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Fiorentino F, Lo Buglio G, Morelli M, Chirumbolo A, Di Giuseppe M, Lingiardi V, Tanzilli A. Defensive functioning in individuals with depressive disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Affect Disord 2024; 357:42-50. [PMID: 38663554 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2024.04.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/04/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to address the limited generalizability of studies on defense mechanisms in depression by comparing depressive individuals with non-clinical controls (aim a) and examining changes throughout psychological interventions (aim b) (PROSPERO CRD42023442620). METHODS We followed PRISMA 2020 guidelines, searching PubMed/Web of Science/(EBSCO)PsycINFO until 13/04/2023 for studies evaluating defense mechanisms with measures based on the hierarchical model in depressive patients versus non-clinical controls or throughout psychological intervention. We conducted random-effect meta-analyses for mature defenses/non-mature (neurotic/immature) defenses/overall defensive functioning (ODF), with standardized mean difference (SMD) as outcome measure metric. Meta-regression/sub-group/sensitivity analyses were conducted. Study quality was appraised using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS), and certainty of evidence for aim b outcomes was evaluated using GRADE (Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluations). RESULTS 18 studies were included (mean NOS score = 5.56). Depressive patients used significantly more non-mature defenses than non-clinical controls (SMD = 0.74; k = 13). Non-clinical controls did not significantly differ in use of mature defenses compared to depressive patients (SMD = 0.33; k = 14). Significant moderators were publication year/NOS score/geographical distribution/mean age for non-mature defenses and NOS score/geographical distribution for mature defenses. Throughout psychological interventions, only ODF significantly increased (SMD = 0.55; k = 2) (GRADE = very low). LIMITATIONS Quality of many studies was medium/sub-optimal, and longitudinal studies were scarce. CONCLUSION Individuals with depressive disorders show a high use of non-mature defenses that could be assessed and targeted in psychological interventions, especially in younger patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavia Fiorentino
- Department of Dynamic and Clinical Psychology, and Health Studies, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
| | - Gabriele Lo Buglio
- Department of Dynamic and Clinical Psychology, and Health Studies, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Mara Morelli
- Department of Dynamic and Clinical Psychology, and Health Studies, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - Vittorio Lingiardi
- Department of Dynamic and Clinical Psychology, and Health Studies, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Annalisa Tanzilli
- Department of Dynamic and Clinical Psychology, and Health Studies, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
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Lim-Hing S, Gandhi KJK, Villari C. The role of Manganese in tree defenses against pests and pathogens. Plant Physiol Biochem 2024; 210:108641. [PMID: 38663267 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2024.108641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
Manganese (Mn) deficiency is a widespread occurrence across different landscapes, including agricultural systems and managed forests, and causes interruptions in the normal metabolic functioning of plants. The microelement is well-characterized for its role in the oxygen-evolving complex in photosystem II and maintenance of photosynthetic structures. Mn is also required for a variety of enzymatic reactions in secondary metabolism, which play a crucial role in defense strategies for trees. Despite the strong relationship between Mn availability and the biosynthesis of defense-related compounds, there are few studies addressing how Mn deficiency can impact tree defense mechanisms and the ensuing ecological patterns and processes. Understanding this relationship and highlighting the potentially deleterious effects of Mn deficiency in trees can also inform silvicultural and management decisions to build more robust forests. In this review, we address this relationship, focusing on forest trees. We describe Mn availability in forest soils, characterize the known impacts of Mn deficiency in plant susceptibility, and discuss the relationship between Mn and defense-related compounds by secondary metabolite class. In our review, we find several lines of evidence that low Mn availability is linked with lowered or altered secondary metabolite activity. Additionally, we compile documented instances where Mn limitation has altered the defense capabilities of the host plant and propose potential ecological repercussions when studies are not available. Ultimately, this review aims to highlight the importance of untangling the effects of Mn limitation on the ecophysiology of plants, with a focus on forest trees in both managed and natural stands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Lim-Hing
- D.B. Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, 180 East Green Street, Athens, 30602, Georgia, USA; Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, 120 Carlton Street, Athens, 30602, Georgia, USA.
| | - Kamal J K Gandhi
- D.B. Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, 180 East Green Street, Athens, 30602, Georgia, USA
| | - Caterina Villari
- D.B. Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, 180 East Green Street, Athens, 30602, Georgia, USA.
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Gracia-Rodriguez C, Lopez-Ortiz C, Flores-Iga G, Ibarra-Muñoz L, Nimmakayala P, Reddy UK, Balagurusamy N. From genes to ecosystems: Decoding plant tolerance mechanisms to arsenic stress. Heliyon 2024; 10:e29140. [PMID: 38601600 PMCID: PMC11004893 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e29140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Arsenic (As), a metalloid of considerable toxicity, has become increasingly bioavailable through anthropogenic activities, raising As contamination levels in groundwater and agricultural soils worldwide. This bioavailability has profound implications for plant biology and farming systems. As can detrimentally affect crop yield and pose risks of bioaccumulation and subsequent entry into the food chain. Upon exposure to As, plants initiate a multifaceted molecular response involving crucial signaling pathways, such as those mediated by calcium, mitogen-activated protein kinases, and various phytohormones (e.g., auxin, methyl jasmonate, cytokinin). These pathways, in turn, activate enzymes within the antioxidant system, which combat the reactive oxygen/nitrogen species (ROS and RNS) generated by As-induced stress. Plants exhibit a sophisticated genomic response to As, involving the upregulation of genes associated with uptake, chelation, and sequestration. Specific gene families, such as those coding for aquaglyceroporins and ABC transporters, are key in mediating As uptake and translocation within plant tissues. Moreover, we explore the gene regulatory networks that orchestrate the synthesis of phytochelatins and metallothioneins, which are crucial for As chelation and detoxification. Transcription factors, particularly those belonging to the MYB, NAC, and WRKY families, emerge as central regulators in activating As-responsive genes. On a post-translational level, we examine how ubiquitination pathways modulate the stability and function of proteins involved in As metabolism. By integrating omics findings, this review provides a comprehensive overview of the complex genomic landscape that defines plant responses to As. Knowledge gained from these genomic and epigenetic insights is pivotal for developing biotechnological strategies to enhance crop As tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celeste Gracia-Rodriguez
- Laboratorio de Biorremediación, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Coahuila, Torreón, Mexico
- Gus R. Douglass Institute and Department of Biology, West Virginia State University, Institute, Dunbar, WV 25112-1000, USA
| | - Carlos Lopez-Ortiz
- Gus R. Douglass Institute and Department of Biology, West Virginia State University, Institute, Dunbar, WV 25112-1000, USA
| | - Gerardo Flores-Iga
- Laboratorio de Biorremediación, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Coahuila, Torreón, Mexico
- Gus R. Douglass Institute and Department of Biology, West Virginia State University, Institute, Dunbar, WV 25112-1000, USA
| | - Lizbeth Ibarra-Muñoz
- Laboratorio de Biorremediación, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Coahuila, Torreón, Mexico
| | - Padma Nimmakayala
- Gus R. Douglass Institute and Department of Biology, West Virginia State University, Institute, Dunbar, WV 25112-1000, USA
| | - Umesh K. Reddy
- Gus R. Douglass Institute and Department of Biology, West Virginia State University, Institute, Dunbar, WV 25112-1000, USA
| | - Nagamani Balagurusamy
- Laboratorio de Biorremediación, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Coahuila, Torreón, Mexico
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Kampe L, Hörz-Sagstetter S, Bohn J, Remmers C. How personality functioning relates to psychological distress and behavioral attitudes during the Covid-19 pandemic. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2024:10.1007/s00406-023-01722-7. [PMID: 38183464 DOI: 10.1007/s00406-023-01722-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/08/2024]
Abstract
Functional aspects of personality are crucial for experiencing and handling emotional distress. With the outbreak of the Covid-19 virus and the subsequent installation of mitigation rules of social distancing, severe psycho-social challenges were posed upon people. Research has shown that individuals react differently to these challenges. This study aimed to investigate the role of dimensional aspects of personality during the Covid-19 pandemic. Specifically, we examined how personality functioning, defense mechanisms, and narcissism were related to psychological distress and cognitive and behavioral attitudes towards the rules of social distancing. In a non-clinical sample (N = 254), Level of Personality Functioning Scale, Inventory of Personality Organization, Defense Style Questionnaire, Pathological Narcissism Inventory, and three single questions regarding emotional distress and behavioral attitudes towards the pandemic were used. Structural equation models with reference and residual factors were calculated. Impairments in personality functioning and vulnerable narcissism showed significant positive relationships, adaptive defense mechanisms significant negative relationships with psychological distress during the pandemic. Residual factors for aggression and low moral values showed distinct negative relationships with psychological distress related to social distancing. Among individuals who chose to ignore the rules of social distancing, greater impairment in personality organization was found. Personality functioning may elucidate individual differences in psychological distress and compliance with the mitigation rules during the pandemic. Limitations of measures are carefully considered in all interpretations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonie Kampe
- Department of Psychological Diagnostics, International Psychoanalytic University Berlin, Stromstrasse 1, 10555, Berlin, Germany.
