C McL Press
- Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
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7
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Abstract
KIT is a receptor tyrosine kinase that after binding to its ligand stem cell factor activates signaling cascades linked to biological processes such as proliferation, differentiation, migration and cell survival. Based on studies performed on SCF and/or KIT mutant animals that presented anemia, sterility, and/or pigmentation disorders, KIT signaling was mainly considered to be involved in the regulation of hematopoiesis, gametogenesis, and melanogenesis. More recently, novel animal models and ameliorated cellular and molecular techniques have led to the discovery of a widen repertoire of tissue compartments and functions that are being modulated by KIT. This is the case for the lung, heart, nervous system, gastrointestinal tract, pancreas, kidney, liver, and bone. For this reason, the tyrosine kinase inhibitors that were originally developed for the treatment of hemato-oncological diseases are being currently investigated for the treatment of non-oncological disorders such as asthma, rheumatoid arthritis, and alzheimer's disease, among others. The beneficial effects of some of these tyrosine kinase inhibitors have been proven to depend on KIT inhibition. This review will focus on KIT expression and regulation in healthy and pathologic conditions other than cancer. Moreover, advances in the development of anti-KIT therapies, including tyrosine kinase inhibitors, and their application will be discussed.
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8
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Chen JH, Parsons SP, Shokrollahi M, Wan A, Vincent AD, Yuan Y, Pervez M, Chen WL, Xue M, Zhang KK, Eshtiaghi A, Armstrong D, Bercik P, Moayyedi P, Greenwald E, Ratcliffe EM, Huizinga JD. Characterization of Simultaneous Pressure Waves as Biomarkers for Colonic Motility Assessed by High-Resolution Colonic Manometry. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1248. [PMID: 30294277 PMCID: PMC6159752 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Simultaneous pressure waves (SPWs) in manometry recordings of the human colon have been associated with gas expulsion. Our hypothesis was that the SPW might be a critical component of most colonic motor functions, and hence might act as a biomarker for healthy colon motility. To that end, we performed high-resolution colonic manometry (HRCM), for the first time using an 84-sensor (1 cm spaced) water-perfused catheter, in 17 healthy volunteers. Intraluminal pressure patterns were recorded during baseline, proximal and rectal balloon distention, after a meal and following proximal and rectal luminal bisacodyl administration. Quantification was performed using software, based on Image J, developed during this study. Gas expulsion was always associated with SPWs, furthermore, SPWs were associated with water or balloon expulsion. SPWs were prominently emerging at the termination of proximal high amplitude propagating pressure waves (HAPWs); we termed this motor pattern HAPW-SPWs; hence, SPWs were often not a pan-colonic event. SPWs and HAPW-SPWs were observed at baseline with SPW amplitudes of 12.0 ± 8.5 mmHg and 20.2 ± 7.2 mmHg respectively. The SPW occurrence and amplitude significantly increased in response to meal, balloon distention and luminal bisacodyl, associated with 50.3% anal sphincter relaxation at baseline, which significantly increased to 59.0% after a meal, and 69.1% after bisacodyl. Often, full relaxation was achieved. The SPWs associated with gas expulsion had a significantly higher amplitude compared to SPWs without gas expulsion. SPWs could be seen to consist of clusters of high frequency pressure waves, likely associated with a cluster of fast propagating, circular muscle contractions. SPWs were occasionally observed in a highly rhythmic pattern at 1.8 ± 1.2 cycles/min. Unlike HAPWs, the SPWs did not obliterate haustral boundaries thereby explaining how gas can be expelled while solid content can remain restrained by the haustral boundaries. In conclusion, the SPW may become a biomarker for normal gas transit, the gastrocolonic reflex and extrinsic neural reflexes. The SPW assessment reveals coordination of activities in the colon, rectum and anal sphincters. SPWs may become of diagnostic value in patients with colonic dysmotility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Hong Chen
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Sean P Parsons
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Mitra Shokrollahi
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Andrew Wan
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Alexander D Vincent
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Yuhong Yuan
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.,Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong, China
| | - Maham Pervez
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Wu Lan Chen
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Mai Xue
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Kailai K Zhang
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Arshia Eshtiaghi
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - David Armstrong
