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Peng Q, Tang L, Zhao C, Liao S, Miao J, Liu X. Sensitivity analysis and point mutations in BcSDHB confer cyclobutrifluram resistance in Botrytis cinerea from China. Pestic Biochem Physiol 2024; 201:105884. [PMID: 38685250 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2024.105884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2024] [Revised: 03/16/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Botrytis cinerea is one of the most destructive pathogens worldwide. It can damage over 200 crops, resulting in significant yield and quality losses. Cyclobutrifluram, a new generation of succinate dehydrogenase inhibitors, exhibits excellent inhibitory activity against B. cinerea. However, the baseline sensitivity and resistance of B. cinerea to cyclobutrifluram remains poorly understood. This study was designed to monitor the sensitivity frequency distribution, assess the resistance risk, and clarify the resistance mechanism of B. cinerea to cyclobutrifluram. The baseline sensitivity of B. cinerea isolates to cyclobutrifluram was 0.89 μg/mL. Cyclobutrifluram-resistant B. cinerea populations are present in the field. Six resistant B. cinerea isolates investigated in this study possessed enhanced compound fitness index compared to the sensitive isolates according to mycelial growth, mycelial dry weight, conidiation, conidial germination rate, and pathogenicity. Cyclobutrifluram exhibited no cross-resistance with tebuconazole, fludioxonil, cyprodinil, or iprodione. Sequence alignment revealed that BcSDHB from cyclobutrifluram-resistant B. cinerea isolates had three single substitutions (P225F, N230I, or H272R). Molecular docking verified that these mutations in BcSDHB conferred cyclobutrifluram resistance in B. cinerea. In conclusion, the resistance risk of B. cinerea to cyclobutrifluram is high, and the point mutations in BcSDHB (P225F, N230I, or H272R) confer cyclobutrifluram resistance in B. cinerea. This study provided important insights into cyclobutrifluram resistance in B. cinerea and offered valuable information for monitoring and managing cyclobutrifluram resistance in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Peng
- Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on the Loess Plateau of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Lijun Tang
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Chuang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Shuailin Liao
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jianqiang Miao
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Xili Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China; Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, 2 Yuanmingyuanxi Road, Beijing 100193, China.
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Wen Z, Zhang Y, Chen Y, Zhao Y, Shao W, Ma Z. Characterization of the fludioxonil and phenamacril dual resistant mutants of Fusarium graminearum. Pestic Biochem Physiol 2024; 200:105815. [PMID: 38582573 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2024.105815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 02/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024]
Abstract
Fusarium graminearum is an important fungal pathogen causing Fusarium head blight (FHB) in wheat and other cereal crops worldwide. Due to lack of resistant wheat cultivars, FHB control mainly relies on application of chemical fungicides. Both fludioxonil (a phenylpyrrole compound) and phenamacril (a cyanoacrylate fungicide) have been registered for controlling FHB in China, however, fludioxonil-resistant isolates of F. graminearum have been detected in field. To evaluate the potential risk of dual resistance of F. graminearum to both compounds, fludioxonil and phenamacril dual resistant (DR) mutants of F. graminearum were obtained via fungicide domestication in laboratory. Result showed that resistance of the DR mutants to both fludioxonil and phenamacril were genetically stable after sub-cultured for ten generations or stored at 4 °C for 30 days on fungicide-free PDA. Cross-resistance assay showed that the DR mutants remain sensitive to other groups of fungicides, including carbendazim, tebuconazole, pydiflumetofen, and fluazinam. In addition, the DR mutants exhibited defects in mycelia growth, conidiation, mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (DON) production, and virulence Moreover, the DR mutants displayed increased sensitivity to osmotic stress. Sequencing results showed that amino acid point mutations S217L/T in the myosin I protein is responsible for phenamacril resistance in the DR mutants. Our results indicate that mutations leading to fludioxonil and phenamacril dual resistance could result in fitness cost for F. graminearum. Our results also suggest that the potential risk of F. graminearum developing resistance to both fludioxonil and phenamacril in field could be rather low, which provides scientific guidance in controlling FHB with fludioxonil and phenamacril.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyue Wen
- Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yueqi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yun Chen
- Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Youfu Zhao
- Irrigated Agriculture Research and Extension Center, Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Prosser, WA 99350, USA
| | - Wenyong Shao
- Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Zhonghua Ma
- Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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Miao J, Gao X, Tang Y, Dai T, Liu X. Characteristics of famoxadone-resistant mutants of Phytophthora litchii and their effect on lychee fruit quality. Int J Food Microbiol 2024; 411:110528. [PMID: 38118356 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2023.110528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 12/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/22/2023]
Abstract
Lychee downy blight (LDB), a common disease caused by the oomycete Phytophthora litchii, poses a significant threat to both pre- and post-harvest stages, leading to substantial economic losses. Famoxadone, a quinone outside inhibitor fungicide, was registered for controlling LDB in China in 2002. However, limited information is available regarding the risk, mechanism, and impact on lychee fruit quality associated with famoxadone resistance. In this study, we determined the sensitivity of 133 P. litchii isolates to famoxadone, yielding a mean EC50 value of 0.46 ± 0.21 μg/mL. Through fungicide adaption, we derived resistant mutants with M124I and Y131C substitutions in PlCyt b (Cytochrome b in P. litchii) from wild-type isolates. In vitro assessments revealed that the fitness of the resistant mutants was significantly lower compared to the parental isolates. These laboratory findings demonstrate a moderate resistance risk of P. litchii to famoxadone. Molecular docking analyses indicated that the M124I and Y131C alterations disrupted hydrogen bonds and weakened the binding energy between famoxadone and PlCyt b. This indicates that the M124I and Y131C changes do indeed confer famoxadone resistance in P. litchii. Infection caused by famoxadone-resistant mutants exhibited a decreased or comparable impact on the characteristic traits of lychee fruit compared to the sensitive isolate. For future detection of famoxadone-resistant strains, AS-PCR primers were designed based on the M124I substitution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianqiang Miao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, 3 Taicheng Road, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xuheng Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, 3 Taicheng Road, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yidong Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, 3 Taicheng Road, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Tan Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, 3 Taicheng Road, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Xili Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, 3 Taicheng Road, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China; Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, 2 Yuanmingyuanxi Road, Beijing 100193, China.
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Miao J, Li Y, Hu S, Li G, Gao X, Dai T, Liu X. Resistance risk, resistance mechanism and the effect on DON production of a new SDHI fungicide cyclobutrifluram in Fusarium graminearum. Pestic Biochem Physiol 2024; 199:105795. [PMID: 38458689 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2024.105795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024]
Abstract
Fusarium head blight in wheat is caused by Fusarium graminearum, resulting in significant yield losses and grain contamination with deoxynivalenol (DON), which poses a potential threat to animal health. Cyclobutrifluram, a newly developed succinate dehydrogenase inhibitor, has shown excellent inhibition of Fusarium spp. However, the resistance risk of F. graminearum to cyclobutrifluram and the molecular mechanism of resistance have not been determined. In this study, we established the average EC50 of a range of F. graminearum isolates to cyclobutrifluram to be 0.0110 μg/mL. Six cyclobutrifluram-resistant mutants were obtained using fungicide adaptation. All mutants exhibited impaired fitness relative to their parental isolates. This was evident from measurements of mycelial growth, conidiation, conidial germination, virulence, and DON production. Interestingly, cyclobutrifluram did not seem to affect the DON production of either the sensitive isolates or the resistant mutants. Furthermore, a positive cross-resistance was observed between cyclobutrifluram and pydiflumetofen. These findings suggest that F. graminearum carries a moderate to high risk of developing resistance to cyclobutrifluram. Additionally, point mutations H248Y in FgSdhB and A73V in FgSdhC1 of F. graminearum were observed in the cyclobutrifluram-resistant mutants. Finally, an overexpression transformation assay and molecular docking indicated that FgSdhBH248Y or FgSdhC1A73V could confer resistance of F. graminearum to cyclobutrifluram.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianqiang Miao
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, 3 Taicheng Road, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yiwen Li
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, 3 Taicheng Road, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Shiping Hu
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, 3 Taicheng Road, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Guixiang Li
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, 3 Taicheng Road, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xuheng Gao
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, 3 Taicheng Road, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Tan Dai
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, 3 Taicheng Road, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Xili Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, 3 Taicheng Road, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China; Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, 2 Yuanmingyuanxi Road, Beijing 100193, China.
