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García P, Singh S, Graciet E. New Insights into the Connections between Flooding/Hypoxia Response and Plant Defenses against Pathogens. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:2176. [PMID: 39204612 PMCID: PMC11358971 DOI: 10.3390/plants13162176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2024] [Revised: 07/31/2024] [Accepted: 08/02/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
The impact of global climate change has highlighted the need for a better understanding of how plants respond to multiple simultaneous or sequential stresses, not only to gain fundamental knowledge of how plants integrate signals and mount a coordinated response to stresses but also for applications to improve crop resilience to environmental stresses. In recent years, there has been a stronger emphasis on understanding how plants integrate stresses and the molecular mechanisms underlying the crosstalk between the signaling pathways and transcriptional programs that underpin plant responses to multiple stresses. The combination of flooding (or resulting hypoxic stress) with pathogen infection is particularly relevant due to the frequent co-occurrence of both stresses in nature. This review focuses on (i) experimental approaches and challenges associated with the study of combined and sequential flooding/hypoxia and pathogen infection, (ii) how flooding (or resulting hypoxic stress) influences plant immunity and defense responses to pathogens, and (iii) how flooding contributes to shaping the soil microbiome and is linked to plants' ability to fight pathogen infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo García
- Department of Biology, Maynooth University, W23 X021 Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland; (P.G.); (S.S.)
| | - Shreenivas Singh
- Department of Biology, Maynooth University, W23 X021 Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland; (P.G.); (S.S.)
| | - Emmanuelle Graciet
- Department of Biology, Maynooth University, W23 X021 Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland; (P.G.); (S.S.)
- Kathleen Lonsdale Institute for Human Health Research, Maynooth University, W23 X021 Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland
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2
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Roussin-Léveillée C, Rossi CAM, Castroverde CDM, Moffett P. The plant disease triangle facing climate change: a molecular perspective. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 29:895-914. [PMID: 38580544 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2024.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
Variations in climate conditions can dramatically affect plant health and the generation of climate-resilient crops is imperative to food security. In addition to directly affecting plants, it is predicted that more severe climate conditions will also result in greater biotic stresses. Recent studies have identified climate-sensitive molecular pathways that can result in plants being more susceptible to infection under unfavorable conditions. Here, we review how expected changes in climate will impact plant-pathogen interactions, with a focus on mechanisms regulating plant immunity and microbial virulence strategies. We highlight the complex interactions between abiotic and biotic stresses with the goal of identifying components and/or pathways that are promising targets for genetic engineering to enhance adaptation and strengthen resilience in dynamically changing environments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christina A M Rossi
- Department of Biology, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3C5, Canada
| | | | - Peter Moffett
- Centre SÈVE, Département de Biologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada.
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3
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Yuan S, Wang Y, Hu D, Xiao D, Wang J, Hou X, Li Y. BcWRKY1 confers Botrytis cinerea susceptibility via inhibiting JA biosynthesis. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2024; 176:e14432. [PMID: 38981735 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.14432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 06/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
WRKYs play important roles in plant stress resistance. However, the role of WRKYs in non-heading Chinese cabbage (Brassica campestris ssp. chinensis) against Botrytis cinerea (B. cinerea) remains poorly understood. Herein, the expression of BcWRKY1 was induced by B. cinerea. Further, the role of BcWRKY1 in B. cinerea infection was identified. Silencing of BcWRKY1 in non-heading Chinese cabbage enhanced plant resistance to B. cinerea. After B. cinerea inoculation, BcWRKY1-silencing plants exhibited lower reactive oxygen species (ROS) content, higher jasmonic acid (JA) content, and the expression level of JA biosynthesis genes, BcOPR3, BcLOX3-1 and BcLOX3-2 were upregulated. Overexpression of BcWRKY1 in Arabidopsis exhibited a complementary phenotype. By directly targeting W-boxes in the promoter of BcLOX3-2, BcWRKY1 inhibited the transcription of this gene. In addition, 13 candidate interacting proteins of BcWRKY1 were identified by yeast two-hybrid (Y2H) screening, and the interaction between BcWRKY1 and BcCaM6 weakened the inhibition of BcLOX3-2. In summary, our findings suggest that BcWRKY1 interacts with BcCaM6 to negatively regulate disease resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuilin Yuan
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
- Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, Jiangsu Vocational College of Agriculture and Forestry, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yuan Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Die Hu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Resources Innovation & Utilization, Tea Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Dong Xiao
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jianjun Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xilin Hou
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Ying Li
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
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Brunello L, Polverini E, Lauria G, Landi M, Guidi L, Loreti E, Perata P. Root photosynthesis prevents hypoxia in the epiphytic orchid Phalaenopsis. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2024; 51:FP23227. [PMID: 38442921 DOI: 10.1071/fp23227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
Orchids (Phalaenopsis spp.) growing in tropical and subtropical regions are epiphytes. As such, they grow on trees with the root system utilised to anchor themselves to tree branches. These roots are highly specialised, display a large diameter and are often green, suggesting the ability to carry out photosynthesis. However, the role of photosynthesis in orchid roots is controversial. Orchids that are leafless can photosynthesise in their roots, thus indicating that some orchid roots carry out photosynthesis in a similar manner to leaves. However, the primary site of photosynthesis in orchids are in their leaves, and the roots of epiphytic orchids may mostly conduct internal refixation of respiratory CO2 . Besides contributing to the overall carbon metabolism of orchid plants, oxygen produced through root photosynthesis may also be important by alleviating potential root hypoxia. The bulky tissue of most epiphytic orchid roots suggests that oxygen diffusion in these roots can be limited. Here, we demonstrate that the bulky roots of a widely commercially cultivated orchid belonging to the genus Phalaenopsis are hypoxic in the dark. These roots are photosynthetically active and produce oxygen when exposed to light, thus mitigating root hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Brunello
- PlantLab, Center of Plant Sciences, Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies, Via Guidiccioni 10, San Giuliano Terme 56010, Italy
| | - Ester Polverini
- PlantLab, Center of Plant Sciences, Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies, Via Guidiccioni 10, San Giuliano Terme 56010, Italy
| | - Giulia Lauria
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, Pisa 56124, Italy
| | - Marco Landi
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, Pisa 56124, Italy
| | - Lucia Guidi
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, Pisa 56124, Italy
| | - Elena Loreti
- Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology, National Research Council, Via Moruzzi 1, Pisa 56124, Italy
| | - Pierdomenico Perata
- PlantLab, Center of Plant Sciences, Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies, Via Guidiccioni 10, San Giuliano Terme 56010, Italy
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Liu HB, Sun HX, Du LQ, Jiang LL, Zhang LA, Qi YY, Cai J, Yu F. Rice receptor kinase FLR7 regulates rhizosphere oxygen levels and enriches the dominant Anaeromyxobacter that improves submergence tolerance in rice. THE ISME JOURNAL 2024; 18:wrae006. [PMID: 38366198 PMCID: PMC10900889 DOI: 10.1093/ismejo/wrae006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
Oxygen is one of the determinants of root microbiome formation. However, whether plants regulate rhizosphere oxygen levels to affect microbiota composition and the underlying molecular mechanisms remain elusive. The receptor-like kinase (RLK) family member FERONIA modulates the growth-defense tradeoff in Arabidopsis. Here, we established that rice FERONIA-like RLK 7 (FLR7) controls rhizosphere oxygen levels by methylene blue staining, oxygen flux, and potential measurements. The formation of oxygen-transporting aerenchyma in roots is negatively regulated by FLR7. We further characterized the root microbiota of 11 FLR mutants including flr7 and wild-type Nipponbare (Nip) grown in the field by 16S ribosomal RNA gene profiling and demonstrated that the 11 FLRs are involved in regulating rice root microbiome formation. The most abundant anaerobic-dependent genus Anaeromyxobacter in the Nip root microbiota was less abundant in the root microbiota of all these mutants, and this contributed the most to the community differences between most mutants and Nip. Metagenomic sequencing revealed that flr7 increases aerobic respiration and decreases anaerobic respiration in the root microbiome. Finally, we showed that a representative Anaeromyxobacter strain improved submergence tolerance in rice via FLR7. Collectively, our findings indicate that FLR7 mediates changes in rhizosphere oxygen levels and enriches the beneficial dominant genus Anaeromyxobacter and may provide insights for developing plant flood prevention strategies via the use of environment-specific functional soil microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Bin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory for Non-Wood Forest Cultivation and Conservation of Ministry of Education, College of Forestry, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410082, P.R. China
- Interdisciplinary and Intelligent Seed Industry Equipment Research Department, Yuelushan Laboratory, Changsha 410082, P.R. China
