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Simwela NV, Waters AP. Current status of experimental models for the study of malaria. Parasitology 2022; 149:1-22. [PMID: 35357277 PMCID: PMC9378029 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182021002134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Infection by malaria parasites (Plasmodium spp.) remains one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality, especially in tropical regions of the world. Despite the availability of malaria control tools such as integrated vector management and effective therapeutics, these measures have been continuously undermined by the emergence of vector resistance to insecticides or parasite resistance to frontline antimalarial drugs. Whilst the recent pilot implementation of the RTS,S malaria vaccine is indeed a remarkable feat, highly effective vaccines against malaria remain elusive. The barriers to effective vaccines result from the complexity of both the malaria parasite lifecycle and the parasite as an organism itself with consequent major gaps in our understanding of their biology. Historically and due to the practical and ethical difficulties of working with human malaria infections, research into malaria parasite biology has been extensively facilitated by animal models. Animals have been used to study disease pathogenesis, host immune responses and their (dys)regulation and further disease processes such as transmission. Moreover, animal models remain at the forefront of pre-clinical evaluations of antimalarial drugs (drug efficacy, mode of action, mode of resistance) and vaccines. In this review, we discuss commonly used animal models of malaria, the parasite species used and their advantages and limitations which hinder their extrapolation to actual human disease. We also place into this context the most recent developments such as organoid technologies and humanized mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nelson V. Simwela
- Institute of Infection, Immunity & Inflammation, Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Andrew P. Waters
- Institute of Infection, Immunity & Inflammation, Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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2
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Abstract
Extensive research conducted on mouse-human chimeras has advanced our understanding on infectious diseases including the human-malaria parasite, Plasmodium falciparum. In vitro culture of asexual-blood stage infection of P. falciparum does not answer all questions related to parasitology, pharmacology and immunology, and complex life cycle, complicated genome, evolution of drug resistance and poor diagnosis makes it difficult to understand the patho-biology of parasite. Unavailability of effective-vaccine and issues of drug resistance advocates the use of human cell/tissues reconstituted immunodeficient-mice to P. falciparum. A number of immunodeficient-strains (TK/NOG, FRG/NOD, NOD/SCID/IL-2 receptor γ chain null, NOD severe combined immunodeficiency gamma [NSG] mouse and NOD.Rag1-/- IL2Rγ-/- [NRG; DRAG]) are used for humanization purposes. Additionally, human-hematopoietic stem cells (CD34 reconstituted-NSG [human immune system]) mice support the engraftment and repopulation of immune effecters to study systemic inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajeev K Tyagi
- Division of Cell Biology & Immunology, Biomedical Parasitology & Nano-immunology Lab, CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology (IMTECH), Sec-39A, Chandigarh, 160036, India
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3
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Zhang LL, Li JL, Ji MX, Tian D, Wang LY, Chen C, Tian M. Attenuated P. falciparum Parasite Shows Cytokine Variations in Humanized Mice. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1801. [PMID: 33013831 PMCID: PMC7516016 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A recently developed humanized mouse has been used to assess the immune response evoked against the isolated attenuated C9 parasite clone (C9-M; carrying a single insertion disrupting the open reading frame (ORF) of PF3D7_1305500) of Plasmodium falciparum. Significant human RBC engraftment was achieved by ameliorating the residual non-adaptive immune response using clodronate-loaded liposome treatment. Controlled reactive professional phagocytic leukocytes in immunodeficient mice allowed for sizeable human blood chimerism and injected huRBCs acted as bona fide host cells for P. falciparum. huRBC-reconstituted immunodeficient mice received infectious challenge with attenuated P. falciparum C9 parasite mutants (C9-M), complemented (C9-C), and wild type (NF54) progenitors to study the role of immune effectors in the clearance of the parasite from mouse circulation. C9-M and NF54 parasites grew and developed in the huRBC-reconstituted humanized NSG mice. Further, the presence of mutant parasites in deep-seated tissues suggests the escape of parasites from the host's immune responses and thus extended the survival of the parasite. Our results suggest an evasion mechanism that may have been employed by the parasite to survive the mouse's residual non-adaptive immune responses. Collectively, our data suggest that huRBCs reconstituted NSG mice infected with attenuated P. falciparum is a valuable tool to explore the role of C9 mutation in the growth and survival of parasite mutants and their response to the host's immune responses. This mouse might help in identifying novel chemotherapeutic targets to develop new anti-malarial drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei-Lei Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jin-Long Li