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Qiu C, Halterman D, Zhang H, Liu Z. Multifunctionality of AsCFEM6 and AsCFEM12 effectors from the potato early blight pathogen Alternaria solani. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 257:128575. [PMID: 38048930 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.128575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023]
Abstract
Plant pathogens secrete fungal-specific common in several fungal extracellular membrane (CFEM) effectors to manipulate host immunity and contribute to their virulence. Little is known about effectors and their functions in Alternaria solani, the necrotrophic fungal pathogen causing potato early blight. To identify candidate CFEM effector genes, we mined A. solani genome databases. This led to the identification of 12 genes encoding CFEM proteins (termed AsCFEM1-AsCFEM12) and 6 of them were confirmed to be putative secreted effectors. In planta expression revealed that AsCFEM6 and AsCFEM12 have elicitor function that triggers plant defense response including cell death in different botanical families. Targeted gene disruption of AsCFEM6 and AsCFEM12 resulted in a change in spore development, significant reduction of virulence on potato and eggplant susceptible cultivars, increased resistance to fungicide stress, variation in iron acquisition and utilization, and the involvement in 1,8-dihydroxynaphthalene (DHN) melanin biosynthesis pathway. Using maximum likelihood method, we found that positive selection likely caused the polymorphism within AsCFEM6 and AsCFEM12 homologs in different Alternaria spp. Site-directed mutagenesis analysis indicated that positive selection sites within their CFEM domains are required for cell death induction in Nicotiana benthamiana and are critical for response to abiotic stress in yeast. These results demonstrate that AsCFEM effectors possess additional functions beyond their roles in host plant immune response and pathogen virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaodong Qiu
- Department of Plant Pathology, School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Dennis Halterman
- U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Vegetable Crops Research Unit, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Huajian Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops, Hefei 230036, China.
| | - Zhenyu Liu
- Department of Plant Pathology, School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops, Hefei 230036, China.
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Zhou F, Jiao Y, Han A, Zhou X, Kong J, Hu H, Liu R, Li C. Survey of prothioconazole sensitivity in Fusarium pseudograminearum isolates from Henan Province, China, and characterization of resistant laboratory mutants. BMC Plant Biol 2024; 24:29. [PMID: 38172651 PMCID: PMC10765739 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-023-04714-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fusarium crown rot (FCR) is one of the most significant diseases limiting crop production in the Huanghuai wheat-growing region of China. Prothioconazole, a triazole sterol 14α-demethylation inhibitor (DMI) fungicide developed by the Bayer Crop Protection Company, is mainly registered for the prevention and control of wheat powdery mildew and stripe rust (China Pesticide Information Network). It is known to exhibit high activity against F. pseudograminearum, but further research, particularly regarding the potential for fungicide resistance, is required before it can be registered for the control of FCR in China. RESULTS The current study found that the baseline sensitivity of 67 field isolates of F. pseudograminearum collected between 2019 and 2021 ranged between 0.016-2.974 μg/mL, with an average EC50 value of 1.191 ± 0.720 μg/mL (mean ± SD). Although none of the field isolates exhibited signs of resistance, three highly resistant mutants were produced by repeated exposure to prothioconazole under laboratory conditions. All of the mutants were found to exhibit significantly reduced growth rates on potato dextrose agar (PDA), as well as reduced levels of sporulation, which indicated that there was a fitness cost associated with the resistance. However, inoculation of wounded wheat coleoptiles revealed that the pathogenicity of the resistant mutants was little affected or actually increased. Molecular analysis of the genes corresponding to the prothioconazole target protein, FpCYP51 (FpCYP51A, FpCYP51B, and FpCYP51C), indicated that the resistant mutants contained three conserved substitutions (M63I, A205S, and I246V) that were present in the FpCYP51C sequence of all three mutants, as well as several non-conserved substations in their FpCYP51A and FpCYP51B sequences. Expression analysis revealed that the presence of prothioconazole (0.1 μg/mL) generally resulted in reduced expression of the three FpCYP51 genes, but that the three mutants exhibited more complex patterns of expression that differed in comparison to their parental isolates. The study found no evidence of cross-resistance between prothioconazole and any of the fungicides tested including three DMI fungicides tebuconazole, prochloraz, and flutriafol. CONCLUSIONS Taken together these results not only provide new insight into the resistant mechanism and biological characteristics associated with prothioconazole resistance in F. pseudograminearum, but also strong evidence that prothioconazole could provide effective and sustained control of FCR, especially when applied in combination with other fungicides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Zhou
- Postdoctoral Research Base, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, 453003, China
- Henan Engineering Research Center of Crop Genome Editing , Henan International Joint Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Soil Remediation, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, 453003, China
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
- Henan Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Creation and Pesticide Residue Monitoring By Intelligent Sensor, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, 453003, China
| | - Yan Jiao
- Henan Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Creation and Pesticide Residue Monitoring By Intelligent Sensor, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, 453003, China
| | - Aohui Han
- Henan Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Creation and Pesticide Residue Monitoring By Intelligent Sensor, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, 453003, China
| | - Xiaoli Zhou
- Henan Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Creation and Pesticide Residue Monitoring By Intelligent Sensor, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, 453003, China
| | - Jiamei Kong
- Henan Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Creation and Pesticide Residue Monitoring By Intelligent Sensor, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, 453003, China
| | - Haiyan Hu
- Henan Engineering Research Center of Crop Genome Editing , Henan International Joint Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Soil Remediation, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, 453003, China
| | - Runqiang Liu
- Postdoctoral Research Base, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, 453003, China.
- Henan Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Creation and Pesticide Residue Monitoring By Intelligent Sensor, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, 453003, China.
| | - Chengwei Li
- Henan Engineering Research Center of Crop Genome Editing , Henan International Joint Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Soil Remediation, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, 453003, China.
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, 450001, China.
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Peng Q, Li X, Li G, Hao X, Liu X. Resistance risk assessment of mefentrifluconazole in Corynespora cassiicola and the control of cucumber target spot by a two-way mixture of mefentrifluconazole and prochloraz. Pestic Biochem Physiol 2024; 198:105719. [PMID: 38225065 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2023.105719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
The cucumber target spot, caused by Corynespora cassiicola, is a major cucumber disease in China. Mefentrifluconazole, a new triazole fungicide, exhibits remarkable efficacy in controlling cucumber target spot. However, the resistance risk and mechanism remain unclear. In this study, the inhibitory activity of mefentrifluconazole against 101 C. cassiicola isolates was determined, and the results indicated that the EC50 values ranged between 0.15 and 12.85 μg/mL, with a mean of 4.76 μg/mL. Fourteen mefentrifluconazole-resistant mutants of C. cassiicola were generated from six parental isolates in the laboratory through fungicide adaptation or UV irradiation. The resistance was relatively stable after ten consecutive transfers on a fungicide-free medium. No cross-resistance was observed between mefentrifluconazole and pyraclostrobin, fluopyram, prochloraz, mancozeb, or difenoconazole. Investigations into the biological characteristics of the resistant mutants revealed that six resistant mutants exhibited an enhanced compound fitness index (CFI) compared to the parental isolates, while others displayed a reduced or comparable CFI. The overexpression of CcCYP51A and CcCYP51B was detected in the resistant mutants, regardless of the presence or absence of mefentrifluconazole. Additionally, a two-way mixture of mefentrifluconazole and prochloraz at a concentration of 7:3 demonstrated superior control efficacy against the cucumber target spot, achieving a protection rate of 80%. In conclusion, this study suggests that the risk of C. cassiicola developing resistance to mefentrifluconazole is medium, and the overexpression of CcCYP51A and CcCYP51B might be associated with mefentrifluconazole resistance in C. cassiicola. The mefentrifluconazole and prochloraz two-way mixture presented promising control efficacy against the cucumber target spot.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Peng
- Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on the Loess Plateau of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiuhuan Li
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Guixiang Li
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xinchang Hao
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xili Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China; Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, 2 Yuanmingyuanxi Road, Beijing 100193, China.
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Deng Y, Wang T, Du Y, Zhang L, Wang J, Qi Z, Ji M. Risk assessment for resistance to fludioxonil in Corynespora cassiicola in Liaoning China. Pestic Biochem Physiol 2023; 197:105622. [PMID: 38072516 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2023.105622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
Cucumber corynespora leaf spot, caused by Corynespora cassiicola, is the primary disease of cucumber leaves in greenhouses in China. Fludioxonil is a phenylpyrrole fungicide that inhibits C. cassiicola growth. We studied the sensitivity of 170 isolates of C. cassiicola to fludioxonil and evaluated resistance risk. All of the isolates were sensitive to fludioxonil. The EC50 values ranged from 0.082 to 0.539 μg/mL with a mean of 0.207 ± 0.0053 μg/mL. Laboratory-created mutants with a high resistance factor to fludioxonil were genetically stable after 10 transfers and showed positive cross-resistance to iprodione and procymidone but not to azoxystrobin, carbendazim, pydiflumetofen, and prochloraz. There was no significant difference in mycelial growth and temperature adaptation between the mutant s and the sensitive isolates, except for pathogenicity and sporulation. The resistant isolates accumulated less glycerol than their parental isolates and were more sensitive to osmotic stress. The histidine kinase activity of the sensitive isolates was significantly inhibited compared to that of the resistant mutants. Sequence alignment of the histidine kinase gene CCos revealed that the mutants RTL4, RXM5, and RFS102 had point mutations at different sites that resulted in amino acid changes at G934E, S739F, and A825P in the CCos protein. The mutant RFS102 had an alanine deletion at site 824. After fludioxonil treatment, CCos expression by RFS20 was significantly lower than that of the parental isolate. Our findings demonstrate that C. cassiicola exhibits moderate resistance to fludioxonil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunyan Deng
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, No. 120 Dongling Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang City 110866, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Wang
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, No. 120 Dongling Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang City 110866, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Du
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, No. 120 Dongling Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang City 110866, People's Republic of China
| | - LuLu Zhang
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, No. 120 Dongling Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang City 110866, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiaxin Wang
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, No. 120 Dongling Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang City 110866, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiqiu Qi
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, No. 120 Dongling Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang City 110866, People's Republic of China.
| | - Mingshan Ji
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, No. 120 Dongling Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang City 110866, People's Republic of China.