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Premsyl Bercik
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Paul Moayyedi
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Eric Greenwald
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Elyanne M Ratcliffe
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.,Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Jan D Huizinga
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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Zhang Y, Ge T, Xiang P, Mao H, Tang S, Li A, Lin L, Wei Y. Therapeutic effect of protease-activated receptor 2 agonist SLIGRL-NH 2 on loperamide-induced Sprague-Dawley rat constipation model and the related mechanism. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2018; 12:2403-2411. [PMID: 30122898 PMCID: PMC6078190 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s160628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Purpose To investigate the therapeutic effects of protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR-2) agonist SLIGRL-NH2 on loperamide-induced Sprague-Dawley (SD) rat constipation animal models. Materials and methods Loperamide was injected subcutaneously to induce constipation twice a day for 3 days. SD rats (n = 30) were randomly divided into five groups: non-constipation group (control, n = 6), constipation group (constipation, n = 6), constipation + SLIGRL-NH2 low-dosage group (SLIGRL-NH2 low, n=6), constipation + SLIGRL-NH2 high-dosage group (SLIGRL-NH2 high, n = 6), and constipation + prucalopride (positive control, n = 6). The SLIGRL-NH2 low group and SLIGRL-NH2 high group were administered with 2.5 μmol/kg and 5 μmol/kg SLIGRL-NH2, respectively, and the prucalopride group received 2 mg/kg prucalopride. The control and constipation group received 1× PBS under the same pattern. SLIGRL-NH2 and prucalopride were orally administrated once daily for 7 days. On the final day of oral administration, food intake, water intake, the number of stool pellets, weight, and fecal water content was calculated; moreover, the colons of rats in different groups were collected and histological features were examined by hematoxylin and eosin staining; furthermore, the expression of anoctamin-1 was determined by Immunohistochemical methods, and the expressions of c-kit and PAR-2 were examined using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction and Western blot methods; finally, the expressions of neurotransmitter vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and substance P (SP) were examined using enzyme-linked immuno-sorbent assay methods. Results The feeding and excretion behaviors, intestinal transit ratio, and the histological feature of the colon in the constipated rats were all improved by SLIGRL-NH2 treatment; moreover, SLIGRL-NH2 treatment induced significant increase in the expression of PAR-2 and also increased number of interstitial Cajal cells. Furthermore, SLIGRL-NH2 also decreased the contents of the inhibitory neurotransmitter VIP and increased the expression of the excitatory neurotransmitter SP. High dose of SLIGRL-NH2 has shown similar anti-constipation effects as prucalopride. Conclusion These results suggested that SLIGRL-NH2 can enhance gastrointestinal transit and alleviate in rats with loperamide-induced constipation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonggang Zhang
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The First People's Hospital of Lianyungang, Lianyungang 222002, China
| | - Tingrui Ge
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The First People's Hospital of Lianyungang, Lianyungang 222002, China
| | - Ping Xiang
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The First People's Hospital of Lianyungang, Lianyungang 222002, China
| | - Haibing Mao
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The First People's Hospital of Lianyungang, Lianyungang 222002, China
| | - Shumin Tang
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The First People's Hospital of Lianyungang, Lianyungang 222002, China
| | - Aimin Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First People's Hospital of Lianyungang, Lianyungang 222002, China
| | - Lin Lin
- Department of Gastroenterology, Jiangsu Province Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Yinting Wei
- Department of Gastroenterology, Lianyungang TCM Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Lianyungang 222000, China,
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10