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ming-Xin Ji
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Dan Tian
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Li-Yan Wang
- Department of Operating Room, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Chen Chen
- Department of Operating Room, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Miao Tian
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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Chatelain E, Scandale I. Animal models of Chagas disease and their translational value to drug development. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2020; 15:1381-1402. [PMID: 32812830 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2020.1806233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION American trypanosomiasis, better known as Chagas disease, is a global public health issue. Current treatments targeting the causative parasite, Trypanosoma cruzi, are limited to two old nitroheterocyclic compounds; new, safer drugs are needed. New tools to identify compounds suitable for parasitological cure in humans have emerged through efforts in drug discovery. AREAS COVERED Animal disease models are an integral part of the drug discovery process. There are numerous experimental models of Chagas disease described and in use; rather than going through each of these and their specific features, the authors focus on developments in recent years, in particular the imaging technologies that have dramatically changed the Chagas R&D landscape, and provide a critical view on their value and limitations for moving compounds forward into further development. EXPERT OPINION The application of new technological advances to the field of drug development for Chagas disease has led to the implementation of new and robust/standardized in vivo models that contributed to a better understanding of host/parasite interactions. These new models should also build confidence in their translational value for moving compounds forward into clinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Chatelain
- R&D Department, Drugs for Neglected Diseases Initiative (DNDi) , Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Ivan Scandale
- R&D Department, Drugs for Neglected Diseases Initiative (DNDi) , Geneva, Switzerland
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5
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Animal Models for Hepatitis E virus. Viruses 2019; 11:v11060564. [PMID: 31216711 PMCID: PMC6630473 DOI: 10.3390/v11060564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2019] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is an underdiagnosed pathogen with approximately 20 million infections each year and currently the most common cause of acute viral hepatitis. HEV was long considered to be confined to developing countries but there is increasing evidence that it is also a medical problem in the Western world. HEV that infects humans belongs to the Orthohepevirus A species of the Hepeviridae family. Novel HEV-like viruses have been observed in a variety of animals and some have been shown to be able to cross the species barrier, causing infection in humans. Several cell culture models for HEV have been established in the past years, but their efficiency is usually relatively low. With the circulation of this virus and related viruses in a variety of species, several different animal models have been developed. In this review, we give an overview of these animal models, indicate their main characteristics, and highlight how they may contribute to our understanding of the basic aspects of the viral life cycle and cross-species infection, the study of pathogenesis, and the evaluation of novel preventative and therapeutic strategies.
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Tyagi RK, Tandel N, Deshpande R, Engelman RW, Patel SD, Tyagi P. Humanized Mice Are Instrumental to the Study of Plasmodium falciparum Infection. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2550. [PMID: 30631319 PMCID: PMC6315153 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Research using humanized mice has advanced our knowledge and understanding of human haematopoiesis, non-adaptive and adaptive immunity, autoimmunity, infectious disease, cancer biology, and regenerative medicine. Challenges posed by the human-malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum include its complex life cycle, the evolution of drug resistance against anti-malarials, poor diagnosis, and a lack of effective vaccines. Advancements in genetically engineered and immunodeficient mouse strains, have allowed for studies of the asexual blood stage, exoerythrocytic stage and the transition from liver-to-blood stage infection, in a single vertebrate host. This review discusses the process of "humanization" of various immunodeficient/transgenic strains and their contribution to translational biomedical research. Our work reviews the strategies employed to overcome the remaining-limitations of the developed human-mouse chimera(s).