| | - Hong-Xia Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, P.R. China
| | - Li-Qiong Du
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, P.R. China
| | - Ling-Li Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, P.R. China
| | - Lin-An Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, P.R. China
| | - Yin-Yao Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, P.R. China
| | - Jun Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, P.R. China
| | - Feng Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, P.R. China
- Interdisciplinary and Intelligent Seed Industry Equipment Research Department, Yuelushan Laboratory, Changsha 410082, P.R. China
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Felemban A, Moreno JC, Mi J, Ali S, Sham A, AbuQamar SF, Al-Babili S. The apocarotenoid β-ionone regulates the transcriptome of Arabidopsis thaliana and increases its resistance against Botrytis cinerea. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 117:541-560. [PMID: 37932864 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
Carotenoids are isoprenoid pigments indispensable for photosynthesis. Moreover, they are the precursor of apocarotenoids, which include the phytohormones abscisic acid (ABA) and strigolactones (SLs) as well as retrograde signaling molecules and growth regulators, such as β-cyclocitral and zaxinone. Here, we show that the application of the volatile apocarotenoid β-ionone (β-I) to Arabidopsis plants at micromolar concentrations caused a global reprogramming of gene expression, affecting thousands of transcripts involved in stress tolerance, growth, hormone metabolism, pathogen defense, and photosynthesis. This transcriptional reprogramming changes, along with induced changes in the level of the phytohormones ABA, jasmonic acid, and salicylic acid, led to enhanced Arabidopsis resistance to the widespread necrotrophic fungus Botrytis cinerea (B.c.) that causes the gray mold disease in many crop species and spoilage of harvested fruits. Pre-treatment of tobacco and tomato plants with β-I followed by inoculation with B.c. confirmed the effect of β-I in increasing the resistance to this pathogen in crop plants. Moreover, we observed reduced susceptibility to B.c. in fruits of transgenic tomato plants overexpressing LYCOPENE β-CYCLASE, which contains elevated levels of endogenous β-I, providing a further evidence for its effect on B.c. infestation. Our work unraveled β-I as a further carotenoid-derived regulatory metabolite and indicates the possibility of establishing this natural volatile as an environmentally friendly bio-fungicide to control B.c.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abrar Felemban
- The Bioactives Laboratory, Center for Desert Agriculture, 4700 King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955, Saudi Arabia
- Plant Science Program, Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division, 4700 King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Juan C Moreno
- The Bioactives Laboratory, Center for Desert Agriculture, 4700 King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955, Saudi Arabia
- Plant Science Program, Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division, 4700 King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jianing Mi
- The Bioactives Laboratory, Center for Desert Agriculture, 4700 King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955, Saudi Arabia
- Plant Science Program, Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division, 4700 King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shawkat Ali
- Kentville Research and Development Center, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Kentville, Nova Scotia, B4N 1J5, Canada
| | - Arjun Sham
- Department of Biology, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, 15551, United Arab Emirates
| | - Synan F AbuQamar
- Department of Biology, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, 15551, United Arab Emirates
| | - Salim Al-Babili
- The Bioactives Laboratory, Center for Desert Agriculture, 4700 King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955, Saudi Arabia
- Plant Science Program, Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division, 4700 King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955, Saudi Arabia
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Upadhyay SK. CPK12 and Ca 2+-mediated hypoxia signaling. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2023; 18:2273593. [PMID: 37875477 PMCID: PMC10761129 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2023.2273593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
Hypoxia triggers reactive oxygen species (ROS)-induced elevation in cytoplasmic calcium (Ca2+) in the plant cells. Calcium-dependent protein kinase 12 (CPK12) acts as a sensor to recognize the Ca2+ signature and is activated by autophosphorylation. Then, the CPK12 moves into the nucleus with the help of phosphatidic acid (PA) and phosphorylates ERF-VII family proteins that activate hypoxia signaling and response. The study provides a novel mechanism of hypoxia signaling in plants. Moreover, the mechanism of hypoxia-specific Ca2+ signature generation remains elusive.
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Bai Y, Wang H, Zhu K, Cheng ZM. The dynamic arms race during the early invasion of woodland strawberry by Botrytis cinerea revealed by dual dense high-resolution RNA-seq analyses. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2023; 10:uhad225. [PMID: 38143486 PMCID: PMC10745266 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhad225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023]
Abstract
Necrotrophic pathogens replicate massively upon colonizing plants, causing large-scale wilting and death of plant tissues. Understanding both mechanisms of pathogen invasion and host response processes prior to symptom appearance and their key regulatory networks is therefore important for defense against pathogen attack. Here, we investigated the mechanisms of interaction between woodland strawberry (Fragaria vesca) leaves and gray mold pathogen (Botrytis cinerea) at 14 infection time points during the first 12 hours of the infection period using a dense, high-resolution time series dual transcriptomic analysis, characterizing the arms race between strawberry F. vesca and B. cinerea before the appearance of localized lesions. Strawberry leaves rapidly initiated strong systemic defenses at the first sign of external stimulation and showed lower levels of transcriptomic change later in the infection process. Unlike the host plants, B. cinerea showed larger-scale transcriptomic changes that persisted throughout the infection process. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis identified highly correlated genes in 32 gene expression modules between B. cinerea and strawberry. Yeast two-hybrid and bimolecular fluorescence complementation assays revealed that the disease response protein FvRLP2 from woodland strawberry interacted with the cell death inducing proteins BcXYG1 and BcPG3 from B. cinerea. Overexpression of FvRLP2 in both strawberry and Arabidopsis inhibited B. cinerea infection, confirming these genes' respective functions. These findings shed light on the arms race process by which B. cinerea invades host plants and strawberry to defend against pathogen infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yibo Bai
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Germplasm Enhancement in Southern China, Ministry of Agriculture; Tropical Crops Genetic Resources Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China
| | - Haibin Wang
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Kaikai Zhu
- Co-innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210037, China
| | - Zong-Ming Cheng
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
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Yemelyanov VV, Puzanskiy RK, Shishova MF. Plant Life with and without Oxygen: A Metabolomics Approach. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16222. [PMID: 38003412 PMCID: PMC10671363 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242216222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxygen deficiency is an environmental challenge which affects plant growth, the development and distribution in land and aquatic ecosystems, as well as crop yield losses worldwide. The capacity to exist in the conditions of deficiency or the complete lack of oxygen depends on a number of anatomic, developmental and molecular adaptations. The lack of molecular oxygen leads to an inhibition of aerobic respiration, which causes energy starvation and the acceleration of glycolysis passing into fermentations. We focus on systemic metabolic alterations revealed with the different approaches of metabolomics. Oxygen deprivation stimulates the accumulation of glucose, pyruvate and lactate, indicating the acceleration of the sugar metabolism, glycolysis and lactic fermentation, respectively. Among the Krebs-cycle metabolites, only the succinate level increases. Amino acids related to glycolysis, including the phosphoglycerate family (Ser and Gly), shikimate family (Phe, Tyr and Trp) and pyruvate family (Ala, Leu and Val), are greatly elevated. Members of the Asp family (Asn, Lys, Met, Thr and Ile), as well as the Glu family (Glu, Pro, Arg and GABA), accumulate as well. These metabolites are important members of the metabolic signature of oxygen deficiency in plants, linking glycolysis with an altered Krebs cycle and allowing alternative pathways of NAD(P)H reoxidation to avoid the excessive accumulation of toxic fermentation products (lactate, acetaldehyde, ethanol). Reoxygenation induces the downregulation of the levels of major anaerobically induced metabolites, including lactate, succinate and amino acids, especially members of the pyruvate family (Ala, Leu and Val), Tyr and Glu family (GABA and Glu) and Asp family (Asn, Met, Thr and Ile). The metabolic profiles during native and environmental hypoxia are rather similar, consisting in the accumulation of fermentation products, succinate, fumarate and amino acids, particularly Ala, Gly and GABA. The most intriguing fact is that metabolic alterations during oxidative stress are very much similar, with plant response to oxygen deprivation but not to reoxygenation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladislav V. Yemelyanov
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, St. Petersburg State University, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Roman K. Puzanskiy
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, St. Petersburg State University, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia; (R.K.P.); (M.F.S.)
- Laboratory of Analytical Phytochemistry, Komarov Botanical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 197376 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Maria F. Shishova
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, St. Petersburg State University, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia; (R.K.P.); (M.F.S.)
