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Liu X, Keyhani NO, Liu H, Zhang Y, Xia Y, Cao Y. Glyoxal oxidase-mediated detoxification of reactive carbonyl species contributes to virulence, stress tolerance, and development in a pathogenic fungus. PLoS Pathog 2024; 20:e1012431. [PMID: 39078845 PMCID: PMC11315307 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1012431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Revised: 08/09/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Reactive carbonyl and oxygen species (RCS/ROS), often generated as metabolic byproducts, particularly under conditions of pathology, can cause direct damage to proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. Glyoxal oxidases (Gloxs) oxidize aldehydes to carboxylic acids, generating hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Although best characterized for their roles in lignin degradation, Glox in plant fungal pathogens are known to contribute to virulence, however, the mechanism underlying such effects are unclear. Here, we show that Glox in the insect pathogenic fungus, Metarhizium acridum, is highly expressed in mycelia and during formation of infection structures (appressoria), with the enzyme localizing to the cell membrane. MaGlox targeted gene disruption mutants showed RCS and ROS accumulation, resulting in cell toxicity, induction of apoptosis and increased autophagy, inhibiting normal fungal growth and development. The ability of the MaGlox mutant to scavenge RCS was significantly reduced, and the mutant exhibited increased susceptibility to aldehydes, oxidative and cell wall perturbing agents but not toward osmotic stress, with altered cell wall contents. The ΔMaGlox mutant was impaired in its ability to penetrate the host cuticle and evade host immune defense resulting in attenuated pathogenicity. Overexpression of MaGlox promoted fungal growth and conidial germination, increased tolerance to H2O2, but had little to other phenotypic effects. Transcriptomic analyses revealed downregulation of genes related to cell wall synthesis, conidiation, stress tolerance, and host cuticle penetration in the ΔMaGlox mutant. These findings demonstrate that MaGlox-mediated scavenging of RCS is required for virulence, and contributes to normal fungal growth and development, stress resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Liu
- Genetic Engineering Research Center, School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Fungal Insecticide, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation Technologies Under Chongqing Municipal Education Commission, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Nemat O. Keyhani
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Hong Liu
- Genetic Engineering Research Center, School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Fungal Insecticide, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation Technologies Under Chongqing Municipal Education Commission, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Genetic Engineering Research Center, School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Fungal Insecticide, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation Technologies Under Chongqing Municipal Education Commission, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuxian Xia
- Genetic Engineering Research Center, School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Fungal Insecticide, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation Technologies Under Chongqing Municipal Education Commission, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yueqing Cao
- Genetic Engineering Research Center, School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Fungal Insecticide, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation Technologies Under Chongqing Municipal Education Commission, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
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Raeisi H, Safarnejad MR, Alavi SM, de Oliveira Andrade M, Farrokhi N, Elahinia SA. Transient expression of anti-HrpE scFv antibody reduces the hypersensitive response in non-host plant against bacterial phytopathogen Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri. Sci Rep 2024; 14:7121. [PMID: 38531981 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-57355-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Citrus canker is a bacterial disease caused by Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri (Xcc) that affects the citrus industry worldwide. Hrp pili subunits (HrpE), an essential component of Type III secretion system (T3SS) bacteria, play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of Xcc by transporting effector proteins into the host cell and causing canker symptoms. Therefore, development of antibodies that block HrpE can suppress disease progression. In this study, a specific scFv detecting HrpE was developed using phage display technique and characterized using sequencing, ELISA, Western blotting, and molecular docking. In addition, a plant expression vector of pCAMBIA-scFvH6 was constructed and agroinfiltrated into Nicotiana tabacum cv. Samson leaves. The hypersensitive response (HR) in the leaves of transformed and non-transformed plants was evaluated by inoculating leaves with Xcc. After three rounds of biopanning of the phage library, a specific human scFv antibody, named scFvH6, was identified that showed high binding activity against HrpE in ELISA and Western blotting. Molecular docking results showed that five intermolecular hydrogen bonds are involved in HrpE-scFvH6 interaction, confirming the specificity and high binding activity of scFvH6. Successful transient expression of pCAMBIA-scFvH6 in tobacco leaves was verified using immunoassay tests. The binding activity of plant-produced scFvH6 to detect HrpE in Western blotting and ELISA was similar to that of bacterial-produced scFvH6 antibody. Interestingly, tobacco plants expressing scFvH6 showed a remarkable reduction in HR induced by Xcc compared with control plants, so that incidence of necrotic lesions was significantly higher in non-transformed controls (≥ 1.5 lesions/cm2) than in the plants producing scFvH6 (≤ 0.5 lesions/cm2) after infiltration with Xcc inoculum. Our results revealed that the expression of scFvH6 in tobacco leaves can confer resistance to Xcc, indicating that this approach could be considered to provide resistance to citrus bacterial canker disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamideh Raeisi
- Foodborne and Waterborne Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Shahid Arabi Ave., Yemen St., Velenjak, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Reza Safarnejad
- Department of Plant Viruses, Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organization of Iran, Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Mehdi Alavi
