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Li S, Li H, Wang J, Lu S, Liu Z, Jia H, Wei T, Guo J. The response of physiological and xylem anatomical traits under cadmium stress in Pinus thunbergii seedlings. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 44:tpae046. [PMID: 38676919 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpae046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024]
Abstract
Studying the response of physiological and xylem anatomical traits under cadmium stress is helpful to understand plants' response to heavy metal stress. Here, seedlings of Pinus thunbergii Parl. were treated with 50, 100 and 150 mg kg-1 Cd2+ for 28 days. Cadmium and nonstructural carbohydrate content of leaves, stems and roots, root Cd2+ flux, cadmium distribution pattern in stem xylem and phloem, stem xylem hydraulic traits, cell wall component fractions of stems and roots, phytohormonal content such as abscisic acid, gibberellic acid 3, molecule -indole-3-acetic acid, and jasmonic acid from both leaves and roots, as well as xylem anatomical traits from both stems and roots were measured. Root Cd2+ flux increased from 50 to 100 mmol L-1 Cd2+ stress, however it decreased at 150 mmol L-1 Cd2+. Cellulose and hemicellulose in leaves, stems and roots did not change significantly under cadmium stress, while pectin decreased significantly. The nonstructural carbohydrate content of both leaves and stems showed significant changes under cadmium stress while the root nonstructural carbohydrate content was not affected. In both leaves and roots, the abscisic acid content significantly increased under cadmium stress, while the gibberellic acid 3, indole-3-acetic acid and jasmonic acid methylester content significantly decreased. Both xylem specific hydraulic conductivity and xylem water potential decreased with cadmium stress, however tracheid diameter and double wall thickness of the stems and roots were not affected. High cadmium intensity was found in both the stem xylem and phloem in all cadmium stressed treatments. Our study highlighted the in situ observation of cadmium distribution in both the xylem and phloem, and demonstrated the instant response of physiological traits such as xylem water potential, xylem specific hydraulic conductivity, root Cd2+ flux, nonstructural carbohydrate content, as well as phytohormonal content under cadmium stress, and the less affected traits such as xylem anatomical traits, cellulose and hemicellulose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Li
- Department of Environmental Science and Ecology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an Weiyang University Park, Weiyang District, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, 710021, P.R. China
| | - Huan Li
- Department of Environmental Science and Ecology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an Weiyang University Park, Weiyang District, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, 710021, P.R. China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Environmental Science and Ecology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an Weiyang University Park, Weiyang District, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, 710021, P.R. China
| | - Sen Lu
- Department of Environmental Science and Ecology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an Weiyang University Park, Weiyang District, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, 710021, P.R. China
| | - Zepeng Liu
- Department of Environmental Science and Ecology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an Weiyang University Park, Weiyang District, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, 710021, P.R. China
| | - Honglei Jia
- Department of Environmental Science and Ecology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an Weiyang University Park, Weiyang District, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, 710021, P.R. China
| | - Ting Wei
- Department of Environmental Science and Ecology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an Weiyang University Park, Weiyang District, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, 710021, P.R. China
| | - Junkang Guo
- Department of Environmental Science and Ecology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an Weiyang University Park, Weiyang District, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, 710021, P.R. China
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Popescu SM, Tigae C, Dobrițescu A, Ștefănescu DM. Exploring the Climatic Niche Evolution of the Genus Falco (Aves: Falconidae) in Europe. BIOLOGY 2024; 13:113. [PMID: 38392331 PMCID: PMC10886973 DOI: 10.3390/biology13020113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 02/03/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
By integrating species distribution modeling techniques, phylogenetic comparative methods, and climatic data, we analyzed how European falcon climatic niches have changed over evolutionary time in order to understand their tempo and mode of evolution and gain phylogenetic insights related to the ecological context of falcon evolution. For this purpose, we tested the relative contributions of niche conservatism, convergent evolution, and divergent evolution in the evolutionary history of this group of species in Europe. The occupation of climatic niche spaces by falcon species in Europe was not similar, considering that their climatic niche evolution was characterized by heterotachy, especially after ca. 4 Mya. Our results indicate that convergent evolution and niche divergence played an important role in the evolutionary history of these species, with no significant evidence of closely related species retaining their fundamental niche over time (phylogenetic niche conservatism). In most analyses, less closely related falcon species occupied similar climatic environments. We found that speciation in the European genus Falco was influenced by climatic niche differentiation, more prevalent in the last 4 million years, with the main climatic niche shifts occurring between closely related falcon species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Mariana Popescu
- Department of Biology and Environmental Engineering, University of Craiova, A.I. Cuza, 13, 200585 Craiova, Romania
| | - Cristian Tigae
- Faculty of Science, University of Craiova, A.I. Cuza, 13, 200585 Craiova, Romania
| | - Aurelian Dobrițescu
- Faculty of Science, University of Craiova, A.I. Cuza, 13, 200585 Craiova, Romania
| | - Dragoș Mihail Ștefănescu
- Department of Biology and Environmental Engineering, University of Craiova, A.I. Cuza, 13, 200585 Craiova, Romania