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Loreti E, Perata P. ERFVII transcription factors and their role in the adaptation to hypoxia in Arabidopsis and crops. Front Genet 2023; 14:1213839. [PMID: 37662843 PMCID: PMC10469677 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2023.1213839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In this review, we focus on ethylene transcription factors (ERFs), which are a crucial family of transcription factors that regulate plant development and stress responses. ERFVII transcription factors have been identified and studied in several crop species, including rice, wheat, maize, barley, and soybean. These transcription factors are known to be involved in regulating the plant's response to low oxygen stress-hypoxia and could thus improve crop yields under suboptimal growing conditions. In rice (Oryza sativa) several ERFVII genes have been identified and characterized, including SUBMERGENCE 1A (SUB1A), which enables rice to tolerate submergence. The SUB1A gene was used in the development of SUB1 rice varieties, which are now widely grown in flood-prone areas and have been shown to improve yields and farmer livelihoods. The oxygen sensor in plants was discovered using the model plant Arabidopsis. The mechanism is based on the destabilization of ERFVII protein via the N-degron pathway under aerobic conditions. During hypoxia, the stabilized ERFVIIs translocate to the nucleus where they activate the transcription of hypoxia-responsive genes (HRGs). In summary, the identification and characterization of ERFVII transcription factors and their mechanism of action could lead to the development of new crop varieties with improved tolerance to low oxygen stress, which could have important implications for global food security.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Loreti
- Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology, CNR, National Research Council, Pisa, Italy
| | - Pierdomenico Perata
- PlantLab, Center of Plant Sciences, Sant’Anna School of Advanced Studies, Pisa, Italy
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11
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Xu ZX, Zhu XM, Yin H, Li B, Chen XJ, Fan XL, Li NQ, Selosse MA, Gao JY, Han JJ. Symbiosis between Dendrobium catenatum protocorms and Serendipita indica involves the plant hypoxia response pathway. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 192:2554-2568. [PMID: 36988071 PMCID: PMC10315314 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Mycorrhizae are ubiquitous symbioses established between fungi and plant roots. Orchids, in particular, require compatible mycorrhizal fungi for seed germination and protocorm development. Unlike arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, which have wide host ranges, orchid mycorrhizal fungi are often highly specific to their host orchids. However, the molecular mechanism of orchid mycorrhizal symbiosis is largely unknown compared to that of arbuscular mycorrhizal and rhizobial symbiosis. Here, we report that an endophytic Sebacinales fungus, Serendipita indica, promotes seed germination and the development of protocorms into plantlets in several epiphytic Epidendroideae orchid species (6 species in 2 genera), including Dendrobium catenatum, a critically endangered orchid with high medicinal value. Although plant-pathogen interaction and high meristematic activity can induce the hypoxic response in plants, it has been unclear whether interactions with beneficial fungi, especially mycorrhizal ones, also involve the hypoxic response. By studying the symbiotic relationship between D. catenatum and S. indica, we determined that hypoxia-responsive genes, such as those encoding alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH), are highly induced in symbiotic D. catenatum protocorms. In situ hybridization assay indicated that the ADH gene is predominantly expressed in the basal mycorrhizal region of symbiotic protocorms. Additionally, the ADH inhibitors puerarin and 4-methylpyrazole both decreased S. indica colonization in D. catenatum protocorms. Thus, our study reveals that S. indica is widely compatible with orchids and that ADH and its related hypoxia-responsive pathway are involved in establishing successful symbiotic relationships in germinating orchids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Xiong Xu
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Plant Reproductive Adaptation and Evolutionary Ecology, Institute of Biodiversity, School of Ecology and Environmental Science, Yunnan University, Kunming 650500, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Transboundary Ecosecurity of Southwest China, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Xin-Meng Zhu
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Plant Reproductive Adaptation and Evolutionary Ecology, Institute of Biodiversity, School of Ecology and Environmental Science, Yunnan University, Kunming 650500, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Transboundary Ecosecurity of Southwest China, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Huachun Yin
- College of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Bo Li
- College of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Xiao-Jie Chen
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Plant Reproductive Adaptation and Evolutionary Ecology, Institute of Biodiversity, School of Ecology and Environmental Science, Yunnan University, Kunming 650500, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Transboundary Ecosecurity of Southwest China, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Xu-Li Fan
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Plant Reproductive Adaptation and Evolutionary Ecology, Institute of Biodiversity, School of Ecology and Environmental Science, Yunnan University, Kunming 650500, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Transboundary Ecosecurity of Southwest China, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Neng-Qi Li
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Plant Reproductive Adaptation and Evolutionary Ecology, Institute of Biodiversity, School of Ecology and Environmental Science, Yunnan University, Kunming 650500, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Transboundary Ecosecurity of Southwest China, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Marc-André Selosse
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Plant Reproductive Adaptation and Evolutionary Ecology, Institute of Biodiversity, School of Ecology and Environmental Science, Yunnan University, Kunming 650500, China
- Institut de Systématique, Évolution, Biodiversité (UMR 7205-CNRS, MNHN, UPMC, EPHE), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Sorbonne Universités, 57 rue Cuvier, 75005 Paris, France
- University of Gdańsk, Faculty of Biology, ul. Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland
- Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), Paris, France
| | - Jiang-Yun Gao
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Plant Reproductive Adaptation and Evolutionary Ecology, Institute of Biodiversity, School of Ecology and Environmental Science, Yunnan University, Kunming 650500, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Transboundary Ecosecurity of Southwest China, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Jia-Jia Han
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Plant Reproductive Adaptation and Evolutionary Ecology, Institute of Biodiversity, School of Ecology and Environmental Science, Yunnan University, Kunming 650500, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Transboundary Ecosecurity of Southwest China, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming 650500, China
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12
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Fan B, Liao K, Wang LN, Shi LL, Zhang Y, Xu LJ, Zhou Y, Li JF, Chen YQ, Chen QF, Xiao S. Calcium-dependent activation of CPK12 facilitates its cytoplasm-to-nucleus translocation to potentiate plant hypoxia sensing by phosphorylating ERF-VII transcription factors. MOLECULAR PLANT 2023; 16:979-998. [PMID: 37020418 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2023.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Calcium-dependent protein kinases (CDPKs/CPKs) are key regulators of plant stress signaling that translate calcium signals into cellular responses by phosphorylating diverse substrate proteins. However, the molecular mechanism by which plant cells relay calcium signals in response to hypoxia remains elusive. Here, we show that one member of the CDPK family in Arabidopsis thaliana, CPK12, is rapidly activated during hypoxia through calcium-dependent phosphorylation of its Ser-186 residue. Phosphorylated CPK12 shuttles from the cytoplasm to the nucleus, where it interacts with and phosphorylates the group VII ethylene-responsive transcription factors (ERF-VII) that are core regulators of plant hypoxia sensing, to enhance their stabilities. Consistently, CPK12 knockdown lines show attenuated tolerance of hypoxia, whereas transgenic plants overexpressing CPK12 display improved hypoxia tolerance. Nonethelss, loss of function of five ERF-VII proteins in an erf-vii pentuple mutant could partially suppress the enhanced hypoxia-tolerance phenotype of CPK12-overexpressing lines. Moreover, we also discovered that phosphatidic acid and 14-3-3κ protein serve as positive and negative modulators of the CPK12 cytoplasm-to-nucleus translocation, respectively. Taken together, these findings uncover a CPK12-ERF-VII regulatory module that is key to transducing calcium signals from the cytoplasm into the nucleus to potentiate hypoxia sensing in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biao Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Ke Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Lin-Na Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Li-Li Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Ling-Jing Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Ying Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Jian-Feng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Yue-Qin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Qin-Fang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China.
| | - Shi Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China.