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Psychologische Hochschule Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Susanne Hörz-Sagstetter
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Psychologische Hochschule Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Johannes Bohn
- Department of Education and Psychology, Division of Clinical Psychological Intervention, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Carina Remmers
- Department of Psychology, Institute for Mental Health and Behavioral Medicine, HMU Health and Medical University, Potsdam, Germany
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K R, S VK, Saravanan P, Rajeshkannan R, Rajasimman M, Kamyab H, Vasseghian Y. Exploring the diverse applications of Carbohydrate macromolecules in food, pharmaceutical, and environmental technologies. Environ Res 2024; 240:117521. [PMID: 37890825 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.117521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
Carbohydrates are a class of macromolecules that has significant potential across several domains, including the organisation of genetic material, provision of structural support, and facilitation of defence mechanisms against invasion. Their molecular diversity enables a vast array of essential functions, such as energy storage, immunological signalling, and the modification of food texture and consistency. Due to their rheological characteristics, solubility, sweetness, hygroscopicity, ability to prevent crystallization, flavour encapsulation, and coating capabilities, carbohydrates are useful in food products. Carbohydrates hold potential for the future of therapeutic development due to their important role in sustained drug release, drug targeting, immune antigens, and adjuvants. Bio-based packaging provides an emerging phase of materials that offer biodegradability and biocompatibility, serving as a substitute for traditional non-biodegradable polymers used as coatings on paper. Blending polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) with carbohydrate biopolymers, such as starch, cellulose, polylactic acid, etc., reduces the undesirable qualities of PHA, such as crystallinity and brittleness, and enhances the PHA's properties in addition to minimizing manufacturing costs. Carbohydrate-based biopolymeric nanoparticles are a viable and cost-effective way to boost agricultural yields, which is crucial for the increasing global population. The use of biopolymeric nanoparticles derived from carbohydrates is a potential and economically viable approach to enhance the quality and quantity of agricultural harvests, which is of utmost importance given the developing global population. The carbohydrate biopolymers may play in plant protection against pathogenic fungi by inhibiting spore germination and mycelial growth, may act as effective elicitors inducing the plant immune system to cope with pathogens. Furthermore, they can be utilised as carriers in controlled-release formulations of agrochemicals or other active ingredients, offering an alternative approach to conventional fungicides. It is expected that this review provides an extensive summary of the application of carbohydrates in the realms of food, pharmaceuticals, and environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramaprabha K
- School of Bio-Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632014, India
| | - Venkat Kumar S
- Department of Petrochemical Technology, University College of Engineering, BIT Campus, Anna University, Tiruchirappalli, 620 024, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Panchamoorthy Saravanan
- Department of Petrochemical Technology, University College of Engineering, BIT Campus, Anna University, Tiruchirappalli, 620 024, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - R Rajeshkannan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar, 608002, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - M Rajasimman
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar, 608002, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Hesam Kamyab
- Faculty of Architecture and Urbanism, UTE University, Calle Rumipamba S/N and Bourgeois, Quito, Ecuador; Department of Biomaterials, Saveetha Dental College and Hospital, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, 600 077, India; Process Systems Engineering Centre (PROSPECT), Faculty of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Yasser Vasseghian
- Department of Chemistry, Soongsil University, Seoul, 06978, South Korea; School of Engineering, Lebanese American University, Byblos, Lebanon; University Centre for Research & Development, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Chandigarh University, Gharuan, Mohali, Punjab, 140413, India.
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Shirai H, Tsukada K. Understanding bacterial infiltration of the pancreas through a deformable pancreatic duct. J Biomech 2024; 162:111883. [PMID: 38064997 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2023.111883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
Tiny amount of bacteria are found in the pancreas in pancreatitis and cancer, which seemed involved in inflammation and carcinogenesis. However, bacterial infiltration from the duodenum is inhibited by the physical defense mechanisms such as bile flow and the sphincter of Oddi. To understand how the bacteria possibly infiltrate the pancreas through a deformable pancreatic duct, influenced by the periodic contractions of the sphincter of Oddi, a mathematical model of bacterial infiltration is developed that considered large deformation, fluid flow, and bacterial transport in a deformable pancreatic duct. In addition, the sphincter's contraction wave is modeled by including its propagation from the pancreas toward the duodenum. Simulated structure of the deformed duct with the relaxed sphincter and simulated bile distribution agreed reasonably well with the literature, validating the model. Bacterial infiltration from the duodenum in a deformable pancreatic duct, following the sphincter's contraction, is counteracted by a gradual peristalsis-like deformation of the pancreatic duct, due to an antegrade contraction wave propagation from the pancreas to the duodenum, Parametric sensitivity analysis demonstrated that bacterial infiltration is increased with lower bile and pancreatic juice flow rate, greater contraction amplitude and frequency, thinner wall thickness, and retrograde contraction wave propagation. Since contraction waves following retrograde propagation are increased in patients with common bile duct stones and pancreatitis, they may possibly be factors for continuum inflammation of pancreas. (224 words).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Shirai
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi Kohoku-ku, Yokohama-shi, Kanagawa 223-8522, Japan.
| | - Kosuke Tsukada
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi Kohoku-ku, Yokohama-shi, Kanagawa 223-8522, Japan; Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi Kohoku-ku, Yokohama-shi, Kanagawa 223-8522, Japan
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7
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Salas-Orozco MF, Lorenzo-Leal AC, de Alba Montero I, Marín NP, Santana MAC, Bach H. Mechanism of escape from the antibacterial activity of metal-based nanoparticles in clinically relevant bacteria: A systematic review. Nanomedicine 2024; 55:102715. [PMID: 37907198 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2023.102715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 08/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
The emergency of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in severe infections is increasing, especially in nosocomial environments. The ESKAPE group is of special importance in the groups of multi-resistant bacteria due to its high capacity to generate resistance to antibiotics and bactericides. Therefore, metal-based nanomaterials are an attractive alternative to combat them because they have been demonstrated to damage biomolecules in the bacterial cells. However, there is a concern about bacteria developing resistance to NPs and their harmful effects due to environmental accumulation. Therefore, this systematic review aims to report the clinically relevant bacteria that have developed resistance to the NPs. According to the results of this systematic review, various mechanisms to counteract the antimicrobial activity of various NP types have been proposed. These mechanisms can be grouped into the following categories: production of extracellular compounds, metal efflux pumps, ROS response, genetic changes, DNA repair, adaptative morphogenesis, and changes in the plasma membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Felipe Salas-Orozco
- Facultad de Estomatología, Doctorado en Ciencias Odontológicas, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, Mexico.
| | - Ana Cecilia Lorenzo-Leal
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | | | - Nuria Patiño Marín
- Facultad de Estomatología, Laboratorio de Investigación Clinica, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, Mexico
| | - Miguel Angel Casillas Santana
- Maestría en Estomatología con Opcion Terminal en Ortodoncia, Facultad de Estomatología, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, Mexico
| | - Horacio Bach
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
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Ferrajão P, Batista CI, Elklit A. Polytraumatization, defense mechanisms, PTSD and complex PTSD in Indian adolescents: a mediation model. BMC Psychol 2023; 11:411. [PMID: 38001536 PMCID: PMC10675876 DOI: 10.1186/s40359-023-01456-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adolescence is recognized as a particularly susceptible developmental period for experiencing multiple types of Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE), increasing the vulnerability to higher levels of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and Complex PTSD symptoms. Some studies found that defense mechanisms play an important role on the association between ACE and psychological symptoms. METHODS We analyzed the associations between direct and indirect exposure to ACE and PTSD and Complex PTSD (affective dysregulation, negative self-concept and disturbances in relationships) through the mediation role of mature defense mechanisms: mature, neurotic, and immature defense mechanisms in Indian adolescents. A sample of 411 Indian adolescents (M = 14.2 years old; S.D. = 0.5) completed validated self-report questionnaires. Serial multiple mediation models were tested by conducting a structural equation modelling employing Preacher and Hayes' procedures (2008). RESULTS Immature and neurotic defense mechanisms mediated the association between direct exposure to ACE with PTSD symptoms. Immature defense mechanisms were mediators of the relationship between direct exposure to ACE and Complex PTSD symptoms clusters. CONCLUSIONS Maladaptive defense mechanisms can disturb the process of self-regulation and emotion regulation capabilities in coping with traumatic experiences, leading to higher PTSD and Complex PTSD symptoms severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo Ferrajão
- Faculdade de Ciências Sociais e Tecnologia, Universidade Europeia, Quinta do Bom Nome, Estrada da Correia 53, Lisbon, 1500-210, Portugal.
| | - Carolina Isabel Batista
- Faculdade de Ciências Sociais e Tecnologia, Universidade Europeia, Quinta do Bom Nome, Estrada da Correia 53, Lisbon, 1500-210, Portugal
| | - Ask Elklit
- National Center for Psychotraumatology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
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Lee JW, Jo AH, Lee DC, Choi CY, Kang JC, Kim JH. Review of cadmium toxicity effects on fish: Oxidative stress and immune responses. Environ Res 2023; 236:116600. [PMID: 37429393 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.116600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 06/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) in aquatic environments can cause environmental toxicity to fish and induce oxidative stress owing to an excessive production of reactive oxygen species in fish bodies. Fish have developed various antioxidant systems to protect themselves from reactive oxygen species; thus, a change in antioxidant responses in fish can be a criterion for evaluating oxidative stress resulting from Cd exposure. Because Cd exposure may be recognized as an exogenous substance by a fish body, it may lead to the stimulation or suppression of its immune system. Various immune responses can be assessed to evaluate Cd toxicity in fish. This review aimed to identify the impacts of Cd exposure on oxidative stress and immunotoxicity in fish as well as identify accurate indicators of Cd toxicity in aquatic ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju-Wook Lee
- West Sea Fisheries Research Institute, National Institute of Fisheries Science, Incheon, South Korea
| | - A-Hyun Jo
- Department of Aquatic Life and Medical Science, Sun Moon University, Asan, South Korea
| | - Deok-Chan Lee
- Shellfish Research Team, South Sea Fisheries Research Institute, National Institute of Fisheries Science, Tongyoung 53085, South Korea.
| | - Cheol Young Choi
- Division of Marine BioScience, Korea Maritime and Ocean University, Busan 49112, South Korea.
| | - Ju-Chan Kang
- Department of Aquatic Life Medicine, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, South Korea.
| | - Jun-Hwan Kim
- Department of Marine Life Science, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, South Korea.
