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Laky K, Frischmeyer-Guerrerio PA. Development and dysfunction of structural cells in eosinophilic esophagitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2024; 153:1485-1499. [PMID: 38849184 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2024.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024]
Abstract
Eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) is a disorder characterized by dysfunction and chronic local inflammation of the esophagus. The incidence and prevalence of EoE are increasing worldwide. The mechanisms responsible are poorly understood, and effective treatment options are limited. From the lumen outward, the esophagus comprises stratified squamous epithelium, lamina propria, and muscle. The tissue-specific nature of EoE strongly suggests that structural cells in the esophagus are involved in the EoE diathesis. Epithelial basal cell hyperplasia and dilated intercellular spaces are cardinal features of EoE. Some patients with EoE develop lamina propria fibrosis, strictures, or esophageal muscle dysmotility. Clinical symptoms of EoE are only weakly correlated with peak eosinophil count, implying that other cell types contribute to EoE pathogenesis. Epithelial, endothelial, muscle, and fibroblast cells can each initiate inflammation and repair, regulate tissue resident immune cells, recruit peripheral leukocytes, and tailor adaptive immune cell responses. A better understanding of how structural cells maintain tissue homeostasis, respond to cell-intrinsic and cell-extrinsic stressors, and exacerbate and/or resolve inflammatory responses in the esophagus is needed. This knowledge will facilitate the development of more efficacious treatment strategies for EoE that can restore homeostasis of both hematopoietic and structural elements in the esophagus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Laky
- Food Allergy Research Section, Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md.
| | - Pamela A Frischmeyer-Guerrerio
- Food Allergy Research Section, Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md
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Kim S, Ben-Baruch Morgenstern N, Osonoi K, Aceves SS, Arva NC, Chehade M, Collins MH, Dellon ES, Falk GW, Furuta GT, Gonsalves NP, Gupta SK, Hirano I, Hiremath G, Katzka DA, Khoury P, Leung J, Pesek R, Peterson KA, Pletneva MA, Spergel JM, Wechsler JB, Yang GY, Rothenberg ME, Shoda T. Nonepithelial Gene Expression Correlates With Symptom Severity in Adults With Eosinophilic Esophagitis. THE JOURNAL OF ALLERGY AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY. IN PRACTICE 2024:S2213-2198(24)00529-4. [PMID: 38768900 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaip.2024.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2024] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The mechanistic basis of the variable symptomatology seen in eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) remains poorly understood. OBJECTIVE We examined the correlation of a validated, patient-reported outcome metric with a broad spectrum of esophageal transcripts to uncover potential symptom pathogenesis. METHODS We extracted data from 146 adults with EoE through the Consortium of Eosinophilic Gastrointestinal Disease Researchers. Patients were subgrouped by esophageal dilation history. We compared a validated patient-reported outcome metric, the EoE Activity Index (EEsAI), with a set of transcripts expressed in the esophagus of patients with EoE, the EoE Diagnostic Panel (EDP). We used single-cell RNA sequencing data to identify the cellular source of EEsAI-related EDP genes and further analyzed patients with mild and severe symptoms. RESULTS The EEsAI correlated with the EDP total score, especially in patients without recent esophageal dilation (r = -0.31; P = .003). We identified 14 EDP genes that correlated with EEsAI scores (r ≥ 0.3; P < .05). Of these, 11 were expressed in nonepithelial cells and three in epithelial cells. During histologic remission, only four of 11 nonepithelial genes (36%) versus all three epithelial genes (100%) had decreased expression to less than 50% of that in active EoE. Fibroblasts expressed five of 11 nonepithelial EEsAI-associated EDP genes (45%). A subset of nonepithelial genes (eight of 11; 73%), but not EoE-representative genes (none of four; 0%; CCL26, CAPN14, DSG1, and SPINK7), was upregulated in patients with EoE with the highest versus lowest symptom burden. CONCLUSION The correlation of symptoms and nonepithelial esophageal gene expression substantiates that nonepithelial cells (eg, fibroblasts) likely contribute to symptom severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung Kim
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Netali Ben-Baruch Morgenstern
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Kasumi Osonoi
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Seema S Aceves
- Division of Allergy Immunology, Department of Pediatrics and Medicine, University of California, San Diego, Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, Calif
| | - Nicoleta C Arva
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Mirna Chehade
- Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Margaret H Collins
- Division of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Evan S Dellon
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Gary W Falk
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pa
| | - Glenn T Furuta
- Gastrointestinal Eosinophilic Diseases Program, Section of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Digestive Health Institute, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colo
| | - Nirmala P Gonsalves
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Ill
| | - Sandeep K Gupta
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Ala
| | - Ikuo Hirano
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Ill
| | - Girish Hiremath
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tenn
| | - David A Katzka
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY
| | | | | | - Robbie Pesek
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Arkansas Children's Hospital, University of Arkansas for Medical Science, Little Rock, Ark
| | - Kathryn A Peterson
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of Utah Health, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Maria A Pletneva
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah Health, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Jonathan M Spergel
- Division of Allergy-Immunology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania, Pa
| | - Joshua B Wechsler
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, Ill
| | - Guang-Yu Yang
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Ill
| | - Marc E Rothenberg
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Tetsuo Shoda
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio.