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13
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Chandan RK, Kumar R, Swain DM, Ghosh S, Bhagat PK, Patel S, Bagler G, Sinha AK, Jha G. RAV1 family members function as transcriptional regulators and play a positive role in plant disease resistance. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 114:39-54. [PMID: 36703574 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 01/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Phytopathogens pose a severe threat to agriculture and strengthening the plant defense response is an important strategy for disease control. Here, we report that AtRAV1, an AP2 and B3 domain-containing transcription factor, is required for basal plant defense in Arabidopsis thaliana. The atrav1 mutant lines demonstrate hyper-susceptibility against fungal pathogens (Rhizoctonia solani and Botrytis cinerea), whereas AtRAV1 overexpressing lines exhibit disease resistance against them. Enhanced expression of various defense genes and activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (AtMPK3 and AtMPK6) are observed in the R. solani infected overexpressing lines, but not in the atrav1 mutant plants. An in vitro phosphorylation assay suggests AtRAV1 to be a novel phosphorylation target of AtMPK3. Bimolecular fluorescence complementation and yeast two-hybrid assays support physical interactions between AtRAV1 and AtMPK3. Overexpression of the native as well as phospho-mimic but not the phospho-defective variant of AtRAV1 imparts disease resistance in the atrav1 mutant A. thaliana lines. On the other hand, overexpression of AtRAV1 fails to impart disease resistance in the atmpk3 mutant. These analyses emphasize that AtMPK3-mediated phosphorylation of AtRAV1 is important for the elaboration of the defense response in A. thaliana. Considering that RAV1 homologs are conserved in diverse plant species, we propose that they can be gainfully deployed to impart disease resistance in agriculturally important crop plants. Indeed, overexpression of SlRAV1 (a member of the RAV1 family) imparts disease tolerance against not only fungal (R. solani and B. cinerea), but also against bacterial (Ralstonia solanacearum) pathogens in tomato, whereas silencing of the gene enhances disease susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravindra Kumar Chandan
- Plant Microbe Interactions Lab, National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India
- School of Life Sciences, Central University of Gujarat, Sector-30, Gandhinagar, 382030, India
| | - Rahul Kumar
- Plant Microbe Interactions Lab, National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Durga Madhab Swain
- Plant Microbe Interactions Lab, National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Srayan Ghosh
- Plant Microbe Interactions Lab, National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Prakash Kumar Bhagat
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Sunita Patel
- School of Life Sciences, Central University of Gujarat, Sector-30, Gandhinagar, 382030, India
| | - Ganesh Bagler
- Centre for Computational Biology, Indraprastha Institute of Information Technology (IIIT-Delhi), New Delhi, 110020, India
| | - Alok Krishna Sinha
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Gopaljee Jha
- Plant Microbe Interactions Lab, National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India
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14
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Hu L, Qi P, Peper A, Kong F, Yao Y, Yang L. Distinct function of SPL genes in age-related resistance in Arabidopsis. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011218. [PMID: 36947557 PMCID: PMC10069772 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023] Open
Abstract
In plants, age-related resistance (ARR) refers to a gain of disease resistance during shoot or organ maturation. ARR associated with vegetative phase change, a transition from juvenile to adult stage, is a widespread agronomic trait affecting resistance against multiple pathogens. How innate immunity in a plant is differentially regulated during successive stages of shoot maturation is unclear. In this work, we found that Arabidopsis thaliana showed ARR against its bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 during vegetative phase change. The timing of the ARR activation was associated with a temporal drop of miR156 level. The microRNA miR156 maintains juvenile phase by inhibiting the accumulation and translation of SPL transcripts. A systematic inspection of the loss- and gain-of-function mutants of 11 SPL genes revealed that a subset of SPL genes, notably SPL2, SPL10, and SPL11, activated ARR in adult stage. The immune function of SPL10 was independent of its role in morphogenesis. Furthermore, the SPL10 mediated an age-dependent augmentation of the salicylic acid (SA) pathway partially by direct activation of PAD4. Disrupting SA biosynthesis or signaling abolished the ARR against Pto DC3000. Our work demonstrated that the miR156-SPL10 module in Arabidopsis is deployed to operate immune outputs over developmental timing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lanxi Hu
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agricultural & Environmental Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Peng Qi
- Department of Plant Biology, Franklin College of Arts and Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Alan Peper
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agricultural & Environmental Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Feng Kong
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agricultural & Environmental Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Yao Yao
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, College of Agricultural & Environmental Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Li Yang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agricultural & Environmental Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
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15
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Sunic K, D’Auria JC, Sarkanj B, Spanic V. Metabolic Profiling Identifies Changes in the Winter Wheat Grains Following Fusarium Treatment at Two Locations in Croatia. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:911. [PMID: 36840259 PMCID: PMC9962043 DOI: 10.3390/plants12040911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Fusarium head blight (FHB) is one of the most dangerous diseases of winter wheat, resulting in reduced grain yield and quality, and production of mycotoxins by the Fusarium fungi. In the present study, changes in the grain metabolomics of winter wheat samples infected with Fusarium spp. and corresponding non-infected samples from two locations in Croatia were investigated by GC-MS. A Mann-Whitney test revealed that 24 metabolites detected were significantly separated between Fusarium-inoculated and non-infected samples during the variety by treatment interactions. The results confirmed that in grains of six FHB-resistant varieties, ten metabolites were identified as possible resistance-related metabolites. These metabolites included heptadecanoic acid, 9-(Z)-hexadecenoic acid, sophorose, and secolaganin in grains of FHB-resistant varieties at the Osijek location, as well as 2-methylaminomethyltartronic acid, maleamic acid, 4-hydroxyphenylacetonitrile, 1,4-lactonearabinonic acid, secolaganin, and alanine in grains of FHB-resistant varieties at the Tovarnik location. Moreover, on the PCA bi-plot, FHB-susceptible wheat varieties were closer to glycyl proline, decanoic acid, and lactic acid dimer that could have affected other metabolites, and thus, suppressed resistance to FHB. Although defense reactions were genetically conditioned and variety specific, resulting metabolomics changes may give insight into defense-related pathways that could be manipulated to engineer plants with improved resistance to the pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarina Sunic
- Department for Breeding and Genetics of Small Cereal Crops, Agricultural Institute Osijek, Juzno Predgradje 17, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - John Charles D’Auria
- Department of Molecular Genetics Leibniz, Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK Gatersleben), OT Gatersleben Corrensstraße 3, 06466 Seeland, Germany
| | - Bojan Sarkanj
- Department of Food Technology, University North, Trg dr. Zarka Dolinara 1, 48000 Koprivnica, Croatia
| | - Valentina Spanic
- Department for Breeding and Genetics of Small Cereal Crops, Agricultural Institute Osijek, Juzno Predgradje 17, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
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16
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Lacrampe N, Colombié S, Dumont D, Nicot P, Lecompte F, Lugan R. Nitrogen-mediated metabolic patterns of susceptibility to Botrytis cinerea infection in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) stems. PLANTA 2023; 257:41. [PMID: 36680621 PMCID: PMC9867679 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-022-04065-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Severe N stress allows an accumulation of C-based compounds but impedes that of N-based compounds required to lower the susceptibility of tomato stem to Botrytis cinerea. Botrytis cinerea, a necrotrophic filamentous fungus, forms potentially lethal lesions on the stems of infected plants. Contrasted levels of susceptibility to B. cinerea were obtained in a tomato cultivar grown on a range of nitrate concentration: low N supply resulted in high susceptibility while high N supply conferred a strong resistance. Metabolic deviations and physiological traits resulting from both infection and nitrogen limitation were investigated in the symptomless stem tissue surrounding the necrotic lesion. Prior to infection, nitrogen-deficient plants showed reduced levels of nitrogen-based compounds such as amino acids, proteins, and glutathione and elevated levels of carbon-based and defence compounds such as α-tomatine and chlorogenic acid. After B. cinerea inoculation, all plants displayed a few common responses, mainly alanine accumulation and galactinol depletion. The metabolome of resistant plants grown under high N supply showed no significant change after inoculation. On the contrary, the metabolome of susceptible plants grown under low N supply showed massive metabolic adjustments, including changes in central metabolism around glutamate and respiratory pathways, suggesting active resource mobilization and production of energy and reducing power. Redox and defence metabolisms were also stimulated by the infection in plants grown under low N supply; glutathione and chlorogenic acid accumulated, as well as metabolites with more controversial defensive roles, such as polyamines, GABA, branched-chain amino acids and phytosterols. Taken together, the results showed that nitrogen deficiency, although leading to an increase in secondary metabolites even before the pathogen attack, must have compromised the constitutive levels of defence proteins and delayed or attenuated the induced responses. The involvement of galactinol, alanine, cycloartenol and citramalate in the tomato stem response to B. cinerea is reported here for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Lacrampe
- PSH Unit, INRAE, 84914 Avignon, France
- UMR Qualisud, Avignon Université, 84916 Avignon, France
| | - Sophie Colombié
- UMR 1332 BFP, INRAE, Univ Bordeaux, 33883 Villenave d’Ornon, France
| | | | | | | | - Raphaël Lugan
- UMR Qualisud, Avignon Université, 84916 Avignon, France
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17
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Chang CH, Wang WG, Su PY, Chen YS, Nguyen TP, Xu J, Ohme-Takagi M, Mimura T, Hou PF, Huang HJ. The involvement of AtMKK1 and AtMKK3 in plant-deleterious microbial volatile compounds-induced defense responses. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 111:21-36. [PMID: 36109466 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-022-01308-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Plant-deleterious microbial volatiles activate the transactivation of hypoxia, MAMPs and wound responsive genes in Arabidopsis thaliana. AtMKK1 and AtMKK3 are involved in the plant-deleterious microbial volatiles-induced defense responses. Microbial volatile compounds (mVCs) are a collection of volatile metabolites from microorganisms with biological effects on all living organisms. mVCs function as gaseous modulators of plant growth and plant health. In this study, the defense events induced by plant-deleterious mVCs were investigated. Enterobacter aerogenes VCs lead to growth inhibition and immune responses in Arabidopsis thaliana. E. aerogenes VCs negatively regulate auxin response and transport gene expression in the root tip, as evidenced by decreased expression of DR5::GFP, PIN3::PIN3-GFP and PIN4::PIN4-GFP. Data from transcriptional analysis suggests that E. aerogenes VCs trigger hypoxia response, innate immune responses and metabolic processes. In addition, the transcript levels of the genes involved in the synthetic pathways of antimicrobial metabolites camalexin and coumarin are increased after the E. aerogenes VCs exposure. Moreover, we demonstrate that MKK1 serves as a regulator of camalexin biosynthesis gene expression in response to E. aerogenes VCs, while MKK3 is the regulator of coumarin biosynthesis gene expression. Additionally, MKK1 and MKK3 mediate the E. aerogenes VCs-induced callose deposition. Collectively, these studies provide molecular insights into immune responses by plant-deleterious mVCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Han Chang
- Graduate Program in Translational Agricultural Sciences, National Cheng Kung University and Academia Sinica, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Wu-Guei Wang
- Institute of Tropical Plant Sciences and Microbiology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Yu Su
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Shuo Chen
- Institute of Tropical Plant Sciences and Microbiology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Tri-Phuong Nguyen
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Jian Xu
- Department of Plant Systems Physiology, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Masaru Ohme-Takagi
- Institute of Tropical Plant Sciences and Microbiology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Tetsuro Mimura
- Graduate Program in Translational Agricultural Sciences, National Cheng Kung University and Academia Sinica, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Ping-Fu Hou
- Kaohsiung District Agricultural Research and Extension Station, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Hao-Jen Huang
- Graduate Program in Translational Agricultural Sciences, National Cheng Kung University and Academia Sinica, Tainan, Taiwan.