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Beck K, Friebe A, Voussen B. Nitrergic signaling via interstitial cells of Cajal and smooth muscle cells influences circular smooth muscle contractility in murine colon. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2018; 30:e13300. [PMID: 29377328 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.13300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Regulation of gastrointestinal motility involves excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmission. Nitric oxide (NO), the major inhibitory neurotransmitter, acts via its receptor NO-sensitive guanylyl cyclase (NO-GC). In the GI tract, NO-GC is expressed in several cell types such as smooth muscle cells (SMC) and interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC). Using cell-specific knockout mice, we have previously shown that NO-GC modulates spontaneous contractions in colonic longitudinal smooth muscle. However, its detailed role in the colonic circular smooth muscle is still unclear. METHODS Myography was performed to evaluate spontaneous contractions in rings of proximal colon (2.5 mm) from global (GCKO) and cell-specific knockout mice for NO-GC. Immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization were used to specify NO-GC expression. KEY RESULTS Colonic circular smooth muscle showed three different contraction patterns: high-frequency ripples, slow phasic contractions, and large contractions. Ripples formed independently of NO-GC. Slow phasic contractions occurred intermittently in WT, SMC-GCKO, and ICC-GCKO tissue, whereas they were more prominent and prolonged in GCKO and SMC/ICC-GCKO tissue. Tetrodotoxin and the NO-GC inhibitor ODQ transformed slow phasic contractions of WT and single cell-specific knockout into GCKO-like contractions. ODQ increased the frequency of large contractions in WT and ICC-GCKO colon but not in GCKO, SMC-GCKO, and SMC/ICC-GCKO preparations. Tetrodotoxin and hexamethonium abolished large contractions. CONCLUSIONS AND INFERENCES We conclude that short rings of murine colon can be effectively used to record spontaneous contractions. Although NO-GC in SMC determines smooth muscle tone, concerted action of NO-GC in both SMC and ICC modulates slow phasic contractions and large contractions.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Beck
- Physiologisches Institut, Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - A Friebe
- Physiologisches Institut, Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - B Voussen
- Physiologisches Institut, Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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Jang DE, Bae JH, Chang YJ, Lee YH, Nam KT, Kim IY, Seong JK, Lee YC, Yeom SC. Neuronal Nitric Oxide Synthase Is a Novel Biomarker for the Interstitial Cells of Cajal in Stress-Induced Diarrhea-Dominant Irritable Bowel Syndrome. Dig Dis Sci 2018; 63:619-627. [PMID: 29372479 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-018-4933-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a functional gastrointestinal disorder involving changes in normal bowel movements. The pathophysiology of IBS is not clearly understood owing to the lack of identifiable pathological abnormalities and reliable biomarkers. AIM The aim of this study was to discover the novel and reliable biomarker for IBS. METHOD In this study, neonatal maternal separation (NMS) stress model was used for the IBS mouse model. Further assessment was conducted with whole gastrointestinal transit test, quantitative RT-PCR, histological examination, and western blot. RESULTS Male pups developed symptoms similar to those of human IBS with diarrhea (IBS-D), such as low-grade inflammation, stool irregularity, and increased bowel motility. NMS stress influenced to the interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) and induced altered bowel motility, resulting in IBS-D-like symptoms. In addition, we found neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) to be a novel biomarker for ICC under NMS stress. nNOS expression was only observed in the ICC of the submucosal plexus of IBS-D mice, and the inhibition of nNOS changed the phenotype from IBS-D to IBS with constipation. CONCLUSION Our study demonstrates that early-life stress can influence to ICC and modulate bowel activity and that nNOS might be used as a biomarker for ICC stimulation in IBS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da Eun Jang
- Graduate School of International Agricultural Technology, Seoul National University, 1447 Pyeongchang-Ro, Daewha, Pyeongchang, Gangwon, 25354, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hyun Bae
- Designed Animal and Transplantation Research Institute, Institute of Greenbio Research and Technology, Seoul National University, 1447 Pyeongchang-Ro, Daewha, Pyeongchang, Gangwon, 25354, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoo Jin Chang
- Graduate School of International Agricultural Technology, Seoul National University, 1447 Pyeongchang-Ro, Daewha, Pyeongchang, Gangwon, 25354, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon Hoo Lee
- Graduate School of International Agricultural Technology, Seoul National University, 1447 Pyeongchang-Ro, Daewha, Pyeongchang, Gangwon, 25354, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Taek Nam
- Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 25354, Republic of Korea
| | - Il Yong Kim
- Department of Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Je Kyung Seong
- Department of Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Chan Lee
- Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Su Cheong Yeom
- Graduate School of International Agricultural Technology, Seoul National University, 1447 Pyeongchang-Ro, Daewha, Pyeongchang, Gangwon, 25354, Republic of Korea.
- Designed Animal and Transplantation Research Institute, Institute of Greenbio Research and Technology, Seoul National University, 1447 Pyeongchang-Ro, Daewha, Pyeongchang, Gangwon, 25354, Republic of Korea.