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Castro-López C, Romero-Luna HE, García HS, Vallejo-Cordoba B, González-Córdova AF, Hernández-Mendoza A. Key Stress Response Mechanisms of Probiotics During Their Journey Through the Digestive System: A Review. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 2023; 15:1250-1270. [PMID: 36001271 DOI: 10.1007/s12602-022-09981-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The survival of probiotic microorganisms during their exposure to harsh environments plays a critical role in the fulfillment of their functional properties. In particular, transit through the human gastrointestinal tract (GIT) is considered one of the most challenging habitats that probiotics must endure, because of the particularly stressful conditions (e.g., oxygen level, pH variations, nutrient limitations, high osmolarity, oxidation, peristalsis) prevailing in the different sections of the GIT, which in turn can affect the growth, viability, physiological status, and functionality of microbial cells. Consequently, probiotics have developed a series of strategies, called "mechanisms of stress response," to protect themselves from these adverse conditions. Such mechanisms may include but are not limited to the induction of new metabolic pathways, formation/production of particular metabolites, and changes of transcription rates. It should be highlighted that some of such mechanisms can be conserved across several different strains or can be unique for specific genera. Hence, this review attempts to review the state-of-the-art knowledge of mechanisms of stress response displayed by potential probiotic strains during their transit through the GIT. In addition, evidence whether stress responses can compromise the biosafety of such strains is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Castro-López
- Laboratorio de Química y Biotecnología de Productos Lácteos, Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo A.C. (CIAD), Gustavo Enrique Astiazarán Rosas 46, Hermosillo, Sonora, 83304, México
| | - Haydee E Romero-Luna
- Instituto Tecnológico Superior de Xalapa/Tecnológico Nacional de México, Reserva Territorial s/n Sección 5, Santa Bárbara, Xalapa-Enríquez, Veracruz, 91096, México
| | - Hugo S García
- Unidad de Investigación Y Desarrollo de Alimentos, Instituto Tecnológico de Veracruz/Tecnológico Nacional de México, Miguel Ángel de Quevedo 2779, Veracruz, Veracruz, 91897, México
| | - Belinda Vallejo-Cordoba
- Laboratorio de Química y Biotecnología de Productos Lácteos, Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo A.C. (CIAD), Gustavo Enrique Astiazarán Rosas 46, Hermosillo, Sonora, 83304, México
| | - Aarón F González-Córdova
- Laboratorio de Química y Biotecnología de Productos Lácteos, Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo A.C. (CIAD), Gustavo Enrique Astiazarán Rosas 46, Hermosillo, Sonora, 83304, México
| | - Adrián Hernández-Mendoza
- Laboratorio de Química y Biotecnología de Productos Lácteos, Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo A.C. (CIAD), Gustavo Enrique Astiazarán Rosas 46, Hermosillo, Sonora, 83304, México.
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11
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Furnham A, Cuppello S. Maladaptive (dark-side) and adaptive (bright-side) personality traits and defense styles. Acta Psychol (Amst) 2023; 239:104002. [PMID: 37573741 DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2023.104002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
This study explores the relationship between bright- and dark-side personality traits and four major styles of defense mechanisms (DMs) as this relationship remains unexplored and important in understanding the DMs. In all, 435 adult working participants (241 men; 194 women; Mean age 46.06 yrs) mainly in middle management jobs, completed a 78-item, six-trait measure of bright-side personality (HPTI: High Potential Type Indicator), a 25-item five-trait measure of the dark-side personality (PID-5;BF: DSM-5-Brief Form) and 88-item, four-styles measure of defense mechanisms (Defense Style Questionnaire). The aim was to examine demographic (sex, age, education), ideological and personality trait correlates of the DMs. It was hypothesized that the dark-side traits, particularly Detachment would be most strongly related to the DMs. Thereafter, a hierarchical linear regression was performed with each DM factor as criterion and predictors being demography, ideology, self-esteem as well as bright- and dark-side personality traits. Detachment was associated with all DMs, particularly Maladaptive (r = 0.68) and Image Distorting Style (r = 0.38) while Conscientiousness was associated with none. One implication concerns the assessment of DMs by standard tests. Limitations are acknowledged and include method invariance and sample homogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Furnham
- Department of Leadership and Organisational Behaviour, Norwegian Business School (BI), Nydalveien, Olso, Norway.
| | - Stephen Cuppello
- Department of Psychology, City University London, London, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
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Zhao Z, Zheng X, Han Z, Yang S, Zhang H, Lin T, Zhou C. Response mechanisms of Chlorella sorokiniana to microplastics and PFOA stress: Photosynthesis, oxidative stress, extracellular polymeric substances and antioxidant system. Chemosphere 2023; 323:138256. [PMID: 36858114 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Co-pollution of microplastics and per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) is prevailing in the aquatic environment. However, the risks of coexisting microplastics and PFAS on organisms remain unknown. This study investigated the response mechanisms of Chlorella sorokiniana (C. sorokiniana) under polystyrene microplastics (PS-MPs) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) stress, including toxicity and defense mechanisms. C. sorokiniana was exposed to PS-MPs (10 mg/L) and PFOA (0.05, 0.5, and 5 mg/L) and their mixtures for 96 h, respectively. We found that the dominant toxicity mechanism of PFOA and PS-MPs to C. sorokiniana was dissimilar. PS-MPs mainly inhibited photosynthesis through shading effect, while PFOA mainly induced oxidative stress by reactive oxygen species. The co-exposure of PFOA and PS-MPs aggravated biotoxicity (maximum inhibition rate: 27.27 ± 2.44%), such as photosynthesis inhibition, physical damage, and oxidative stress, compared with individuals. To alleviate toxicity, C. sorokiniana activated defense mechanisms. Extracellular polymeric substances were the first barrier to protect cells, the effect on its secretion was ordered PS-MPs+5PFOA > PS-MPs > 5PFOA, and IBRv2 values were 2.37, 1.35, 1.11, respectively. Antioxidant system was thought of second defense pathway, the influence order of treatment groups was PS-MPs+5PFOA > 5PFOA > PS-MPs, and its IBRv2 values were 2.89, 1.69, 0.25, respectively. Our findings provide valuable information on the complex impacts of PFOA and PS-MPs, which facilitate the ecological risk assessment of multiple pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhilin Zhao
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China; College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China
| | - Xiaoying Zheng
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China; College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China.
| | - Zongshuo Han
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China; College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China
| | - Shanshan Yang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China; College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China
| | - Huijie Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China; College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China
| | - Tao Lin
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China; College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China
| | - Chao Zhou
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China; College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China
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da Silva Machado R, Vieira IS, Scaini C, Molina ML, Barbosa LP, da Silva GDG, Ores L, de Mattos Souza LD, Jansen K, da Silva RA. Ego- defense mechanisms and brief psychotherapies for the management of major depressive disorder in adults: A longitudinal and quasi-experimental study. J Affect Disord 2023; 330:291-299. [PMID: 36871912 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2023.02.141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effect of psychotherapies on ego defense mechanisms and the reduction of depressive symptoms in a 12-month follow-up period. METHODS This longitudinal and quasi-experimental study nested within a randomized clinical trial included a clinical sample of adults (18-60 years) diagnosed with major depressive disorder using the Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview. Two models of psychotherapy were used: Supportive Expressive Dynamic Psychotherapy (SEDP) and Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT). Defense Style Questionnaire 40 was used to analyze defense mechanisms and the Beck Depression Inventory was used to measure the depressive symptoms. RESULTS The total sample comprised 195 patients (113 SEDP and 82 CBT), with the mean age was 35.63 (11.44) years. After adjustments, increased mature defenses was significantly associated with reduced depressive symptoms at all follow-up times (p < 0.001) and the decrease in immature defenses was significantly associated with the reduction of depressive symptoms at all follow-up times (p < 0.001). While neurotic defenses were not associated with a reduction in depressive symptoms at any time of follow-up (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION Both models of psychotherapy were effective in increasing mature defenses and decreasing immature ones, as well as decreasing depressive symptoms at all evaluation times. With this, it is understood that a greater understanding of these interactions will allow a more adequate diagnostic and prognostic evaluation and the design of useful strategies that adapt to the patient's reality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosiene da Silva Machado
- Translational Science on Brain Disorders, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde e Comportamento, Universidade Católica de Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Igor Soares Vieira
- Translational Science on Brain Disorders, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde e Comportamento, Universidade Católica de Pelotas, RS, Brazil; Centro Universitário Estácio de Sergipe, SE, Brazil
| | - Carolina Scaini
- Translational Science on Brain Disorders, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde e Comportamento, Universidade Católica de Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Mariane Lopez Molina
- Translational Science on Brain Disorders, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde e Comportamento, Universidade Católica de Pelotas, RS, Brazil; Faculdade Anhanguera do Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
| | - Luana Porto Barbosa
- Translational Science on Brain Disorders, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde e Comportamento, Universidade Católica de Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Giovana Del Grande da Silva
- Translational Science on Brain Disorders, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde e Comportamento, Universidade Católica de Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | | | - Luciano Dias de Mattos Souza
- Translational Science on Brain Disorders, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde e Comportamento, Universidade Católica de Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Karen Jansen
- Translational Science on Brain Disorders, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde e Comportamento, Universidade Católica de Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Azevedo da Silva
- Translational Science on Brain Disorders, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde e Comportamento, Universidade Católica de Pelotas, RS, Brazil.