- Institute of Tropical Plant Sciences and Microbiology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
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18
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Brazel AJ, Graciet E. Complexity of Abiotic Stress Stimuli: Mimicking Hypoxic Conditions Experimentally on the Basis of Naturally Occurring Environments. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2642:23-48. [PMID: 36944871 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3044-0_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
Plants require oxygen to respire and produce energy. Plant cells are exposed to low oxygen levels (hypoxia) in different contexts and have evolved conserved molecular responses to hypoxia. Both environmental and developmental factors can influence intracellular oxygen concentrations. In nature, plants can experience hypoxic conditions when the soil becomes saturated with water following heavy precipitation (i.e., waterlogging). Hypoxia can also arise in specific tissues that have poor gas exchange with atmospheric oxygen. In this case, hypoxic niches that are physiologically and developmentally relevant may form. To dissect the molecular mechanisms underlying the regulation of hypoxia response in plants, a wide range of hypoxia-inducing methods have been used in the laboratory setting. Yet, the different characteristics, pros and cons of each of these hypoxia treatments are seldom compared between methods, and with natural forms of hypoxia. In this chapter, we present both environmental and developmental forms of hypoxia that plants encounter in the wild, as well as the different experimental hypoxia treatments used to mimic them in the laboratory setting, with the aim of informing on what experimental approaches might be most appropriate to the questions addressed, including stress signaling and regulation.
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19
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Xia X, Tang CM, Chen GZ, Han JJ. Proteasome Dysfunction Leads to Suppression of the Hypoxic Response Pathway in Arabidopsis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232416148. [PMID: 36555789 PMCID: PMC9785350 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232416148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteasome is a large proteolytic complex that consists of a 20S core particle (20SP) and 19S regulatory particle (19SP) in eukaryotes. The proteasome degrades most cellular proteins, thereby controlling many key processes, including gene expression and protein quality control. Proteasome dysfunction in plants leads to abnormal development and reduced adaptability to environmental stresses. Previous studies have shown that proteasome dysfunction upregulates the gene expression of proteasome subunits, which is known as the proteasome bounce-back response. However, the proteasome bounce-back response cannot explain the damaging effect of proteasome dysfunction on plant growth and stress adaptation. To address this question, we focused on downregulated genes caused by proteasome dysfunction. We first confirmed that the 20SP subunit PBE is an essential proteasome subunit in Arabidopsis and that PBE1 mutation impaired the function of the proteasome. Transcriptome analyses showed that hypoxia-responsive genes were greatly enriched in the downregulated genes in pbe1 mutants. Furthermore, we found that the pbe1 mutant is hypersensitive to waterlogging stress, a typical hypoxic condition, and hypoxia-related developments are impaired in the pbe1 mutant. Meanwhile, the 19SP subunit rpn1a mutant seedlings are also hypersensitive to waterlogging stress. In summary, our results suggested that proteasome dysfunction downregulated the hypoxia-responsive pathway and impaired plant growth and adaptability to hypoxia stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Xia
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Plant Reproductive Adaptation and Evolutionary Ecology, Institute of Biodiversity, School of Ecology and Environmental Science, Yunnan University, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Chun-Meng Tang
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Plant Reproductive Adaptation and Evolutionary Ecology, Institute of Biodiversity, School of Ecology and Environmental Science, Yunnan University, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Gu-Zi Chen
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Plant Reproductive Adaptation and Evolutionary Ecology, Institute of Biodiversity, School of Ecology and Environmental Science, Yunnan University, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Jia-Jia Han
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Plant Reproductive Adaptation and Evolutionary Ecology, Institute of Biodiversity, School of Ecology and Environmental Science, Yunnan University, Kunming 650500, China
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming 650500, China
- Correspondence:
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20
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Nitrate–Nitrite–Nitric Oxide Pathway: A Mechanism of Hypoxia and Anoxia Tolerance in Plants. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911522. [PMID: 36232819 PMCID: PMC9569746 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxygen (O2) is the most crucial substrate for numerous biochemical processes in plants. Its deprivation is a critical factor that affects plant growth and may lead to death if it lasts for a long time. However, various biotic and abiotic factors cause O2 deprivation, leading to hypoxia and anoxia in plant tissues. To survive under hypoxia and/or anoxia, plants deploy various mechanisms such as fermentation paths, reactive oxygen species (ROS), reactive nitrogen species (RNS), antioxidant enzymes, aerenchyma, and adventitious root formation, while nitrate (NO3−), nitrite (NO2−), and nitric oxide (NO) have shown numerous beneficial roles through modulating these mechanisms. Therefore, in this review, we highlight the role of reductive pathways of NO formation which lessen the deleterious effects of oxidative damages and increase the adaptation capacity of plants during hypoxia and anoxia. Meanwhile, the overproduction of NO through reductive pathways during hypoxia and anoxia leads to cellular dysfunction and cell death. Thus, its scavenging or inhibition is equally important for plant survival. As plants are also reported to produce a potent greenhouse gas nitrous oxide (N2O) when supplied with NO3− and NO2−, resembling bacterial denitrification, its role during hypoxia and anoxia tolerance is discussed here. We point out that NO reduction to N2O along with the phytoglobin-NO cycle could be the most important NO-scavenging mechanism that would reduce nitro-oxidative stress, thus enhancing plants’ survival during O2-limited conditions. Hence, understanding the molecular mechanisms involved in reducing NO toxicity would not only provide insight into its role in plant physiology, but also address the uncertainties seen in the global N2O budget.
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21
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Ortega-Cuadros M, De Souza TL, Berruyer R, Aligon S, Pelletier S, Renou JP, Arias T, Campion C, Guillemette T, Verdier J, Grappin P. Seed Transmission of Pathogens: Non-Canonical Immune Response in Arabidopsis Germinating Seeds Compared to Early Seedlings against the Necrotrophic Fungus Alternaria brassicicola. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:1708. [PMID: 35807659 PMCID: PMC9269218 DOI: 10.3390/plants11131708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The transmission of seed-borne pathogens by the germinating seed is responsible for major crop diseases. The immune responses of the seed facing biotic invaders are poorly documented so far. The Arabidopsis thaliana/Alternaria brassicicola patho-system was used to describe at the transcription level the responses of germinating seeds and young seedling stages to infection by the necrotrophic fungus. RNA-seq analyses of healthy versus inoculated seeds at 3 days after sowing (DAS), stage of radicle emergence, and at 6 and 10 DAS, two stages of seedling establishment, identified thousands of differentially expressed genes by Alternaria infection. Response to hypoxia, ethylene and indole pathways were found to be induced by Alternaria in the germinating seeds. However, surprisingly, the defense responses, namely the salicylic acid (SA) pathway, the response to reactive oxygen species (ROS), the endoplasmic reticulum-associated protein degradation (ERAD) and programmed cell death, were found to be strongly induced only during the latter post-germination stages. We propose that this non-canonical immune response in early germinating seeds compared to early seedling establishment was potentially due to the seed-to-seedling transition phase. Phenotypic analyses of about 14 mutants altered in the main defense pathways illustrated these specific defense responses. The unexpected germination deficiency and insensitivity to Alternaria in the glucosinolate deficient mutants allow hypothesis of a trade-off between seed germination, necrosis induction and Alternaria transmission to the seedling. The imbalance of the SA and jasmonic acid (JA) pathways to the detriment of the JA also illustrated a non-canonical immune response at the first stages of the seedling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mailen Ortega-Cuadros
- Faculty of Exact and Natural Sciences, Institute of Biology, University City Campus, University of Antioquia, Calle 67 N°53-108, Medellín 050010, Colombia;
- Institut Agro, University Angers, INRAE, IRHS, SFR 4207 QuaSaV, F-49000 Angers, France; (T.L.D.S.); (R.B.); (S.A.); (S.P.); (J.-P.R.); (C.C.); (T.G.); (J.V.)