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Scanlan JL, Mitchell AC, Marcroft SJ, Forsyth LM, Idnurm A, Van de Wouw AP. Deep amplicon sequencing reveals extensive allelic diversity in the erg11/CYP51 promoter and allows multi-population DMI fungicide resistance monitoring in the canola pathogen Leptosphaeria maculans. Fungal Genet Biol 2023; 168:103814. [PMID: 37343617 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2023.103814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
Continued use of fungicides provides a strong selection pressure towards strains with mutations to render these chemicals less effective. Previous research has shown that resistance to the demethylation inhibitor (DMI) fungicides, which target ergosterol synthesis, in the canola pathogen Leptosphaeria maculans has emerged in Australia and Europe. The change in fungicide sensitivity of individual isolates was found to be due to DNA insertions into the promoter of the erg11/CYP51 DMI target gene. Whether or not these were the only types of mutations and how prevalent they were in Australian populations was explored in the current study. New isolates with reduced DMI sensitivity were obtained from screens on DMI-treated plants, revealing eight independent insertions in the erg11 promoter. A novel deep amplicon sequencing approach applied to populations of ascospores fired from stubble identified an additional undetected insertion allele and quantified the frequencies of all known insertions, suggesting that, at least in the samples processed, the combined frequency of resistant alleles is between 0.0376% and 32.6%. Combined insertion allele frequencies positively correlated with population-level measures of in planta resistance to four different DMI treatments. Additionally, there was no evidence for erg11 coding mutations playing a role in conferring resistance in Australian populations. This research provides a key method for assessing fungicide resistance frequency in stubble-borne populations of plant pathogens and a baseline from which additional surveillance can be conducted in L. maculans. Whether or not the observed resistance allele frequencies are associated with loss of effective disease control in the field remains to be established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack L Scanlan
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Angela C Mitchell
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | | | | | - Alexander Idnurm
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
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Zhang N, Xu Y, Zhang Q, Zhao L, Zhu Y, Wu Y, Li Z, Yang W. Detection of fungicide resistance to fludioxonil and tebuconazole in Fusarium pseudograminearum, the causal agent of Fusarium crown rot in wheat. PeerJ 2023; 11:e14705. [PMID: 36721780 PMCID: PMC9884474 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.14705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Fusarium crown rot (FCR) on wheat is a soil-borne disease that affects the yield and quality of the produce. In 2020, 297 Fusarium pseudograminearum isolates were isolated from diseased FCR wheat samples from eight regional areas across Hebei Province in China. Baseline sensitivity of F. pseudograminearum to fludioxonil (0.0613 ± 0.0347 μg/mL) and tebuconazole (0.2328 ± 0.0840 μg/mL) were constructed based on the in vitro tests of 71 and 83 isolates, respectively. The resistance index analysis showed no resistance isolate to fludioxonil but two low-resistance isolates to tebuconazole in 2020. There was an increased frequency of resistant isolates from 2021 to 2022 based on the baseline sensitivity for tebuconazole. There was no cross-resistance between fludioxonil and tebuconazole. This study provides a significant theoretical and practical basis for monitoring the resistance of F. pseudograminearum to fungicides, especially the control of FCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Zhang
- College of Plant Protection, Hebei Agricultrual University, Baoding, Hebei, China
| | - Yiying Xu
- College of Plant Protection, Hebei Agricultrual University, Baoding, Hebei, China
- Shangqiu Institute of Technology, Shangqiu, Henan, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- College of Plant Protection, Hebei Agricultrual University, Baoding, Hebei, China
| | - Le Zhao
- College of Plant Protection, Hebei Agricultrual University, Baoding, Hebei, China
| | - Yanan Zhu
- College of Plant Protection, Hebei Agricultrual University, Baoding, Hebei, China
| | - Yanhui Wu
- College of Plant Protection, Hebei Agricultrual University, Baoding, Hebei, China
| | - Zhen Li
- College of Plant Protection, Hebei Agricultrual University, Baoding, Hebei, China
| | - Wenxiang Yang
- College of Plant Protection, Hebei Agricultrual University, Baoding, Hebei, China
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Pandey AK, Hubbali M, Vandana, Dutta P, Babu A. Characterization and identification of fungicide insensitive Pestalotiopsis-like species pathogenic to tea crop in India. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 39:34. [PMID: 36469148 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-022-03474-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Abstract
Gray blight, a fungal disease caused by Pestalotiopsis-like species, is a widespread disease affecting tea crop (Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze) in many tea-growing countries, including India, resulting in huge losses in tea production. In India, several studies have been conducted to understand the fungal diseases of tea crop, but gray blight has not been well described in major tea growing areas such as in North Bengal, based on its geographic distribution, molecular analysis, or pathogenicity, and even fungicide resistance. The objective of this study was to identify and characterize the causative agents of gray blight disease in symptomatic leaf sample of tea crop collected from 27 tea gardens located in North Bengal, India and to evaluate some common fungicides against them in order to understand the resistance mechanism. In this study, we characterized Pestalotiopsis-like species based on the phylogenies of DNA sequences (internal transcribed spacers) and assessment of conidial characteristics. The study revealed that out of 27 isolates of gray blight pathogens, 17 belonged to the genus Pseudopestalotiopsis (Ps.), six isolates were Neopestalotiopsis, and four were Pestalotiopsis. Two novel species, Ps. thailandica and N. natalensis were introduced through this study. The most frequently isolated genus from C. chinensis was Pseudopestalotiopsis. Pathogenicity tests showed that the isolates displayed significantly different virulence when inoculated onto wounded tea leaves and the mycelial growth rate was positively correlated with pathogenicity (P < 0.01). Based on the 13 ISSR (Inter Simple Sequence Repeat) markers used and principal coordinate analysis, it was found that isolates were very diverse. Out of 27 isolates, IND0P2, DLG0P10, and BHAT0P11 isolates were insensitive against both MBC + M3 (Carbendazim + Mancozeb) and DMI (Hexaconazole) fungicides, while isolates SANY0P18, PAHG0P19, RANG0P24, and SING0P25 were insensitive only against MBC + M3 fungicide. Further, these insensitive isolates were grouped into separate clusters by ISSR, indicating their distinctiveness. However, all the evaluated isolates were susceptible to M1 (copper oxychloride) and another DMI (propiconazole) fungicides. Therefore, to manage gray blight, fungicide resistance management strategies as recommended by Fungicide Resistance Action Committee should be implemented.
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Wen Z, Wang J, Jiao C, Shao W, Ma Z. Biological and molecular characterizations of field fludioxonil-resistant isolates of Fusarium graminearum. Pestic Biochem Physiol 2022; 184:105101. [PMID: 35715040 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2022.105101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Fusarium head blight (FHB) predominately caused by F. graminearum, is an economical devastating disease for grain cereal crops especially on wheat. The phenylpyrrole fungicide fludioxonil exhibits excellent activity against F. graminearum and has been registered to control FHB in China. In this study, 6 fludioxonil-resistant (FludR) isolates of F. graminearum were identified from 2910 isolates collected from wheat cultivated field in Jiang Su, An Hui and Henan province of China in 2020. The sensitivity assay showed that resistance factor (RF) of FludR isolates ranges from 170.73 to >1000. In comparison with fludioxonil-sensitive (FludS) isolates, all of FludR isolates showed fitness defects in terms of mycelial growth, conidiation and virulence. Under fludioxonil treatment condition, the glycerol accumulation was obviously increased in FludS isolates, but was slightly increased in FludR isolates. Four FludR isolates exhibited increased sensitivity to osmotic stresses. Moreover, there is no positive cross-resistance between fludioxonil and other fungicides including phenamacril, carbendazim and tebuconazole. When treated with fludioxonil, the phosphorylation level of Hog1 was significantly decreased in the four FludR isolates, which was in contrast to the observation in the FludS and two FludR isolates where phosphorylation level of Hog1 was increased. Sequencing assay showed that the mutations were identified in different domains in FgOS1, FgOS2 or FgOS4 in FludR isolates. This was first reported that biological and molecular characterizations of field isolates of F. graminearum resistant to fludioxonil. The results can provide scientific directions for controlling FHB using fludioxonil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyue Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jingrui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chen Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wenyong Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Zhonghua Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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Iftikhar S, Bengyella L, Shahid AA, Nawaz K, Anwar W, Khan AA. Discovery of succinate dehydrogenase candidate fungicides via lead optimization for effective resistance management of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. capsici. 3 Biotech 2022; 12:102. [PMID: 35463042 PMCID: PMC8960509 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-022-03157-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Fusarium wilt of chili caused by the fungus Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. capsici (FCO) severely reduces the production of chili worldwide. There is growing evidence of resistance to commercial fungicides targeting succinate dehydrogenase (Sdh) of FCO soliciting the development of new Sdh inhibitors (SdhIs). In the current work, optimized docking and virtual screening were used to mine twelve SdhIs from the ZINC database, followed by in vitro antifungal evaluation on spore and radial mycelium development. Four new promising SdhIs exhibiting a mean mycelium inhibition rate greater than 85.6% (F = 155.8, P = 0.001, P < 0.05) were observed on ten strains of virulent and resistant FCO. Importantly, three of the discovered molecules exhibited potent spore germination inhibition (≥ 80%, P = 0.01, P < 0.05) compared to the commonly used fungicide penthiopyrad. A significant positive correlation (r* ≥ 0.67, P < 0.05) between the activities of the newly discovered SdhIs compared to penthiopyrad against all tested FCO strains indicated a broad-spectrum fungicidal activity. The current findings indicate that the four SdhI's discovered could judiciously replace certain commercial SdhIs that some FCO displays resistance to. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13205-022-03157-8.