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Costanzo G, Marchetti D, Manna G, Verrocchio MC, Falgares G. The role of eating disorders features, psychopathology, and defense mechanisms in the comprehension of orthorexic tendencies. Eat Weight Disord 2022; 27:2713-2724. [PMID: 35648315 PMCID: PMC9556392 DOI: 10.1007/s40519-022-01417-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Recent studies pointed out the importance to distinguish orthorexia nervosa (ON) from non-problematic forms of interest with healthy eating. This distinction needs to be further explored since it may favor a better comprehension of the relationship between orthorexic behaviors and psychopathology and lead to an improved understanding of the psychological processes implicated in ON. Therefore, the aim of the current study was to investigate the associations between ON and the core features of eating disorders (EDs), psychopathological symptoms and defense mechanisms, by differentiating three groups of individuals: an ON symptoms group, a healthy-eating control group, and a normal-eating control group. METHODS College students (n = 270, Mage = 21.57, SD = 2.16) were recruited from Palermo's University, in the south of Italy, and were assigned to three groups: 52 in the ON symptoms group, 157 in the healthy-eating control group and 61 in the normal-eating control group. Participants completed four questionnaires assessing ON (EHQ-21), eating psychopathology (EDI-3), psychopathological symptoms (BSI) and defense mechanisms (DSQ-40). RESULTS Compared to the control groups, the ON symptoms group reported greater EDs' features, higher psychopathological symptoms and greater employment of different neurotic and immature defense mechanisms. No differences were found between groups with regard to obsessive-compulsive symptoms. CONCLUSION Our findings support the notion that ON behaviors should be carefully distinguished from non-problematic forms of interest with healthy eating. Indeed, results suggest that ON individuals are characterized by similar clinical features and defensive functioning as those observed in traditional EDs, indicating the importance of deepening our understanding of the relationship between these conditions. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level V, descriptive cross-sectional study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Costanzo
- Department of Psychology, Educational Science and Human Movement, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Daniela Marchetti
- Department of Psychological, Health and Territorial Sciences, G. d'Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini, 66100, Chieti, Italy
| | - Giovanna Manna
- Department of Psychology, Educational Science and Human Movement, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Maria Cristina Verrocchio
- Department of Psychological, Health and Territorial Sciences, G. d'Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini, 66100, Chieti, Italy.
| | - Giorgio Falgares
- Department of Psychology, Educational Science and Human Movement, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
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15
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Xu L, Zhao Z, Yan Z, Zhou G, Zhang W, Wang Y, Li X. Defense pathways of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii under silver nanoparticle stress: Extracellular biosorption, internalization and antioxidant genes. Chemosphere 2022; 291:132764. [PMID: 34752836 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Numerous studies have been investigated the toxic effects of silver nanoparticle (Ag-NPs) on algae; however, little attention has been paid to the defense pathways of algae cells to Ag-NPs. In the study, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii (C. reinhardtii) was selected as a model organism to investigate the defense mechanisms to Ag-NPs exposure. The results showed that exopolysaccharide and protein in bound-extracellular polymeric substances significantly increased under Ag-NPs stress. These metal-binding groups including C-O-C (exopolysaccharide), CH3/CH2 (proteins), O-H/N-H (hydroxyl group) and C-H (alkyl groups) played a key role in extracellular biosorption. The internalized or strongly bound Ag (1.90%-17.45% of total contents) was higher than the loosely surface biosorption (0.31%-1.79%). The accumulation of glutathione disulfide (GSSG), together with the decline of reduced glutathione/GSSG (GSH/GSSG) ratio in C. reinhardtii cells, indicated a significant oxidative stress caused by exposure of Ag-NPs. The increasing phytochelatin accompanied with the decreasing GSH level indicated a critical role to intracellular detoxification of Ag. Furthermore, upregulation of antioxidant genes (MSOD, QTOX2, CAT1, GPX2, APX and VTE3) can cope with oxidative stress of Ag-NPs or Ag+. The up-regulation of ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and glutathione peroxidase (GPX2) genes and the reduction in GSH contents showed that the toxicity of Ag-NPs could be mediated by an intracellular ascorbate-GSH defense pathway. These findings can provide valuable information on ecotoxicity of Ag-NPs, potential bioremediation and adaptation capabilities of algal cells to Ag-NPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Limei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, 271018, China; College of Water Conservancy and Civil Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, 271018, China
| | - Zhilin Zhao
- College of Water Conservancy and Civil Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, 271018, China
| | - Zhen Yan
- College of Water Conservancy and Civil Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, 271018, China
| | - Gaoxiang Zhou
- College of Water Conservancy and Civil Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, 271018, China
| | - Wenming Zhang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Yong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, 271018, China.
| | - Xiaochen Li
- College of Water Conservancy and Civil Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, 271018, China.
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Abstract
Clinical ethics consultants respond to a multitude of issues, ranging from the cognitive to the emotional. As such, ethics consultants must be prepared to analyze as well as empathize. And yet, there remains a paucity of research and training on the interpersonal and emotional aspects of clinical ethics consultations-the so-called skills in "advanced ethics facilitation." This article is a contribution to the need for further understanding and practical knowledge in the emotional aspects of ethics consultation. In particular, I draw attention to defense mechanisms: what they are, why they exist, and how we might work with them in the setting of ethics consultation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert M Guerin
- Cleveland Medical Center, University Hospitals, 11100 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA.
- Department of Bioethics, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA.
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Shimoda S, Shimoda M, Higuchi O. Effect of self-affirmation on smartphone use reduction among heavy users. Psychol Rep 2022; 126:1362-1377. [PMID: 35084236 DOI: 10.1177/00332941211069514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have shown an association between excessive smartphone use and health problems. Along with such mounting concerns, health risk information on excessive smartphone use has been presented through various media. Such information is usually aimed at making smartphone users understand the associated health risks, thereby preventing excessive use or reducing current use. However, according to self-affirmation theory, such information may pose a threat to heavy smartphone users because it implies that they are engaging in maladaptive behavior. Therefore, to defend themselves, they may not accept the information and may not be highly motivated to reduce their usage. According to self-affirmation theory, such maladaptive defensive responses can be reduced through the affirmation of important values. We examined whether self-affirmation prior to reading health risk information increased heavy users' motivation to reduce smartphone usage. Participants (142 undergraduate students aged 18-22 years) reported their mean daily smartphone use. They then completed a writing task that affirmed/did not affirm an important personal value. Next, they read an article on the health risks of smartphone overuse and reported their motivation to reduce smartphone use. As a result, when heavy users did not self-affirm, they were significantly less motivated to reduce use than light users. However, when heavy users self-affirmed, their motivation was significantly higher than when they did not self-affirm. This effect of self-affirmation was not shown in light users. These results suggest that health risk information combined with self-affirmation is effective in reducing smartphone usage by heavy users.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Osamu Higuchi
- Department of Political Science and Economics12939Meiji University
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18
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Seitl M, Charvat M, Kafetsios K, Strelec J, Seitlova K. Experiences in Work Relationships: A Measure of Attachment Strategies at work. Psychol Rep 2022:332941221075249. [PMID: 35084280 DOI: 10.1177/00332941221075249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Much of the burgeoning research on adult attachment in organizational settings has utilized assessment methods developed for personal social or social personal relationships contexts. Here, we propose and test a novel framework for assessing attachment orientations in the workplace, the Experiences in Work Relationships - Individual (EWR-I), based on a conceptualisation of the regulatory functions of attachment dynamics. Using data from two samples comprising early career starters and employees in the Czech Republic (N = 588 and N = 633) analyses confirmed the bifactorial structure of the new scale corresponding to: 'interpersonal hyperactivation' (involving emotional instability, negative emotionality and lack of appreciation in work relationships) and a second factor termed 'interpersonal deactivation' (involving distancing from others and relationships at work, mistrust and inhibition of positive emotionality). Evidence of convergent and discriminant validity against general relational assessments of adult attachment, and predictive and construct validity against measures of workplace personality, organizational citizenship behavior and counterproductive work behavior further documented the nature and utility of the new scale. We argue that interpersonal hyperactivation and deactivation represent two distinct and measurable key components of attachment behavior dynamics at work.
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Blum LD. Minding our Minds: Obsessive-Compulsiveness, Psychiatry, and Psychology. Cult Med Psychiatry 2022; 47:543-554. [PMID: 35066727 PMCID: PMC10167162 DOI: 10.1007/s11013-022-09767-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Obsessive-compulsive features are commonly found in high-achieving people including psychiatrists, psychologists, and scientists. These traits have a substantial but unrecognized cultural influence on psychiatric and psychological science and practice. This article reviews obsessive-compulsive mechanisms and discusses the ways they both promote and impede psychiatric and psychological science and practice. It examines them in relation to two of the dominant psychiatric and psychological paradigms of our era, the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM), and Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy. Finally, the article suggests that better awareness of our collective obsessive-compulsive tendencies can facilitate a cultural shift toward a broader, more useful science of mind and brain, as well as therapies informed by more comprehensive scientific understanding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence D Blum
- , 2400 Chestnut St., Suite 2810, Philadelphia, PA, 19103, USA.