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Castro-López C, Romero-Luna HE, García HS, Vallejo-Cordoba B, González-Córdova AF, Hernández-Mendoza A. Key Stress Response Mechanisms of Probiotics During Their Journey Through the Digestive System: A Review. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 2023; 15:1250-1270. [PMID: 36001271 DOI: 10.1007/s12602-022-09981-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The survival of probiotic microorganisms during their exposure to harsh environments plays a critical role in the fulfillment of their functional properties. In particular, transit through the human gastrointestinal tract (GIT) is considered one of the most challenging habitats that probiotics must endure, because of the particularly stressful conditions (e.g., oxygen level, pH variations, nutrient limitations, high osmolarity, oxidation, peristalsis) prevailing in the different sections of the GIT, which in turn can affect the growth, viability, physiological status, and functionality of microbial cells. Consequently, probiotics have developed a series of strategies, called "mechanisms of stress response," to protect themselves from these adverse conditions. Such mechanisms may include but are not limited to the induction of new metabolic pathways, formation/production of particular metabolites, and changes of transcription rates. It should be highlighted that some of such mechanisms can be conserved across several different strains or can be unique for specific genera. Hence, this review attempts to review the state-of-the-art knowledge of mechanisms of stress response displayed by potential probiotic strains during their transit through the GIT. In addition, evidence whether stress responses can compromise the biosafety of such strains is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Castro-López
- Laboratorio de Química y Biotecnología de Productos Lácteos, Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo A.C. (CIAD), Gustavo Enrique Astiazarán Rosas 46, Hermosillo, Sonora, 83304, México
| | - Haydee E Romero-Luna
- Instituto Tecnológico Superior de Xalapa/Tecnológico Nacional de México, Reserva Territorial s/n Sección 5, Santa Bárbara, Xalapa-Enríquez, Veracruz, 91096, México
| | - Hugo S García
- Unidad de Investigación Y Desarrollo de Alimentos, Instituto Tecnológico de Veracruz/Tecnológico Nacional de México, Miguel Ángel de Quevedo 2779, Veracruz, Veracruz, 91897, México
| | - Belinda Vallejo-Cordoba
- Laboratorio de Química y Biotecnología de Productos Lácteos, Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo A.C. (CIAD), Gustavo Enrique Astiazarán Rosas 46, Hermosillo, Sonora, 83304, México
| | - Aarón F González-Córdova
- Laboratorio de Química y Biotecnología de Productos Lácteos, Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo A.C. (CIAD), Gustavo Enrique Astiazarán Rosas 46, Hermosillo, Sonora, 83304, México
| | - Adrián Hernández-Mendoza
- Laboratorio de Química y Biotecnología de Productos Lácteos, Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo A.C. (CIAD), Gustavo Enrique Astiazarán Rosas 46, Hermosillo, Sonora, 83304, México.
