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Coupé S, Giantsis IA, Vázquez Luis M, Scarpa F, Foulquié M, Prévot J, Casu M, Lattos A, Michaelidis B, Sanna D, García‐March JR, Tena‐Medialdea J, Vicente N, Bunet R. The characterization of toll-like receptor repertoire in Pinna nobilis after mass mortality events suggests adaptive introgression. Ecol Evol 2023; 13:e10383. [PMID: 37546570 PMCID: PMC10401143 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.10383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 07/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The fan mussel Pinna nobilis is currently on the brink of extinction due to a multifactorial disease mainly caused to the highly pathogenic parasite Haplosporidium pinnae, meaning that the selection pressure outweighs the adaptive potential of the species. Hopefully, rare individuals have been observed somehow resistant to the parasite, stretching the need to identify the traits underlying this better fitness. Among the candidate to explore at first intention are fast-evolving immune genes, of which toll-like receptor (TLR). In this study, we examined the genetic diversity at 14 TLR loci across P. nobilis, Pinna rudis and P. nobilis × P. rudis hybrid genomes, collected at four physically distant regions, that were found to be either resistant or sensitive to the parasite H. pinnae. We report a high genetic diversity, mainly observed at cell surface TLRs compared with that of endosomal TLRs. However, the endosomal TLR-7 exhibited unexpected level of diversity and haplotype phylogeny. The lack of population structure, associated with a high genetic diversity and elevated dN/dS ratio, was interpreted as balancing selection, though both directional and purifying selection were detected. Interestingly, roughly 40% of the P. nobilis identified as resistant to H. pinnae were introgressed with P. rudis TLR. Specifically, they all carried a TLR-7 of P. rudis origin, whereas sensitive P. nobilis were not introgressed, at least at TLR loci. Small contributions of TLR-6 and TLR-4 single-nucleotide polymorphisms to the clustering of resistant and susceptible individuals could be detected, but their specific role in resistance remains highly speculative. This study provides new information on the diversity of TLR genes within the P. nobilis species after MME and additional insights into adaptation to H. pinnae that should contribute to the conservation of this Mediterranean endemic species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane Coupé
- Université de Toulon, Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, IRD, MIOMarseilleFrance
| | | | - Maite Vázquez Luis
- Instituto Español de Oceanografía (IEO, CSIC), Centro Oceanográfico de BalearesPalma de MallorcaSpain
| | - Fabio Scarpa
- Department of Biomedical SciencesFabio Scarpa, Daria Sanna: University of SassariSassariItaly
| | - Mathieu Foulquié
- Université de Toulon, Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, IRD, MIOMarseilleFrance
- Institut océanographique Paul RicardIle des Embiez, VarFrance
| | | | - Marco Casu
- Department of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of SassariSassariItaly
| | - Athanasios Lattos
- Faculty of Agricultural SciencesUniversity of Western MacedoniaKozaniGreece
| | - Basile Michaelidis
- Faculty of Agricultural SciencesUniversity of Western MacedoniaKozaniGreece
| | - Daria Sanna
- Department of Biomedical SciencesFabio Scarpa, Daria Sanna: University of SassariSassariItaly
| | - José Rafa García‐March
- IMEDMAR‐UCV, Institute of Environment and Marine Science ResearchUniversidad Católica de Valencia SVMCalpe, AlicanteSpain
| | - José Tena‐Medialdea
- IMEDMAR‐UCV, Institute of Environment and Marine Science ResearchUniversidad Católica de Valencia SVMCalpe, AlicanteSpain
| | - Nardo Vicente
- Institut Méditerranéen de Biodiversité et Ecologie marine et continentale (IMBE), Aix‐Marseille Université, CNRS, IRD, Avignon UniversitéAvignonFrance
| | - Robert Bunet
- Institut océanographique Paul RicardIle des Embiez, VarFrance
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Garrote PJ, Castilla AR, Picó FX, Fedriani JM. Examining the spatiotemporal variation of genetic diversity and genetic rarity in the natural plant recolonization of human-altered areas. CONSERV GENET 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s10592-023-01503-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