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20
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Gagnon J, Quansah JE, Saleh G, Levin C. Is Splitting Related to Resistance to Proactive Interference? A Process-Oriented Study of Kernberg's Conceptualization of Splitting. Psychopathology 2022; 55:345-361. [PMID: 35691285 PMCID: PMC9677828 DOI: 10.1159/000525006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Splitting, as a defense mechanism in Kernberg's theory, plays a significant role in the development and maintenance of polarized and oscillating representations of self/other characteristics of borderline personality disorder (BPD). Although the notion of splitting can be considered from a structural and a functional point of view, almost all empirical studies to date have focused on the former elements to the detriment of related cognitive processes. METHODS To further investigate the cognitive processes related to splitting, 60 participants were administered the Splitting Index and indexes of resistance to proactive interference (PI) using the interpersonal recent negative task with words that reflect negative or positive interactions compared to neutral words. RESULTS The use of splitting was uniquely and significantly predicted by a higher capacity to resist PI and a lower capacity to consistently maintain this resistance when presented with negative words, above and beyond BPD traits, primitive defenses, and the presentation of neutral words. Results showed no evidence of a relationship between splitting and resistance to PI with positive words. CONCLUSION Results appear compatible with Kernberg's conceptualization of splitting as an active defense process that relates to an unstable capacity to inhibit negative representations of the object from entering working memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Gagnon
- Department of Psychology, University of Montreal, Montreal, Québec, Canada.,Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Rehabilitation of Greater Montreal, Montreal, Québec, Canada.,Laboratoire d'électrophysiologie en neuroscience sociale (LENS), University of Montreal, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Joyce Emma Quansah
- Department of Psychology, University of Montreal, Montreal, Québec, Canada.,Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Rehabilitation of Greater Montreal, Montreal, Québec, Canada.,Laboratoire d'électrophysiologie en neuroscience sociale (LENS), University of Montreal, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Gasser Saleh
- Department of Psychology, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, Québec, Canada
| | - Charles Levin
- Canadian Institute of Psychoanalysis, Montreal, Québec, Canada
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Di Giuseppe M, Prout TA, Ammar L, Kui T, Conversano C. Assessing children's defense mechanisms with the Defense Mechanisms Rating Scales Q-sort for Children. Res Psychother 2021; 24:590. [PMID: 35047431 PMCID: PMC8715263 DOI: 10.4081/ripppo.2021.590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Defense mechanisms are unconscious and automatic psychological processes that serve to protect the individual from painful emotions and thoughts. There is ample evidence from the adult psychotherapy and mental health literature suggesting the salience of defenses in the maintenance and amelioration of psychological distress. Although several tools for the assessment of children's defenses exist, most rely on projective and self-report tools, and none are based on the empirically derived hierarchy of defenses. This paper outlines the development of the defense mechanisms rating scale Q-sort for children (DMRS-Q-C), a 60-item, observer-rated tool for coding the use of defenses in child psychotherapy sessions. Modifications to the Defense Mechanisms Rating Scale Q-Sort for adults to create a developmentally relevant measure and the process by which expert child psychotherapists collaborated to develop the DMRS-Q-C are discussed. A clinical vignette describing the child's defensive functioning as assessed by the innovative DMRS-Q-C method is also reported. Finally, we provide an overview of forthcoming research evaluating the validity of the DMRS-Q-C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariagrazia Di Giuseppe
- Department of Surgical, Medical and Molecular Pathology, Critical and Care Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Tracy A. Prout
- Ferkauf Graduate School of Psychology, Yeshiva University, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Lauren Ammar
- Ferkauf Graduate School of Psychology, Yeshiva University, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Thomas Kui
- Ferkauf Graduate School of Psychology, Yeshiva University, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Ciro Conversano
- Department of Surgical, Medical and Molecular Pathology, Critical and Care Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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22
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Abstract
At the individual level, honey bees (Apis mellifera) rely on innate immunity, which operates through cellular and humoral mechanisms, to defend themselves against infectious agents and parasites. At the colony level, honey bees have developed collective defense mechanisms against pathogens and pests, such as hygienic and grooming behaviors. An understanding of the immune responses of honey bees is critical to implement strategies to reduce mortality and increase colony productivity. The major components and mechanisms of individual and social immunity of honey bees are discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuria Morfin
- Research Associate, University of Guelph, School of Environmental Sciences, 50 Stone Road East, N1G 2W1, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Ricardo Anguiano-Baez
- Adjunct Professor, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Av. Universidad #3000, CU, Coyoacán, 04510, Mexico City, Mexico. https://twitter.com/richybat
| | - Ernesto Guzman-Novoa
- Professor and Head of the Honey Bee Research Centre, University of Guelph, School of Environmental Sciences, 50 Stone Road East, N1G 2W1, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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23
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Castaldo G, Nguyễn T, Town RM, Bervoets L, Blust R, De Boeck G. Common carp exposed to binary mixtures of Cd(II) and Zn(II): A study on metal bioaccumulation and ion-homeostasis. Aquat Toxicol 2021; 237:105875. [PMID: 34098373 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2021.105875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The aquatic environment receives a wide variety of contaminants that interact with each other, influencing their mutual toxicity. Therefore, studies of mixtures are needed to fully understand their deleterious effects on aquatic organisms. In the present experiment, we aimed to assess the effects of Cd and Zn mixtures in common carp during a one-week exposure. The used nominal waterborne metal levels were 0.02, 0.05 and 0.10 µM for Cd and 3, 7.5 and 15 µM for Zn. Our results showed on the one hand a fast Cd increase and on the other hand a delayed Zn accumulation. In the mixture scenario an inhibition of Cd accumulation due to Zn was marked in the liver but temporary in the gills. For Zn, the delayed accumulation gives an indication of the efficient homeostasis of this essential metal. Between the different mixtures, a stimulation of Zn accumulation by Cd rather than an inhibition was seen in the highest metal mixtures. However, when compared to an earlier single Zn exposure, a reduced Zn accumulation was observed. Metallothionein gene expression was quickly activated in the analysed tissues suggesting that the organism promptly responded to the stressful situation. Finally, the metal mixture did not alter tissue electrolyte levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Castaldo
- Systemic Physiological and Ecotoxicological Research (SPHERE), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - T Nguyễn
- Systemic Physiological and Ecotoxicological Research (SPHERE), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - R M Town
- Systemic Physiological and Ecotoxicological Research (SPHERE), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - L Bervoets
- Systemic Physiological and Ecotoxicological Research (SPHERE), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - R Blust
- Systemic Physiological and Ecotoxicological Research (SPHERE), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - G De Boeck
- Systemic Physiological and Ecotoxicological Research (SPHERE), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
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Taurino A, Antonucci LA, Taurisano P, Laera D. Investigating defensive functioning and alexithymia in substance use disorder patients. BMC Psychiatry 2021; 21:337. [PMID: 34229633 PMCID: PMC8259003 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-021-03340-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Substance Use Disorder (SUD) causes a great deal of personal suffering for patients. Recent evidence highlights how defenses and emotion regulation may play a crucial part in the onset and development of this disorder. The aim of this study was to investigate potential differences in the defensive functioning between SUD patients and non-clinical controls. Secondly, we aimed at investigating the relationships between alexithymia and maladaptive/assimilation defenses. METHODS The authors assessed defensive functioning (Response Evaluation Measure-71, REM-71), personality (MMPI-II), and alexithymia (TAS-20) of 171 SUD patients (17% female; mean age = 36.5), compared to 155 controls. Authors performed a series of ANOVAs to investigate the defensive array in SUD patients compared to that of non-clinical controls. Student t test for indipendent samples was used to compare clinical characteristics between the SUD group and the controls. To investigate the role of single defenses in explaining alexithimia's subscores, stepwise multiple regression analysis were carried out on socio-demographic characteristics of participants (gender, age, and years of education), with REM-71 defenses as predictors. RESULTS SUD patients presented a more maladaptive/assimilation (Factor 1) defensive array (p < .001). Among SUD sub-groups, Alcohol Use Disorder patients showed more disfuncional defenses. Factor 1 defenses were related to a worse psychological functioning. In addition, alexyhimia (particularly DIF) was strongly related to Factor 1 defenses, expecially Projection (38% of variance explained, β = .270, p < .001). CONCLUSION The REM-71 and the TAS-20 might be useful screening instruments among SUD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Taurino
- grid.7644.10000 0001 0120 3326Department of Education, Psychology, Communication, University of Bari, Palazzo Chiaia-Napolitano, Via Scipione Crisanzio 42, 70122 Bari, Italy
| | - Linda A. Antonucci
- grid.7644.10000 0001 0120 3326Department of Education, Psychology, Communication, University of Bari, Palazzo Chiaia-Napolitano, Via Scipione Crisanzio 42, 70122 Bari, Italy
| | - Paolo Taurisano
- grid.7644.10000 0001 0120 3326Section of Clinical Psychology and Neuropsychology, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Domenico Laera
- Department of Education, Psychology, Communication, University of Bari, Palazzo Chiaia-Napolitano, Via Scipione Crisanzio 42, 70122, Bari, Italy.
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Lee CW, Lee J, Jun JY, Lee SH, Yu SY, Park J, Kim SJ. Associations between defense mechanisms and life satisfaction among North Korean refugees. Ann Gen Psychiatry 2021; 20:18. [PMID: 33750410 PMCID: PMC7941897 DOI: 10.1186/s12991-021-00339-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The present study investigated associations between defense mechanisms and life satisfaction among North Korean refugees living in South Korea. METHODS A total of 178 North Korean refugees completed the Korean version of the Defense Style Questionnaire, a revised version of the Ways of Thinking of North Korean Defectors scale, the Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression Scale, and the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. Multiple stepwise regression analysis was performed to investigate the defense mechanisms associated with North Korean refugees' life satisfaction in South Korea. RESULTS Among defense mechanisms, denial most strongly predicted higher overall and economic satisfaction among North Korean refugees living in South Korea (β = 0.145, p < 0.01; β = 0.137, p = 0.03, respectively) after controlling for age, gender, anxiety, depression, and number of traumatic events experienced. Furthermore, resignation predicted lower overall (β = -0.206, p < 0.001) and economic satisfaction (β = -0.134, p = 0.02). However, the association between resignation and life satisfaction was not significant after controlling for depression, anxiety, and number of traumatic events experienced. CONCLUSIONS Specific defense mechanisms such as high denial and low resignation were associated with life satisfaction in South Korea among North Korean refugees. Our findings suggest that refugees' psychological defense mechanisms may affect their satisfactory resettlement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Woo Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, 81 Ilwon-ro, Kangnam-gu, Seoul, 06351, Korea
| | - Jooyoung Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, 81 Ilwon-ro, Kangnam-gu, Seoul, 06351, Korea
| | - Jin Yong Jun
- Department of Research Planning, Mental Health Research Institute, National Center for Mental Health, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - So Hee Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, National Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - So Young Yu
- Department of Psychiatry, National Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Juhyun Park
- Department of Psychology, University At Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Seog Ju Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, 81 Ilwon-ro, Kangnam-gu, Seoul, 06351, Korea.