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Histology and Ultrastructure of the Esophagus in European Beaver ( Castor fiber) Displays Features Adapted to Seasonal Changes in Diet. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13040635. [PMID: 36830422 PMCID: PMC9951693 DOI: 10.3390/ani13040635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The European beaver is a herbivorous rodent whose diet changes seasonally, and in winter consists of large quantities of woody plants. It is distinguished among other mammals by a unique organization of the stomach that comprises the cardiogastric gland and by the unusual process of mucus formation in the gastric mucosa. The aim of study was to (i) characterize the structure of the beaver esophagus with particular attention to the mucosal epithelium; (ii) compare the histological structure of the esophagi collected in spring, summer, and winter; (iii) provide preliminary data on the structure of the esophagus in beaver fetuses. The study was conducted on esophagi of 18 adult beavers captured in Poland in April, August, and December, and on 3 fetal organs. The results obtained in adults show that the mucosa is lined with thick stratified squamous keratinized epithelium with a structure similar to that of the skin epidermis. Ultrastructural studies reveal the presence of multiple lamellar and non-lamellar bodies in granular cells, whose morphology and location gradually change while reaching the upper epithelial layers. The muscularis mucosa comprises a layer of longitudinally oriented bundles of smooth muscle cells. Both mucosa and submucosa do not comprise any glands. The thick muscularis externa consists mainly of internal circular and external longitudinal layers of striated muscle fibers. The keratinized layer of mucosa epithelium was 2-3-fold thicker in esophagi collected in winter than in those collected in spring and summer, while the epithelial cell layer thickness remained unchanged regardless of the season. Immunolabeling for proliferating cell nuclear antigen shows a higher index of epithelium proliferation in esophagi collected in winter than in spring and summer. No seasonal differences were noted in other layers of the esophagus. Fetal organs have epithelium covered with a keratinized layer, thinner than in adults, and the muscularis externa comprises both striated and smooth muscle cells.
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Souza RF, Spechler SJ. Mechanisms and pathophysiology of Barrett oesophagus. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2022; 19:605-620. [PMID: 35672395 DOI: 10.1038/s41575-022-00622-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Barrett oesophagus, in which a metaplastic columnar mucosa that can predispose individuals to cancer development lines a portion of the distal oesophagus, is the only known precursor of oesophageal adenocarcinoma, the incidence of which has increased profoundly over the past several decades. Most evidence suggests that Barrett oesophagus develops from progenitor cells at the oesophagogastric junction that proliferate and undergo epithelial-mesenchymal transition as part of a wound-healing process that replaces oesophageal squamous epithelium damaged by gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). GERD also seems to induce reprogramming of key transcription factors in the progenitor cells, resulting in the development of the specialized intestinal metaplasia that is characteristic of Barrett oesophagus, probably through an intermediate step of metaplasia to cardiac mucosa. Genome-wide association studies suggest that patients with GERD who develop Barrett oesophagus might have an inherited predisposition to oesophageal metaplasia and that there is a shared genetic susceptibility to Barrett oesophagus and to several of its risk factors (such as GERD, obesity and cigarette smoking). In this Review, we discuss the mechanisms, pathophysiology, genetic predisposition and cells of origin of Barrett oesophagus, and opine on the clinical implications and future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhonda F Souza
- Division of Gastroenterology, Center for Oesophageal Diseases, Baylor University Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA. .,Center for Oesophageal Research, Baylor Scott & White Research Institute, Dallas, TX, USA.
| | - Stuart J Spechler
- Division of Gastroenterology, Center for Oesophageal Diseases, Baylor University Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.,Center for Oesophageal Research, Baylor Scott & White Research Institute, Dallas, TX, USA
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Chen Y, Jia Y, Peng Z, Lv Z, Wang G. Successful Management of Esophageal Perforation by Intraoperative Microscopy and Esophagoscopic Assistance: A Case Report. EAR, NOSE & THROAT JOURNAL 2022; 101:526-531. [PMID: 35687016 DOI: 10.1177/01455613221091083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Surgical repair of esophageal perforation is a challenging procedure with a high risk of secondary complications, such as early esophageal leakage and late esophageal stricture, which can significantly reduce the patient's quality of life. A 34-year-old man underwent anterior cervical corpectomy decompression and fusion. On the ninth day post-operation, the patient developed fever and neck swelling. A computed tomography scan of the neck showed multiple subcutaneous pneumatosis. An esophageal perforation of approximately 1.5 cm in diameter was identified by esophagoscopy. During the operation, the fistula was first located using an esophagoscope. The distal end of the esophagoscope was then placed into the stomach to support the damaged segment of the esophagus. The esophageal mucosa was sutured under the microscope, and the perforation was successfully repaired. Postoperatively, the patient's body temperature decreased, and the infection indexes gradually returned to normal. Three months after the operation, the esophagoscopic review showed complete healing of the perforation. Esophagoscopy plays an important role in diagnosing and repairing esophageal perforations. The esophagoscope provides direct visualization of the perforation during diagnosis and detects smaller and not yet fully penetrated esophageal injuries. During the repair process, the esophagoscope immobilizes the esophagus, prevents its movement and facilitates suturing, maintains proper dilatation of the esophagus, provides space for suturing, and prevents esophageal stricture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Chen
