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Jones KR, von Hase A, Costa HM, Rainey H, Sidat N, Jobson B, White TB, Grantham HS. Spatial analysis to inform the mitigation hierarchy. CONSERVATION SCIENCE AND PRACTICE 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/csp2.12686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kendall R. Jones
- Global Conservation Program, Wildlife Conservation Society Bronx New York USA
| | - Amrei von Hase
- Global Conservation Program, Wildlife Conservation Society Bronx New York USA
| | - Hugo M. Costa
- Global Conservation Program, Wildlife Conservation Society Bronx New York USA
| | - Hugo Rainey
- Global Conservation Program, Wildlife Conservation Society Bronx New York USA
| | - Naseeba Sidat
- Global Conservation Program, Wildlife Conservation Society Bronx New York USA
| | | | - Thomas B. White
- Conservation Science Group, Department of Zoology Cambridge University Cambridge UK
| | - Hedley S. Grantham
- Global Conservation Program, Wildlife Conservation Society Bronx New York USA
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2
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Using the Conservation Standards Framework to Address the Effects of Climate Change on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services. CLIMATE 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/cli10020013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Climate change has challenged biodiversity conservation practitioners and planners. In this paper, we provide scalable guidance on integrating climate change into conservation planning and adaptive management that results in the most appropriate conservation strategies. This integrated “Climate-Smart Conservation Practice” focuses on analyzing the potential impact of climate change on species, ecosystems, and ecosystem services, combined with “conventional” (non-climate) threats, and incorporating this knowledge into projects. The guidance is based on the already widely-used “Open Standards for the Practice of Conservation”, an application of systems thinking and adaptive management, which has been successfully applied to thousands of conservation projects. Our framework emphasizes a methodical analysis of climate change impacts for projects to support more productive goals and strategy development. We provide two case studies showing the applicability and flexibility of this framework. An initial key element is developing “situation models” that document both current and future threats affecting biodiversity while showing the interactions between climate and conventional threats. Guidance is also provided on how to design integrated, climate-smart goals and strategies, and detailed theories of change for selected strategies. The information and suggestions presented are intended to break down the steps to make the process more approachable, provide guidance to teams using climate change information within a systematic conservation planning process, and demonstrate how climate scientists can provide appropriate information to conservation planners.
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3
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Maxwell SL, Cazalis V, Dudley N, Hoffmann M, Rodrigues ASL, Stolton S, Visconti P, Woodley S, Kingston N, Lewis E, Maron M, Strassburg BBN, Wenger A, Jonas HD, Venter O, Watson JEM. Area-based conservation in the twenty-first century. Nature 2020; 586:217-227. [PMID: 33028996 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-2773-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Humanity will soon define a new era for nature-one that seeks to transform decades of underwhelming responses to the global biodiversity crisis. Area-based conservation efforts, which include both protected areas and other effective area-based conservation measures, are likely to extend and diversify. However, persistent shortfalls in ecological representation and management effectiveness diminish the potential role of area-based conservation in stemming biodiversity loss. Here we show how the expansion of protected areas by national governments since 2010 has had limited success in increasing the coverage across different elements of biodiversity (ecoregions, 12,056 threatened species, 'Key Biodiversity Areas' and wilderness areas) and ecosystem services (productive fisheries, and carbon services on land and sea). To be more successful after 2020, area-based conservation must contribute more effectively to meeting global biodiversity goals-ranging from preventing extinctions to retaining the most-intact ecosystems-and must better collaborate with the many Indigenous peoples, community groups and private initiatives that are central to the successful conservation of biodiversity. The long-term success of area-based conservation requires parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity to secure adequate financing, plan for climate change and make biodiversity conservation a far stronger part of land, water and sea management policies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean L Maxwell
- Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Science, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia.