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Panfil AL, Frandes M, Nirestean A, Hurmuz M, Lungeanu D, Cristanovici M, Lemeti L, Isac A, Papava I, Bredicean C. Interrelation between defensive mechanisms and coping strategies in psychiatry trainees in Romania: a multicenter study. Ann Gen Psychiatry 2020; 19:56. [PMID: 33005210 PMCID: PMC7520954 DOI: 10.1186/s12991-020-00307-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The challenges faced by professionals when working in the field of psychiatry require the development of adequate defensive and coping mechanisms. This study aimed to explore both coping strategies and defense mechanisms and their relationship in psychiatry trainees in Romania. METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted to determine and evaluate both defensive and coping mechanisms of Romanian psychiatry trainees. Defensive Style Questionnaire-60 and COPE scale were applied to psychiatry trainees from five training centers in Romania. By applying structural equation modeling, models that presumed the existence of relationships between coping strategies and defensive mechanisms were analyzed. RESULTS Superior defense mechanisms and task-oriented coping strategies were the commonly used approaches by psychiatry trainees. Furthermore, significantly consistent correlations (ranging from 0.2 to 0.5) between adaptive defense mechanisms and coping strategies focused on the problem or emotion were shown. Similarly, avoidant coping strategies correlated with non-adaptive defense mechanisms (correlations between 0.3 and 0.5). Our model presented good fit indices (X 2(34) = 64.324, p < 0.001; GFI = 0.93; root mean square error = 0.08). Moreover, the results indicated a weak association between the two types of adaptive processes (r = 0.07, p < 0.001). CONCLUSION Psychiatry trainees present a profile based on two independent groups of adaptation processes, namely, adaptive defenses and problem-oriented coping scales and non-adaptive defenses and avoidant coping scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anca-Livia Panfil
- Doctoral School, Department of Psychiatry, "George Emil Palade" University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology, Târgu Mureş, Romania
| | - Mirela Frandes
- Department of Functional Sciences-Medical Informatics and Biostatistics, "Victor Babes" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Eftimie Murgu Sq. no. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Aurel Nirestean
- Doctoral School, Department of Psychiatry, "George Emil Palade" University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology, Târgu Mureş, Romania
- Department of General Psychiatry, Psychiatric Clinic II, Târgu Mureș, Romania
| | - Marinela Hurmuz
- Doctoral School, Department of Psychiatry, "George Emil Palade" University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology, Târgu Mureş, Romania
| | - Diana Lungeanu
- Department of Functional Sciences-Medical Informatics and Biostatistics, "Victor Babes" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Eftimie Murgu Sq. no. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
| | | | - Laura Lemeti
- Department of General Psychiatry, Psychiatric Clinic II, Târgu Mureș, Romania
| | - Andra Isac
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Addictions Clinic, Children's Emergency Hospital, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Ion Papava
- Department of Neuroscience-Psychiatry, "Victor Babes" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timisoara, Romania
| | - Cristina Bredicean
- Department of Neuroscience-Psychiatry, "Victor Babes" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timisoara, Romania
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Castaldo G, Flipkens G, Pillet M, Town RM, Bervoets L, Blust R, De Boeck G. Antagonistic bioaccumulation of waterborne Cu(II) and Cd(II) in common carp (Cyprinus carpio) and effects on ion-homeostasis and defensive mechanisms. Aquat Toxicol 2020; 226:105561. [PMID: 32688145 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2020.105561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 06/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In the aquatic environment, metals are present as mixtures, therefore studies on mixture toxicity are crucial to thoroughly understand their toxic effects on aquatic organisms. Common carp (Cyprinus carpio) were used to assess the effects of short-term Cu(II) and Cd(II) mixtures, using a fixed concentration of one of the metals, representing 25 % of its individual 96h-LC50 (concentration lethal for 50 % of the population) combined with a variable concentration of the other metal corresponding to 10, 25 or 50 % of its 96h-LC50, and vice versa. Our results showed a fast Cu and Cd bioaccumulation, with the percentage of increase in the order gill > liver > carcass. An inhibitory effect of Cu on Cd uptake was observed; higher Cu concentrations at fixed Cd levels resulted in a decreased accumulation of Cd. The presence of the two metal ions resulted in losses of total Na, K and Ca. Fish tried to compensate for the Na loss through the induction of the genes coding for Na+/K+-ATPase and H+-ATPase. Additionally, a counterintuitive induction of the gene encoding the high affinity copper transporter (CTR1) occurred, while a downregulation was expected to prevent further metal ion uptake. An induction of defensive mechanisms, both metal ion binding protein and anti-oxidant defences, was observed. Despite the metal accumulation and electrolyte loss, the low mortality suggest that common carp is able to cope with these metal levels, at least during a one-week exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Castaldo
- Systemic Physiological and Ecotoxicological Research (SPHERE), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - G Flipkens
- Systemic Physiological and Ecotoxicological Research (SPHERE), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - M Pillet
- Systemic Physiological and Ecotoxicological Research (SPHERE), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - R M Town
- Systemic Physiological and Ecotoxicological Research (SPHERE), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - L Bervoets
- Systemic Physiological and Ecotoxicological Research (SPHERE), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - R Blust
- Systemic Physiological and Ecotoxicological Research (SPHERE), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - G De Boeck
- Systemic Physiological and Ecotoxicological Research (SPHERE), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
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de Quadros FM, de Freitas MB, Simioni C, Ferreira C, Stadnik MJ. Redox status regulation and action of extra- and intravascular defense mechanisms are associated with bean resistance against Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. phaseoli. Protoplasma 2020; 257:1457-1472. [PMID: 32556558 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-020-01521-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Genetic resistance is the main strategy to control one of the most destructive diseases of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L), i.e., the Fusarium wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. phaseoli (Fop). However, little is known on host defense reactions in Fop-bean interaction. Thus, this work examined the defense mechanisms in root and hypocotyl tissues of common bean against Fop. Resistant and susceptible bean plants were inoculated by dipping their roots in a conidial suspension. Cross sections of roots and hypocotyls were observed in light microscopy at 1, 3, 6, and 9 days after inoculation (dai) to monitor Fop colonization, and at 3 and 9 dai to detect callose, carbohydrates, lipids, phenolics, and protein, and under electronic microscopy at 9 dai to observe ultrastructural changes in xylem cells. The content of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), lipid peroxidation, and activity of the antioxidant enzymes ascorbate peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.11) and catalase (EC 1.11.1.6) were monitored spectrophotometrically in roots and hypocotyls at 0, 1, 3, 6, and 9 dai. Fop colonized inter- and intracellularly the epidermis and cortex reaching the xylem vessels faster in susceptible genotype. Fop inoculation induced phenolics and carbohydrates accumulation, callose deposition, and formation of occlusion material inside xylem vessels mainly in resistant genotype. Lipid peroxidation occurred mainly in susceptible plants. In contrast, the antioxidant enzymes seem to have contributed to reducing damage caused by H2O2 accumulation in resistant plants. This study gives evidences that inter- and intracellular physicochemical mechanisms can act together to delay Fop colonization in resistant plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe M de Quadros
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, SC, 88034-001, Brazil.
| | - Mateus B de Freitas
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, SC, 88034-001, Brazil
| | - Carmen Simioni
- Plant Cell Biology Laboratory, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, 88049-900, Brazil
| | - Chirle Ferreira
- Plant Cell Biology Laboratory, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, 88049-900, Brazil
| | - Marciel J Stadnik
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, SC, 88034-001, Brazil.
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Boldrini T, Lo Buglio G, Giovanardi G, Lingiardi V, Salcuni S. Defense mechanisms in adolescents at high risk of developing psychosis: an empirical investigation. Res Psychother 2020; 23:456. [PMID: 32913831 PMCID: PMC7451313 DOI: 10.4081/ripppo.2020.456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Research within psychotherapy and psychopathology frameworks has been inspired by the central concept of defense mechanisms, which play a pivotal role in psychoanalysis. Defense specificities have only recently been studied systematically in the context of several clinical diagnoses. The present study aimed to explore the specificities of defense mechanisms in adolescents at ultra-high risk of developing psychosis and test the relationship between defensive functioning and attenuated psychotic symptoms. Twenty-six adolescent inpatients at ultra-high risk of developing psychosis and a matched clinical control group of inpatients not at risk of psychosis were interviewed. Two observer-rater methods, the Defense Mechanism Rating Scales and the Psychotic-Defense Mechanism Rating Scales were applied to interview transcripts to assess the individual use of defenses. Ultra-high-risk patients demonstrated lower defense mechanisms (i.e., total instances of defense mechanisms observed) and lower overall adaptiveness of the defenses presented. When specific differences between groups were observed, psychotic defenses were the sole defenses that could partially discriminate between ultra-high-risk and not at-risk patients. Regarding the relationship between defense mechanisms and subthreshold psychotic symptoms, psychotic defenses were associated with negative and disorganization symptoms, rather than with positive symptoms. The psychological vulnerability of ultra-high-risk patients is discussed and treatment implications for psychotherapy with such challenging patients are addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommaso Boldrini
- Department of Developmental and Socialization Psychology, University of Padova, Padova
| | - Gabriele Lo Buglio
- Department of Developmental and Socialization Psychology, University of Padova, Padova
| | - Guido Giovanardi
- Department of Dynamic and Clinical Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome
- Department of Psychology, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli,”Caserta, Italy
| | - Vittorio Lingiardi
- Department of Dynamic and Clinical Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome
| | - Silvia Salcuni
- Department of Developmental and Socialization Psychology, University of Padova, Padova
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Berk E, Baykara S. The relationship between disease severity and defense mechanisms in fibromyalgia syndrome. Turk J Phys Med Rehabil 2020; 66:47-53. [PMID: 32318674 DOI: 10.5606/tftrd.2020.3331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives The aim of the present study was to investigate the possible relationship between the disease severity and defense mechanisms in fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS) and to contribute to the clarification of the etiopathogenesis of FMS. Patients and methods A total of 103 female patients (mean age: 42.6±10.0 years; range, 20 to 67 years) diagnosed with primary FMS based on the 2016 revised American College of Rheumatology (ACR) diagnostic criteria and without any psychiatric diagnosis were included in the study. A semi-structured sociodemographic and clinical data form was used. The Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire (FIQ), Defense Style Questionnaire-40 (DSQ-40), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), and Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) were applied to all patients. Based on the FIQ scores, the patients were divided into two groups as mild-moderate (<70) and severe (≥70) FMS groups. Results There were 56 patients in the mild-moderate FMS group and 47 patients in the severe FMS group. As FIQ scores increased, sublimation (r=-0.204, p=0.030) and mature factor (r=-0.229, p=0.020) scores decreased, and projection (r=0.210, p=0.033) and somatization (r=0.287, p=0.003) scores increased. Pseudoaltruism (p=0.043), displacement (p=0.026), and somatization (p=0.021) scores were higher in the severe FMS group. The BDI and BAI scores were also higher in the severe FMS group, compared to the mild-moderate FMS group (p=0.001 and p=0.002, respectively). Conclusion Our study results show that there is a significant correlation between the increased disease severity, decreased mature defense mechanisms, and increased immature defense mechanisms in FMS patients.