| | - Tiago Lodi De Souza
- Institut Agro, University Angers, INRAE, IRHS, SFR 4207 QuaSaV, F-49000 Angers, France; (T.L.D.S.); (R.B.); (S.A.); (S.P.); (J.-P.R.); (C.C.); (T.G.); (J.V.)
| | - Romain Berruyer
- Institut Agro, University Angers, INRAE, IRHS, SFR 4207 QuaSaV, F-49000 Angers, France; (T.L.D.S.); (R.B.); (S.A.); (S.P.); (J.-P.R.); (C.C.); (T.G.); (J.V.)
| | - Sophie Aligon
- Institut Agro, University Angers, INRAE, IRHS, SFR 4207 QuaSaV, F-49000 Angers, France; (T.L.D.S.); (R.B.); (S.A.); (S.P.); (J.-P.R.); (C.C.); (T.G.); (J.V.)
| | - Sandra Pelletier
- Institut Agro, University Angers, INRAE, IRHS, SFR 4207 QuaSaV, F-49000 Angers, France; (T.L.D.S.); (R.B.); (S.A.); (S.P.); (J.-P.R.); (C.C.); (T.G.); (J.V.)
| | - Jean-Pierre Renou
- Institut Agro, University Angers, INRAE, IRHS, SFR 4207 QuaSaV, F-49000 Angers, France; (T.L.D.S.); (R.B.); (S.A.); (S.P.); (J.-P.R.); (C.C.); (T.G.); (J.V.)
| | - Tatiana Arias
- Marie Selby Botanical Gardens, Downtown Sarasota Campus, 1534 Mound Street, Sarasota, FL 34236, USA;
| | - Claire Campion
- Institut Agro, University Angers, INRAE, IRHS, SFR 4207 QuaSaV, F-49000 Angers, France; (T.L.D.S.); (R.B.); (S.A.); (S.P.); (J.-P.R.); (C.C.); (T.G.); (J.V.)
| | - Thomas Guillemette
- Institut Agro, University Angers, INRAE, IRHS, SFR 4207 QuaSaV, F-49000 Angers, France; (T.L.D.S.); (R.B.); (S.A.); (S.P.); (J.-P.R.); (C.C.); (T.G.); (J.V.)
| | - Jérome Verdier
- Institut Agro, University Angers, INRAE, IRHS, SFR 4207 QuaSaV, F-49000 Angers, France; (T.L.D.S.); (R.B.); (S.A.); (S.P.); (J.-P.R.); (C.C.); (T.G.); (J.V.)
| | - Philippe Grappin
- Institut Agro, University Angers, INRAE, IRHS, SFR 4207 QuaSaV, F-49000 Angers, France; (T.L.D.S.); (R.B.); (S.A.); (S.P.); (J.-P.R.); (C.C.); (T.G.); (J.V.)
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Polyploidy and microbiome associations mediate similar responses to pathogens in Arabidopsis. Curr Biol 2022; 32:2719-2729.e5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2022.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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23
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Li Y, Liu K, Tong G, Xi C, Liu J, Zhao H, Wang Y, Ren D, Han S. MPK3/MPK6-mediated phosphorylation of ERF72 positively regulates resistance to Botrytis cinerea through directly and indirectly activating the transcription of camalexin biosynthesis enzymes. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:413-428. [PMID: 34499162 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Ethylene response factor (ERF) Group VII members generally function in regulating plant growth and development, abiotic stress responses, and plant immunity in Arabidopsis; however, the details of the regulatory mechanism by which Group VII ERFs mediate plant immune responses remain elusive. Here, we characterized one such member, ERF72, as a positive regulator that mediates resistance to the necrotrophic pathogen Botrytis cinerea. Compared with the wild-type (WT), the erf72 mutant showed lower camalexin concentration and was more susceptible to B. cinerea, while complementation of ERF72 in erf72 rescued the susceptibility phenotype. Moreover, overexpression of ERF72 in the WT promoted camalexin biosynthesis and increased resistance to B. cinerea. We identified the camalexin-biosynthesis genes PAD3 and CYP71A13 and the transcription factor WRKY33 as target genes of ERF72. We also determined that MPK3 and MPK6 phosphorylated ERF72 at Ser151 and improved its transactivation activity, resulting in increased camalexin concentration and increased resistance to B. cinerea. Thus, ERF72 acts in plant immunity to coordinate camalexin biosynthesis both directly by regulating the expression of biosynthetic genes and indirectly by targeting WRKK33.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihao Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resource and Molecular Development, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Kun Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resource and Molecular Development, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Ganlu Tong
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100094, China
| | - Chao Xi
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resource and Molecular Development, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Jin Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resource and Molecular Development, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Heping Zhao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resource and Molecular Development, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Yingdian Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resource and Molecular Development, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Dongtao Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100094, China
| | - Shengcheng Han
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resource and Molecular Development, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
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24
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Shokoohi-Rad S, Heidarzadeh HR. In Vivo Imaging of Plant Oxygen Levels. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 62:1251-1258. [PMID: 33725087 PMCID: PMC8410434 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcab039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Oxygen is essential for multicellular aerobic life due to its central role in energy metabolism. The availability of oxygen can drop below the level to sustain oxidative phosphorylation when plants are flooded, posing a severe threat to survival. However, under non-stressful conditions, the internal oxygen concentration of most plant tissue is not in equilibrium with the environment, which is attributed to cellular respiration and diffusion constrains imposed by O2 barriers and bulky tissue. This is exemplified by the observations of steep oxygen gradients in roots, fruits, tubers, anthers and meristems. To adapt to a varying availability of oxygen, plants sense O2 via the conditional proteolysis of transcriptional regulators. This mechanism acts to switch oxidative metabolism to anaerobic fermentation, but it was also shown to play a role in plant development and pathogen defense. To investigate how dynamic and spatial distribution of O2 impacts on these processes, accurate mapping of its concentration in plants is essential. Physical oxygen sensors have been employed for decades to profile internal oxygen concentrations in plants, while genetically encoded oxygen biosensors have only recently started to see use. Driven by the critical role of hypoxia in human pathology and development, several novel oxygen-sensing devices have also been characterized in cell lines and animal model organisms. This review aims to provide an overview of available oxygen biosensors and to discuss their potential application to image oxygen levels in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeed Shokoohi-Rad
- Eye Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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25
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Tang H, Liu H. Roles of single gene in plant hypoxia and pathogen responses. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2021; 16:1934295. [PMID: 34077334 PMCID: PMC8331024 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2021.1934295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Hypoxia stress can be caused by submergence or pathogen infection. These two stresses often occur sequentially or at the same time in nature. Therefore, plants have evolved economical and efficient strategies to deal with them, such as "single-gene multi-functions", that is, one gene could play roles in hypoxia or pathogen responses at the corresponding stress. This review mainly introduces the ERF-VII (ethylene response factor VII) and WRKYs (WRKY transcription factors) that can play roles in these two stresses. Meanwhile, the relationship between hypoxia and pathology has certain similarities in animals and plants, so we can learn from their related studies and develop new ideas for disease therapy and breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hu Tang
- Key Laboratory for Bio-resources and Eco-environment & State Key Lab of Hydraulics & Mountain River Engineering, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- College of Tea Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Huanhuan Liu
- Key Laboratory for Bio-resources and Eco-environment & State Key Lab of Hydraulics & Mountain River Engineering, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- CONTACT Huanhuan Liu Key Laboratory for Bio-resources and Eco-environment & State Key Lab of Hydraulics & Mountain River Engineering, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, ChengduChina
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26
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Stamelou ML, Sperdouli I, Pyrri I, Adamakis IDS, Moustakas M. Hormetic Responses of Photosystem II in Tomato to Botrytis cinerea. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10030521. [PMID: 33802218 PMCID: PMC8000511 DOI: 10.3390/plants10030521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Botrytis cinerea, a fungal pathogen that causes gray mold, is damaging more than 200 plant species, and especially tomato. Photosystem II (PSII) responses in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) leaves to Botrytis cinerea spore suspension application were evaluated by chlorophyll fluorescence imaging analysis. Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) that was detected 30 min after Botrytis application with an increasing trend up to 240 min, is possibly convening tolerance against B. cinerea at short-time exposure, but when increasing at relative longer exposure, is becoming a damaging molecule. In accordance, an enhanced photosystem II (PSII) functionality was observed 30 min after application of B. cinerea, with a higher fraction of absorbed light energy to be directed to photochemistry (ΦPSΙΙ). The concomitant increase in the photoprotective mechanism of non-photochemical quenching of photosynthesis (NPQ) resulted in a significant decrease in the dissipated non-regulated energy (ΦNO), indicating a possible decreased singlet oxygen (1O2) formation, thus specifying a modified reactive oxygen species (ROS) homeostasis. Therefore, 30 min after application of Botrytis spore suspension, before any visual symptoms appeared, defense response mechanisms were triggered, with PSII photochemistry to be adjusted by NPQ in a such way that PSII functionality to be enhanced, but being fully inhibited at the application spot and the adjacent area, after longer exposure (240 min). Hence, the response of tomato PSII to B. cinerea, indicates a hormetic temporal response in terms of “stress defense response” and “toxicity”, expanding the features of hormesis to biotic factors also. The enhanced PSII functionality 30 min after Botrytis application can possible be related with the need of an increased sugar production that is associated with a stronger plant defense potential through the induction of defense genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria-Lavrentia Stamelou
- Section of Botany, Department of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, GR-15784 Athens, Greece; (M.-L.S.); (I.-D.S.A.)