- The People's Hospital of Baoan Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yukun Jia
- The People's Hospital of Baoan Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhan Peng
- The People's Hospital of Baoan Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhiwu Lv
- The People's Hospital of Baoan Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Guangye Wang
- The People's Hospital of Baoan Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
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7
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Evans EJ, DeGregori J. Cells with Cancer-associated Mutations Overtake Our Tissues as We Age. AGING AND CANCER 2021; 2:82-97. [PMID: 34888527 PMCID: PMC8651076 DOI: 10.1002/aac2.12037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To shed light on the earliest events in oncogenesis, there is growing interest in understanding the mutational landscapes of normal tissues across ages. In the last decade, next-generation sequencing of human tissues has revealed a surprising abundance of cells with what would be considered oncogenic mutations. AIMS We performed meta-analysis on previously published sequencing data on normal tissues to categorize mutations based on their presence in cancer and showcase the quantity of cells with cancer-associated mutations in cancer-free individuals. METHODS AND RESULTS We analyzed sequencing data from these studies of normal tissues to determine the prevalence of cells with mutations in three different categories across multiple age groups: 1) mutations in genes designated as drivers, 2) mutations that are in the Cancer Gene Census (CGC), and 3) mutations in the CGC that are considered pathogenic. As we age, the percentage of cells in all three levels increase significantly, reaching over 50% of cells having oncogenic mutations for multiple tissues in the older age groups. The clear enrichment for these mutations, particularly at older ages, likely indicates strong selection for the resulting phenotypes. Combined with an estimation of the number of cells in tissues, we calculate that most older, cancer-free individuals possess at least a 100 billion cells that harbor at least one oncogenic mutation, presumably emanating from a fitness advantage conferred by these mutations that promotes clonal expansion. CONCLUSIONS These studies of normal tissues have highlighted the specific drivers of clonal expansion and how frequently they appear in us. Their high prevalence throughout cancer-free individuals necessitates reconsideration of the oncogenicity of these mutations, which could shape methods of detection, prevention and treatment of cancer, as well as of the potential impact of these mutations on tissue function and our health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward J. Evans
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
- Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - James DeGregori
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
- Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
- University of Colorado Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
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8
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Paris S, Ekeanyanwu R, Jiang Y, Davis D, Spechler SJ, Souza RF. Obesity and its effects on the esophageal mucosal barrier. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2021; 321:G335-G343. [PMID: 34405732 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00199.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Obesity is associated with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and its complications including reflux esophagitis, Barrett's esophagus, and esophageal adenocarcinoma. Traditionally, these associations have been attributed to the mechanical effect of abdominal fat in increasing intra-abdominal pressure, thereby promoting gastroesophageal reflux and causing disruption of antireflux mechanisms at the esophagogastric junction. However, recent studies suggest that visceral adipose tissue (VAT) produces numerous cytokines that can cause esophageal inflammation and impair esophageal mucosal barrier integrity through reflux-independent mechanisms that render the esophageal mucosa especially susceptible to GERD-induced injury. In this report, we review mechanisms of esophageal mucosal defense, the genesis and remodeling of visceral adipose tissue during obesity, and the potential role of substances produced by VAT, especially the VAT that encircles the esophagogastric junction, in the impairment of esophageal mucosal barrier integrity that leads to the development of GERD complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shere Paris
- Center for Esophageal Research, Baylor Scott & White Research Institute, Dallas, Texas
| | - Rebecca Ekeanyanwu
- Center for Esophageal Research, Baylor Scott & White Research Institute, Dallas, Texas
| | - Yuwei Jiang
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Daniel Davis