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Zhao Y, Zhang L, Ju C, Zhang X, Huang J. Quantitative multiplexed proteomics analysis reveals reshaping of the lysine 2-hydroxyisobutyrylome in Fusarium graminearum by tebuconazole. BMC Genomics 2022; 23:145. [PMID: 35180840 PMCID: PMC8855566 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-022-08372-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Backgrounds Lysine 2-hydroxyisobutyrylation (Khib) is a newly discovered posttranslational modification (PTM) and has been identified in several prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms. Fusarium graminearum, a major pathogen of Fusarium head blight (FHB) in cereal crops, can cause considerable yield loss and produce various mycotoxins that threaten human health. The application of chemical fungicides such as tebuconazole (TEC) remains the major method to control this pathogen. However, the distribution of Khib in F. graminearum and whether Khib is remodified in response to fungicide stress remain unknown. Results Here, we carried out a proteome-wide analysis of Khib in F. graminearum, identifying the reshaping of the lysine 2-hydroxyisobutyrylome by tebuconazole, using the most recently developed high-resolution LC–MS/MS technique in combination with high-specific affinity enrichment. Specifically, 3501 Khib sites on 1049 proteins were identified, and 1083 Khib sites on 556 modified proteins normalized to the total protein content were changed significantly after TEC treatment. Bioinformatics analysis showed that Khib proteins are involved in a wide range of biological processes and may be involved in virulence and deoxynivalenol (DON) production, as well as sterol biosynthesis, in F. graminearum. Conclusions Here, we provided a wealth of resources for further study of the roles of Khib in the fungicide resistance of F. graminearum. The results enhanced our understanding of this PTM in filamentous ascomycete fungi and provided insight into the remodification of Khib sites during azole fungicide challenge in F. graminearum. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12864-022-08372-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanxiang Zhao
- College of Plant Health and Medicine and Key Lab of Integrated Crop Disease and Pest Management of Shandong Province, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, Shandong Province, China
| | - Limin Zhang
- College of Plant Health and Medicine and Key Lab of Integrated Crop Disease and Pest Management of Shandong Province, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, Shandong Province, China
| | - Chao Ju
- College of Plant Health and Medicine and Key Lab of Integrated Crop Disease and Pest Management of Shandong Province, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, Shandong Province, China
| | - Xiaoyan Zhang
- College of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, 264025, Shandong Province, China
| | - Jinguang Huang
- College of Plant Health and Medicine and Key Lab of Integrated Crop Disease and Pest Management of Shandong Province, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, Shandong Province, China.
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15
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Cai M, Li T, Lu X, Chen L, Wang Q, Liu X. Multiple mutations in the predicted transmembrane domains of the cellulose synthase 3 (CesA3) of Phytophthora capsici can confer semi-dominant resistance to carboxylic acid amide fungicides. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 193:2343-2351. [PMID: 34793810 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.11.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The current study established a clearer understanding of the molecular basis for resistance to carboxylic acid amide (CAA) fungicides. Although four cellulose synthase (CesA) genes were investigated, only F1073L, G1105A, V1109L in CesA3 were found to link to CAA-resistance in Phytophthora capsici. Back-transformation experiments confirmed the role of the three mutations in CAA-resistance. Inheritance studies also confirmed the link and indicated the resistance was semi-dominant with the heterozygous F1 and F2 progeny exhibiting intermediate resistance levels compared to the homozygous parents, which was validated by the pyrosequencing results. The semi-dominant nature of CAA-resistance implies that it could be easy for resistance to spread once resistance emerged, being facilitated by both sexual and asexual reproduction. Bioinformatic analysis indicated all mutations occurred in either the first or second of the predicted transmembrane domains at C-terminus of CesA3. Resistant isolates bearing different combinations of mutations were found to exhibit different resistance levels to different CAAs, indicating that each mutation could make different contributions to resistance phenotype depending on structural differences in different CAAs. The current results highlight the complex combinations of mutations and resistance phenotype, and further reinforces the research necessity to completely characterize CAA-resistance to develop appropriate strategies to manage resistance development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Cai
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China; Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100094, China
| | - Tengjiao Li
- Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100094, China
| | - Xiaohong Lu
- Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Lei Chen
- Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100094, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100094, China
| | - Xili Liu
- Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100094, China; College of Plant Protection, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling 712100, China.
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Zhang X, Wang Z, Jiang C, Xu JR. Regulation of biotic interactions and responses to abiotic stresses by MAP kinase pathways in plant pathogenic fungi. Stress Biol 2021; 1:5. [PMID: 37676417 PMCID: PMC10429497 DOI: 10.1007/s44154-021-00004-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
Like other eukaryotes, fungi use MAP kinase (MAPK) pathways to mediate cellular changes responding to external stimuli. In the past two decades, three well-conserved MAP kinase pathways have been characterized in various plant pathogenic fungi for regulating responses and adaptations to a variety of biotic and abiotic stresses encountered during plant infection or survival in nature. The invasive growth (IG) pathway is homologous to the yeast pheromone response and filamentation pathways. In plant pathogens, the IG pathway often is essential for pathogenesis by regulating infection-related morphogenesis, such as appressorium formation, penetration, and invasive growth. The cell wall integrity (CWI) pathway also is important for plant infection although the infection processes it regulates vary among fungal pathogens. Besides its universal function in cell wall integrity, it often plays a minor role in responses to oxidative and cell wall stresses. Both the IG and CWI pathways are involved in regulating known virulence factors as well as effector genes during plant infection and mediating defenses against mycoviruses, bacteria, and other fungi. In contrast, the high osmolarity growth (HOG) pathway is dispensable for virulence in some fungi although it is essential for plant infection in others. It regulates osmoregulation in hyphae and is dispensable for appressorium turgor generation. The HOG pathway also plays a major role for responding to oxidative, heat, and other environmental stresses and is overstimulated by phenylpyrrole fungicides. Moreover, these three MAPK pathways crosstalk and coordinately regulate responses to various biotic and abiotic stresses. The IG and CWI pathways, particularly the latter, also are involved in responding to abiotic stresses to various degrees in different fungal pathogens, and the HOG pathway also plays a role in interactions with other microbes or fungi. Furthermore, some infection processes or stress responses are co-regulated by MAPK pathways with cAMP or Ca2+/CaM signaling. Overall, functions of individual MAP kinase pathways in pathogenesis and stress responses have been well characterized in a number of fungal pathogens, showing the conserved genetic elements with diverged functions, likely by rewiring transcriptional regulatory networks. In the near future, applications of genomics and proteomics approaches will likely lead to better understanding of crosstalk among the MAPKs and with other signaling pathways as well as roles of MAPKs in defense against other microbes (biotic interactions).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and NWAFU-Purdue Joint Research Center, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Zeyi Wang
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Cong Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and NWAFU-Purdue Joint Research Center, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jin-Rong Xu
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.