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajeev K. Tyagi
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
- Biomedical parasitology Unit, Institute Pasteur, Paris, France
- Department of Global Health, College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Nikunj Tandel
- Institute of Science, Nirma University, Ahmedabad, India
| | | | - Robert W. Engelman
- Department of Pediatrics, Pathology and Cell Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
| | | | - Priyanka Tyagi
- Department of Basic and Applied Sciences, School of Engineering, GD Goenka University, Gurgaon, India
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De Niz M, Heussler VT. Rodent malaria models: insights into human disease and parasite biology. Curr Opin Microbiol 2018; 46:93-101. [PMID: 30317152 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2018.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Revised: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The use of rodents as model organisms to study human disease is based on the genetic and physiological similarities between the species. Successful molecular methods to generate transgenic reporter or humanized rodents has rendered rodents as powerful tools for understanding biological processes and host-pathogen interactions relevant to humans. In malaria research, rodent models have been pivotal for the study of liver stages, syndromes arising from blood stages of infection, and malaria transmission to and from the mammalian host. Importantly, many in vivo findings are comparable to pathology observed in humans only when adequate combinations of rodent strains and Plasmodium parasites are used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana De Niz
- Wellcome Centre for Molecular Parasitology, Glasgow, G12 8TA, UK; Institute for Cell Biology, University of Bern, CH-3012, Switzerland
| | - Volker T Heussler
- Institute for Cell Biology, University of Bern, CH-3012, Switzerland.
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Minkah NK, Schafer C, Kappe SHI. Humanized Mouse Models for the Study of Human Malaria Parasite Biology, Pathogenesis, and Immunity. Front Immunol 2018; 9:807. [PMID: 29725334 PMCID: PMC5917005 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria parasite infection continues to inflict extensive morbidity and mortality in resource-poor countries. The insufficiently understood parasite biology, continuously evolving drug resistance and the lack of an effective vaccine necessitate intensive research on human malaria parasites that can inform the development of new intervention tools. Humanized mouse models have been greatly improved over the last decade and enable the direct study of human malaria parasites in vivo in the laboratory. Nevertheless, no small animal model developed so far is capable of maintaining the complete life cycle of Plasmodium parasites that infect humans. The ultimate goal is to develop humanized mouse systems in which a Plasmodium infection closely reproduces all stages of a parasite infection in humans, including pre-erythrocytic infection, blood stage infection and its associated pathology, transmission as well as the human immune response to infection. Here, we discuss current humanized mouse models and the future directions that should be taken to develop next-generation models for human malaria parasite research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nana K Minkah
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Carola Schafer
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Stefan H I Kappe
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Seattle, WA, United States.,Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
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9
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Huang HM, McMorran BJ, Foote SJ, Burgio G. Host genetics in malaria: lessons from mouse studies. Mamm Genome 2018; 29:507-522. [PMID: 29594458 DOI: 10.1007/s00335-018-9744-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Malaria remains a deadly parasitic disease caused by Plasmodium, claiming almost half a million lives every year. While parasite genetics and biology are often the major targets in many studies, it is becoming more evident that host genetics plays a crucial role in the outcome of the infection. Similarly, Plasmodium infections in mice also rely heavily on the genetic background of the mice, and often correlate with observations in human studies, due to their high genetic homology with humans. As such, murine models of malaria are a useful tool for understanding host responses during Plasmodium infections, as well as dissecting host-parasite interactions through various genetic manipulation techniques. Reverse genetic approach such as quantitative trait loci studies and random mutagenesis screens have been employed to discover novel host genes that affect malaria susceptibility in mouse models, while other targeted studies utilize mouse models to validate observation from human studies. Herein, we review the findings from the past and present studies on murine models of hepatic and erythrocytic stages of malaria and speculate on how the current mouse models benefit from the recent development in CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Ming Huang
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, 131 Garran Road, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Brendan J McMorran
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, 131 Garran Road, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Simon J Foote
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, 131 Garran Road, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Gaetan Burgio
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, 131 Garran Road, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia.
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Abstract
Since the turn of the century, a remarkable expansion has been achieved in the range and effectiveness of products and strategies available to prevent, treat, and control malaria, including advances in diagnostics, drugs, vaccines, and vector control. These advances have once again put malaria elimination on the agenda. However, it is clear that even with the means available today, malaria control and elimination pose a formidable challenge in many settings. Thus, currently available resources must be used more effectively, and new products and approaches likely to achieve these goals must be developed. This paper considers tools (both those available and others that may be required) to achieve and maintain malaria elimination. New diagnostics are needed to direct treatment and detect transmission potential; new drugs and vaccines to overcome existing resistance and protect against clinical and severe disease, as well as block transmission and prevent relapses; and new vector control measures to overcome insecticide resistance and more powerfully interrupt transmission. It is also essential that strategies for combining new and existing approaches are developed for different settings to maximise their longevity and effectiveness in areas with continuing transmission and receptivity. For areas where local elimination has been recently achieved, understanding which measures are needed to maintain elimination is necessary to prevent rebound and the reestablishment of transmission. This becomes increasingly important as more countries move towards elimination.
