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Chen X, Fang D, Xu Y, Duan K, Yoshida S, Yang S, Sahu SK, Fu H, Guang X, Liu M, Wu C, Liu Y, Mu W, Chen Y, Fan Y, Wang F, Peng S, Shi D, Wang Y, Yu R, Zhang W, Bai Y, Liu ZJ, Yan Q, Liu X, Xu X, Yang H, Wu J, Graham SW, Liu H. Balanophora genomes display massively convergent evolution with other extreme holoparasites and provide novel insights into parasite-host interactions. NATURE PLANTS 2023; 9:1627-1642. [PMID: 37735254 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-023-01517-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
Parasitic plants have evolved to be subtly or severely dependent on host plants to complete their life cycle. To provide new insights into the biology of parasitic plants in general, we assembled genomes for members of the sandalwood order Santalales, including a stem hemiparasite (Scurrula) and two highly modified root holoparasites (Balanophora) that possess chimaeric host-parasite tubers. Comprehensive genome comparisons reveal that hemiparasitic Scurrula has experienced a relatively minor degree of gene loss compared with autotrophic plants, consistent with its moderate degree of parasitism. Nonetheless, patterns of gene loss appear to be substantially divergent across distantly related lineages of hemiparasites. In contrast, Balanophora has experienced substantial gene loss for the same sets of genes as an independently evolved holoparasite lineage, the endoparasitic Sapria (Malpighiales), and the two holoparasite lineages experienced convergent contraction of large gene families through loss of paralogues. This unprecedented convergence supports the idea that despite their extreme and strikingly divergent life histories and morphology, the evolution of these and other holoparasitic lineages can be shaped by highly predictable modes of genome reduction. We observe substantial evidence of relaxed selection in retained genes for both hemi- and holoparasitic species. Transcriptome data also document unusual and novel interactions between Balanophora and host plants at the host-parasite tuber interface tissues, with evidence of mRNA exchange, substantial and active hormone exchange and immune responses in parasite and host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genomics, BGI Research, Shenzhen, China
| | - Dongming Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genomics, BGI Research, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yuxing Xu
- Department of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Kunyu Duan
- BGI College and Henan Institute of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Satoko Yoshida
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Japan
| | - Shuai Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genomics, BGI Research, Shenzhen, China
| | - Sunil Kumar Sahu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genomics, BGI Research, Shenzhen, China
| | - Hui Fu
- BGI College and Henan Institute of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xuanmin Guang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genomics, BGI Research, Shenzhen, China
| | - Min Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genomics, BGI Research, Shenzhen, China
| | - Chenyu Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genomics, BGI Research, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genomics, BGI Research, Shenzhen, China
- Key Laboratory of Southern Subtropical Plant Diversity, Fairy Lake Botanical Garden, Shenzhen and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Weixue Mu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genomics, BGI Research, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yewen Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genomics, BGI Research, Shenzhen, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yannan Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genomics, BGI Research, Shenzhen, China
| | - Fang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genomics, BGI Research, Shenzhen, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shufeng Peng
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Dishen Shi
- BGI College and Henan Institute of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yayu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genomics, BGI Research, Shenzhen, China
| | - Runxian Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wen Zhang
- China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yuqing Bai
- Administrative Office of Wutong Mountain National Park, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhong-Jian Liu
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization at College of Landscape Architecture and Art, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Qiaoshun Yan
- Ailaoshan Station for Subtropical Forest Ecosystem Studies, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Jingdong, China
| | - Xin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genomics, BGI Research, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xun Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genomics, BGI Research, Shenzhen, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Genome Read and Write, Shenzhen, China
| | - Huanming Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genomics, BGI Research, Shenzhen, China
- Key Laboratory of Southern Subtropical Plant Diversity, Fairy Lake Botanical Garden, Shenzhen and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
- James D. Watson Institute of Genome Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jianqiang Wu
- Department of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Sean W Graham
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
- Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
| | - Huan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genomics, BGI Research, Shenzhen, China.