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Pawlaczyk M, Siembida J, Balaj K, Rajewska-Rager A. The assessment of stress level, anxiety, depressive symptoms, and defense mechanisms among Polish and English medical students. Ann Gen Psychiatry 2020; 19:29. [PMID: 32391067 PMCID: PMC7196228 DOI: 10.1186/s12991-020-00274-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Medical education is proven to be associated with a high degree of psychological stress. Different coping strategies used by students have been investigated on their efficacy. So far, studies on medical students have been limited to a single population. AIM OF THE STUDY Our study aimed to identify differences in the prevalence of depressive symptoms, anxiety, stress levels, and defense mechanisms among two groups of medical students, the Polish and English-speaking divisions. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study included two groups of first-year medical students, the Polish and English-speaking divisions, comprising 305 participants (n = 204 Polish, n = 101 English, men = 127, women = 176). It was divided into two periods: the students received author questionnaires during an exam-free academic period and then completed the same questionnaires during an exam session. The survey contained questions pertaining to demographics and studying habits among participants and included the Defense Style Questionnaire and Depression Anxiety Stress Scales. Data were analyzed using STATISTICA version 12.0, and p ≤ 0.05 was considered significant. RESULTS Polish medical students presented with significantly increased overall stress levels (p = 0.007858) and depressive symptoms (p = 0.030420) compared to the English division students. Polish students also presented with more symptoms of stress, depression, and anxiety during the exam period compared to the exam-free period (p = 0.000625), which did not apply to the English-speaking students. The English division students reached higher scores in the mature defense mechanisms section than the Polish students (p = 0.000001). The use of mature defense mechanisms correlated negatively with the intensity of stress, anxiety, and depressive symptoms in both groups, while immature defense mechanisms promoted higher values of those variables (p = 0.000001). CONCLUSIONS Our study showed significant and multidirectional differences between medical students of the Polish and English divisions attending the same university. Such results could suggest that strategies aimed at reducing depressive symptoms among medical students ought to be adapted towards the needs of a specific population.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Pawlaczyk
- 1Department of Adult Psychiatry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - J Siembida
- 2Psychiatry Students Scientific Group, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - K Balaj
- 2Psychiatry Students Scientific Group, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - A Rajewska-Rager
- 1Department of Adult Psychiatry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
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Di Giuseppe M, Ciacchini R, Piarulli A, Nepa G, Conversano C. Mindfulness dispositions and defense style as positive responses to psychological distress in oncology professionals. Eur J Oncol Nurs 2019; 40:104-110. [PMID: 31229199 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejon.2019.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Revised: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Working in oncology departments is a stressful and emotionally consuming experience and oncology professionals are particularly at risk for developing stress-related syndromes. Defense mechanisms (high-adaptive) and mindfulness dispositions are known as facilitators of well-being and adaptation. In this study we analysed the role of these unconscious and conscious strategies in protecting the oncology clinicians from stress-related symptoms. METHOD A convenience sample of 63 oncology professionals was assessed on defense style, mindfulness disposition, depression and anxiety symptoms using self-reported questionnaires. Demographic and professional information was included in data collection. RESULTS Results did not show significance differences in demographic and professional characteristics among all studied variables. Mature defense style and mindfulness were highly and negatively correlated with depression and anxiety, while a positive association was found between immature defense style and both depression and anxiety symptoms. Hierarchical multiple regression analyses found defense styles and mindfulness as predictors of depression, whereas only immature defense style predicted anxiety. CONCLUSIONS The present study provides the first empirical evidence of the influence of unconscious defense mechanisms and conscious mindfulness dispositions in protecting oncology professionals from depression and anxiety symptoms. Defense mechanisms and mindfulness share several common-points and should be seen as complementary in enhancing physical and psychological well-being. Further studies are required for a deeper understanding of the impact of mindfulness and defenses in improving adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariagrazia Di Giuseppe
- Department of Surgical, Medical and Molecular Pathology, Critical and Care Medicine, Via Bonanno Pisano 10, Building 5, 2nd Floor, 56126, Pisa, Italy.
| | - Rebecca Ciacchini
- Department of Surgical, Medical and Molecular Pathology, Critical and Care Medicine, Via Bonanno Pisano 10, Building 5, 2nd Floor, 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | - Andrea Piarulli
- Department of Surgical, Medical and Molecular Pathology, Critical and Care Medicine, Via Bonanno Pisano 10, Building 5, 2nd Floor, 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | - Gianni Nepa
- Hospital Giuseppe Mazzini, Piazza Italia, 64100, Teramo, Italy
| | - Ciro Conversano
- Department of Surgical, Medical and Molecular Pathology, Critical and Care Medicine, Via Bonanno Pisano 10, Building 5, 2nd Floor, 56126, Pisa, Italy
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Abstract
Phytoplasmas are among the most recently discovered plant pathogens. They are wall-less prokaryotes restricted to phloem tissue, associated with diseases affecting several hundred plant species. The impact of phytoplasma diseases on agriculture is impressive and, at the present day, no effective curative strategy has been developed. The availability of rapid and sensitive techniques for phytoplasma detection as well as the possibility to study their relationship with the host plants is a prerequisite for the management of phytoplasma-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Pagliari
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - R Musetti
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, Udine, Italy.
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Abstract
Interferon-gamma (IFNG) is a pleiotropic cytokine that modulates both innate and adaptive immune networks; it is the most potent activator of macrophages and a signature cytokine of activated T lymphocytes. Though IFNG is now appreciated to have a multitude of roles in immune modulation and broad-spectrum pathogen defense, it was originally discovered, and named, as a secretory factor that interferes with viral replication. In contrast to the prototypical type I interferons produced by any cells upon viral infection, only specific subsets of immune cells can produce IFNG upon infection or stimulation with antigen or mitogen. Still, virtually all cells can respond to both types of interferons. This makes IFNG a versatile anti-microbial cytokine and also gives it a unique position in the antiviral defense system. The goal of this review is to highlight the direct antiviral mechanisms of IFNG, thereby clarifying its antiviral function in the effective control of viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soowon Kang
- Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Hailey M. Brown
- Committee on Immunology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Seungmin Hwang
- Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Committee on Immunology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Committee on Microbiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Committee on Cancer Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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Abstract
The authors describe a psychodynamic psychotherapeutic approach to posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), trauma-focused psychodynamic psychotherapy. This psychotherapy addresses disruptions in narrative coherence and affective dysregulation by exploring the psychological meanings of symptoms and their relation to traumatic events. The therapist works to identify intrapsychic conflicts, intense negative affects, and defense mechanisms related to the PTSD syndrome using a psychodynamic formulation that provides a framework for intervention. The transference provides a forum for patients to address feelings of mistrust, difficulties with authority, fears of abuse, angry and guilty feelings, and fantasies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fredric N Busch
- 65 East 76th Street, Suite 1B, New York, NY 10021, USA; Weill Cornell Medical College, 525 East 68th Street, New York, NY 10021, USA; Columbia University Center for Psychoanalytic Training and Research, 1051 Riverside Drive, New York, NY 10032, USA.