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maxuel de Oliveira Andrade
- Brazilian Biorenewables National Laboratory (LNBR), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Naser Farrokhi
- Departement of Cell & Molecular Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences & Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University G.C, Evin, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Ali Elahinia
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Agricultural Sciences, Guilan University, Rasht, Iran
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Moon H, Min K, Winarto J, Shin S, Jeon H, Song DG, Son H. Proteomic Analysis of Cell Wall Proteins with Various Linkages in Fusarium graminearum. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:6028-6039. [PMID: 38457781 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c07746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/10/2024]
Abstract
The fungal cell wall, primarily comprising a glucan-chitin matrix and cell wall proteins (CWPs), serves as a key mediator for fungal interactions with the environment and plays a pivotal role in virulence. In this study, we employed a comprehensive proteomics approach to analyze the CWPs in the plant pathogenic fungus Fusarium graminearum. Our methodology successfully extracted and identified 1373 CWPs, highlighting their complex linkages, including noncovalent bonds, disulfide bridges, alkali-sensitive linkages, and glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchors. A significant subset of these proteins, enriched in Gene Ontology terms, suggest multifunctional roles of CWPs. Through the integration of transcriptomic and proteomic data, we observed differential expression patterns of CWPs across developmental stages. Specifically, we focused on two genes, Fca7 and Cpd1, which were upregulated in planta, and confirmed their localization predominantly outside the plasma membrane, primarily in the cell wall and periplasmic space. The disruption of FCA7 reduced virulence on wheat, aligning with previous findings and underscoring its significance. Overall, our findings offer a comprehensive proteomic profile of CWPs in F. graminearum, laying the groundwork for a deeper understanding of their roles in the development and interactions with host plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heeji Moon
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyunghun Min
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Department of Plant Science, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung 25457, Republic of Korea
| | - Jessica Winarto
- Natural Product Informatics Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST) Gangneung Institute of Natural Products, Gangneung 25451, Republic of Korea
- Division of Bio-Medical Science & Technology, KIST School, University of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Soobin Shin
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hosung Jeon
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae-Geun Song
- Natural Product Informatics Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST) Gangneung Institute of Natural Products, Gangneung 25451, Republic of Korea
- Division of Bio-Medical Science & Technology, KIST School, University of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Hokyoung Son
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
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Song P, Dong W. Identification and Characterization of an Antifungal Gene Mt1 from Bacillus subtilis by Affecting Amino Acid Metabolism in Fusarium graminearum. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24108857. [PMID: 37240206 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24108857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 05/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Fusarium head blight is a devastating disease that causes significant economic losses worldwide. Fusarium graminearum is a crucial pathogen that requires close attention when controlling wheat diseases. Here, we aimed to identify genes and proteins that could confer resistance to F. graminearum. By extensively screening recombinants, we identified an antifungal gene, Mt1 (240 bp), from Bacillus subtilis 330-2. We recombinantly expressed Mt1 in F. graminearum and observed a substantial reduction in the production of aerial mycelium, mycelial growth rate, biomass, and pathogenicity. However, recombinant mycelium and spore morphology remained unchanged. Transcriptome analysis of the recombinants revealed significant down-regulation of genes related to amino acid metabolism and degradation pathways. This finding indicated that Mt1 inhibited amino acid metabolism, leading to limited mycelial growth and, thus, reduced pathogenicity. Based on the results of recombinant phenotypes and transcriptome analysis, we hypothesize that the effect of Mt1 on F. graminearum could be related to the metabolism of branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs), the most affected metabolic pathway with significant down-regulation of several genes. Our findings provide new insights into antifungal gene research and offer promising targets for developing novel strategies to control Fusarium head blight in wheat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Song
- Key Lab of Crop Disease Monitoring & Safety Control in Hubei Province, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Wubei Dong
- Key Lab of Crop Disease Monitoring & Safety Control in Hubei Province, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
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Copper radical oxidases: galactose oxidase, glyoxal oxidase, and beyond! Essays Biochem 2022; 67:597-613. [PMID: 36562172 DOI: 10.1042/ebc20220124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The copper radical oxidases (CROs) are an evolutionary and functionally diverse group of enzymes established by the historically significant galactose 6-oxidase and glyoxal oxidase from fungi. Inducted in 2013, CROs now constitute Auxiliary Activity Family 5 (AA5) in the Carbohydrate-Active Enzymes (CAZy) classification. CROs catalyse the two-electron oxidation of their substrates using oxygen as the final electron acceptor and are particularly distinguished by a cross-linked tyrosine-cysteine co-factor that is integral to radical stabilization. Recently, there has been a significant increase in the biochemically and structurally characterized CROs, which has revealed an expanded natural diversity of catalytic activities in the family. This review provides a brief historical introduction to CRO biochemistry and structural biology as a foundation for an update on current advances in CRO enzymology, biotechnology, and biology across kingdoms of life.