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
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Rios-Carrasco S, Sánchez D, Ortega-González PF, Gutiérrez-Luna MF, Farfán-Beltrán ME, Mandujano MC, Vázquez-Santana S. The floral biology and the role of staminal connective appendages during pollination of the endoparasite Bdallophytum americanum (Cytinaceae). JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2023; 136:643-655. [PMID: 37311992 PMCID: PMC10421756 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-023-01466-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Bdallophytum americanum (Cytinaceae) is an endoparasitic plant species, meaning only the flowers emerge from the host during the reproductive season. Reports on the pollination biology of this species state that its primary pollinators are carrion flies attracted by the smell of the flowers and nectar as a reward. However, the functional role of one of the most outstanding attributes of B. americanum has been neglected. These are the staminal appendages formed by the apical overgrowth of connective tissue during anther development. To determine whether these staminal appendages play a role in pollination, we monitored a nectarless population of B. americanum. We described the inflorescence emergence, floral movements, and pollination and performed field experiments to test whether the absence of the staminal connective appendages affected the visitation frequency. Male inflorescences emerge early, and both male and female flowers open during the day and do not close. Hoverflies are the most frequent visitors to both floral sexes and carry the most pollen. Moreover, the movement of staminal appendages matching the pollen viability changes is reported for the first time. The staminal appendages are the structures where pollinators land before foraging. The field experiments showed that the visitation frequency decreased sharply without staminal appendages. As a landing platform, the staminal connective appendages in B. americanum are crucial for pollinator positioning and collecting viable pollen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Rios-Carrasco
- Laboratorio de Desarrollo en Plantas, Departamento de Biología Comparada, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510, Ciudad de Mexico, México
- Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510, Ciudad de Mexico, México
| | - Daniel Sánchez
- CONACYT-Laboratorio Nacional de Identificación y Caracterización Vegetal, Departamento de Botánica y Zoología, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad de Guadalajara, 44171, Zapopan, Jalisco, México
| | - Pactli F Ortega-González
- Laboratorio de Desarrollo en Plantas, Departamento de Biología Comparada, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510, Ciudad de Mexico, México
| | - Morayna F Gutiérrez-Luna
- Laboratorio de Desarrollo en Plantas, Departamento de Biología Comparada, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510, Ciudad de Mexico, México
| | - Manuel Edday Farfán-Beltrán
- Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Coyoacán, 04510, Ciudad de Mexico, México
| | - María C Mandujano
- Laboratorio de Genética y Ecología, Departamento de Ecología de la Biodiversidad, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, UNAM, 04510, Ciudad de Mexico, México
| | - Sonia Vázquez-Santana
- Laboratorio de Desarrollo en Plantas, Departamento de Biología Comparada, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510, Ciudad de Mexico, México.
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Chang CH, Lee YC, Hsiao G, Chang LK, Chi WC, Cheng YC, Huang SJ, Wang TC, Lu YS, Lee TH. Anti-Epstein-Barr Viral Agents from the Medicinal Herb-Derived Fungus Alternaria alstroemeriae Km2286. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2022; 85:2667-2674. [PMID: 36346918 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.2c00783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Chromatographic separation on the liquid-state fermented products produced by the fungal strain Alternaria alstroemeriae Km2286 isolated from the littoral medicinal herb Atriplex maximowicziana Makino resulted in the isolation of compounds 1-9. Structures were determined by spectroscopic analysis as four undescribed perylenequinones, altertromins A-D (1-4), along with altertoxin IV (5), altertoxin VIII (6), stemphyperylenol (7), tenuazonic acid (8), and allo-tenuazonic acid (9). Compounds 1-6 exhibited antiviral activities against Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) with EC50 values ranging from 0.17 ± 0.07 to 3.13 ± 0.31 μM and selectivity indices higher than 10. In an anti-neuroinflammatory assay, compounds 1-4, 6, and 7 showed inhibitory activity of nitric oxide production in lipopolysaccharide-induced microglial BV-2 cells, with IC50 values ranging from 0.33 ± 0.04 to 4.08 ± 0.53 μM without significant cytotoxicity. This is the first report to describe perylenequinone-type compounds with potent anti-EBV and anti-neuroinflammatory activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Hao Chang
- Institute of Fisheries Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chieh Lee
- Institute of Fisheries Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - George Hsiao
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Li-Kwan Chang
- Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, College of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Chiung Chi
- Department of Food Science, National Quemoy University, Kinmen 89250, Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Chung Cheng
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Quantum Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Jung Huang
- Institute of Fisheries Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Tai-Chou Wang
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Shan Lu
- Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, College of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Tzong-Huei Lee
- Institute of Fisheries Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
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