- Institute of Plant Breeding and Genetic Resources, Hellenic Agricultural Organization–Demeter, Thermi, GR-57001 Thessaloniki, Greece;
| | - Ilektra Sperdouli
- Institute of Plant Breeding and Genetic Resources, Hellenic Agricultural Organization–Demeter, Thermi, GR-57001 Thessaloniki, Greece;
| | - Ioanna Pyrri
- Section of Ecology & Systematics, Department of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, GR-15784 Athens, Greece;
| | - Ioannis-Dimosthenis S. Adamakis
- Section of Botany, Department of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, GR-15784 Athens, Greece; (M.-L.S.); (I.-D.S.A.)
| | - Michael Moustakas
- Department of Botany, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
- Correspondence:
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27
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Pucciariello C, Perata P. The Oxidative Paradox in Low Oxygen Stress in Plants. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:332. [PMID: 33672303 PMCID: PMC7926446 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10020332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are part of aerobic environments, and variations in the availability of oxygen (O2) in the environment can lead to altered ROS levels. In plants, the O2 sensing machinery guides the molecular response to low O2, regulating a subset of genes involved in metabolic adaptations to hypoxia, including proteins involved in ROS homeostasis and acclimation. In addition, nitric oxide (NO) participates in signaling events that modulate the low O2 stress response. In this review, we summarize recent findings that highlight the roles of ROS and NO under environmentally or developmentally defined low O2 conditions. We conclude that ROS and NO are emerging regulators during low O2 signalling and key molecules in plant adaptation to flooding conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Pucciariello
- PlantLab, Institute of Life Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna, 56127 Pisa, Italy;
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Manrique-Gil I, Sánchez-Vicente I, Torres-Quezada I, Lorenzo O. Nitric oxide function during oxygen deprivation in physiological and stress processes. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:904-916. [PMID: 32976588 PMCID: PMC7876777 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Plants are aerobic organisms that have evolved to maintain specific requirements for oxygen (O2), leading to a correct respiratory energy supply during growth and development. There are certain plant developmental cues and biotic or abiotic stress responses where O2 is scarce. This O2 deprivation known as hypoxia may occur in hypoxic niches of plant-specific tissues and during adverse environmental cues such as pathogen attack and flooding. In general, plants respond to hypoxia through a complex reprogramming of their molecular activities with the aim of reducing the impact of stress on their physiological and cellular homeostasis. This review focuses on the fine-tuned regulation of hypoxia triggered by a network of gaseous compounds that includes O2, ethylene, and nitric oxide. In view of recent scientific advances, we summarize the molecular mechanisms mediated by phytoglobins and by the N-degron proteolytic pathway, focusing on embryogenesis, seed imbibition, and germination, and also specific structures, most notably root apical and shoot apical meristems. In addition, those biotic and abiotic stresses that comprise hypoxia are also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Manrique-Gil
- Departamento de Botánica y Fisiología Vegetal, Instituto Hispano-Luso de Investigaciones Agrarias (CIALE), Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Salamanca. C/ Río Duero 12, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Inmaculada Sánchez-Vicente
- Departamento de Botánica y Fisiología Vegetal, Instituto Hispano-Luso de Investigaciones Agrarias (CIALE), Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Salamanca. C/ Río Duero 12, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Isabel Torres-Quezada
- Departamento de Botánica y Fisiología Vegetal, Instituto Hispano-Luso de Investigaciones Agrarias (CIALE), Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Salamanca. C/ Río Duero 12, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Oscar Lorenzo
- Departamento de Botánica y Fisiología Vegetal, Instituto Hispano-Luso de Investigaciones Agrarias (CIALE), Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Salamanca. C/ Río Duero 12, Salamanca, Spain
- Correspondence:
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29
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Sasidharan R, Voesenek LACJ, Perata P. Plant performance and food security in a wetter world. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 229:5-7. [PMID: 33285019 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rashmi Sasidharan
- Plant Ecophysiology, Institute of Environmental Biology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, Utrecht, 3584 CH, the Netherlands
| | - Laurentius A C J Voesenek
- Plant Ecophysiology, Institute of Environmental Biology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, Utrecht, 3584 CH, the Netherlands
| | - Pierdomenico Perata
- The Plant Lab, Institute of Life Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Via Giudiccioni 10, San Giuliano Terme, Pisa, 56010, Italy
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30
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Zafari S, Vanlerberghe GC, Igamberdiev AU. Nitric Oxide Turnover Under Hypoxia Results in the Rapid Increased Expression of the Plastid-Localized Phosphorylated Pathway of Serine Biosynthesis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:780842. [PMID: 35173748 PMCID: PMC8841671 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.780842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The plant mitochondrial electron transport chain influences carbon and nitrogen metabolism under near anoxic conditions through its involvement in the phytoglobin-nitric oxide cycle, where the respiratory chain reduces nitrite to nitric oxide (NO), followed by NO conversion to nitrate by class 1 phytoglobin. Wild type (WT) and transgenic tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) with differing amounts of alternative oxidase (AOX) were used to manipulate NO generation under hypoxia, and to examine whether this in turn influenced the gene expression of two stress-related amino acid biosynthetic pathways, the plastid-localized phosphorylated pathway of serine biosynthesis (PPSB), and the γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) shunt. Under hypoxia, leaf NO emission rate was highest in AOX overexpressors and lowest in AOX knockdowns, with WT showing an intermediate rate. In turn, the rate of NO emission correlated with the degree to which amino acids accumulated. This amino acid accumulation was associated with the increased expression of the enzymes of the stress-related amino acid biosynthetic pathways. However, induction of the PPSB occurred much earlier than the GABA shunt. This work shows that high rates of NO turnover associate with rapid gene induction of the PPSB, establishing a clear link between this pathway and the maintenance of carbon, nitrogen and energy metabolism under hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somaieh Zafari
- Department of Biology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL, Canada
| | - Greg C. Vanlerberghe
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Abir U. Igamberdiev
- Department of Biology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL, Canada
- *Correspondence: Abir U. Igamberdiev,
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31
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Rodrigues AM, Carrasquinho I, António C. Primary Metabolite Adjustments Associated With Pinewood Nematode Resistance in Pinus pinaster. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:777681. [PMID: 34950168 PMCID: PMC8691400 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.777681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The pinewood nematode (PWN) Bursaphelenchus xylophilus is the causal agent of the pine wilt disease (PWD) and represents one of the major threats to conifer forests. The detection of the PWN in Portugal, associated with Pinus pinaster, increased the concern of its spread to European forests. Despite its susceptibility to PWD, genetic variability found among P. pinaster populations has been associated with heritable PWD resistance. Understanding the mechanisms underlying tree resistance constitutes a valuable resource for breeding programs toward more resilient forest plantations. This study investigated changes in anatomy, chlorophyll a fluorescence (ChlF), and primary metabolism in susceptible and resistant P. pinaster half-sib plants, after PWN inoculation. Susceptible plants showed a general shutdown of central metabolism, osmolyte accumulation, photosynthetic inhibition, and a decrease in the plant water status. The ChlF transient rise (OJIP curve) revealed the appearance of L- and K-bands, indicators of environmental stress. In contrast, resistant plants revealed a regulated defense response and were able to restrict PWN migration and cellular damage. Furthermore, the accumulation of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and succinate suggested a role of these metabolites in PWD resistance and the possible activation of the GABA shunt. Altogether, these results provide new insights to the role of primary metabolism in PWD resistance and in the selection of resistant phenotypes for disease mitigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana M. Rodrigues
- Plant Metabolomics Laboratory, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Isabel Carrasquinho
- Instituto Nacional Investigação Agrária e Veterinária I.P., Oeiras, Portugal
- Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Carla António
- Plant Metabolomics Laboratory, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
- *Correspondence: Carla António,