AbstractThe spatiotemporal genetic variation at early plant life stages may substantially affect the natural recolonization of human-altered areas, which is crucial to understand plant and habitat conservation. In animal-dispersed plants, dispersers’ behavior may critically drive the distribution of genetic variation. Here, we examine how genetic rarity is spatially and temporally structured in seedlings of a keystone pioneer palm (Chamaerops humilis) and how the variation of genetic rarity could ultimately affect plant recruitment. We intensively monitored the seed rain mediated by two medium-sized carnivores during two consecutive seasons in a Mediterranean human-altered area. We genotyped 143 out of 309 detected seedlings using 12 microsatellite markers. We found that seedlings emerging from carnivore-dispersed seeds showed moderate to high levels of genetic diversity and no evidence of inbreeding. We found inflated kinship among seedlings that emerged from seeds within a single carnivore fecal sample, but a dilution of such FSGS at larger spatial scales (e.g. latrine). Seedlings showed a significant genetic sub-structure and the sibling relationships varied depending on the spatial scale. Rare genotypes arrived slightly later throughout the dispersal season and tended to be spatially isolated. However, genetic rarity was not a significant predictor by itself which indicates that, at least, its influence on seedling survival was smaller than other spatiotemporal factors. Our results suggest strong C. humilis resilience to genetic bottlenecks due to human disturbances. We highlight the study of plant-animal interactions from a genetic perspective since it provides crucial information for plant conservation and the recovery of genetic plant resilience.
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Wong WC, Tung HJ, Nurul Fadhilah M, Midot F, Lau SYL, Melling L, Astari S, Hadziabdic Đ, Trigiano RN, Goh YK, Goh KJ. Evidence for high gene flow, nonrandom mating, and genetic bottlenecks of Ganoderma boninense infecting oil palm ( Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) plantations in Malaysia and Indonesia. Mycologia 2022; 114:947-963. [PMID: 36239960 DOI: 10.1080/00275514.2022.2118512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Ganoderma boninense, the causal agent of basal stem rot (BSR) disease, has been recognized as a major economic threat to commercial plantings of oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) in Southeast Asia, which supplies 86% of the world's palm oil. High genetic diversity and gene flow among regional populations of 417 G. boninense isolates collected from Sabah, Sarawak, and Peninsular Malaysia (Malaysia) and Sumatra (Indonesia) were demonstrated using 16 microsatellite loci. Three genetic clusters and different admixed populations of G. boninense across regions were detected, and they appeared to follow the spread of the fungus from the oldest (Peninsular Malaysia and Sumatra) to younger generations of oil palm plantings (Sabah and Sarawak). Low spatial genetic differentiation of G. boninense (FST = 0.05) among the sampling regions revealed geographically nonrestricted gene dispersal, but isolation by distance was still evident. Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) confirmed the little to no genetic differentiation among the pathogen populations and the three genetic clusters defined by STRUCTURE and minimum spanning network. Despite G. boninense being highly outcrossing and spread by sexual spores, linkage disequilibrium was detected in 7 of the 14 populations. Linkage disequilibrium indicated that the reproduction of the fungus was not entirely by random mating and genetic drift could be an important structuring factor. Furthermore, evidence of population bottleneck was indicated in the oldest oil palm plantations as detected in genetic clusters 2 and 3, which consisted mainly of Peninsular Malaysia and Sumatra isolates. The population bottleneck or founding event could have arisen from either new planting or replanting after the removal of large number of palm hosts. The present study also demonstrated that migration and nonrandom mating of G. boninense could be important for survival and adaptation to new palm hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- W C Wong
- Biotechnology Section, Advanced Agriecological Research Sendirian Berhad, AAR-UNMC Biotechnology Research Centre, Jalan Broga, 43500 Semenyih, Selangor, Malaysia.,Pest and Disease Section, Applied Agricultural Resources Sendirian Berhad, No. 11 Jalan Teknologi 3/6, Taman Sains Selangor 1, Kota Damansara, 47810 Petaling Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - H J Tung