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Durnin L, Lees A, Manzoor S, Sasse KC, Sanders KM, Mutafova-Yambolieva VN. Loss of nitric oxide-mediated inhibition of purine neurotransmitter release in the colon in the absence of interstitial cells of Cajal. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2017; 313:G419-G433. [PMID: 28705804 PMCID: PMC5792210 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00045.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Revised: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Regulation of colonic motility depends on the integrity of enteric inhibitory neurotransmission mediated by nitric oxide (NO), purine neurotransmitters, and neuropeptides. Intramuscular interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC-IM) and platelet-derived growth factor receptor-α-positive (PDGFRα+) cells are involved in generating responses to NO and purine neurotransmitters, respectively. Previous studies have suggested a decreased nitrergic and increased purinergic neurotransmission in KitW/KitW-v (W/Wv ) mice that display lesions in ICC-IM along the gastrointestinal tract. However, contributions of NO to these phenotypes have not been evaluated. We used small-chamber superfusion assays and HPLC to measure the spontaneous and electrical field stimulation (EFS)-evoked release of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+)/ADP-ribose, uridine adenosine tetraphosphate (Up4A), adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP), and metabolites from the tunica muscularis of human, monkey, and murine colons and circular muscle of monkey colon, and we tested drugs that modulate NO levels or blocked NO receptors. NO inhibited EFS-evoked release of purines in the colon via presynaptic neuromodulation. Colons from W/Wv, Nos1-/- , and Prkg1-/- mice displayed augmented neural release of purines that was likely due to altered nitrergic neuromodulation. Colons from W/Wv mice demonstrated decreased nitrergic and increased purinergic relaxations in response to nerve stimulation. W/Wv mouse colons demonstrated reduced Nos1 expression and reduced NO release. Our results suggest that enhanced purinergic neurotransmission may compensate for the loss of nitrergic neurotransmission in muscles with partial loss of ICC. The interactions between nitrergic and purinergic neurotransmission in the colon provide novel insight into the role of neurotransmitters and effector cells in the neural regulation of gastrointestinal motility.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This is the first study investigating the role of nitric oxide (NO) and intramuscular interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC-IM) in modulating neural release of purines in colon. We found that NO inhibited release of purines in human, monkey, and murine colons and that colons from KitW/KitW-v (W/Wv ) mice, which present with partial loss of ICC-IM, demonstrated augmented neural release of purines. Interactions between nitrergic and purinergic neurotransmission may affect motility in disease conditions with ICC-IM deficiencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonie Durnin
- 1Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada; and
| | - Andrea Lees
- 1Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada; and
| | - Sheerien Manzoor
- 1Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada; and
| | | | - Kenton M. Sanders
- 1Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada; and
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13
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Zhou J, O'Connor MD, Ho V. The Potential for Gut Organoid Derived Interstitial Cells of Cajal in Replacement Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18102059. [PMID: 28954442 PMCID: PMC5666741 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18102059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Revised: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 09/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Effective digestion requires propagation of food along the entire length of the gastrointestinal tract. This process involves coordinated waves of peristalsis produced by enteric neural cell types, including different categories of interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC). Impaired food transport along the gastrointestinal tract, either too fast or too slow, causes a range of gut motility disorders that affect millions of people worldwide. Notably, loss of ICC has been shown to affect gut motility. Patients that suffer from gut motility disorders regularly experience diarrhoea and/or constipation, insomnia, anxiety, attention lapses, irritability, dizziness, and headaches that greatly affect both physical and mental health. Limited treatment options are available for these patients, due to the scarcity of human gut tissue for research and transplantation. Recent advances in stem cell technology suggest that large amounts of rudimentary, yet functional, human gut tissue can be generated in vitro for research applications. Intriguingly, these stem cell-derived gut organoids appear to contain functional ICC, although their frequency and functional properties are yet to be fully characterised. By reviewing methods of gut organoid generation, together with what is known of the molecular and functional characteristics of ICC, this article highlights short- and long-term goals that need to be overcome in order to develop ICC-based therapies for gut motility disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerry Zhou
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW 2560, Australia.
- Medical Sciences Research Group, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW 2560, Australia.
| | - Michael D O'Connor
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW 2560, Australia.
- Medical Sciences Research Group, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW 2560, Australia.
| | - Vincent Ho
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW 2560, Australia.
- Medical Sciences Research Group, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW 2560, Australia.