| | - Victor Cazalis
- CEFE, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Univ Paul Valéry Montpellier 3, Montpellier, France
| | - Nigel Dudley
- Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Science, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia.,Equilibrium Research, Bristol, UK
| | - Michael Hoffmann
- Conservation and Policy, Zoological Society of London, London, UK
| | - Ana S L Rodrigues
- CEFE, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Univ Paul Valéry Montpellier 3, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Piero Visconti
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, London, UK.,Centre for Biodiversity and Environment Research, University College London, London, UK.,International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Laxenburg, Austria
| | - Stephen Woodley
- World Commission on Protected Areas, International Union for Conservation of Nature, Gland, Switzerland
| | - Naomi Kingston
- UN Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre (UNEP-WCMC), Cambridge, UK
| | - Edward Lewis
- UN Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre (UNEP-WCMC), Cambridge, UK
| | - Martine Maron
- Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Science, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Bernardo B N Strassburg
- Rio Conservation and Sustainability Science Centre, Department of Geography and the Environment, Pontifícia Universidade Católica, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,International Institute for Sustainability, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Programa de Pós Graduacão em Ecologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Amelia Wenger
- Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Science, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia.,Global Marine Program, Wildlife Conservation Society, New York, NY, USA
| | - Harry D Jonas
- World Commission on Protected Areas, International Union for Conservation of Nature, Gland, Switzerland.,Future Law, Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia
| | - Oscar Venter
- Ecosystem Science and Management, University of Northern British Columbia, Prince George, British Columbia, Canada
| | - James E M Watson
- Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Science, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia.,Global Conservation Program, Wildlife Conservation Society, New York, NY, USA
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4
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Leclerc C, Courchamp F, Bellard C. Future climate change vulnerability of endemic island mammals. Nat Commun 2020; 11:4943. [PMID: 33009384 PMCID: PMC7532204 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-18740-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite their high vulnerability, insular ecosystems have been largely ignored in climate change assessments, and when they are investigated, studies tend to focus on exposure to threats instead of vulnerability. The present study examines climate change vulnerability of islands, focusing on endemic mammals and by 2050 (RCPs 6.0 and 8.5), using trait-based and quantitative-vulnerability frameworks that take into account exposure, sensitivity, and adaptive capacity. Our results suggest that all islands and archipelagos show a certain level of vulnerability to future climate change, that is typically more important in Pacific Ocean ones. Among the drivers of vulnerability to climate change, exposure was rarely the main one and did not explain the pattern of vulnerability. In addition, endemic mammals with long generation lengths and high dietary specializations are predicted to be the most vulnerable to climate change. Our findings highlight the importance of exploring islands vulnerability to identify the highest climate change impacts and to avoid the extinction of unique biodiversity. Island ecosystems are notoriously vulnerable to anthropogenic species losses. Here, the authors identify insular hotspots of vulnerability to climate change (under RCPs 6.0 and 8.5) in mammals via a trait-based, quantitative vulnerability framework, finding that exposure to climate change is not a reliable proxy to assess species vulnerability, while sensitivity and adaptive capacity are crucial to understand vulnerability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Leclerc
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, AgroParisTech, Ecologie Systématique Evolution, 91405, Orsay, France. .,INRAE, Univ. of Aix Marseille, UMR RECOVER, Aix-en-Provence, France.