- Biotechnology Section, Advanced Agriecological Research Sendirian Berhad, AAR-UNMC Biotechnology Research Centre, Jalan Broga, 43500 Semenyih, Selangor, Malaysia.,Pest and Disease Section, Applied Agricultural Resources Sendirian Berhad, No. 11 Jalan Teknologi 3/6, Taman Sains Selangor 1, Kota Damansara, 47810 Petaling Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - M Nurul Fadhilah
- Pest and Disease Section, Applied Agricultural Resources Sendirian Berhad, No. 11 Jalan Teknologi 3/6, Taman Sains Selangor 1, Kota Damansara, 47810 Petaling Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - F Midot
- Molecular and Microbiology Division, Sarawak Tropical Peat Research Institute, Lot 6035, Kuching-Kota Samarahan Expressway, 94300, Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - S Y L Lau
- Molecular and Microbiology Division, Sarawak Tropical Peat Research Institute, Lot 6035, Kuching-Kota Samarahan Expressway, 94300, Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - L Melling
- Molecular and Microbiology Division, Sarawak Tropical Peat Research Institute, Lot 6035, Kuching-Kota Samarahan Expressway, 94300, Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - S Astari
- Pest and Disease Section, Perseroan Terbatas Applied Agricultural Resources Indonesia, KLK Plantation Crop Research Centre, Jalan Harapan Utama No. 10, Rukun Tetangga 001 / Rukun Warga 001, Kelurahan Delima, Kecamatan Binawidya, Pekanbaru 28295, Riau, Indonesia
| | - Đ Hadziabdic
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, The University of Tennessee, 370 Plant Biotechnology Building, 2505 E.J. Chapman Drive, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996
| | - R N Trigiano
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, The University of Tennessee, 370 Plant Biotechnology Building, 2505 E.J. Chapman Drive, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996
| | - Y K Goh
- Pest and Disease Section, Applied Agricultural Resources Sendirian Berhad, No. 11 Jalan Teknologi 3/6, Taman Sains Selangor 1, Kota Damansara, 47810 Petaling Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - K J Goh
- Pest and Disease Section, Applied Agricultural Resources Sendirian Berhad, No. 11 Jalan Teknologi 3/6, Taman Sains Selangor 1, Kota Damansara, 47810 Petaling Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
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Marques Dracxler C, Kissling WD. The mutualism-antagonism continuum in Neotropical palm-frugivore interactions: from interaction outcomes to ecosystem dynamics. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2021; 97:527-553. [PMID: 34725900 PMCID: PMC9297963 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Frugivory, that is feeding on fruits, pulp or seeds by animals, is usually considered a mutualism when interactions involve seed dispersal, and an antagonism when it results in the predation and destruction of seeds. Nevertheless, most frugivory interactions involve both benefits and disadvantages for plants, and the net interaction outcomes thus tend to vary along a continuum from mutualism to antagonism. Quantifying outcome variation is challenging and the ecological contribution of frugivorous animals to plant demography thus remains little explored. This is particularly true for interactions in which animals do not ingest entire fruits, that is in seed‐eating and pulp‐eating. Here, we provide a comprehensive review of Neotropical palm–frugivore interactions, with a focus on how frugivore consumption behaviour (i.e. digestive processing, fruit‐handling ability and caching behaviour) and feeding types (fruit‐eating, pulp‐eating and seed‐eating) influence interaction outcomes at different demographic stages of palms. We compiled a total of 1043 species‐level palm–frugivore interaction records that explicitly captured information on which parts of palm fruits are eaten by animals. These records showed consumption of fruits of 106 Neotropical palm species by 273 vertebrate species, especially birds (50%) and mammals (45%), but also fish (3%) and reptiles (2%). Fruit‐eating involved all four taxonomic vertebrate classes whereas seed‐eating and pulp‐eating were only recorded among birds and mammals. Most fruit‐eating interactions (77%) resulted in positive interaction outcomes for plants (e.g. gut‐passed seeds are viable or seeds are successfully dispersed), regardless of the digestive processing type of vertebrate consumers (seed defecation versus regurgitation). The majority of pulp‐eating interactions (91%) also resulted in positive interaction outcomes, for instance via pulp removal that promoted seed germination or via dispersal of intact palm seeds by external transport, especially if animals have a good fruit‐handling ability (e.g. primates, and some parrots). By