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Cosseboom SD, Hu M. Identification and Characterization of Fungicide Resistance in Botrytis Populations from Small Fruit Fields in the Mid-Atlantic United States. Plant Dis 2021; 105:2366-2373. [PMID: 33719541 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-03-20-0487-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
From 2014 to 2019, 249 isolates of Botrytis sp. were collected from blackberry, black raspberry, grape, red raspberry, and strawberry showing gray mold symptoms. All isolates were phylogenetically characterized as Botrytis cinerea. A mycelial growth assay determined the following overall frequencies of resistance to fungicides: 92% to pyraclostrobin, 86% to cyprodinil, 71% to thiophanate-methyl, 48% to fenhexamid, 47% to iprodione, 26% to boscalid, 11% to fludioxonil, 8% to penthiopyrad, 7% to benzovindiflupyr, 4% to pydiflumetofen , and 4% to isofetamid. Isolates collected from blackberry, red raspberry, and strawberry had a higher median chemical class resistance value compared to isolates from black raspberry and grape. Resistance conferring mutations were found in a selection of isolates characterized as resistant to thiophanate-methyl, iprodione, pyraclostrobin, fenhexamid, and boscalid including E198A in β-tubulin; I365N/S, Q369P, and N373S in bos1; G143A in cytb; P238S, N369D, and F412I/S in erg27; and P225F and H272R/Y in sdhB, respectively. Also, multiple drug resistance phenotypes MDR1 and MDR1h were identified by analyzing fludioxonil sensitivity and mrr1 sequences. MDR1 and MDR1h isolates had multiple amino acid variations and two insertions in mrr1 that resembled the group S genotype . A detached grape assay confirmed that the aforementioned mutations in isolates from different small fruit crops resulted in field-relevant resistance. An additional in-vitro assay found that EC50 values of B. cinerea isolates to pydiflumetofen and inpyrfluxam averaged 0.4 and 1.0, 0.8 and 0.7, 149.8 and 23.2, 0.9 and 0.9, and 38.8 and 48.8 µg/ml for the wild-type, H272R, H272Y, N230I, and P225F genotypes, respectively. These results revealed widespread fungicide resistance in B. cinerea from Mid-Atlantic small fruit fields, highlighting the need for resistance management alternatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott David Cosseboom
- University of Maryland at College Park, 1068, Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, College Park, Maryland, United States;
| | - Mengjun Hu
- University of Maryland at College Park, 1068, Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, College Park, Maryland, United States;
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Taiwo AO, Harper LA, Derbyshire MC. Impacts of fludioxonil resistance on global gene expression in the necrotrophic fungal plant pathogen Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. BMC Genomics 2021; 22:91. [PMID: 33516198 PMCID: PMC7847169 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-021-07402-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The fungicide fludioxonil over-stimulates the fungal response to osmotic stress, leading to over-accumulation of glycerol and hyphal swelling and bursting. Fludioxonil-resistant fungal strains that are null-mutants for osmotic stress response genes are easily generated through continual sub-culturing on sub-lethal fungicide doses. Using this approach combined with RNA sequencing, we aimed to characterise the effects of mutations in osmotic stress response genes on the transcriptional profile of the important agricultural pathogen Sclerotinia sclerotiorum under standard laboratory conditions. Our objective was to understand the impact of disruption of the osmotic stress response on the global transcriptional regulatory network in an important agricultural pathogen. Results We generated two fludioxonil-resistant S. sclerotiorum strains, which exhibited growth defects and hypersensitivity to osmotic stressors. Both had missense mutations in the homologue of the Neurospora crassa osmosensing two component histidine kinase gene OS1, and one had a disruptive in-frame deletion in a non-associated gene. RNA sequencing showed that both strains together differentially expressed 269 genes relative to the parent during growth in liquid broth. Of these, 185 (69%) were differentially expressed in both strains in the same direction, indicating similar effects of the different point mutations in OS1 on the transcriptome. Among these genes were numerous transmembrane transporters and secondary metabolite biosynthetic genes. Conclusions Our study is an initial investigation into the kinds of processes regulated through the osmotic stress pathway in S. sclerotiorum. It highlights a possible link between secondary metabolism and osmotic stress signalling, which could be followed up in future studies. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12864-021-07402-x.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akeem O Taiwo
- Centre for Crop and Disease Management, School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
| | - Lincoln A Harper
- Centre for Crop and Disease Management, School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
| | - Mark C Derbyshire
- Centre for Crop and Disease Management, School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Australia.
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Miyamoto T, Hayashi K, Okada R, Wari D, Ogawara T. Resistance to succinate dehydrogenase inhibitors in field isolates of Podosphaera xanthii on cucumber: Monitoring, cross-resistance patterns and molecular characterization. Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology 2020; 169:104646. [PMID: 32828365 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2020.104646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
New succinate dehydrogenase inhibitor fungicides (SDHIs), isopyrazam, pyraziflumid and isofetamid were introduced in the Japanese market in 2017-2018 to control powdery mildew on cucumber. SDHI resistance of the disease fungus (Podosphaera xanthii) was first reported during 2008-2009 against boscalid. Then, penthiopyrad which belongs to SDHIs was introduced in 2010, but subsequent monitoring study was not performed. We investigated the sensitivity of P. xanthii field isolates from Ibaraki Prefecture, Japan, to SDHIs and SdhB, SdhC and SdhD gene mutations, using a leaf disc assay and SDH gene analysis. A total of 19 out of the 22 selected isolates showed resistance to SDHIs. The 19 isolates were phenotypically categorized into three types: Resistant I as moderately and Resistant II as highly resistant to penthiopyrad, isopyrazam and pyraziflumid but sensitive to isofetamid and Resistant III as highly resistant to isofetamid but sensitive to the other three SDHIs. SDH gene analysis revealed that Resistant I and III isolates carried a substitution in PxD-S121P and PxC-A86V, respectively. Resistant II carried three different substitutions: PxC-G151R, PxC-G172D, and PxD-H137R. Among 127 isolates sampled from 16 cucumber greenhouses, 54 exhibited Resistant I phenotype and carried only PxD-S121P. Fifty-six isolates exhibited Resistant II and carried PxC-G151R (four isolates), PxC-G172D (24), and PxD-H137R (28). Only two isolates expressed the Resistant III phenotype carrying PxC-A86V. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report demonstrating cross-resistance patterns and the molecular characterization of SDHIs in P. xanthii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Miyamoto
- Horticultural Research Institute, Ibaraki Agricultural Centre, 3165-1 Ago, Kasama, Ibaraki 312-0292, Japan.
| | - Kanako Hayashi
- Horticultural Research Institute, Ibaraki Agricultural Centre, 3165-1 Ago, Kasama, Ibaraki 312-0292, Japan.
| | - Ryo Okada
- Horticultural Research Institute, Ibaraki Agricultural Centre, 3165-1 Ago, Kasama, Ibaraki 312-0292, Japan.
| | - David Wari
- Horticultural Research Institute, Ibaraki Agricultural Centre, 3165-1 Ago, Kasama, Ibaraki 312-0292, Japan.
| | - Takashi Ogawara
- Horticultural Research Institute, Ibaraki Agricultural Centre, 3165-1 Ago, Kasama, Ibaraki 312-0292, Japan.
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Samaras Α, Ntasiou P, Myresiotis C, Karaoglanidis G. Multidrug resistance of Penicillium expansum to fungicides: whole transcriptome analysis of MDR strains reveals overexpression of efflux transporter genes. Int J Food Microbiol 2020; 335:108896. [PMID: 33070085 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2020.108896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Penicillium expansum is the most common apple fruit postharvest spoilage agent that causes a disease known as Blue Mold. Disease control is based on fungicide use. However, development of resistance to fungicides hampers the success of this control method. Fungicide sensitivity monitoring studies in Greece revealed the presence of pathogen strains exhibiting simultaneous resistance to different chemically unrelated compounds (multidrug resistance, MDR). This study was initiated aiming primarily to test the hypothesis that the MDR phenotype is associated with overexpression of efflux transporter genes and to determine the fitness of the MDR isolates. The monitoring study (n = 264) and the measurements of sensitivity in terms of EC50 values to 9 different compounds revealed that almost 5% of the population was of the MDR type. In the selected MDR isolates, the highest resistant factors were calculated for fludioxonil and pyraclostrobin, while the same isolates were moderately resistant to cyprodinil, thiophanate methyl and fluxapyroxad. In the resistant strains no target site mutations were detected in the target genes of each fungicide class, while in addition, a synergistic activity was observed between fungicides and the drug transporter modulator verapamil in some isolates. To obtain a direct insight on the resistance mechanism, the transcriptome of 2 MDR and 1 sensitive isolates was sequenced using Illumina HiSeq 2500 and differences in efflux transporter gene expression profile were figured out. Gene expression profiling analysis was performed before and after the exposure of fungal mycelia to fludioxonil. This analysis revealed the up-regulation of several MFS transporter genes and a limited number of ABC transporter genes either before or after the exposure to fludioxonil in the MDR isolates. Expression results for genes with the highest expression levels were verified by qRT-PCR assays. Fitness components measurements revealed that MDR isolates were of lower mycelial growth and pathogenicity compared to sensitive strains but they were producing higher number of conidia. The above mentioned data represent the first report of MDR in P. expansum associated with overexpression of drug efflux transporters and contribute to our knowledge in the mechanisms associated with fungicide resistance development in this fungal species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Αnastasios Samaras
- Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Faculty of Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Environment, Laboratory of Plant Pathology, POB 269, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Panagiota Ntasiou
- Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Faculty of Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Environment, Laboratory of Plant Pathology, POB 269, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Charalampos Myresiotis
- Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Faculty of Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Environment, Laboratory of Plant Pathology, POB 269, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - George Karaoglanidis
- Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Faculty of Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Environment, Laboratory of Plant Pathology, POB 269, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece.