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11
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Islan GA, Durán M, Cacicedo ML, Nakazato G, Kobayashi RKT, Martinez DST, Castro GR, Durán N. Nanopharmaceuticals as a solution to neglected diseases: Is it possible? Acta Trop 2017; 170:16-42. [PMID: 28232069 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2017.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Revised: 12/05/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The study of neglected diseases has not received much attention, especially from public and private institutions over the last years, in terms of strong support for developing treatment for these diseases. Support in the form of substantial amounts of private and public investment is greatly needed in this area. Due to the lack of novel drugs for these diseases, nanobiotechnology has appeared as an important new breakthrough for the treatment of neglected diseases. Recently, very few reviews focusing on filiarasis, leishmaniasis, leprosy, malaria, onchocerciasis, schistosomiasis, trypanosomiasis, and tuberculosis, and dengue virus have been published. New developments in nanocarriers have made promising advances in the treatment of several kinds of diseases with less toxicity, high efficacy and improved bioavailability of drugs with extended release and fewer applications. This review deals with the current status of nanobiotechnology in the treatment of neglected diseases and highlights how it provides key tools for exploring new perspectives in the treatment of a wide range of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- German A Islan
- Laboratorio de Nanobiomateriales, CINDEFI, Depto. de Quimica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata - CONICET (CCT La Plata), 1900, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Marcela Durán
- Urogenital Carcinogenesis: Urogenitaland Immunotherapy Laboratory, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil,; NanoBioss, Chemistry Institute, University of Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Maximiliano L Cacicedo
- Laboratorio de Nanobiomateriales, CINDEFI, Depto. de Quimica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata - CONICET (CCT La Plata), 1900, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Gerson Nakazato
- Department of Microbiology, Biology Sciences Center, Londrina State University (UEL), Londrina, Brazil
| | - Renata K T Kobayashi
- Department of Microbiology, Biology Sciences Center, Londrina State University (UEL), Londrina, Brazil
| | - Diego S T Martinez
- NanoBioss, Chemistry Institute, University of Campinas, SP, Brazil; Brazilian Nanotechnology National Laboratory (LNNano-CNPEM), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Guillermo R Castro
- Laboratorio de Nanobiomateriales, CINDEFI, Depto. de Quimica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata - CONICET (CCT La Plata), 1900, La Plata, Argentina.
| | - Nelson Durán
- NanoBioss, Chemistry Institute, University of Campinas, SP, Brazil; Brazilian Nanotechnology National Laboratory (LNNano-CNPEM), Campinas, SP, Brazil; Biological Chemistry Laboratory, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP. Brazil.
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Arias MH, Deharo E, Valentin A, Garavito G. Adaptation and optimization of a fluorescence-based assay for in vivo antimalarial drug screening. Parasitol Res 2017; 116:1955-1962. [PMID: 28508922 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-017-5477-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The in vivo efficacy of potential antimalarials is usually evaluated by direct microscopic determination of the parasitaemia of Plasmodium-infected mice on Giemsa-stained blood smears. This process is time-consuming, requires experienced technicians and is not automatable. Therefore, we optimized a SYBR Green I (SYBRG I) fluorescence-based assay to fluorometers commonly available in many research laboratories. This technique was originally developed to assess parasitaemia in humans by cytometry. We defined optimal conditions with Plasmodium berghei-infected mice, standard lysis buffer (Tris, EDTA, saponin and Triton), whole blood cells and 2 h staining incubation with SYBRG I 2X. The fluorescence background generated by uninfected whole blood cells was low (around 4.6%), and the linearity high (r 2 = 0.96), with parasitaemia ranging from 1.4 to 60%. The Bland-Altman plot showed a strong correlation between SYBRG I and Giemsa gold standard method; Z'-factor was >0.5. These findings suggest that our fluorescence-based assay is suitable for in vivo antimalarial drug assessment in a malaria murine model. It can help to overcome the human bias found with microscopic techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria H Arias
- Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Sede Bogotá, Facultad de Ciencias, Departamento de Farmacia (DFUNC), Grupo de Investigación FaMeTra (Farmacología de la Medicina Tradicional y Popular), Carrera 30 45-03, Bogotá D.C., 111311, Colombia
| | - Eric Deharo
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Représentation IRD Ban Naxay, Saysettha District, P.O. Box 5992, Vientiane, Lao PDR.,UMR 152 PHARMA-DEV, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement IRD, Université de Toulouse UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Alexis Valentin
- UMR 152 PHARMA-DEV, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement IRD, Université de Toulouse UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Giovanny Garavito
- Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Sede Bogotá, Facultad de Ciencias, Departamento de Farmacia (DFUNC), Grupo de Investigación FaMeTra (Farmacología de la Medicina Tradicional y Popular), Carrera 30 45-03, Bogotá D.C., 111311, Colombia.