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Khairi MHF, Nor Muhammad NA, Bunawan H, Abdul Murad AM, Ramzi AB. Unveiling the Core Effector Proteins of Oil Palm Pathogen Ganoderma boninense via Pan-Secretome Analysis. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8080793. [PMID: 36012782 PMCID: PMC9409662 DOI: 10.3390/jof8080793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Ganoderma boninense is the major causal agent of basal stem rot (BSR) disease in oil palm, causing the progressive rot of the basal part of the stem. Despite its prominence, the key pathogenicity determinants for the aggressive nature of hemibiotrophic infection remain unknown. In this study, genome sequencing and the annotation of G. boninense T10 were carried out using the Illumina sequencing platform, and comparative genome analysis was performed with previously reported G. boninense strains (NJ3 and G3). The pan-secretome of G. boninense was constructed and comprised 937 core orthogroups, 243 accessory orthogroups, and 84 strain-specific orthogroups. In total, 320 core orthogroups were enriched with candidate effector proteins (CEPs) that could be classified as carbohydrate-active enzymes, hydrolases, and non-catalytic proteins. Differential expression analysis revealed an upregulation of five CEP genes that was linked to the suppression of PTI signaling cascade, while the downregulation of four CEP genes was linked to the inhibition of PTI by preventing host defense elicitation. Genome architecture analysis revealed the one-speed architecture of the G. boninense genome and the lack of preferential association of CEP genes to transposable elements. The findings obtained from this study aid in the characterization of pathogenicity determinants and molecular biomarkers of BSR disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamad Hazwan Fikri Khairi
- Institute of Systems Biology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia; (M.H.F.K.); (N.A.N.M.); (H.B.)
| | - Nor Azlan Nor Muhammad
- Institute of Systems Biology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia; (M.H.F.K.); (N.A.N.M.); (H.B.)
| | - Hamidun Bunawan
- Institute of Systems Biology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia; (M.H.F.K.); (N.A.N.M.); (H.B.)
| | - Abdul Munir Abdul Murad
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia;
| | - Ahmad Bazli Ramzi
- Institute of Systems Biology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia; (M.H.F.K.); (N.A.N.M.); (H.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +603-8921-4546; Fax: +603-8921-3398
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Zhao Y, Zhang L, Ju C, Zhang X, Huang J. Quantitative multiplexed proteomics analysis reveals reshaping of the lysine 2-hydroxyisobutyrylome in Fusarium graminearum by tebuconazole. BMC Genomics 2022; 23:145. [PMID: 35180840 PMCID: PMC8855566 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-022-08372-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Backgrounds Lysine 2-hydroxyisobutyrylation (Khib) is a newly discovered posttranslational modification (PTM) and has been identified in several prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms. Fusarium graminearum, a major pathogen of Fusarium head blight (FHB) in cereal crops, can cause considerable yield loss and produce various mycotoxins that threaten human health. The application of chemical fungicides such as tebuconazole (TEC) remains the major method to control this pathogen. However, the distribution of Khib in F. graminearum and whether Khib is remodified in response to fungicide stress remain unknown. Results Here, we carried out a proteome-wide analysis of Khib in F. graminearum, identifying the reshaping of the lysine 2-hydroxyisobutyrylome by tebuconazole, using the most recently developed high-resolution LC–MS/MS technique in combination with high-specific affinity enrichment. Specifically, 3501 Khib sites on 1049 proteins were identified, and 1083 Khib sites on 556 modified proteins normalized to the total protein content were changed significantly after TEC treatment. Bioinformatics analysis showed that Khib proteins are involved in a wide range of biological processes and may be involved in virulence and deoxynivalenol (DON) production, as well as sterol biosynthesis, in F. graminearum. Conclusions Here, we provided a wealth of resources for further study of the roles of Khib in the fungicide resistance of F. graminearum. The results enhanced our understanding of this PTM in filamentous ascomycete fungi and provided insight into the remodification of Khib sites during azole fungicide challenge in F. graminearum. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12864-022-08372-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanxiang Zhao
- College of Plant Health and Medicine and Key Lab of Integrated Crop Disease and Pest Management of Shandong Province, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, Shandong Province, China
| | - Limin Zhang
- College of Plant Health and Medicine and Key Lab of Integrated Crop Disease and Pest Management of Shandong Province, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, Shandong Province, China
| | - Chao Ju
- College of Plant Health and Medicine and Key Lab of Integrated Crop Disease and Pest Management of Shandong Province, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, Shandong Province, China
| | - Xiaoyan Zhang
- College of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, 264025, Shandong Province, China
| | - Jinguang Huang
- College of Plant Health and Medicine and Key Lab of Integrated Crop Disease and Pest Management of Shandong Province, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, Shandong Province, China.