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Pereira D, Croll D, Brunner PC, McDonald BA. Natural selection drives population divergence for local adaptation in a wheat pathogen. Fungal Genet Biol 2020; 141:103398. [PMID: 32371235 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2020.103398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Evolution favors the emergence of locally-adapted optimum phenotypes that are likely to differ across a wide array of environmental conditions. The emergence of favorable adaptive characteristics is accelerated in agricultural pathogens due to the unique properties of agro-ecosystems. We performed a QST - FST comparison using 164 strains of Parastagonospora nodorum sampled from eight global field populations to disentangle the predominant evolutionary forces driving population divergence in a wheat pathogen. We used digital image analysis to obtain quantitative measurements of growth rate and melanization at different temperatures and under different fungicide concentrations in a common garden experiment. FST measures were based on complete genome sequences obtained for all 164 isolates. Our analyses indicated that all measured traits were under selection. Growth rates at 18 °C and 24 °C were under stabilizing selection (QST < FST), while diversifying selection (QST > FST) was the predominant evolutionary force affecting growth under fungicide and high temperature stress. Stabilizing selection (QST < FST) was the predominant force affecting melanization across the different environments. Melanin production increased at 30 °C but was negatively correlated with higher growth rates, consistent with a trade-off under heat stress. Our results demonstrate that global populations of P. nodorum possess significant evolutionary potential to adapt to changing local conditions, including warmer temperatures and applications of fungicides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danilo Pereira
- Plant Pathology Group, ETH Zurich, Universitatstrasse 2, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Daniel Croll
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Genetics, Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Patrick C Brunner
- Plant Pathology Group, ETH Zurich, Universitatstrasse 2, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Bruce A McDonald
- Plant Pathology Group, ETH Zurich, Universitatstrasse 2, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
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de Ramón-Carbonell M, Sánchez-Torres P. Significance of 195 bp-enhancer of PdCYP51B in the acquisition of Penicillium digitatum DMI resistance and increase of fungal virulence. Pestic Biochem Physiol 2020; 165:104522. [PMID: 32359549 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2020.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Two sterol 14α-demethylase genes from Penicillium digitatum, PdCYP51A and PdCYP51B, were evaluated and revealed that 95% of Imazalil (IMZ)-resistant isolates carried a 195-bp insertion in the PdCYP51B promoter. We functionally characterized both sterol 14α-demethylases by overexpression. Molecular analysis of overexpression mutants showed that the introduction of PdCYP51B insertion is more stable than the five-tandem repeat PdCYP51A sequence previously described that confers DMI fungicide resistance. The both enhancers can coexist in P. digitatum isolates that initially contained the 195-bp PdCYP51B insertion but the introduction of 195-bp PdCYP51B enhancer promoted the loss of the five-tandem repeat of PdCYP51A. The incorporation of 195-bp PdCYP51B resulted in an increase of DMI fungicide resistance in mutants from already resistant isolates and confers resistance to DMIs in mutants from sensitive isolates. Transcription evaluation of the both genes showed noticeable induction in all overexpression mutants, except for those coming from the five-tandem repeat PdCYP51A sequence, whereas PdCYP51A expression dropped dramatically. Only PdCYP51B exhibited up-regulation during citrus infection compared to axenic growth, and the role of PdCYP51B in fungal virulence was further reinforced since strains with low virulence showed increased infectivity in overexpression mutants. This study suggested the predominant role of the PdCYP51B enhancer in the acquisition of DMI resistance and fungal virulence, by replacing homologues genes with same putative function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta de Ramón-Carbonell
- Valencian Institute for Agricultural Research (IVIA), Plant Protection and Biotechnology Research Center, 46113 Moncada, Valencia, Spain
| | - Paloma Sánchez-Torres
- Valencian Institute for Agricultural Research (IVIA), Plant Protection and Biotechnology Research Center, 46113 Moncada, Valencia, Spain; Department of Food Biotechnology. Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology, Spanish National Research Council (IATA-CSIC), Calle Catedrático Agustín Escardino 7, 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain.
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Pasquali M, Pallez-Barthel M, Beyer M. Searching molecular determinants of sensitivity differences towards four demethylase inhibitors in Fusarium graminearum field strains. Pestic Biochem Physiol 2020; 164:209-220. [PMID: 32284129 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2020.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Demethylase inhibitors (DMIs) also referred to as azoles or triazoles are currently the main fungicides used for controlling Fusarium diseases and associated toxins in cereals. DMIs also represent an important class of fungicides used in the medical domain. The level of sensitivity of a set of F. graminearum strains (n = 23), collected over the period 1994-2010 in Luxembourg, Germany, Canada, USA, Italy and Belgium against three DMIs (cyproconazole, propiconazole, tebuconazole) used in agriculture and one DMI used in medicine (tioconazole) was assessed using a microplate test. Median molar EC50 values varied 113-fold among DMIs and on average 11-fold within DMIs with cyproconazole and tebuconazole being the least and the most effective ones, respectively. The EC50 values of the two DMIs registered for use against Fusarium species on cereals (propiconazole and tebuconazole) were significantly correlated (r = 0.597**), while no evidence for cross-resistance was obtained for other fungicide combinations. Haplotypes for CYP51A and CYP51C were defined based on snps determining amino acid variations in the two genes. EC50 values of strains with the CYP51A haplotype A0 and the CYP51C haplotype D1 varied greatly for the agricultural DMIs tebuconazole, propiconazole and cyproconazole, but not for the medical DMI tioconazole. None of the mutations and snps that were previously reported to be associated with resistance towards propiconazole was unambiguously related with resistance to tioconazole, because the mutations and snps were found in strains with low as well as with high EC50 values. Our results show that (1) DMI sensitivity of F. graminearum mycelium has been largely stable between 1994 and 2010, (2) effects of snps on sensitivity towards one DMI detected in one set of strains cannot be extrapolated to other DMIs and sets of strains and (3) F. graminearum strains responded differently to DMIs used in agriculture and to a representative of a medical DMI with no evidence for cross-resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matias Pasquali
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Science, University of Milan, via Celoria 2, 20900 Milano, Italy
| | - Marine Pallez-Barthel
- Department of Environmental Research and Innovation, Agro-Environmental Systems, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, LIST, 5 Avenue des Hauts Fourneaux, L-4362 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Marco Beyer
- Department of Environmental Research and Innovation, Agro-Environmental Systems, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, LIST, 5 Avenue des Hauts Fourneaux, L-4362 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg.
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Chen F, Tsuji SS, Li Y, Hu M, Bandeira MA, Câmara MPS, Michereff SJ, Schnabel G. Reduced sensitivity of azoxystrobin and thiophanate-methyl resistance in Lasiodiplodia theobromae from papaya. Pestic Biochem Physiol 2020; 162:60-68. [PMID: 31836056 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2019.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 06/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Stem-end rot caused by Lasiodiplodia theobromae is one of the most devastating diseases of papaya in northeastern Brazil. It is most effectively controlled by applications of fungicides, including site-specific fungicides at risk for resistance development. This study investigated the molecular mechanisms of reduced sensitivity to the QoI fungicide azoxystrobin and resistance to the MBC fungicide thiophanate-methyl in L. theobromae from Brazilian orchards. The EC50 values for azoxystrobin in sixty-four isolates ranged from 0.36 μg/ml to 364.24 μg/ml and the frequency distribution of EC50 values formed a multimodal curve, indicating reduced sensitivity to azoxystrobin. In detached fruit assays reduced sensitive isolates were not controlled as effectively as sensitive isolates at lowest label rate. Partial fragments were obtained from target genes β-tubulin (751 bp) and Cytb (687 bp) of isolates resistant to thiophanate-methyl and reduced sensitivity to azoxystrobin. Sequence analysis of the β-tubulin fragment revealed a mutation corresponding to E198K in all thiophanate-methyl-resistant isolates, while reduced sensitivity to axoxystrobin was not attributable to Cytb gene alterations. The target gene-based mechanism conferring resistance to thiophanate-methyl will likely be stable even if selection pressure subsides. However, the mechanism conferring reduced sensitivity to azoxystrobin is not based on target gene modifications and thus may not be as stable as other genotypes with mutations in Cytb gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengping Chen
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Institute of Plant Virology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Susan Satie Tsuji
- Departamento de Agronomia, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Recife, PE 52171, Brazil
| | - Yuan Li
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Institute of Plant Virology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Mengjun Hu
- Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | | | | | - Sami Jorge Michereff
- Centro de Ciências Agrárias e da Biodiversidade, Universidade Federal do Cariri, Crato, CE 63130, Brazil
| | - Guido Schnabel
- Plant & Environmental Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA.
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25
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Matsuzaki Y, Yoshimoto Y, Arimori S, Kiguchi S, Harada T, Iwahashi F. Discovery of metyltetraprole: Identification of tetrazolinone pharmacophore to overcome QoI resistance. Bioorg Med Chem 2019; 28:115211. [PMID: 31753801 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2019.115211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Revised: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Quinone outside inhibitors (QoIs) are one of the major agricultural fungicide groups used worldwide. However, the development of resistance by different pathogenic species associated with specific mutation at the target gene site is becoming a critical issue for the sustainable use of QoIs. The authors aimed to design a novel QoI molecule to overcome the aforementioned issue. A rational approach to avoid steric hindrance between the QoI molecule and the mutated target site was successfully employed. The resulting compound, metyltetraprole, is characterized by 3-substituted central ring with a tetrazolinone moiety, the key structure to retain potent activity against QoI-resistant mutants. Metyltetraprole is a promising new fungicide under commercial development, and its development in this study has paved the way to overcoming resistance to QoI fungicides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuichi Matsuzaki
- Health and Crop Sciences Research Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd., Takarazuka, Japan.