| | - Franck Courchamp
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, AgroParisTech, Ecologie Systématique Evolution, 91405, Orsay, France
| | - Céline Bellard
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, AgroParisTech, Ecologie Systématique Evolution, 91405, Orsay, France
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5
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Wilson KL, Tittensor DP, Worm B, Lotze HK. Incorporating climate change adaptation into marine protected area planning. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2020; 26:3251-3267. [PMID: 32222010 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Climate change is increasingly impacting marine protected areas (MPAs) and MPA networks, yet adaptation strategies are rarely incorporated into MPA design and management plans according to the primary scientific literature. Here we review the state of knowledge for adapting existing and future MPAs to climate change and synthesize case studies (n = 27) of how marine conservation planning can respond to shifting environmental conditions. First, we derive a generalized conservation planning framework based on five published frameworks that incorporate climate change adaptation to inform MPA design. We then summarize examples from the scientific literature to assess how conservation goals were defined, vulnerability assessments performed and adaptation strategies incorporated into the design and management of existing or new MPAs. Our analysis revealed that 82% of real-world examples of climate change adaptation in MPA planning derive from tropical reefs, highlighting the need for research in other ecosystems and habitat types. We found contrasting recommendations for adaptation strategies at the planning stage, either focusing only on climate refugia, or aiming for representative protection of areas encompassing the full range of expected climate change impacts. Recommendations for MPA management were more unified and focused on adaptative management approaches. Lastly, we evaluate common barriers to adopting climate change adaptation strategies based on reviewing studies which conducted interviews with MPA managers and other conservation practitioners. This highlights a lack of scientific studies evaluating different adaptation strategies and shortcomings in current governance structures as two major barriers, and we discuss how these could be overcome. Our review provides a comprehensive synthesis of planning frameworks, case studies, adaptation strategies and management actions which can inform a more coordinated global effort to adapt existing and future MPA networks to continued climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen L Wilson
- Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Derek P Tittensor
- Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
- UN Environment World Conservation Monitoring Centre, Cambridge, UK
| | - Boris Worm
- Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Heike K Lotze
- Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
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6
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Whitney CK, Conger T, Ban NC, McPhie R. Synthesizing and communicating climate change impacts to inform coastal adaptation planning. Facets (Ott) 2020. [DOI: 10.1139/facets-2019-0027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Planning for adaptation to climate change requires regionally relevant information on rising air and ocean temperatures, sea levels, increasingly frequent and intense storms, and other climate-related impacts. However, in many regions there are limited focused syntheses of the climate impacts, risks, and potential adaptation strategies for coastal marine areas and sectors. We report on a regional assessment of climate change impacts and recommendations for adaptation strategies in the NE Pacific Coast (British Columbia, Canada), conducted in collaboration with a regional planning and plan implementation partnership (Marine Plan Partnership for the North Pacific Coast), aimed at bridging the gaps between climate science and regional adaptation planning. We incorporated both social and ecological aspects of climate change impacts and adaptations, and the feedback mechanisms which may result in both increased risks and opportunities for the following areas of interest: “Ecosystems”, “Fisheries and Aquaculture”, “Communities”, and “Marine Infrastructure”. As next steps within the region, we propose proactive planning measures including communication of the key impacts and projections and cross-sectoral assessments of climate vulnerability and risk to direct decision-making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte K. Whitney
- School of Environmental Studies, University of Victoria, David Turpin Building, 3800 Finnerty Road, Victoria, BC V8P 5C2, Canada
- Pacific Institute for Climate Solutions, 2489 Sinclair Road, Victoria, BC V8N 6M2, Canada
| | - Tugce Conger
- Pacific Institute for Climate Solutions, 2489 Sinclair Road, Victoria, BC V8N 6M2, Canada
- Institute for Resources, Environment, and Sustainability, University of British Columbia, 2329 West Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Natalie C. Ban
- School of Environmental Studies, University of Victoria, David Turpin Building, 3800 Finnerty Road, Victoria, BC V8P 5C2, Canada
| | - Romney McPhie
- Marine Plan Partnership for the North Pacific Coast (MaPP)
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7