contrast, seed‐eating interactions mostly resulted in dual outcomes (60%), where interactions had both negative effects on seed survival and positive outcomes through seed caching and external (non‐digestive) seed dispersal. A detailed synthesis of available field studies with qualitative and quantitative information provided evidence that 12 families and 27 species of mammals and birds are predominantly on the mutualistic side of the continuum whereas five mammalian families, six mammal and one reptile species are on the antagonistic side. The synthesis also revealed that most species can act as partial mutualists, even if they are typically considered antagonists. Our review demonstrates how different consumption behaviours and feeding types of vertebrate fruit consumers can influence seed dispersal and regeneration of palms, and thus ultimately affect the structure and functioning of tropical ecosystems. Variation in feeding types of animal consumers will influence ecosystem dynamics via effects on plant population dynamics and differences in long‐distance seed dispersal, and may subsequently affect ecosystem functions such as carbon storage. The quantification of intra‐ and inter‐specific variation in outcomes of plant–frugivore interactions – and their positive and negative effects on the seed‐to‐seedling transition of animal‐dispersed plants – should be a key research focus to understand better the mutualism–antagonism continuum and its importance for ecosystem dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Marques Dracxler
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics (IBED), University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 94240, Amsterdam, 1090 GE, The Netherlands
| | - W Daniel Kissling
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics (IBED), University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 94240, Amsterdam, 1090 GE, The Netherlands
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Wong WC, Tung HJ, Fadhilah MN, Midot F, Lau SYL, Melling L, Astari S, Hadziabdic Đ, Trigiano RN, Goh KJ, Goh YK. Genetic diversity and gene flow amongst admixed populations of Ganoderma boninense, causal agent of basal stem rot in African oil palm ( Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) in Sarawak (Malaysia), Peninsular Malaysia, and Sumatra (Indonesia). Mycologia 2021; 113:902-917. [PMID: 34161196 DOI: 10.1080/00275514.2021.1884815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
In 1911 and 1917, the first commercial plantings of African oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) were made in Indonesia and Malaysia in Southeast Asia. In less than 15 years, basal stem rot (BSR) was reported in Malaysia. It took nearly another seven decades to identify the main causal agent of BSR as the fungus, Ganoderma boninense. Since then, research efforts have focused on understanding G. boninense disease epidemiology, biology, and etiology, but limited progress was made to characterize pathogen genetic diversity, spatial structure, pathogenicity, and virulence. This study describes pathogen variability, gene flow, population differentiation, and genetic structure of G. boninense in Sarawak (Malaysia), Peninsular Malaysia, and Sumatra (Indonesia) inferred by 16 highly polymorphic cDNA-SSR (simple sequence repeat) markers. Marker-inferred genotypic diversity indicated a high level of pathogen variability among individuals within a population and among different populations. This genetic variability is clearly the result of outcrossing between basidiospores to produce recombinant genotypes. Although our results indicated high gene flow among the populations, there was no significant genetic differentiation among G. boninense populations on a regional scale. It suggested that G. boninense genetic makeup is similar across a wide region. Furthermore, our results revealed the existence of three admixed genetic clusters of G. boninense associated with BSR-diseased oil palms sampled throughout Sarawak, Peninsular Malaysia, and Sumatra. We postulate that the population structure is likely a reflection of the high genetic variability of G. boninense populations. This, in turn, could be explained by highly successful outcrossing between basidiospores of G. boninense from Southeast Asia and introduced genetic sources from various regions of the world, as well as regional adaptation of various pathogen genotypes to different palm hosts. Pathogen variability and population structure could be employed to deduce the epidemiology of G. boninense, as well as the implications of plantation cultural practices on BSR disease control in different regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- W C Wong