- Center for Esophageal Research, Baylor Scott & White Research Institute, Dallas, Texas.,Department of Surgery, Center for Esophageal Diseases, Baylor University Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Stuart Jon Spechler
- Center for Esophageal Research, Baylor Scott & White Research Institute, Dallas, Texas.,Department of Medicine, Center for Esophageal Diseases, Baylor University Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Rhonda F Souza
- Center for Esophageal Research, Baylor Scott & White Research Institute, Dallas, Texas.,Department of Medicine, Center for Esophageal Diseases, Baylor University Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
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Neutrophils, eosinophils, and intraepithelial lymphocytes in the squamous esophagus in subjects with and without gastroesophageal reflux symptoms. Hum Pathol 2021; 115:112-122. [PMID: 34181982 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2021.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Whilst intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs) are considered normal within the distal esophageal mucosa, they have an increasingly recognised role in the pathogenesis of reflux esophagitis, and IEL quantification establishes the diagnosis of lymphocytic esophagitis. Knowledge regarding the upper limit of a normal IEL count in health is lacking. We studied 117 non-healthcare seeking adult volunteers from a random community sample (the Kalixanda study) with esophageal biopsies 2 cm above the gastroesophageal junction. Subjects were divided into four groups based on the presence or absence of gastro-esophageal reflux symptoms and/or esophagitis on endoscopy. Asymptomatic subjects with no endoscopic esophagitis were selected as controls, and the cell counts in this group were used to define the upper limit of normal of IELs, eosinophils and neutrophils. The entire sample was used to identify independent predictors of increased cellular counts by logistic regression analysis. None of the healthy controls had an IEL count of more than three per five high power fields (HPF), and therefore this was considered as the upper limit of normal; no controls had eosinophils or neutrophils in esophageal biopsies. Independent predictors of an elevated IEL count were spongiosis on histology (OR 11.17, 95% CI 3.32-37.58, P < 0.01) and current smoking (OR 4.84, 95% CI 1.13-2.71, P = 0.03). A receiver operating characteristics analysis concluded that a threshold of 3 IELs/5HPFs performs best in predicting reflux symptoms when a normal esophageal mucosa is visualized on endoscopy (sensitivity = 100.0%, specificity = 35.2%). The healthy esophageal mucosa does not contain more than three IELs per five HPF in the distal esophagus.
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10
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Sokołowska J, Urbańska K, Matusiak J, Wiśniewski J. New aspects of the esophageal histology of the domestic goat (Capra hircus) and European roe deer (Capreolus capreolus). Vet Med Sci 2021; 7:1743-1756. [PMID: 34146377 PMCID: PMC8464298 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study examines the esophageal wall of animals from two distinct families of the Ruminantia: domestic goats and European roe deer. Five fragments were collected from the entire length of the esophageal wall in five goats and four roe deer and subjected to microscopic and morphometric analyses. All layers of the esophageal wall except the tela submucosa were found to be thicker in the goats. In both species, the esophagus was lined by parakeratinized stratified squamous epithelium, and the tela submucosa was deprived of glands along its entire length. However, the structure of the lamina muscularis mucosae was better developed in goats: it was found to be discontinuous in the proximal part, and then became fused in the cervical part, that is around the most proximal quarter of its length. In contrast, in roe deer, the lamina muscularis mucosae began as sparse, thin muscle bundles at the pharyngeal-esophageal junction, which thickened and clustered further down the esophagus, but did not fuse. Our findings regarding the microscopic structure of the ruminant esophagus are not fully consistent with the widely-accepted view and suggest that the histological structure of the esophagus demonstrates interspecies variation within this large suborder. More precisely, species-specific differences can be seen regarding the presence of esophageal glands and parakeratinized epithelium, and in the organization of the lamina muscularis mucosae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justyna Sokołowska
- Department of Morphological Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Kaja Urbańska
- Department of Morphological Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Joanna Matusiak
- Department of Morphological Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jan Wiśniewski
- Department of Food Hygiene and Public Health Protection, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW, Warsaw, Poland