| | - Yuya Yoshimoto
- Health and Crop Sciences Research Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd., Takarazuka, Japan
| | - Sadayuki Arimori
- Health and Crop Sciences Research Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd., Takarazuka, Japan
| | - So Kiguchi
- Health and Crop Sciences Research Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd., Takarazuka, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Harada
- Health and Crop Sciences Research Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd., Takarazuka, Japan
| | - Fukumatsu Iwahashi
- Health and Crop Sciences Research Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd., Takarazuka, Japan
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26
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Chechi A, Stahlecker J, Dowling ME, Schnabel G. Diversity in species composition and fungicide resistance profiles in Colletotrichum isolates from apples. Pestic Biochem Physiol 2019; 158:18-24. [PMID: 31378355 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2019.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Outbreaks of bitter rot were observed in three commercial apple orchards in Illinois despite best management efforts during the 2018 production season. Three isolates from symptomatic fruit from these orchards and two isolates from an orchard in South Carolina were identified to the species level using morphological tools and calmodulin, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, and beta-tubulin gene sequences. The isolates from Illinois were identified as Colletotrichum siamense of the Colletotrichum gloeosporioides species complex and the ones from South Carolina as Colletotrichum fioriniae and Colletotrichum fructicola of the Colletotrichum acutatum and the C. gloeosporioides species complex, respectively. Two of the three C. siamense isolates from Illinois were resistant to azoxystrobin and thiophanate-methyl as determined in mycelial growth tests in vitro. EC50 values were >100 μg/ml for both fungicides. One isolate was only resistant to azoxystrobin. None of the isolates from South Carolina was resistant to either of the two compounds. All five isolates were sensitive to fludioxonil (EC50 values <0.1 μg/ml), propiconazole (EC50 values ranged from 0.15 to 0.36 μg/ml), and benzovindiflupyr (EC50 values ranged from <0.1 to 0.33 μg/ml). Resistance in C. siamense to azoxystrobin and thiophanate-methyl was confirmed in detached fruit studies using apples treated with label rates of registered product. Resistance to thiophanate-methyl in C. siamense was based on E198A mutation in b-tubulin gene, whereas resistance to azoxystrobin was based on G143A in cytochrome b (CYTB). One isolate resistant to azoxystrobin possessed no amino acid variation in CYTB. This study shows that quinone outside inhibitor fungicide resistance in Colletotrichum from apple has emerged and is being selected for in Illinois apple orchards by current spray strategies. Resistance monitoring may alert growers to potential threats, but the employment of molecular tools based on current knowledge of resistance mechanisms will provide incomplete results.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Chechi
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, United States of America
| | - J Stahlecker
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, United States of America
| | - M E Dowling
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, United States of America
| | - G Schnabel
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, United States of America.
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Bengyella L. Global insight into the distribution of velvet-like B protein in Cochliobolus species and implication in pathogenicity and fungicide resistance. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 34:187. [PMID: 30506400 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-018-2569-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The Cochliobolus genus consist of over 55 species among which the 5 most devastating are Cochliobolus carbonum, Cochliobolus heterostrophus, Cochliobolus miyabeanus, Crocus sativus and Cochliobolus lunatus causing damages in sorghum, wheat, rice, maize, cassava and soybean estimated at over 10 billion USD per annum worldwide. The dynamic pathogenicity of Cochliobolus species and the plethora of infected hosts is determined by the evolution of virulence determinants such as the velvet-like B protein (VelB). Nonetheless, the knowledge on the distribution of Cochliobolus VelB and its implication in pathogenicity and fungicide resistance are often lacking. By scanning through the annotated genomes of C. lunatus, C. heterostrophus, C. carbonum, C. victoriae, C. sativus and C. miyabeanus, it is revealed that the numbers of ortholog VelB and cognates vary. By using the phylogenetic approach, it is established that the diversification rates among velvet-domain-containing proteins for phytopathogenic Cochliobolus species could impact differently on their oxidant and fungicide resistance potentials, ability to form appressoria-like structures and infection pegs during infection. This study provides new insights into the pathogenicity evolution of Cochliobolus species at the VelB locus which is relevant for designing effective strategies for durable management of Cochliobolus diseases.
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Song XS, Gu KX, Duan XX, Xiao XM, Hou YP, Duan YB, Wang JX, Zhou MG. A myosin5 dsRNA that reduces the fungicide resistance and pathogenicity of Fusarium asiaticum. Pestic Biochem Physiol 2018; 150:1-9. [PMID: 30195381 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2018.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Revised: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Fungal resistance to fungicides is a serious challenge in crop protection. Although strategies have been found to prevent the development of fungicide resistance, rare strategy has been found to quickly reduce such resistance once it has occurred. We demonstrate that the application of dsRNAs, which inhibit the expression of the phenamacril (fungicide JS399-19) target gene-Myosin 5 (Myo5) in Fusarium, decreased F. asiaticum resistance to phenamacril and infection. RNAi molecules derived from different regions of Myo5 gene had different effects on phenamacril-resistance. Myo5-8 (one of Myo5 segments) exhibited great and stable effect on phenamacril-resistant reduction both in vivo and in vitro. Myo5 mRNA and protein were both reduced when mycelium was treated with Myo5-8 dsRNA. After a mixture of Myo5-8 dsRNA and phenamacril treatment, plants can highly control the infection of phenamacril-resistant strain. The antifungal activity of Myo5-8 dsRNA plus phenamacril effected longer than a single Myo5-8 dsRNA. In addition, no off-target sequences were found in wheat and/or other plant and animal species for Myo5-8 dsRNA sequence. Our findings suggest a new strategy for fungicide resistant reduction and for designing new fungicides to control pathogens which easily develop fungicide resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu-Shi Song
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Jiangsu Province, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Kai-Xin Gu
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Jiangsu Province, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xiao-Xin Duan
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Jiangsu Province, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xue-Mei Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Jiangsu Province, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yi-Ping Hou
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Jiangsu Province, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Ya-Bing Duan
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Jiangsu Province, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jian-Xin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Jiangsu Province, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Ming-Guo Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Jiangsu Province, Nanjing 210095, China.
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Nawaz K, Shahid AA, Bengyella L, Subhani MN, Ali M, Anwar W, Iftikhar S, Ali SW. Evidence of genetically diverse virulent mating types of Phytophthora capsici from Capsicum annum L. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 34:130. [PMID: 30101403 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-018-2511-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Chili pepper (Capsicum annum L.) is an important economic crop that is severely destroyed by the filamentous oomycete Phytophthora capsici. Little is known about this pathogen in key chili pepper farms in Punjab province, Pakistan. We investigated the genetic diversity of P. capsici strains using standard taxonomic and molecular tools, and characterized their colony growth patterns as well as their disease severity on chili pepper plants under the greenhouse conditions. Phylogenetic analysis based on ribosomal DNA (rDNA), β-tubulin and translation elongation factor 1α loci revealed divergent evolution in the population structure of P. capsici isolates. The mean oospore diameter of mating type A1 isolates was greater than that of mating type A2 isolates. We provide first evidence of an uneven distribution of highly virulent mating type A1 and A2 of P. capsici that are insensitive to mefenoxam, pyrimorph, dimethomorph, and azoxystrobin fungicides, and represent a risk factor that could ease outpacing the current P. capsici management strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiran Nawaz
- Institute of Agricultural Science, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan.
| | - Ahmad Ali Shahid
- Institute of Agricultural Science, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
- Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Louis Bengyella
- Tree Fruit Research and Extension Center (TFREC), College of Agricultural, Human and Natural Resource Sciences (CAHNRS), Washington State University, Wenatchee, USA.
- Department of Biological Control, Advanced Biotech Cooperative, Bali-Nyonga, Cameroon.
| | | | - Muhammad Ali
- Institute of Agricultural Science, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Waheed Anwar
- Institute of Agricultural Science, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Sehrish Iftikhar
- Institute of Agricultural Science, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Shinawar Waseem Ali
- Institute of Agricultural Science, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
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Sevastos A, Kalampokis IF, Panagiotopoulou A, Pelecanou M, Aliferis KA. Implication of Fusarium graminearum primary metabolism in its resistance to benzimidazole fungicides as revealed by 1H NMR metabolomics. Pestic Biochem Physiol 2018; 148:50-61. [PMID: 29891377 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2018.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Revised: 03/24/2018] [Accepted: 03/25/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Fungal metabolomics is a field of high potential but yet largely unexploited. Focusing on plant-pathogenic fungi, no metabolomics studies exist on their resistance to fungicides, which represents a major issue that the agrochemical and agricultural sectors are facing. Fungal infections cause quantitative, but also qualitative yield losses, especially in the case of mycotoxin-producing species. The aim of the study was to correlate metabolic changes in Fusarium graminearum strains' metabolomes with their carbendazim-resistant level and discover corresponding metabolites-biomarkers, with primary focus on its primary metabolism. For this purpose, comparative 1H NMR metabolomics was applied to a wild-type and four carbendazim-resistant Fusarium graminearum strains following or not exposure to the fungicide. Results showed an excellent discrimination between the strains based on their carbendazim-resistance following exposure to low concentration of the fungicide (2 mg L-1). Both genotype and fungicide treatments had a major impact on fungal metabolism. Among the signatory metabolites, a positive correlation was discovered between the content of F. graminearum strains in amino acids of the aromatic and pyruvate families, l-glutamate, l-proline, l-serine, pyroglutamate, and succinate and their carbendazim-resistance level. In contrary, their content in l-glutamine and l-threonine, had a negative correlation. Many of these metabolites play important roles in fungal physiology and responses to stresses. This work represents a proof-of-concept of the applicability of 1H NMR metabolomics for high-throughput screening of fungal mutations leading to fungicide resistance, and the study of its biochemical basis, focusing on the involvement of primary metabolism. Results could be further exploited in programs of resistance monitoring, genetic engineering, and crop protection for combating fungal resistance to fungicides.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Sevastos
- Laboratory of Pesticide Science, Department of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - I F Kalampokis
- Laboratory of Pesticide Science, Department of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - A Panagiotopoulou
- Institute of Biosciences & Applications, National Centre for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Athens, Greece
| | - M Pelecanou
- Institute of Biosciences & Applications, National Centre for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Athens, Greece
| | - K A Aliferis
- Laboratory of Pesticide Science, Department of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece; Department of Plant Science, Macdonald Campus of McGill University, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec, Canada.