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Zhang Y, Beggs PJ, Bambrick H, Berry HL, Linnenluecke MK, Trueck S, Alders R, Bi P, Boylan SM, Green D, Guo Y, Hanigan IC, Hanna EG, Malik A, Morgan GG, Stevenson M, Tong S, Watts N, Capon AG. The MJA-Lancet Countdown on health and climate change: Australian policy inaction threatens lives. Med J Aust 2019; 209:474. [PMID: 30521429 DOI: 10.5694/mja18.00789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Climate plays an important role in human health and it is well established that climate change can have very significant impacts in this regard. In partnership with The Lancet and the MJA, we present the inaugural Australian Countdown assessment of progress on climate change and health. This comprehensive assessment examines 41 indicators across five broad sections: climate change impacts, exposures and vulnerability; adaptation, planning and resilience for health; mitigation actions and health co-benefits; economics and finance; and public and political engagement. These indicators and the methods used for each are largely consistent with those of the Lancet Countdown global assessment published in October 2017, but with an Australian focus. Significant developments include the addition of a new indicator on mental health. Overall, we find that Australia is vulnerable to the impacts of climate change on health, and that policy inaction in this regard threatens Australian lives. In a number of respects, Australia has gone backwards and now lags behind other high income countries such as Germany and the United Kingdom. Examples include the persistence of a very high carbon-intensive energy system in Australia, and its slow transition to renewables and low carbon electricity generation. However, we also find some examples of good progress, such as heatwave response planning. Given the overall poor state of progress on climate change and health in Australia, this country now has an enormous opportunity to take action and protect human health and lives. Australia has the technical knowhow and intellect to do this, and our annual updates of this assessment will track Australia's engagement with and progress on this vitally important issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhang
- School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW
| | - Paul J Beggs
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW
| | - Hilary Bambrick
- School of Public Health and Social Work, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD
| | - Helen L Berry
- School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW
| | | | - Stefan Trueck
- Department of Applied Finance, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW
| | - Robyn Alders
- International Rural Poultry Centre, Kyeema Foundation, Brisbane, QLD
| | - Peng Bi
- School of Public Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA
| | | | - Donna Green
- Climate Change Research Centre, ARC Centre of Excellence for Climate Extremes, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW
| | - Yuming Guo
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC
| | - Ivan C Hanigan
- University Centre for Rural Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW
| | - Elizabeth G Hanna
- Climate Change Institute, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT
| | - Arunima Malik
- School of Physics, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW
| | - Geoffrey G Morgan
- University Centre for Rural Health, University of Sydney, Lismore, NSW
| | - Mark Stevenson
- Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC
| | - Shilu Tong
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Nick Watts
- Institute of Global Health, University College London, London, UK
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8
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Landscape Connectivity Planning for Adaptation to Future Climate and Land-Use Change. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s40823-019-0035-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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9
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Maxwell SL, Butt N, Maron M, McAlpine CA, Chapman S, Ullmann A, Segan DB, Watson JEM. Conservation implications of ecological responses to extreme weather and climate events. DIVERS DISTRIB 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/ddi.12878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sean L. Maxwell
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences The University of Queensland Brisbane Queensland Australia
| | - Nathalie Butt
- School of Biological Sciences The University of Queensland Brisbane Queensland Australia
| | - Martine Maron
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences The University of Queensland Brisbane Queensland Australia
| | - Clive A. McAlpine
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences The University of Queensland Brisbane Queensland Australia
| | - Sarah Chapman
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences The University of Queensland Brisbane Queensland Australia
| | - Ailish Ullmann
- Dana and David Dornsife College of Letters, Arts, and Sciences University of Southern California Los Angeles California
| | | | - James E. M. Watson
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences The University of Queensland Brisbane Queensland Australia
- Wildlife Conservation Society Global Conservation Program Bronx New York
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10
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de los Ríos C, Watson JE, Butt N. Persistence of methodological, taxonomical, and geographical bias in assessments of species' vulnerability to climate change: A review. Glob Ecol Conserv 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco.2018.e00412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
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11
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Bowman DMJS, Garnett ST, Barlow S, Bekessy SA, Bellairs SM, Bishop MJ, Bradstock RA, Jones DN, Maxwell SL, Pittock J, Toral-Granda MV, Watson JEM, Wilson T, Zander KK, Hughes L. Renewal ecology: conservation for the Anthropocene. Restor Ecol 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/rec.12560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- David M. J. S. Bowman