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32
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Panicucci G, Iacopino S, De Meo E, Perata P, Weits DA. An Improved HRPE-Based Transcriptional Output Reporter to Detect Hypoxia and Anoxia in Plant Tissue. BIOSENSORS-BASEL 2020; 10:bios10120197. [PMID: 33287141 PMCID: PMC7761731 DOI: 10.3390/bios10120197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Oxygen levels in plant tissues may vary, depending on metabolism, diffusion barriers, and environmental availability. Current techniques to assess the oxic status of plant cells rely primarily on invasive microoptodes or Clark-type electrodes, which are not optimally suited for experiments that require high spatial and temporal resolution. In this case, a genetically encoded oxygen biosensor is required instead. This article reports the design, test, and optimization of a hypoxia-signaling reporter, based on five-time repeated hypoxia-responsive promoter elements (HRPE) driving the expression of different reporter proteins. Specifically, this study aimed to improve its performance as a reporter of hypoxic conditions by testing the effect of different untranslated regions (UTRs) at the 5′ end of the reporter coding sequence. Next, we characterized an optimized version of the HRPE promoter (HRPE-Ω) in terms of hypoxia sensitivity and time responsiveness. We also observed that severe oxygen deficiency counteracted the reporter activity due to inhibition of GFP maturation, which requires molecular oxygen. To overcome this limitation, we therefore employed an oxygen-independent UnaG fluorescent protein-coupled to an O2-dependent mCherry fluorophore under the control of the optimized HRPE-Ω promoter. Remarkably, this sensor, provided a different mCherry/UnaG ratiometric output depending on the externally imposed oxygen concentration, providing a solution to distinguish between different degrees of tissue hypoxia. Moreover, a ubiquitously expressed UnaG-mCherry fusion could be used to image oxygen concentrations directly, albeit at a narrow range. The luminescent and fluorescent hypoxia-reporters described here can readily be used to conduct studies that involve anaerobiosis in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Panicucci
- Biology Department, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (G.P.); (S.I.)
| | - Sergio Iacopino
- Biology Department, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (G.P.); (S.I.)
- Institute of Life Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna, 56127 Pisa, Italy;
| | - Elisa De Meo
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy;
| | | | - Daan A. Weits
- Institute of Life Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna, 56127 Pisa, Italy;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-050-881913
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Arabidopsis phenotyping reveals the importance of alcohol dehydrogenase and pyruvate decarboxylase for aerobic plant growth. Sci Rep 2020; 10:16669. [PMID: 33028901 PMCID: PMC7542448 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-73704-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) and pyruvate decarboxylase (PDC) are key to the establishment of the fermentative metabolism in plants during oxygen shortage. Most of the evidence that both ADH and PDC are required for plant tolerance to hypoxia comes from experiments performed by limiting oxygen in the environment, such as by exposing plants to gaseous hypoxia or to waterlogging or submergence. However, recent experiments have shown that hypoxic niches might exist in plants grown in aerobic conditions. Here, we investigated the importance of ADH and PDC for plant growth and development under aerobic conditions, long-term waterlogging and short-term submergence. Data were collected after optimizing the software associated with a commercially-available phenotyping instrument, to circumvent problems in separation of plants and background pixels based on colour features, which is not applicable for low-oxygen stressed plants due to the low colour contrast of leaves with the brownish soil. The results showed that the growth penalty associated with the lack of functional ADH1 or both PDC1 and PDC2 is greater under aerobic conditions than in hypoxia, highlighting the importance of fermentative metabolism in plants grown under normal, aerobic conditions.
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34
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Chung H, Lee YH. Hypoxia: A Double-Edged Sword During Fungal Pathogenesis? Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1920. [PMID: 32903454 PMCID: PMC7434965 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular oxygen functions as an electron acceptor for aerobic respiration and a substrate for key metabolisms and cellular processes. Most eukaryotes develop direct or indirect oxygen sensors and reprogram transcriptional and translational metabolisms to adapt to altered oxygen availability under varying oxygen concentrations. Human fungal pathogens manipulate transcriptional levels of genes related to virulence as well as oxygen-dependent metabolisms such as ergosterol homeostasis when they are confronted with oxygen limitation (hypoxia) during infection. Oxygen states in plant tissues also vary depending on site, species, and external environment, potentially providing hypoxia to plant pathogens during infection. In this review, knowledge on the regulation of oxygen sensing and adaptive mechanisms in eukaryotes and nascent understanding of hypoxic responses in plant pathogens are summarized and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunjung Chung
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yong-Hwan Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea.,Center for Fungal Genetic Resources, Plant Immunity Research Center, and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
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Mooney BC, Graciet E. A simple and efficient Agrobacterium-mediated transient expression system to dissect molecular processes in Brassica rapa and Brassica napus. PLANT DIRECT 2020; 4:e00237. [PMID: 32775949 PMCID: PMC7403836 DOI: 10.1002/pld3.237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The family Brassicaceae is a source of important crop species, including Brassica napus (oilseed rape), Brassica oleracea, and B. rapa, that is used globally for oil production or as a food source (e.g., pak choi or turnip). However, despite advances in recent years, including genome sequencing, a lack of established tools tailored to the study of Brassica crop species has impeded efforts to understand their molecular processes in greater detail. Here, we describe the use of a simple Agrobacterium-mediated transient expression system adapted to B. rapa and B. napus that could facilitate study of molecular and biochemical events in these species. We also demonstrate the use of this method to characterize the N-degron pathway of protein degradation in B. rapa. The N-degron pathway is a subset of the ubiquitin-proteasome system and represents a mechanism through which proteins may be targeted for degradation based on the identity of their N-terminal amino acid residue. Interestingly, N-degron-mediated processes in plants have been implicated in the regulation of traits with potential agronomic importance, including the responses to pathogens and to abiotic stresses such as flooding tolerance. The stability of transiently expressed N-degron reporter proteins in B. rapa indicates that its N-degron pathway is highly conserved with that of Arabidopsis thaliana. These findings highlight the utility of Agrobacterium-mediated transient expression in B. rapa and B. napus and establish a framework to investigate the N-degron pathway and its roles in regulating agronomical traits in these species. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT We describe an Agrobacterium-mediated transient expression system applicable to Brassica crops and demonstrate its utility by identifying the destabilizing residues of the N-degron pathway in B. rapa. As the N-degron pathway functions as an integrator of environmental signals, this study could facilitate efforts to improve the robustness of Brassica crops.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Emmanuelle Graciet
- Department of BiologyMaynooth UniversityMaynoothIreland
- Kathleen Lonsdale Institute for Human Health ResearchMaynooth UniversityMaynoothIreland
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Loreti E, Perata P. The Many Facets of Hypoxia in Plants. PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9060745. [PMID: 32545707 PMCID: PMC7356549 DOI: 10.3390/plants9060745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Plants are aerobic organisms that require oxygen for their respiration. Hypoxia arises due to the insufficient availability of oxygen, and is sensed by plants, which adapt their growth and metabolism accordingly. Plant hypoxia can occur as a result of excessive rain and soil waterlogging, thus constraining plant growth. Increasing research on hypoxia has led to the discovery of the mechanisms that enable rice to be productive even when partly submerged. The identification of Ethylene Response Factors (ERFs) as the transcription factors that enable rice to survive submergence has paved the way to the discovery of oxygen sensing in plants. This, in turn has extended the study of hypoxia to plant development and plant–microbe interaction. In this review, we highlight the many facets of plant hypoxia, encompassing stress physiology, developmental biology and plant pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Loreti
- Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology, CNR, National Research Council, Via Moruzzi, 56124 Pisa, Italy
- Correspondence: (E.L.); (P.P.)
| | - Pierdomenico Perata
- PlantLab, Institute of Life Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna, Via Giudiccioni 10, 56010 San Giuliano Terme, 56124 Pisa, Italy
- Correspondence: (E.L.); (P.P.)
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