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Choi Y, Jung B, Li T, Lee J. Identification of Genes Related to Fungicide Resistance in Fusarium fujikuroi. Mycobiology 2017; 45:101-104. [PMID: 28781543 PMCID: PMC5541144 DOI: 10.5941/myco.2017.45.2.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Revised: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
We identified two genes related to fungicide resistance in Fusarium fujikuroi through random mutagenesis. Targeted gene deletions showed that survival factor 1 deletion resulted in higher sensitivity to fungicides, while deletion of the gene encoding F-box/WD-repeat protein increased resistance, suggesting that the genes affect fungicide resistance in different ways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Younghae Choi
- Department of Applied Biology, Dong-A University, Busan 49315, Korea
| | - Boknam Jung
- Department of Applied Biology, Dong-A University, Busan 49315, Korea
| | - Taiying Li
- Department of Applied Biology, Dong-A University, Busan 49315, Korea
| | - Jungkwan Lee
- Department of Applied Biology, Dong-A University, Busan 49315, Korea
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Li J, Kang T, Talab KMA, Zhu F, Li J. Molecular and biochemical characterization of dimethachlone resistant isolates of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Pestic Biochem Physiol 2017; 138:15-21. [PMID: 28456299 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2017.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Revised: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 02/05/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Sclerotinia sclerotiorum is a necrotrophic fungal plant pathogen with a broad host range. The dicarboximide fungicide dimethachlone has been used to control this pathogen for more than a decade and resistance to dimethachlone has recently been reported in China. Compared with sensitive isolates, the three dimethachlone resistant isolates with resistance ratios of 78.3, 85.5, and 94.8 exhibited significantly (P<0.05) higher cell membrane permeability and peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase activities. Dimethachlone at 0.25μg/mL significantly increased cell membrane permeability and enhanced activity of the two enzymes in both resistant and sensitive isolates. There were no significant differences in glycerol or oxalate content between the resistant and sensitive isolates. Dimethachlone treatment increased glycerol content in the resistant isolates and reduced in the sensitive isolates (P<0.01). Sequencing of three genes involved in two-component signal pathway and of three genes in mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase cascade demonstrated that the dimethachlone resistant isolates HLJ4 and HLJ6 harbored point mutations of I232T and G1087D, respectively, in the deduce amino acid sequence of the histidine kinase (HK) gene Sshk. HLJ4 had a point mutation of P96L in the deduced amino acid sequence of the MAP kinase-kinase gene SsPbs. The expression levels of the Sshk gene were higher in HLJ4 and HLJ6 than in HLJ3 and the sensitive isolate HLJMG2, and transcription of the Sshk gene was up-regulated by dimethachlone for the three resistant isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinli Li
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Tinghao Kang
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | | | - Fuxing Zhu
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Jianhong Li
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
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Wollenberg RD, Donau SS, Nielsen TT, Sørensen JL, Giese H, Wimmer R, Søndergaard TE. Real-time imaging of the growth-inhibitory effect of JS399-19 on Fusarium. Pestic Biochem Physiol 2016; 134:24-30. [PMID: 27914536 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2016.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Revised: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Real-time imaging was used to study the effects of a novel Fusarium-specific cyanoacrylate fungicide (JS399-19) on growth and morphology of four Fusarium sp. This fungicide targets the motor domain of type I myosin. Fusarium graminearum PH-1, Fusarium solani f. sp. pisi 77-13-4, Fusarium avenaceum IBT8464, and Fusarium avenaceum 05001, which has a K216Q amino-acid substitution at the resistance-implicated site in its myosin type I motor domain, were analyzed. Real-time imaging shows that JS399-19 inhibits fungal growth but not to the extent previously reported. The fungicide causes the hypha to become entangled and unable to extend vertically. This implies that type I myosin in Fusarium is essential for hyphal and mycelia propagation. The K216Q substitution correlates with reduced susceptibility in F. avenaceum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasmus D Wollenberg
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, DK-9220 Aalborg, Denmark.
| | - Søren S Donau
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, DK-9220 Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Thorbjørn T Nielsen
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, DK-9220 Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Jens L Sørensen
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, DK-9220 Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Henriette Giese
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, DK-9220 Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Reinhard Wimmer
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, DK-9220 Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Teis E Søndergaard
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, DK-9220 Aalborg, Denmark
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Bock CH, Chen C, Yu F, Stevenson KL, Wood BW. Draft genome sequence of Fusicladium effusum, cause of pecan scab. Stand Genomic Sci 2016; 11:36. [PMID: 27274782 PMCID: PMC4891892 DOI: 10.1186/s40793-016-0161-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Pecan scab, caused by the plant pathogenic fungus Fusicladium effusum, is the most destructive disease of pecan, an important specialty crop cultivated in several regions of the world. Only a few members of the family Venturiaceae (in which the pathogen resides) have been reported sequenced. We report the first draft genome sequence (40.6 Mb) of an isolate F. effusum collected from a pecan tree (cv. Desirable) in central Georgia, in the US. The genome sequence described will be a useful resource for research of the biology and ecology of the pathogen, coevolution with the pecan host, characterization of genes of interest, and development of markers for studies of genetic diversity, genotyping and phylogenetic analysis. The annotation of the genome is described and a phylogenetic analysis is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clive H. Bock
- />Southeastern Fruit and Tree Nut Research Lab, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, 21 Dunbar Road, Byron, GA 31008 USA
| | - Chunxian Chen
- />Southeastern Fruit and Tree Nut Research Lab, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, 21 Dunbar Road, Byron, GA 31008 USA
| | - Fahong Yu
- />Interdisciplinary Center for Biotechnology Research, University of Florida, 2033 Mowry Road, Gainesville, FL 32610 USA
| | - Katherine L. Stevenson
- />Department of Plant Pathology, University of Georgia, 2360 Rainwater Rd., Tifton, GA 31793 USA
| | - Bruce W. Wood
- />Southeastern Fruit and Tree Nut Research Lab, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, 21 Dunbar Road, Byron, GA 31008 USA
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Abstract
Herbicide resistance is a growing threat to agriculture and has parallels to resistances to fungicides and insecticides. However, there are many reasons to treat the resistance to herbicides differently. To highlight these similarities and differences, three pests, a weed, an insect, and a disease that have shown the ability to rapidly develop resistance to a variety of products and product classes were used as illustrations. The situation in herbicide resistance is approaching a point already experienced by the other pest control disciplines, and thus, it is worthwhile to revisit their experiences.
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Hahn M. The rising threat of fungicide resistance in plant pathogenic fungi: Botrytis as a case study. J Chem Biol 2014; 7:133-41. [PMID: 25320647 PMCID: PMC4182335 DOI: 10.1007/s12154-014-0113-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2014] [Accepted: 05/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The introduction of site-specific fungicides almost 50 years ago has revolutionized chemical plant protection, providing highly efficient, low toxicity compounds for control of fungal diseases. However, it was soon discovered that plant pathogenic fungi can adapt to fungicide treatments by mutations leading to resistance and loss of fungicide efficacy. The grey mould fungus Botrytis cinerea, a major cause of pre- and post-harvest losses in fruit and vegetable production, is notorious as a 'high risk' organism for rapid resistance development. In this review, the mechanisms and the history of fungicide resistance in Botrytis are outlined. The introduction of new fungicide classes for grey mould control was always followed by the appearance of resistance in field populations. In addition to target site resistance, B. cinerea has also developed a resistance mechanism based on drug efflux transport. Excessive spraying programmes have resulted in the selection of multiresistant strains in several countries, in particular in strawberry fields. The rapid erosion of fungicide activity against these strains represents a major challenge for the future of fungicides against Botrytis. To maintain adequate protection of intensive cultures against grey mould, strict implementation of resistance management measures are required as well as alternative strategies with non-chemical products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Hahn
- Department of Biology, University of Kaiserslautern, P.O. box 3049, Kaiserslautern, Germany
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Zhang YJ, Zhao JJ, Xie M, Peng DL. Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation in the entomopathogenic fungus Lecanicillium lecanii and development of benzimidazole fungicide resistant strains. J Microbiol Methods 2014; 105:168-73. [PMID: 25107375 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2014.07.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2014] [Revised: 07/25/2014] [Accepted: 07/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Lecanicillium lecanii has been used in the biological control of several insects in agricultural practice. Since the gene manipulation tools for this entomopathogenic fungus have not been sufficiently developed, Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation (ATMT) in L. lecanii was investigated in this study, using the wild-type isolate FZ9906 as a progenitor strain and the hygromycin B resistance (hph) gene as a selection marker. Furthermore, a field carbendazim-resistant (mrt) gene from Botrytis cinerea was expressed in L. lecanii FZ9906 via the ATMT system. The results revealed that the frequency of transformation surpassed 25transformants/10(6) conidia, most of the putative transformants contained a single copy of T-DNA, and the T-DNA inserts were stably inherited after five generations. All putative transformants had indistinguishable biological characteristics relative to the wild-type strain, excepting two transformants with altered growth habits or virulence. Moreover, the resistance of the putative transformants to carbendazim (MBC) was improved, and the highest one was 380-fold higher than the wild-type strain. In conclusion, ATMT is an effective and suitable system for L. lecanii transformation, and will be a useful tool for the basic and application research of gene functions and gene modifications of this strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Jun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin-Jin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming Xie
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China.
| | - De-Liang Peng
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
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