- Applied Agricultural Resources Sdn. Bhd., AAR-UNMC Biotechnology Research Centre, Jalan Broga, 43500 Semenyih, Selangor, Malaysia.,Advanced Agriecological Research Sdn. Bhd., No. 11 Jalan Teknologi 3/6, Taman Sains Selangor 1, Kota Damansara, 47810 Petaling Jaya, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - H J Tung
- Applied Agricultural Resources Sdn. Bhd., AAR-UNMC Biotechnology Research Centre, Jalan Broga, 43500 Semenyih, Selangor, Malaysia.,Advanced Agriecological Research Sdn. Bhd., No. 11 Jalan Teknologi 3/6, Taman Sains Selangor 1, Kota Damansara, 47810 Petaling Jaya, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - M Nurul Fadhilah
- Advanced Agriecological Research Sdn. Bhd., No. 11 Jalan Teknologi 3/6, Taman Sains Selangor 1, Kota Damansara, 47810 Petaling Jaya, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - F Midot
- Sarawak Tropical Peat Research Institute, Lot 6035, Kuching-Kota Samarahan Expressway, 94300, Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - S Y L Lau
- Sarawak Tropical Peat Research Institute, Lot 6035, Kuching-Kota Samarahan Expressway, 94300, Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - L Melling
- Sarawak Tropical Peat Research Institute, Lot 6035, Kuching-Kota Samarahan Expressway, 94300, Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - S Astari
- PT Applied Agricultural Resources Indonesia, Kompleks Taman Anggrek Block D1, Jl Tuanku Tambusai, Pekanbaru, Riau, Indonesia, 28291
| | - Đ Hadziabdic
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, University of Tennessee, 370 Plant Biotechnology Building, 2505 E J Chapman Drive, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996
| | - R N Trigiano
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, University of Tennessee, 370 Plant Biotechnology Building, 2505 E J Chapman Drive, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996
| | - K J Goh
- Advanced Agriecological Research Sdn. Bhd., No. 11 Jalan Teknologi 3/6, Taman Sains Selangor 1, Kota Damansara, 47810 Petaling Jaya, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Y K Goh
- Advanced Agriecological Research Sdn. Bhd., No. 11 Jalan Teknologi 3/6, Taman Sains Selangor 1, Kota Damansara, 47810 Petaling Jaya, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
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Environmental factors shape the epiphytic bacterial communities of Gracilariopsis lemaneiformis. Sci Rep 2021; 11:8671. [PMID: 33883606 PMCID: PMC8060329 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-87977-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Macroalgae host various symbionts on their surface, which play a critical role in their growth and development processes. However, there is still incomplete understanding of this epiphytic bacteria-host algae interactions. This study comprehensively analysed variation of the epiphytic bacterial communities (EBC) composition of red macroalga Gracilariopsis lemaneiformis at different geographic locations and environmental factors (i.e., nitrogen and phosphorus), which shape the EBC composition of G. lemaneiformis. The composition and structure of EBC were characterized using high throughput sequencing of the V3-V4 hypervariable region of the 16S rRNA gene. The results revealed that epiphytic bacteria varied significantly among three different geographic locations in China, i.e., Nan'ao Island (NA), Lianjiang County (LJ), and Nanri Island (NR). Redundancy analysis (RDA) showed that the relative abundance of Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, Verrucomicrobia, and Epsilonbacteraeota at NR were strongly positively correlated with total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), nitrate nitrogen (NO3-N), and dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN), but negatively correlated with nitrite nitrogen (NO2-N). The relative abundance of Cyanobacteria at NA and LJ were strongly positively correlated with NO2-N, but negatively correlated with TN, TP, NO3-N, and DIN. Besides, the Mantel test results indicated that the EBC composition was significantly correlated with these environmental factors, which was also confirmed by Spearman correlation analysis. Thus, environmental factors such as NO3-N and DIN play a key role in the community composition of epiphytic bacteria on G. lemaneiformis. This study provides important baseline knowledge on the community composition of epiphytic bacteria on G. lemaneiformis and shows correlation between different epiphytic bacteria and their surrounding environmental factors.