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Huang B, Jia H, Han X, Gou J, Huang C, Wang J, Wei J, Wang J, Zhang C. Effects of biocontrol Bacillus and fermentation bacteria additions on the microbial community, functions and antibiotic resistance genes of prickly ash seed oil meal-biochar compost. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2021; 340:125668. [PMID: 34339999 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.125668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluated the effects of biocontrol Bacillus and fermenting bacteria addition on the microbial community, metabolic functions and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) of new prickly ash seed oil meal (PSOM)-biochar composting. The results showed that the addition of Bacillus subtilis and fermentation bacteria significantly increased the NH4+-N, bacterial abundance and fungal diversity of compost while decreasing the relative abundances (RAs) of carbon metabolism genes in mature compost. NH4+-N was significantly correlated with microbial abundance and diversity, and its increase was closely related to microbial amino acid metabolism. The addition of biocontrol and fermenting bacteria changed the RAs of ARGs, which was caused by changes in the potential hosts Proteobacteria, Bacteroidota and Firmicutes in the compost. Consequently, adding Bacillus and fermenting bacteria into PSOM to make composting was suggested as an effective method to promote nutrient transformation, regulate microbial activity and decrease RAs of tetracycline and vancomycin ARGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Huang
- Pest Integrated Management Key Laboratory of China Tobacco, Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China
| | - Haijiang Jia
- Raw Material Technology Center of Guangxi Tobacco, Nanning 530000, China
| | - Xiaobin Han
- Biological Organic Fertilizer Engineering Technology Center of China Tobacco, Zunyi 563000, China
| | - Jianyu Gou
- Biological Organic Fertilizer Engineering Technology Center of China Tobacco, Zunyi 563000, China
| | - Chongjun Huang
- Raw Material Technology Center of Guangxi Tobacco, Nanning 530000, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Pest Integrated Management Key Laboratory of China Tobacco, Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China
| | - Jianyu Wei
- Raw Material Technology Center of Guangxi Tobacco, Nanning 530000, China
| | - Jie Wang
- Pest Integrated Management Key Laboratory of China Tobacco, Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China.
| | - Chengsheng Zhang
- Pest Integrated Management Key Laboratory of China Tobacco, Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China
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Achari SR, Edwards J, Mann RC, Kaur JK, Sawbridge T, Summerell BA. Comparative transcriptomic analysis of races 1, 2, 5 and 6 of Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. pisi in a susceptible pea host identifies differential pathogenicity profiles. BMC Genomics 2021; 22:734. [PMID: 34627148 PMCID: PMC8502283 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-021-08033-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The fungal pathogen Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. pisi (Fop) causes Fusarium wilt in peas. There are four races globally: 1, 2, 5 and 6 and all of these races are present in Australia. Molecular infection mechanisms have been studied in a few other F. oxysporum formae speciales; however, there has been no transcriptomic Fop-pea pathosystem study. RESULTS A transcriptomic study was carried out to understand the molecular pathogenicity differences between the races. Transcriptome analysis at 20 days post-inoculation revealed differences in the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the Fop races potentially involved in fungal pathogenicity variations. Most of the DEGs in all the races were engaged in transportation, metabolism, oxidation-reduction, translation, biosynthetic processes, signal transduction, proteolysis, among others. Race 5 expressed the most virulence-associated genes. Most genes encoding for plant cell wall degrading enzymes, CAZymes and effector-like proteins were expressed in race 2. Race 6 expressed the least number of genes at this time point. CONCLUSION Fop races deploy various factors and complex strategies to mitigate host defences to facilitate colonisation. This investigation provides an overview of the putative pathogenicity genes in different Fop races during the necrotrophic stage of infection. These genes need to be functionally characterised to confirm their pathogenicity/virulence roles and the race-specific genes can be further explored for molecular characterisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saidi R Achari
- AgriBio, Agriculture Victoria Research, DJPR, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia.