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13
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Parker D. Humanized Mouse Models of Staphylococcus aureus Infection. Front Immunol 2017; 8:512. [PMID: 28523002 PMCID: PMC5415562 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a successful human pathogen that has adapted itself in response to selection pressure by the human immune system. A commensal of the human skin and nose, it is a leading cause of several conditions: skin and soft tissue infection, pneumonia, septicemia, peritonitis, bacteremia, and endocarditis. Mice have been used extensively in all these conditions to identify virulence factors and host components important for pathogenesis. Although significant effort has gone toward development of an anti-staphylococcal vaccine, antibodies have proven ineffective in preventing infection in humans after successful studies in mice. These results have raised questions as to the utility of mice to predict patient outcome and suggest that humanized mice might prove useful in modeling infection. The development of humanized mouse models of S. aureus infection will allow us to assess the contribution of several human-specific virulence factors, in addition to exploring components of the human immune system in protection against S. aureus infection. Their use is discussed in light of several recently reported studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dane Parker
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
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14
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Conteh S, Anderson C, Lambert L, Orr-Gonzalez S, Herrod J, Robbins YL, Carter D, Karhemere SBS, Pyana P, Büscher P, Duffy PE. Grammomys surdaster, the Natural Host for Plasmodium berghei Parasites, as a Model to Study Whole-Organism Vaccines Against Malaria. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2017; 96:835-841. [PMID: 28115674 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.16-0745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractInbred mice are commonly used to test candidate malaria vaccines, but have been unreliable for predicting efficacy in humans. To establish a more rigorous animal model, we acquired African woodland thicket rats of the genus Grammomys, the natural hosts for Plasmodium berghei. Thicket rats were acquired and identified as Grammomys surdaster by skull and teeth measurements and mitochondrial DNA genotyping. Herein, we demonstrate that thicket rats are highly susceptible to infection by P. berghei, and moderately susceptible to Plasmodium yoelii and Plasmodium chabaudi: 1-2 infected mosquito bites or 25-100 sporozoites administered by intravenous injection consistently resulted in patent parasitemia with P. berghei, and resulted in patent parasitemia with P. yoelii and P. chabaudi strains for at least 50% of animals. We then assessed efficacy of whole-organism vaccines to induce sterile immunity, and compared the thicket rat model to conventional mouse models. Using P. berghei ANKA radiation-attenuated sporozoites, and P. berghei ANKA and P. yoelii chemoprophylaxis vaccination approaches, we found that standard doses of vaccine sufficient to protect laboratory mice for a long duration against malaria challenge, are insufficient to protect thicket rats, which require higher doses of vaccine to achieve even short-term sterile immunity. Thicket rats may offer a more stringent and pertinent model for evaluating whole-organism vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solomon Conteh
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology (LMIV), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Rockville, Maryland
| | - Charles Anderson
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology (LMIV), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Rockville, Maryland
| | - Lynn Lambert
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology (LMIV), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Rockville, Maryland
| | - Sachy Orr-Gonzalez
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology (LMIV), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Rockville, Maryland
| | - Jessica Herrod
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology (LMIV), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Rockville, Maryland
| | - Yvette L Robbins
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology (LMIV), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Rockville, Maryland
| | - Dariyen Carter
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology (LMIV), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Rockville, Maryland
| | - Stomy Bin Shamamba Karhemere
- Department of Parasitology, Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale (INRB), Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Pati Pyana
- Department of Parasitology, Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale (INRB), Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Philippe Büscher
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Unit of Parasite Diagnostics, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Patrick E Duffy
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology (LMIV), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Rockville, Maryland
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15