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Sachdeva UM, Shimonosono M, Flashner S, Cruz-Acuña R, Gabre JT, Nakagawa H. Understanding the cellular origin and progression of esophageal cancer using esophageal organoids. Cancer Lett 2021; 509:39-52. [PMID: 33838281 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2021.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) organoids are a novel tool to model epithelial cell biology and human diseases of the esophagus. 3D organoid culture systems have been utilized to investigate the pathobiology of esophageal cancer, including both squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma. Additional organoid-based approaches for study of esophageal development and benign esophageal diseases have provided key insights into esophageal keratinocyte differentiation and mucosal regeneration. These investigations have implications for the identification of esophageal cancer stem cells, as well as the potential to halt malignant progression through induction of differentiation pathways. Patient-derived organoids (PDOs) from human tissue samples allow for unique and faithful in vitro modeling of esophageal cancers, and provide an exciting platform for investigation into personalized medicine and targeted treatment approaches, as well as new models for understanding therapy resistance and recurrent disease. Future directions include high-throughput genomic screening using PDOs, and study of tumor-microenvironmental interactions through co-culture with immune and stromal cells and novel extracellular matrix complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uma M Sachdeva
- Divison of Thoracic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Masataka Shimonosono
- Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Samuel Flashner
- Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ricardo Cruz-Acuña
- Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Joel T Gabre
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA; Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Hiroshi Nakagawa
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA; Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
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Hentschel F, Lüth S. Clinical and endoscopic characteristics of diffuse esophageal intramural pseudo-diverticulosis. Esophagus 2020; 17:492-501. [PMID: 32162106 PMCID: PMC7497296 DOI: 10.1007/s10388-020-00729-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION With 250 published cases worldwide, diffuse esophageal intramural pseudo-diverticulosis (DEIPD) is a poorly understood disease. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of DEIPD in our own population, identify risk factors and clinical symptoms, and characterize its typical endoscopic signs. METHODS Retrospective search in our center's endoscopic and clinical database. Reviewing of all cases by re-examining stored endoscopic photographs. Reviewing of all cases regarding age, sex, risk factors, comorbidities, histology, and clinical symptoms. RESULTS In a population of 150.000 we found 21 cases of DEIPD. Mean age was 56 ± 10 years. 86% were males, 76% had alcohol abuse, 57% had nicotine abuse, 38% had arteriosclerosis, 33% had COPD, 29% had malignancies, 24% had liver cirrhosis, 19% had impaired kidney function, and 15% had diabetes. Dysphagia was present in 62% and food bolus impaction (single or repeated) in 48%. Endoscopically, 95% of patients had multiple (> 4), small (0.25-2.5 mm) pseudodiverticle openings in the esophageal wall. In 62%, openings were aligned longitudinally. 86% showed edematous swelling of mucosa ("frosted glass look"), 76% showed a fine-grained pattern of small (10-100 µm) red dots ("faux uni pattern"), and 76% had a rigid, narrow lumen with multiple rings ("trachealization"). CONCLUSION With a prevalence of approximately 5 to 50/100.000, DEIPD may be more frequent than previously estimated. It preferably affects middle-aged male alcoholics. Key symptoms are chronic dysphagia and food impaction. Typical endoscopic findings are multiple, small, longitudinally aligned pseudodiverticle openings, frosted glass look, faux uni pattern, and trachealization of the esophagus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Hentschel
- Center for Internal Medicine II, Brandenburg Medical School Theodor Fontane, Brandenburg an der Havel, Germany.
- Zentrum für Innere Medizin II, Hochschulklinikum Brandenburg der MHB, Hochstr. 29, 14770, Brandenburg an der Havel, Germany.
| | - Stefan Lüth
- Center for Internal Medicine II, Brandenburg Medical School Theodor Fontane, Brandenburg an der Havel, Germany
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Abstract
Paraesophageal hernia represents a complex surgical problem involving significant distortion of the anatomy and function of the esophagus, stomach, gastroesophageal junction, mediastinum, lungs, and heart. Surgeons operating in the area must have deep understanding of the normal anatomy and pathologic derangements in patients with paraesophageal hernias. This article describes the normal anatomy and anatomic abnormalities in application to the various approaches used in the surgical repair of a paraesophageal hernia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman V Petrov
- Department of Thoracic Medicine and Surgery, Division of Thoracic Surgery, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, 3401 North Broad Street C-501, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA; Department of Surgical Oncology, Fox Chase Cancer Center, 333 Cottman Avenue C-312, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA.
| | - Stacey Su
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Fox Chase Cancer Center, 333 Cottman Avenue C-312, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA
| | - Charles T Bakhos
- Department of Thoracic Medicine and Surgery, Division of Thoracic Surgery, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, 3401 North Broad Street C-501, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Abbas El-Sayed Abbas
- Department of Thoracic Medicine and Surgery, Division of Thoracic Surgery, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, 3401 North Broad Street C-501, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA; Department of Surgical Oncology, Fox Chase Cancer Center, 333 Cottman Avenue C-312, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA
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