- School of Applied Systems Biology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Jacqueline Edwards
- AgriBio, Agriculture Victoria Research, DJPR, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
- School of Applied Systems Biology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ross C Mann
- AgriBio, Agriculture Victoria Research, DJPR, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jatinder K Kaur
- AgriBio, Agriculture Victoria Research, DJPR, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
| | - Tim Sawbridge
- AgriBio, Agriculture Victoria Research, DJPR, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
- School of Applied Systems Biology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
| | - Brett A Summerell
- Australian Institute of Botanical Science, Royal Botanic Gardens & Domain Trust, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Semi-interpenetrating Network Membrane from Polyethyleneimine-Epoxy Resin and Polybenzimidazole for HT-PEM Fuel Cells. ADVANCES IN POLYMER TECHNOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1155/2020/3845982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In the present work, a semi-interpenetrating network (semi-IPN) high-temperature proton exchange membrane based on polyethyleneimine (PEI), epoxy resin (ER), and polybenzimidazole (PBI) was prepared and characterized, aiming at their future application in fuel cell devices. The physical properties of the semi-IPN membrane are characterized by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and tensile strength test. The results indicate that the as-prepared PEI-ER/PBI semi-IPN membranes possess excellent thermal stability and mechanical strength. After phosphoric acid (PA) doping treatment, the semi-IPN membranes show high proton conductivities. PA doping level and volume swelling ratio as well as proton conductivities of the semi-IPN membranes are found to be positively related to the PEI content. High proton conductivities of
are achieved at 160°C for these PA-doped PEI-ER/PBI series membranes. H2/O2 fuel cell assembled with PA-doped PEI-ER(1 : 2)/PBI membrane delivered a peak power density of 170 mW cm-2 at 160°C under anhydrous conditions.
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Chen F, Ma R, Chen XL. Advances of Metabolomics in Fungal Pathogen-Plant Interactions. Metabolites 2019; 9:metabo9080169. [PMID: 31443304 PMCID: PMC6724083 DOI: 10.3390/metabo9080169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Revised: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant disease caused by fungus is one of the major threats to global food security, and understanding fungus-plant interactions is important for plant disease control. Research devoted to revealing the mechanisms of fungal pathogen-plant interactions has been conducted using genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics. Metabolomics research based on mass spectrometric techniques is an important part of systems biology. In the past decade, the emerging field of metabolomics in plant pathogenic fungi has received wide attention. It not only provides a qualitative and quantitative approach for determining the pathogenesis of pathogenic fungi but also helps to elucidate the defense mechanisms of their host plants. This review focuses on the methods and progress of metabolomics research in fungal pathogen-plant interactions. In addition, the prospects and challenges of metabolomics research in plant pathogenic fungi and their hosts are addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangfang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Ruijing Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Xiao-Lin Chen
- The Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
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12
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Effects on hyphal morphology and development by the putative copper radical oxidase glx1 in Trichoderma virens suggest a novel role as a cell wall associated enzyme. Fungal Genet Biol 2019; 131:103245. [PMID: 31228644 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2019.103245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2019] [Revised: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Trichoderma spp. have been characterized for their capacity to act as biological control agents against several pathogens through the activity of secondary metabolites and cell wall degrading enzymes. However, only T. reesei has been widely studied for the ability to assimilate lignocellulose substrates. Protein analysis by SDS-PAGE of culture filtrate of T. virens revealed the presence of an unknown ∼77 kDa band protein (GLX1) that showed sequence homology to glyoxal-like oxidase genes involved in lignin degradation. The analysis and biochemical characterization of the 1,119 amino acid coded protein showed the presence of five carbohydrate-binding modules (CBMs) with affinity for colloidal chitin, and a functional glyoxal oxidase catalytic domain that is involved in the production of hydrogen peroxide when methylglyoxal was used as a substrate. The silencing of the glx1 gene resulted in mutants with more than 90% expression reduction and the absence of glyoxal oxidase catalytic activity. These mutants showed delayed hyphal growth, reduced colony and conidial hydrophobicity, but showed no changes in their biocontrol ability. Most significantly, mutants exhibited a loss of growth directionality resulting in a curled phenotype that was eliminated in the presence of exogenous H2O2. Here we present evidence that in T. virens, glx1 is not involved in the breakdown of lignin but instead is responsible for normal hyphal growth and morphology and likely does this through free radical production within the fungal cell wall. This is the first time that a glyoxal oxidase protein has been isolated and characterized in ascomycete fungi.