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Walsh NC, Kenney LL, Jangalwe S, Aryee KE, Greiner DL, Brehm MA, Shultz LD. Humanized Mouse Models of Clinical Disease. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PATHOLOGY-MECHANISMS OF DISEASE 2016; 12:187-215. [PMID: 27959627 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pathol-052016-100332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 380] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Immunodeficient mice engrafted with functional human cells and tissues, that is, humanized mice, have become increasingly important as small, preclinical animal models for the study of human diseases. Since the description of immunodeficient mice bearing mutations in the IL2 receptor common gamma chain (IL2rgnull) in the early 2000s, investigators have been able to engraft murine recipients with human hematopoietic stem cells that develop into functional human immune systems. These mice can also be engrafted with human tissues such as islets, liver, skin, and most solid and hematologic cancers. Humanized mice are permitting significant progress in studies of human infectious disease, cancer, regenerative medicine, graft-versus-host disease, allergies, and immunity. Ultimately, use of humanized mice may lead to the implementation of truly personalized medicine in the clinic. This review discusses recent progress in the development and use of humanized mice and highlights their utility for the study of human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole C Walsh
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Diabetes Center of Excellence, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605
| | - Laurie L Kenney
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Diabetes Center of Excellence, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605
| | - Sonal Jangalwe
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Diabetes Center of Excellence, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605
| | - Ken-Edwin Aryee
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Diabetes Center of Excellence, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605
| | - Dale L Greiner
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Diabetes Center of Excellence, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605
| | - Michael A Brehm
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Diabetes Center of Excellence, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605
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Abstract
There have been significant decreases in malaria mortality and morbidity in the last 10-15 years, and the most advanced pre-erythrocytic malaria vaccine, RTS,S, received a positive opinion from European regulators in July 2015. However, no blood-stage vaccine has reached a phase III trial. The first part of this review summarizes the pros and cons of various assays and models that have been and will be used to predict the efficacy of blood-stage vaccines. In the second part, blood-stage vaccine candidates that showed some efficacy in human clinical trials or controlled human malaria infection models are discussed. Then, candidates under clinical investigation are described in the third part, and other novel candidates and strategies are reviewed in the last part.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazutoyo Miura
- a Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases , National Institutes of Health , Rockville , MD , USA
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17
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Abstract
The 2000 Millennium Development Goals helped stimulate the development of life-saving childhood vaccines for pneumococcal and rotavirus infections while greatly expanding coverage of existing vaccines. However, there remains an urgent need to develop new vaccines for HIV/AIDS, malaria, and tuberculosis, as well as for respiratory syncytial virus and those chronic and debilitating (mostly parasitic) infections known as neglected tropical diseases (NTDs). The NTDs represent the most common diseases of people living in extreme poverty and are the subject of this review. The development of NTD vaccines, including those for hookworm infection, schistosomiasis, leishmaniasis, and Chagas disease, is being led by nonprofit product development partnerships (PDPs) working in consortia of academic and industrial partners, including vaccine manufacturers in developing countries. NTD vaccines face unique challenges with respect to their product development and manufacture, as well as their preclinical and clinical testing. We emphasize global efforts to accelerate the development of NTD vaccines and some of the hurdles to ensuring their availability to the world's poorest people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Hotez
- Department of Pediatrics, National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030; .,Department of Molecular Virology & Microbiology, National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030; , .,Sabin Vaccine Institute and Texas Children's Hospital Center for Vaccine Development, Houston, Texas 77030.,Sabin Vaccine Institute, Washington, DC and Houston, Texas.,Baker Institute, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77030.,Department of Biology, Baylor University, Waco, Texas 76706
| | - Maria Elena Bottazzi
- Department of Pediatrics, National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030; .,Department of Molecular Virology & Microbiology, National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030; , .,Sabin Vaccine Institute and Texas Children's Hospital Center for Vaccine Development, Houston, Texas 77030.,Sabin Vaccine Institute, Washington, DC and Houston, Texas.,Department of Biology, Baylor University, Waco, Texas 76706
| | - Ulrich Strych
- Department of Pediatrics, National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030; .,Sabin Vaccine Institute and Texas Children's Hospital Center for Vaccine Development, Houston, Texas 77030
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