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Electroacupuncture at ST36 Protects ICC Networks via mSCF/Kit-ETV1 Signaling in the Stomach of Diabetic Mice. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2017; 2017:3980870. [PMID: 28203258 PMCID: PMC5292169 DOI: 10.1155/2017/3980870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Revised: 12/17/2016] [Accepted: 12/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Background. Electroacupuncture (EA) at ST36 has been used to regulate gastric motility and effectively improve gastric emptying in diabetic patients. Nevertheless, the specific mechanisms underlying the efficacy of this treatment remain unknown. The aim of this study was to assess the variations of interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) and explore the changes in mSCF/KIT-ETV1 signaling in the antrum and corpus of diabetic mice after treatment with EA. Methods. Male C57BL/6 mice were randomized into five groups: control group, diabetic group (DM), diabetic-plus-sham EA group (SEA), diabetic-plus-low-frequency EA group (LEA), and diabetic-plus-high-frequency EA group (HEA). The expression levels of Ano1, c-Kit, and ETV1 were assessed by immunofluorescence in the antrum and corpus. Western blotting and PCR methods were further used to evaluate c-Kit, mSCF, and ETV1 expression. Results. (1) c-Kit and Ano1 were obviously decreased in the DM group, but c-Kit reduced much more than Ano1. (2) The mSCF, c-Kit, and ETV1 mRNA and protein levels were obviously decreased in the DM group in both the antrum and the corpus (P < 0.01), but they were significantly elevated in the LEA and HEA groups (P < 0.01). Conclusions. Ano1 is a reliable marker to detect ICC changes in diabetes; low- and high-frequency EA at acupoint ST36 can protect the networks of ICC possibly via normal activation of mSCF/KIT-ETV1 signaling.
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15
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Baker SA, Drumm BT, Saur D, Hennig GW, Ward SM, Sanders KM. Spontaneous Ca(2+) transients in interstitial cells of Cajal located within the deep muscular plexus of the murine small intestine. J Physiol 2016; 594:3317-38. [PMID: 26824875 DOI: 10.1113/jp271699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 01/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS Interstitial cells of Cajal at the level of the deep muscular plexus (ICC-DMP) in the small intestine generate spontaneous Ca(2+) transients that consist of localized Ca(2+) events and limited propagating Ca(2+) waves. Ca(2+) transients in ICC-DMP display variable characteristics: from discrete, highly localized Ca(2+) transients to regionalized Ca(2+) waves with variable rates of occurrence, amplitude, duration and spatial spread. Ca(2+) transients fired stochastically, with no cellular or multicellular rhythmic activity being observed. No correlation was found between the firing sites in adjacent cells. Ca(2+) transients in ICC-DMP are suppressed by the ongoing release of inhibitory neurotransmitter(s). Functional intracellular Ca(2+) stores are essential for spontaneous Ca(2+) transients, and the sarco/endoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+) -ATPase (SERCA) pump is necessary for maintenance of spontaneity. Ca(2+) release mechanisms involve both ryanodine receptors (RyRs) and inositol triphosphate receptors (InsP3 Rs). Release from these channels is interdependent. ICC express transcripts of multiple RyRs and InsP3 Rs, with Itpr1 and Ryr2 subtypes displaying the highest expression. ABSTRACT Interstitial cells of Cajal in the deep muscular plexus of the small intestine (ICC-DMP) are closely associated with varicosities of enteric motor neurons and generate responses contributing to neural regulation of intestinal motility. Responses of ICC-DMP are mediated by activation of Ca(2+) -activated Cl(-) channels; thus, Ca(2+) signalling is central to the behaviours of these cells. Confocal imaging was used to characterize the nature and mechanisms of Ca(2+) transients in ICC-DMP within intact jejunal muscles expressing a genetically encoded Ca(2+) indicator (GCaMP3) selectively in ICC. ICC-DMP displayed spontaneous Ca(2+) transients that ranged from discrete, localized events to waves that propagated over variable distances. The occurrence of Ca(2+) transients was highly variable, and it was determined that firing was stochastic in nature. Ca(2+) transients were tabulated in multiple cells within fields of view, and no correlation was found between the events in adjacent cells. TTX (1 μm) significantly increased the occurrence of Ca(2+) transients, suggesting that ICC-DMP contributes to the tonic inhibition conveyed by ongoing activity of inhibitory motor neurons. Ca(2+) transients were minimally affected after 12 min in Ca(2+) free solution, indicating these events do not depend immediately upon Ca(2+) influx. However, inhibitors of sarco/endoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+) -ATPase (SERCA) pump and blockers of inositol triphosphate receptor (InsP3 R) and ryanodine receptor (RyR) channels blocked ICC Ca(2+) transients. These data suggest an interdependence between RyR and InsP3 R in the generation of Ca(2+) transients. Itpr1 and Ryr2 were the dominant transcripts expressed by ICC. These findings provide the first high-resolution recording of the subcellular Ca(2+) dynamics that control the behaviour of ICC-DMP in situ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salah A Baker