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Gu KX, Song XS, Xiao XM, Duan XX, Wang JX, Duan YB, Hou YP, Zhou MG. A β 2-tubulin dsRNA derived from Fusarium asiaticum confers plant resistance to multiple phytopathogens and reduces fungicide resistance. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 153:36-46. [PMID: 30744895 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2018.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Revised: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Crops are attacked by a large number of pathogens which are responsible for an approximately 30% loss in global crop production at pre- and post-harvest levels. In light of the continuing emergence of fungicide resistance, the needs for new agricultural drugs turn out to be much more critical. Here we demonstrated a Faβ2Tub-3 dsRNA derived from Fusarium asiaticum had broad-spectrum antifungal activity against Fusarium spp., Botrytis cinerea, Magnaporthe oryzae and Colletotrichum truncatum, with an additional function of reducing the dosage of carbendazim (MBC) fungicide. RNAi molecules derived from different regions of β2-tubulin gene had different effects on mycelial growth, asexual reproduction and virulence. Faβ2Tub-3 (one of β2-tubulin segments) exhibited a strong silencing efficacy both on β1-tubulin and β2-tubulin genes in F. asiaticum. Faβ2Tub-3 sequence was found to be highly conserved among Fusarium spp., Botrytis cinerea, Magnaporthe oryzae and Colletotrichum truncatum. The Faβ2Tub-3 dsRNA demonstrated a broad-spectrum antifungal activity against these fungi in vitro and on living plant. More importantly, Faβ2Tub-3 dsRNA increased the fungal sensitivity to MBC, while MBC increased the duration of Faβ2Tub-3 dsRNA. Our findings suggest a new anti-fungal agent (Faβ2Tub-3 dsRNA) for plant protection against diverse pathogens and for fungicide reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Xin Gu
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Jiangsu Province, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xiu-Shi Song
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Jiangsu Province, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xue-Mei Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Jiangsu Province, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xiao-Xin Duan
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Jiangsu Province, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jian-Xin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Jiangsu Province, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Ya-Bing Duan
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Jiangsu Province, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yi-Ping Hou
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Jiangsu Province, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Ming-Guo Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Jiangsu Province, Nanjing 210095, China.
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Bissaro B, Várnai A, Røhr ÅK, Eijsink VGH. Oxidoreductases and Reactive Oxygen Species in Conversion of Lignocellulosic Biomass. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2018; 82:e00029-18. [PMID: 30257993 PMCID: PMC6298611 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00029-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Biomass constitutes an appealing alternative to fossil resources for the production of materials and energy. The abundance and attractiveness of vegetal biomass come along with challenges pertaining to the intricacy of its structure, evolved during billions of years to face and resist abiotic and biotic attacks. To achieve the daunting goal of plant cell wall decomposition, microorganisms have developed many (enzymatic) strategies, from which we seek inspiration to develop biotechnological processes. A major breakthrough in the field has been the discovery of enzymes today known as lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs), which, by catalyzing the oxidative cleavage of recalcitrant polysaccharides, allow canonical hydrolytic enzymes to depolymerize the biomass more efficiently. Very recently, it has been shown that LPMOs are not classical monooxygenases in that they can also use hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) as an oxidant. This discovery calls for a revision of our understanding of how lignocellulolytic enzymes are connected since H2O2 is produced and used by several of them. The first part of this review is dedicated to the LPMO paradigm, describing knowns, unknowns, and uncertainties. We then present different lignocellulolytic redox systems, enzymatic or not, that depend on fluxes of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Based on an assessment of these putatively interconnected systems, we suggest that fine-tuning of H2O2 levels and proximity between sites of H2O2 production and consumption are important for fungal biomass conversion. In the last part of this review, we discuss how our evolving understanding of redox processes involved in biomass depolymerization may translate into industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bastien Bissaro
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Aas, Norway
| | - Anikó Várnai
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Aas, Norway
| | - Åsmund K Røhr
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Aas, Norway
| | - Vincent G H Eijsink
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Aas, Norway
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Characterization of a New Glyoxal Oxidase from the Thermophilic Fungus Myceliophthora thermophila M77: Hydrogen Peroxide Production Retained in 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural Oxidation. Catalysts 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/catal8100476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Myceliophthora thermophyla is a thermophilic industrially relevant fungus that secretes an assortment of hydrolytic and oxidative enzymes for lignocellulose degradation. Among them is glyoxal oxidase (MtGLOx), an extracellular oxidoreductase that oxidizes several aldehydes and α-hydroxy carbonyl substrates coupled to the reduction of O2 to H2O2. This copper metalloprotein belongs to a class of enzymes called radical copper oxidases (CRO) and to the “auxiliary activities” subfamily AA5_1 that is based on the Carbohydrate-Active enZYmes (CAZy) database. Only a few members of this family have been characterized to date. Here, we report the recombinant production, characterization, and structure-function analysis of MtGLOx. Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) spectroscopy confirmed MtGLOx to be a radical-coupled copper complex and small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) revealed an extended spatial arrangement of the catalytic and four N-terminal WSC domains. Furthermore, we demonstrate that methylglyoxal and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF), a fermentation inhibitor, are substrates for the enzyme.