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Fang X, Lin T, Zhang B, Lai Y, Chen X, Xiao Y, Xie Y, Zhu J, Yang Y, Wang J. Regulating carbon and water balance as a strategy to cope with warming and drought climate in Cunninghamia lanceolata in southern China. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1048930. [PMID: 36466246 PMCID: PMC9714357 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1048930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Human activities have increased the possibility of simultaneous warming and drought, which will lead to different carbon (C) allocation and water use strategies in plants. However, there is no conclusive information from previous studies. To explore C and water balance strategies of plants in response to warming and drought, we designed a 4-year experiment that included control (CT), warming (W, with a 5°C increase in temperature), drought (D, with a 50% decrease in precipitation), and warming and drought conditions (WD) to investigate the non-structural carbohydrate (NSC), C and nitrogen (N) stoichiometry, and intrinsic water use efficiency (iWUE) of leaves, roots, and litter of Cunninghamia lanceolata, a major tree species in southern China. We found that W significantly increased NSC and starch in the leaves, and increased NSC and soluble sugar is one of the components of NSC in the roots. D significantly increased leaves' NSC and starch, and increased litter soluble sugar. The NSC of the WD did not change significantly, but the soluble sugar was significantly reduced. The iWUE of leaves increased under D, and surprisingly, W and D significantly increased the iWUE of litter. The iWUE was positively correlated with NSC and soluble sugar. In addition, D significantly increased N at the roots and litter, resulting in a significant decrease in the C/N ratio. The principal component analysis showed that NSC, iWUE, N, and C/N ratio can be used as identifying indicators for C. lanceolata in both warming and drought periods. This study stated that under warming or drought, C. lanceolata would decline in growth to maintain high NSC levels and reduce water loss. Leaves would store starch to improve the resiliency of the aboveground parts, and the roots would increase soluble sugar and N accumulation to conserve water and to help C sequestration in the underground part. At the same time, defoliation was potentially beneficial for maintaining C and water balance. However, when combined with warming and drought, C. lanceolata growth will be limited by C, resulting in decreased NSC. This study provides a new insight into the coping strategies of plants in adapting to warming and drought environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Fang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Eco-physiology, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
- School of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
- Fujian Sanming Forest Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, Sanming, China
| | - Tian Lin
- School of Ecological Environment and Urban Construction, Fujian University of Technology, Fuzhou, China
| | - Biyao Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yongru Lai
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Eco-physiology, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
- School of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xupeng Chen
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Eco-physiology, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
- School of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yixin Xiao
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Eco-physiology, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
- School of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yiqing Xie
- Institute of Economic Forestry, Fujian Academy of Forestry, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jinmao Zhu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Eco-physiology, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
- School of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yusheng Yang
- Fujian Sanming Forest Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, Sanming, China
- State Key Laboratory for Subtropical Mountain Ecology of the Ministry of Science and Technology and Fujian Province, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
- School of Geographical Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Eco-physiology, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
- Fujian Sanming Forest Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, Sanming, China
- School of Geographical Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
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Li SY, Vincent C. Root:shoot balance controls flush phenology and carbohydrate translocation dynamics in citrus (Citrus x sinensis) trunk. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2022; 174:e13601. [PMID: 34796913 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Flush shoot growth presents a fluctuation pattern alternating with root growth. The cyclic pattern determines the balance of root:shoot and can affect the direction and speed of carbohydrate translocation during the vegetative growth period. In this study, we used water deficit to limit corresponding growth in sweet orange (Citrus x sinensis) "OLL 4" grafted on "US-942" rootstock, and then observed the changes of translocation dynamics between two flush statuses. Our first hypothesis was that water deficit would reduce root growth and extend the root growth phase during the growth cycle, delaying the following flush. We then tested the related second hypothesis that shoot flushes would switch the direction and slow the speed of carbohydrate transport due to fluctuation between single and dual sinks. After recovery from a severe deficit, the flush was synchronized and emerged within 2 weeks. Mild and moderate water-deficit plants showed a delayed new flush. Next, we used a 14 C-labeling method to test whether translocation was affected by the presence of new flush. Basipetal translocation was dominant, but the new flush increased the likelihood of acropetal translocation. Translocation speeds were not different in both directions regardless of flushing status, though speed estimates were highly variable, even though 14 C export from the source leaf increased when new flush was present. The results suggest that flush timing across an environmental gradient is governed by source-sink dynamics. The presence of new flush altered the direction of photoassimilate translocation and rate of leaf export, but stem transport speeds were not distinguishably different.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Yang Li
- Horticultural Sciences Department, Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, Florida, USA
| | - Christopher Vincent
- Horticultural Sciences Department, Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, Florida, USA
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Fontes CG, Pinto‐Ledezma J, Jacobsen AL, Pratt RB, Cavender‐Bares J. Adaptive variation among oaks in wood anatomical properties is shaped by climate of origin and shows limited plasticity across environments. Funct Ecol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Clarissa G. Fontes
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior University of Minnesota Saint Paul MN USA
| | - Jesús Pinto‐Ledezma
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior University of Minnesota Saint Paul MN USA
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