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, NV, USA
| | - Bernard T Drumm
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, NV, USA
| | - Dieter Saur
- II. Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik, Klinikum rechts der Isar der TU München, München, Germany
| | - Grant W Hennig
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, NV, USA
| | - Sean M Ward
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, NV, USA
| | - Kenton M Sanders
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, NV, USA
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16
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Use of anoctamin 1 (ANO1) to evaluate interstitial cells of Cajal in Hirschsprung's disease. Pediatr Surg Int 2016; 32:125-33. [PMID: 26510736 DOI: 10.1007/s00383-015-3822-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Interstitial cells of Cajal (ICCs) are pacemaker cells involved in facilitating neurotransmission and the generation of slow electrical waves necessary for colonic peristalsis. Their distribution has been found to be abnormal in the aganglionic and ganglionic colon in Hirschsprung's disease (HSCR) using c-kit-labelling. Anoctamin-1 (ANO1) is a Ca(2+)-activated Cl(-) channel thought to be specifically expressed on ICCs. Unlike c-kit, it plays a key role in ICC pacemaker activity. We aimed to investigate the utility of ANO1 in evaluating the colonic ICC network in HSCR. MATERIALS AND METHODS We collected full-length pull-through specimens from children with HSCR (n = 10). Control colon specimens were collected at colostomy closure in children with anorectal malformation (n = 6). The distribution of ANO1 and c-kit expression was evaluated using immunofluorescence and confocal microscopy. ANO1 expression was quantified using Western blot analysis. RESULTS ANO1 was not expressed on 23 % of c-kit immuno-positive cells in the circular muscle; however, 100 % of ANO1-positive ICCs were c-kit positive. The distribution of ANO1-positive ICCs was sparse in aganglionic colon, with a modest reduction in ICCs seen in the ganglionic colon in HSCR compared to controls (p = 0.044). ANO1 protein expression was reduced in aganglionic colon but similar in ganglionic colon relative to controls. CONCLUSIONS ANO1 is preferential to c-kit in evaluating the ICC network in HSCR due to its specificity and functional importance. Abnormal distribution of ANO1-positive ICCs in the ganglionic colon in HSCR may contribute to persistent bowel symptoms in some patients after pull-through surgery.
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17
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Tamada H, Kiyama H. Existence of c-Kit negative cells with ultrastructural features of interstitial cells of Cajal in the subserosal layer of the W/W(v) mutant mouse colon. J Smooth Muscle Res 2015; 51:1-9. [PMID: 26004376 PMCID: PMC5137270 DOI: 10.1540/jsmr.51.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) are mesenchymal cells that are distributed along the gastrointestinal tract and function as pacemaker cells or intermediary cells between nerves and smooth muscle cells. ICC express a receptor tyrosine kinase c-Kit, which is an established marker for ICC. The c-kit gene is allelic with the murine white-spotting locus (W), and some ICC subsets were reported to be missing in heterozygous mutant W/W(v) mice carrying W and W(v) mutated alleles. In this study, the characterization of interstitial cells in the subserosal layer of W/W(v) mice was analyzed by immunohistochemistry and electron microscopy. In the proximal and distal colon of W/W(v) mutant mice, no c-Kit-positive cells were detected in the subserosal layer by immunohistochemistry. By electron microscopy, the interstitial cells, which were characterized by the existence of caveolae, abundant mitochondria and gap junctions, were observed in the W/W(v) mutant colon. The morphological characteristics were comparable to those of the multipolar c-Kit positive ICC seen in the subserosa of proximal and distal colon of wild-type mice. Fibroblasts were also located in the same layers, but the morphology of the fibroblasts was distinguishable from that of ICC in wild type mice or of ICC-like cells in W/W(v) mutant mice. Collectively, it is concluded that c-Kit-negative interstitial cells showing a typical ICC ultrastructure exist in the proximal and distal colon of W/W(v) mutant mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiromi Tamada
- Department of Functional Anatomy and Neuroscience, Nagoya University, Graduate School of Medicine, Aichi, Japan