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Song XS, Gu KX, Duan XX, Xiao XM, Hou YP, Duan YB, Wang JX, Zhou MG. A myosin5 dsRNA that reduces the fungicide resistance and pathogenicity of Fusarium asiaticum. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 150:1-9. [PMID: 30195381 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2018.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Revised: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Fungal resistance to fungicides is a serious challenge in crop protection. Although strategies have been found to prevent the development of fungicide resistance, rare strategy has been found to quickly reduce such resistance once it has occurred. We demonstrate that the application of dsRNAs, which inhibit the expression of the phenamacril (fungicide JS399-19) target gene-Myosin 5 (Myo5) in Fusarium, decreased F. asiaticum resistance to phenamacril and infection. RNAi molecules derived from different regions of Myo5 gene had different effects on phenamacril-resistance. Myo5-8 (one of Myo5 segments) exhibited great and stable effect on phenamacril-resistant reduction both in vivo and in vitro. Myo5 mRNA and protein were both reduced when mycelium was treated with Myo5-8 dsRNA. After a mixture of Myo5-8 dsRNA and phenamacril treatment, plants can highly control the infection of phenamacril-resistant strain. The antifungal activity of Myo5-8 dsRNA plus phenamacril effected longer than a single Myo5-8 dsRNA. In addition, no off-target sequences were found in wheat and/or other plant and animal species for Myo5-8 dsRNA sequence. Our findings suggest a new strategy for fungicide resistant reduction and for designing new fungicides to control pathogens which easily develop fungicide resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu-Shi Song
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Jiangsu Province, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Kai-Xin Gu
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Jiangsu Province, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xiao-Xin Duan
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Jiangsu Province, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xue-Mei Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Jiangsu Province, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yi-Ping Hou
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Jiangsu Province, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Ya-Bing Duan
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Jiangsu Province, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jian-Xin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Jiangsu Province, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Ming-Guo Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Jiangsu Province, Nanjing 210095, China.
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Schubert M, Spiegel H, Schillberg S, Nölke G. Aspergillus-specific antibodies - Targets and applications. Biotechnol Adv 2018; 36:1167-1184. [PMID: 29608951 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2018.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Revised: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Aspergillus is a fungal genus comprising several hundred species, many of which can damage the health of plants, animals and humans by direct infection and/or due to the production of toxic secondary metabolites known as mycotoxins. Aspergillus-specific antibodies have been generated against polypeptides, polysaccharides and secondary metabolites found in the cell wall or secretions, and these can be used to detect and monitor infections or to quantify mycotoxin contamination in food and feed. However, most Aspergillus-specific antibodies are generated against heterogeneous antigen preparations and the specific target remains unknown. Target identification is important because this can help to characterize fungal morphology, confirm host penetration by opportunistic pathogens, detect specific disease-related biomarkers, identify new candidate targets for antifungal drug design, and qualify antibodies for diagnostic and therapeutic applications. In this review, we discuss how antibodies are raised against heterogeneous Aspergillus antigen preparations and how they can be characterized, focusing on strategies to identify their specific antigens and epitopes. We also discuss the therapeutic, diagnostic and biotechnological applications of Aspergillus-specific antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max Schubert
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Forckenbeckstrasse 6, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Holger Spiegel
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Forckenbeckstrasse 6, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Stefan Schillberg
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Forckenbeckstrasse 6, 52074 Aachen, Germany; Justus-Liebig University Giessen, Institute for Phytopathology and Applied Zoology, Phytopathology Department, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392 Giessen, Germany.