- School of Biological Sciences; University of Tasmania; Private Bag 55 Hobart Tasmania 7001 Australia
| | - Stephen T. Garnett
- Research Institute for the Environment and Livelihoods; Charles Darwin University; Casuarina Northern Territory 0909 Australia
| | - Snow Barlow
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences; University of Melbourne; Parkville Victoria 3011 Australia
| | - Sarah A. Bekessy
- Interdisciplinary Conservation Science Research Group, School of Global, Urban and Social Studies; RMIT University; GPO Box 2476 Melbourne Victoria 3001 Australia
| | - Sean M. Bellairs
- Research Institute for the Environment and Livelihoods; Charles Darwin University; Casuarina Northern Territory 0909 Australia
| | - Melanie J. Bishop
- Department of Biological Sciences; Macquarie University; North Ryde New South Wales 2109 Australia
| | - Ross A. Bradstock
- Centre for Environmental Risk Management of Bushfires; University of Wollongong; Wollongong New South Wales 2522 Australia
| | - Darryl N. Jones
- Environmental Futures Research Institute; Griffith University; Nathan Queensland 4111 Australia
| | - Sean L. Maxwell
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences; The University of Queensland; St. Lucia Queensland 4072 Australia
| | - Jamie Pittock
- Fenner School of Environment and Society; The Australian National University; 48 Linnaeus Way Acton Australian Capital Territory 2600 Australia
| | - Maria V. Toral-Granda
- Research Institute for the Environment and Livelihoods; Charles Darwin University; Casuarina Northern Territory 0909 Australia
| | - James E. M. Watson
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences; The University of Queensland; St. Lucia Queensland 4072 Australia
- Wildlife Conservation Society; Global Conservation Program; Bronx NY 10460 U.S.A
| | - Tom Wilson
- Northern Institute; Charles Darwin University; Casuarina Northern Territory 0909 Australia
| | - Kerstin K. Zander
- Northern Institute; Charles Darwin University; Casuarina Northern Territory 0909 Australia
| | - Lesley Hughes
- Department of Biological Sciences; Macquarie University; North Ryde New South Wales 2109 Australia
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12
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Scheffers BR, De Meester L, Bridge TCL, Hoffmann AA, Pandolfi JM, Corlett RT, Butchart SHM, Pearce-Kelly P, Kovacs KM, Dudgeon D, Pacifici M, Rondinini C, Foden WB, Martin TG, Mora C, Bickford D, Watson JEM. The broad footprint of climate change from genes to biomes to people. Science 2017; 354:354/6313/aaf7671. [PMID: 27846577 DOI: 10.1126/science.aaf7671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 485] [Impact Index Per Article: 69.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Most ecological processes now show responses to anthropogenic climate change. In terrestrial, freshwater, and marine ecosystems, species are changing genetically, physiologically, morphologically, and phenologically and are shifting their distributions, which affects food webs and results in new interactions. Disruptions scale from the gene to the ecosystem and have documented consequences for people, including unpredictable fisheries and crop yields, loss of genetic diversity in wild crop varieties, and increasing impacts of pests and diseases. In addition to the more easily observed changes, such as shifts in flowering phenology, we argue that many hidden dynamics, such as genetic changes, are also taking place. Understanding shifts in ecological processes can guide human adaptation strategies. In addition to reducing greenhouse gases, climate action and policy must therefore focus equally on strategies that safeguard biodiversity and ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett R Scheffers
- Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611-0430, USA.
| | - Luc De Meester
- Laboratory of Aquatic Ecology, Evolution and Conservation, KU Leuven, Ch. De Beriotstraat 32, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Tom C L Bridge
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville QLD 4811, Australia.,Queensland Museum, Townsville, Queensland 4810, Australia
| | - Ary A Hoffmann
- Bio21 Institute, School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - John M Pandolfi
- School of Biological Sciences and the Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Richard T Corlett
- Center for Integrative Conservation, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yunnan 666303, China
| | - Stuart H M Butchart
- BirdLife International, David Attenborough Building, Pembroke Street, Cambridge CB2 3QZ, UK.,Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK
| | | | - Kit M Kovacs
- Norwegian Polar Institute, FRAM Centre, 9296 Tromsø, Norway
| | - David Dudgeon
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Michela Pacifici
- Global Mammal Assessment Program, Department of Biology and Biotechnologies, Sapienza Università di Roma, Viale dell'Università 32, I-00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Carlo Rondinini
- Global Mammal Assessment Program, Department of Biology and Biotechnologies, Sapienza Università di Roma, Viale dell'Università 32, I-00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Wendy B Foden
- Department of Botany and Zoology, University of Stellenbosch, P/Bag X1, Matieland, 7602 Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Tara G Martin
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Camilo Mora
- Department of Geography, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA
| | - David Bickford
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive 4, 117543, Singapore
| | - James E M Watson
- School of Geography, Planning and Environmental Management, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia.,Global Conservation Program, Wildlife Conservation Society, 2300 Southern Boulevard, Bronx, NY 10460, USA
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