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Stump SM, Marden JH, Beckman NG, Mangan SA, Comita LS. Resistance Genes Affect How Pathogens Maintain Plant Abundance and Diversity. Am Nat 2020; 196:472-486. [PMID: 32970465 DOI: 10.1086/710486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
AbstractSpecialized pathogens are thought to maintain plant community diversity; however, most ecological studies treat pathogens as a black box. Here we develop a theoretical model to test how the impact of specialized pathogens changes when plant resistance genes (R-genes) mediate susceptibility. This work synthesizes two major hypotheses: the gene-for-gene model of pathogen resistance and the Janzen-Connell hypothesis of pathogen-mediated coexistence. We examine three scenarios. First, R-genes do not affect seedling survival; in this case, pathogens promote diversity. Second, seedlings are protected from pathogens when their R-gene alleles and susceptibility differ from those of nearby conspecific adults, thereby reducing transmission. If resistance is not costly, pathogens are less able to promote diversity because populations with low R-gene diversity suffer higher mortality, putting those populations at a disadvantage and potentially causing their exclusion. R-gene diversity may also be reduced during population bottlenecks, creating a priority effect. Third, when R-genes affect survival but resistance is costly, populations can avoid extinction by losing resistance alleles, as they cease paying a cost that is unneeded. Thus, the impact pathogens can have on tree diversity depends on the mechanism of plant-pathogen interactions. Future empirical studies should examine which of these scenarios most closely reflects the real world.
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Maternal microbes complicate coexistence for tropical trees. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:7166-7168. [PMID: 30936305 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1902736116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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Evidence of within-species specialization by soil microbes and the implications for plant community diversity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:7371-7376. [PMID: 30842279 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1810767116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbes are thought to maintain diversity in plant communities by specializing on particular species, but it is not known whether microbes that specialize within species (i.e., on genotypes) affect diversity or dynamics in plant communities. Here we show that soil microbes can specialize at the within-population level in a wild plant species, and that such specialization could promote species diversity and seed dispersal in plant communities. In a shadehouse experiment in Panama, we found that seedlings of the native tree species, Virola surinamensis (Myristicaceae), had reduced performance in the soil microbial community of their maternal tree compared with in the soil microbial community of a nonmaternal tree from the same population. Performance differences were unrelated to soil nutrients or to colonization by mycorrhizal fungi, suggesting that highly specialized pathogens were the mechanism reducing seedling performance in maternal soils. We then constructed a simulation model to explore the ecological and evolutionary consequences of genotype-specific pathogens in multispecies plant communities. Model results indicated that genotype-specific pathogens promote plant species coexistence-albeit less strongly than species-specific pathogens-and are most effective at maintaining species richness when genetic diversity is relatively low. Simulations also revealed that genotype-specific pathogens select for increased seed dispersal relative to species-specific pathogens, potentially helping to create seed dispersal landscapes that allow pathogens to more effectively promote diversity. Combined, our results reveal that soil microbes can specialize within wild plant populations, affecting seedling performance near conspecific adults and influencing plant community dynamics on ecological and evolutionary time scales.
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Browne L, Ottewell K, Sork VL, Karubian J. The relative contributions of seed and pollen dispersal to gene flow and genetic diversity in seedlings of a tropical palm. Mol Ecol 2018; 27:3159-3173. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.14768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Revised: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Luke Browne
- 400 Lindy Boggs Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Tulane University New Orleans Louisiana
- Fundación para la Conservación de los Andes Tropicales Quito Ecuador
- Institute of the Environment and Sustainability University of California Los Angeles California
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of California Los Angeles California
| | - Kym Ottewell
- Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions Kensington WA Australia
| | - Victoria L. Sork
- Institute of the Environment and Sustainability University of California Los Angeles California
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of California Los Angeles California
| | - Jordan Karubian
- 400 Lindy Boggs Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Tulane University New Orleans Louisiana
- Fundación para la Conservación de los Andes Tropicales Quito Ecuador
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