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Dailey DD, Ehrhart EJ, Duval DL, Bass T, Powers BE. DOG1 is a sensitive and specific immunohistochemical marker for diagnosis of canine gastrointestinal stromal tumors. J Vet Diagn Invest 2015; 27:268-77. [DOI: 10.1177/1040638715578878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) and leiomyosarcomas are histologically similar primary neoplasms commonly occurring in the gastrointestinal tract of dogs and humans. Immunohistochemical staining (IHC) is needed to differentiate between these 2 entities and positive reactivity for KIT (cluster of differentiation [CD]117) is regarded as the gold standard for diagnosis of canine GIST. Studies estimate 5–10% of human GISTs stain negative or only weakly positive for KIT and have identified DOG1 (discovered on gastrointestinal stromal tumors protein 1) as a highly sensitive and specific marker for human GISTs. The purpose of this study was to evaluate immunoreactivity of a commercially available DOG1 antibody for use in diagnosis of canine GISTs. Fifty-five primary mesenchymal gastrointestinal tumors with histologic features consistent with GIST or leiomyosarcoma were evaluated via IHC for KIT, DOG1, and desmin. A subset of tumors was additionally evaluated for reactivity for smooth muscle actin (SMA). Thirty-three tumors (60%) were diagnosed as GIST based on positive immunoreactivity for KIT or DOG1 regardless of reactivity for desmin or SMA. Most GISTs (32/33, 97.0%) had similar staining for both KIT and DOG1. DOG1 expression was identified in 2 tumors (1 study tumor and 1 additional tumor) negative for KIT and desmin that had histologic features consistent with KIT-negative, platelet-derived growth factor receptor-alpha (PDGFRA)-mutant human GISTs. Our results suggest that DOG1 has improved specificity and sensitivity to that of KIT for differentiating between canine GISTs and leiomyosarcomas. Inclusion of both DOG1 and KIT IHC in diagnostic panels will improve the accuracy of canine GIST diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deanna D. Dailey
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratories (Bass, Ehrhart, Powers), Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO
- Cell and Molecular Biology Graduate Program (Dailey, Ehrhart, Duval), Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO
- Departments of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology (Ehrhart, Powers), College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO
- Clinical Sciences (Duval), College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO
- Flint Animal Cancer Center (Dailey, Ehrhart, Duval), College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO
| | - E. J. Ehrhart
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratories (Bass, Ehrhart, Powers), Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO
- Cell and Molecular Biology Graduate Program (Dailey, Ehrhart, Duval), Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO
- Departments of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology (Ehrhart, Powers), College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO
- Clinical Sciences (Duval), College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO
- Flint Animal Cancer Center (Dailey, Ehrhart, Duval), College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO
| | - Dawn L. Duval
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratories (Bass, Ehrhart, Powers), Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO
- Cell and Molecular Biology Graduate Program (Dailey, Ehrhart, Duval), Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO
- Departments of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology (Ehrhart, Powers), College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO
- Clinical Sciences (Duval), College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO
- Flint Animal Cancer Center (Dailey, Ehrhart, Duval), College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO
| | - Todd Bass
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratories (Bass, Ehrhart, Powers), Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO
- Cell and Molecular Biology Graduate Program (Dailey, Ehrhart, Duval), Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO
- Departments of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology (Ehrhart, Powers), College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO
- Clinical Sciences (Duval), College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO
- Flint Animal Cancer Center (Dailey, Ehrhart, Duval), College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO
| | - B. E. Powers
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratories (Bass, Ehrhart, Powers), Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO
- Cell and Molecular Biology Graduate Program (Dailey, Ehrhart, Duval), Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO
- Departments of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology (Ehrhart, Powers), College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO
- Clinical Sciences (Duval), College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO
- Flint Animal Cancer Center (Dailey, Ehrhart, Duval), College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO
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Lee MY. Does Decreased c-KIT Expression in Myenteric Interstitial Cells of Cajal Cause Decreased Spontaneous Contraction in Murine Proximal Colon? J Neurogastroenterol Motil 2015; 21:1-3. [PMID: 25611062 PMCID: PMC4288098 DOI: 10.5056/jnm14140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2014] [Revised: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Moon Young Lee
- Department of Physiology, Wonkwang Digestive Disease Research Institute and Institute of Wonkwang Medical Science, School of Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Jeollabuk-do, Korea
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