| | - Greta Nölke
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Forckenbeckstrasse 6, 52074 Aachen, Germany
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Kelly AC, Ward TJ. Population genomics of Fusarium graminearum reveals signatures of divergent evolution within a major cereal pathogen. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0194616. [PMID: 29584736 PMCID: PMC5870968 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0194616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The cereal pathogen Fusarium graminearum is the primary cause of Fusarium head blight (FHB) and a significant threat to food safety and crop production. To elucidate population structure and identify genomic targets of selection within major FHB pathogen populations in North America we sequenced the genomes of 60 diverse F. graminearum isolates. We also assembled the first pan-genome for F. graminearum to clarify population-level differences in gene content potentially contributing to pathogen diversity. Bayesian and phylogenomic analyses revealed genetic structure associated with isolates that produce the novel NX-2 mycotoxin, suggesting a North American population that has remained genetically distinct from other endemic and introduced cereal-infecting populations. Genome scans uncovered distinct signatures of selection within populations, focused in high diversity, frequently recombining regions. These patterns suggested selection for genomic divergence at the trichothecene toxin gene cluster and thirteen additional regions containing genes potentially involved in pathogen specialization. Gene content differences further distinguished populations, in that 121 genes showed population-specific patterns of conservation. Genes that differentiated populations had predicted functions related to pathogenesis, secondary metabolism and antagonistic interactions, though a subset had unique roles in temperature and light sensitivity. Our results indicated that F. graminearum populations are distinguished by dozens of genes with signatures of selection and an array of dispensable accessory genes, suggesting that FHB pathogen populations may be equipped with different traits to exploit the agroecosystem. These findings provide insights into the evolutionary processes and genomic features contributing to population divergence in plant pathogens, and highlight candidate genes for future functional studies of pathogen specialization across evolutionarily and ecologically diverse fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy C. Kelly
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Peoria, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Todd J. Ward
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Peoria, Illinois, United States of America
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Glyoxal oxidases: their nature and properties. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2017; 33:87. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-017-2254-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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20
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He WJ, Yuan QS, Zhang YB, Guo MW, Gong AD, Zhang JB, Wu AB, Huang T, Qu B, Li HP, Liao YC. Aerobic De-Epoxydation of Trichothecene Mycotoxins by a Soil Bacterial Consortium Isolated Using In Situ Soil Enrichment. Toxins (Basel) 2016; 8:toxins8100277. [PMID: 27669304 PMCID: PMC5086637 DOI: 10.3390/toxins8100277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Revised: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Globally, the trichothecene mycotoxins deoxynivalenol (DON) and nivalenol (NIV) are among the most widely distributed mycotoxins that contaminate small grain cereals. In this study, a bacterial consortium, PGC-3, with de-epoxydation activity was isolated from soil by an in situ soil enrichment method. Screening of 14 soil samples that were sprayed with DON revealed that 4 samples were able to biotransform DON into de-epoxydized DON (dE-DON). Among these, the PGC-3 consortium showed the highest and most stable activity to biotransform DON into dE-DON and NIV into dE-NIV. PGC-3 exhibited de-epoxydation activity at a wide range of pH (5–10) and temperatures (20–37 °C) values under aerobic conditions. Sequential subculturing with a continued exposure to DON substantially reduced the microbial population diversity of this consortium. Analyses of the 16S rDNA sequences indicated that PGC-3 comprised 10 bacterial genera. Among these, one species, Desulfitobacterium, showed a steady increase in relative abundance, from 0.03% to 1.55% (a 52-fold increase), as higher concentrations of DON were used in the subculture media, from 0 to 500 μg/mL. This study establishes the foundation to further develop bioactive agents that can detoxify trichothecene mycotoxins in cereals and enables for the characterization of detoxifying genes and their regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Jie He
- Molecular Biotechnology Laboratory of Triticeae Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Qing-Song Yuan
- Molecular Biotechnology Laboratory of Triticeae Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - You-Bing Zhang
- Molecular Biotechnology Laboratory of Triticeae Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Mao-Wei Guo
- Molecular Biotechnology Laboratory of Triticeae Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - An-Dong Gong
- Molecular Biotechnology Laboratory of Triticeae Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Jing-Bo Zhang
- Molecular Biotechnology Laboratory of Triticeae Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Ai-Bo Wu
- Key Laboratory of Food Safety Research Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China.
| | - Tao Huang
- Molecular Biotechnology Laboratory of Triticeae Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Bo Qu
- Molecular Biotechnology Laboratory of Triticeae Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - He-Ping Li
- Molecular Biotechnology Laboratory of Triticeae Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Yu-Cai Liao
- Molecular Biotechnology Laboratory of Triticeae Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
- National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
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