| | - Barbara L Milrod
- 65 East 76th Street, Suite 1B, New York, NY 10021, USA; Weill Cornell Medical College, 525 East 68th Street, New York, NY 10021, USA; Columbia University Center for Psychoanalytic Training and Research, 1051 Riverside Drive, New York, NY 10032, USA; The New York Psychoanalytic Institute, 247 East 82nd Street, New York, NY 10028, USA
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Bourioug M, Mazzitelli JY, Marty P, Budzinsky H, Aleya L, Bonnafé E, Geret F. Assessment of Lemna minor (duckweed) and Corbicula fluminea (freshwater clam) as potential indicators of contaminated aquatic ecosystems: responses to presence of psychoactive drug mixtures. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2018; 25:11192-11204. [PMID: 28144864 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-8447-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The pharmaceutical products are emerging pollutants continuously released into the environment, because they cannot be effectively removed by the wastewater treatment plants. In recent years, questions have been raised concerning the environmental risks related to these pollutants. The goal of this research was to evaluate the responses in Lemna minor after 7 days and in Corbicula fluminea after differing durations (1, 3, 7, and 19 days) of exposure to the psychoactive drug mixture (valproic acid, citalopram, carbamazepine, cyamemazine, hydroxyzine, oxazepam, norfluoxetine, lorazepam, fluoxetine, and sertraline) in different concentrations (0, 0 + ethanol, drug concentration (DC) 1 = river water concentration, DC2 = effluent concentration, and DC3 = 10× effluent concentration). In this aim, growth parameters of L. minor, gluthathione S-transferase (GSTs), catalase (CAT), ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) and/or gene expressions (pi-gst, cat, cytochrome P450 4 (cyp4), multidrug resistant 1 (mdr1), and superoxide dismutase (sod)) were measured. GST activities increased significantly in L. minor exposed to DC3, but no changes were found in CAT activity. In C. fluminea, EROD activity was induced significantly in both gill and digestive gland tissues after 3 days' exposure to DC3, while a GST increase was observed only in digestive gland tissues, suggesting that these pharmaceuticals induced an oxidative effect. Gene expression analysis revealed transient transcriptomic responses of cyp4, sod, and mdr1 under drug concentrations 2 or 3 and no change of expression for the other genes (cat and pi-gst) or condition (environmental drug concentration) tested. Finally, the data reported in this study represent important ecotoxicological information, confirming that this enzyme family (cyp4, sod, and mdr1) may be considered as a sensible and early indicator of exposure to drugs and emphasizing the involvement of selected genes in detoxification pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Bourioug
- Laboratoire Biochimie et Toxicologie des substances bioactives (BTSB), Université de Toulouse, INU Champollion, Albi, France
- Department of Agronomy, National School of Agriculture, km. 10, Route Haj Kaddour, B.P. S/40, 50001, Meknès, Morocco
| | - Jean-Yves Mazzitelli
- Laboratoire Biochimie et Toxicologie des substances bioactives (BTSB), Université de Toulouse, INU Champollion, Albi, France
| | - Pierre Marty
- Laboratoire Biochimie et Toxicologie des substances bioactives (BTSB), Université de Toulouse, INU Champollion, Albi, France
| | - Hélène Budzinsky
- UMR 5805 Environnements et Paléoenvironnements Océaniques et Continentaux (EPOC), Université de Bordeaux, Talence, France
| | - Lotfi Aleya
- Laboratoire Chrono-Environnement, UMR CNRS 6249, Université Franche-Comté, 25030, Besançon, France.
| | - Elsa Bonnafé
- Laboratoire Biochimie et Toxicologie des substances bioactives (BTSB), Université de Toulouse, INU Champollion, Albi, France
| | - Florence Geret
- Laboratoire Biochimie et Toxicologie des substances bioactives (BTSB), Université de Toulouse, INU Champollion, Albi, France
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Renzi C, Perinel G, Arnaboldi P, Gandini S, Vadilonga V, Rotmensz N, Tagini A, Didier F, Pravettoni G. Memories of paternal relations are associated with coping and defense mechanisms in breast cancer patients: an observational study. BMC Psychol 2017; 5:37. [PMID: 29122005 PMCID: PMC5679357 DOI: 10.1186/s40359-017-0206-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Breast cancer diagnosis and treatment represent stressful events that demand emotional adjustment, thus recruiting coping strategies and defense mechanisms. As parental relations were shown to influence emotion regulation patterns and adaptive processes in adulthood, the present study investigated whether they are specifically associated to coping and defense mechanisms in patients with breast cancer. METHODS One hundred and ten women hospitalized for breast cancer surgery were administered questionnaires assessing coping with cancer, defense mechanisms, and memories of parental bonding in childhood. RESULTS High levels of paternal overprotection were associated with less mature defenses, withdrawal and fantasy and less adaptive coping mechanisms, such as hopelessness/helplessness. Low levels of paternal care were associated with a greater use of repression. No association was found between maternal care, overprotection, coping and defense mechanisms. Immature defenses correlated positively with less adaptive coping styles, while mature defenses were positively associated to a fighting spirit and to fatalism, and inversely related to less adaptive coping styles. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that paternal relations in childhood are associated with emotional, cognitive, and behavioral regulation in adjusting to cancer immediately after surgery. Early experiences of bonding may constitute a relevant index for adaptation to cancer, indicating which patients are at risk and should be considered for psychological interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Renzi
- Applied Research Division for Cognitive and Psychological Science, European Institute of Oncology, Via Ripamonti 435, 20141, Milan, Italy.
| | - Giada Perinel
- Applied Research Division for Cognitive and Psychological Science, European Institute of Oncology, Via Ripamonti 435, 20141, Milan, Italy
| | - Paola Arnaboldi
- Applied Research Division for Cognitive and Psychological Science, European Institute of Oncology, Via Ripamonti 435, 20141, Milan, Italy
| | - Sara Gandini
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, European Institute of Oncology, Via Ripamonti 435, 20141, Milan, Italy
| | - Valeria Vadilonga
- Applied Research Division for Cognitive and Psychological Science, European Institute of Oncology, Via Ripamonti 435, 20141, Milan, Italy
| | - Nicole Rotmensz
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, European Institute of Oncology, Via Ripamonti 435, 20141, Milan, Italy
| | - Angela Tagini
- Department of Psychology, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza dell'Ateneo Nuovo 1, Milan, Italy
| | - Florence Didier
- Applied Research Division for Cognitive and Psychological Science, European Institute of Oncology, Via Ripamonti 435, 20141, Milan, Italy
| | - Gabriella Pravettoni
- Applied Research Division for Cognitive and Psychological Science, European Institute of Oncology, Via Ripamonti 435, 20141, Milan, Italy.,Department of Oncology and Onco-Hematology, University of Milano, Via Festa del Perdono 7, Milan, Italy
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Yazdanshenas Ghazwin M, Tavakoli SAH, Latifi S, Saberi H, Derakhshanrad N, Yekaninejad MS, Sadeghi M, Emami Razavi SH, Norouzi Javidan A, Ghodsi SM. Psychological defense mechanisms among individuals with SCI with adjustment disorder. J Spinal Cord Med 2017; 40:538-547. [PMID: 27077569 PMCID: PMC5815149 DOI: 10.1080/10790268.2016.1140389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The used psychological defense styles among individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI) with adjustment disorders (AJD) have not yet been described. In the present investigation, the prevalence of AJD among people with SCI has been estimated and the pattern of used defense styles has been identified. DESIGN Cross-sectional investigation. SETTING A tertiary rehabilitation center in Iran. PARTICIPANTS Individuals referred to Brain and Spinal Cord Injury Research Center were invited to participate in a screening interview. AJD was diagnosed based on DSM-V criteria. Those with AJD diagnosis were scheduled for another interview to assess defense mechanisms. OUTCOME MEASURES Demographic and injury-related variables were recorded. Defense mechanisms were assessed by the 40-item version of the Defense-Style Questionnaire (DSQ-40). RESULTS Among 114 participants, 32 (28%) were diagnosed with AJD among whom 23 subjects attended the second interview. Mean age and time since injury were 29.57 ± 9.29 years and 11.70 ± 6.34 months, respectively. The majority of patients were using idealization defense mechanism (91.3%). In the second and third place, passive aggression (87.0%) and somatization (82.6%) defense mechanisms were observed, respectively. Neurotic style was dominantly used (11.52 ± 2.26). Sex, marital status, educational level, cause of the injury and injury level were not related to defense style (P: 0.38, 0.69, 0.88, 0.73, and P: 0.32, respectively). CONCLUSION Prevalence of AJD is estimated to be 28% among individuals with SCI. The most prevalent defense style was neurotic and the dominant used defense mechanism was "idealization." The role of demographic and injury-related variables in determining the used defense mechanisms was insignificant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manijeh Yazdanshenas Ghazwin
- Brain and Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran,Correspondence to: Manijeh Yazdanshenas Ghazwin, Brain and Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Imam Khomeini Complex Hospital, Keshavarz Boulevard, Gharib Street, PO. Box: 6114185, Tehran, Iran.
| | | | - Sahar Latifi
- Brain and Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hooshang Saberi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Imam Khomeini Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nazi Derakhshanrad
- Brain and Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mir Saeed Yekaninejad
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Majid Sadeghi
- Psychiatric and Psychology Research Center, Roozbeh Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed-Hassan Emami Razavi
- Brain and Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abbas Norouzi Javidan
- Brain and Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed-Mohammad Ghodsi
- Brain and Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Iwanicka K, Gerhant A, Olajossy M. Psychopathological symptoms, defense mechanisms and time perspectives among subjects with alcohol dependence (AD) presenting different patterns of coping with stress. PeerJ 2017; 5:e3576. [PMID: 28791198 PMCID: PMC5546178 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.3576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The problem of coping with stress is an important one in the context of development and persistence of alcohol dependence. In the literature to date very little attention has been paid to coping patterns construed as a configuration of specific coping styles, particularly as regards the functioning of addicted individuals. The aim of the study was to verify whether individuals with alcohol dependence characterized by different coping patterns differ with respect to the severity of psychopathological symptoms, defense mechanisms and time perspectives. Methods Participants were given a battery of psychological tests—Coping Inventory for Stresfull Situations (CISS), Defense Style Questionnaire (DSQ 40), Syndrom Checklist (SCL-90) and Short Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory (SZPTI-PL). The sample comprised 112 individuals with alcohol dependence, aged 20 to 63 years old, the average age was 37.86; 78 percent were men. There were identified three sub-groups of individuals characterized by a distinctive patterns of coping with stress —“emotional-avoidant”, “task oriented” and a “mixed one”. Results Individuals with the predominant emotional-avoidant coping pattern are characterized by significantly higher severity of psychopathological symptoms, less mature defense mechanisms and past time perspectives. Subjects reliant on task-oriented coping pattern were characterized by the highest level of adaptation and the most constructive way of functioning in the face of difficulties. Conclusion It is worth regarding the examination of patterns of coping as an indispensable element of collecting medical history from alcohol dependent individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aneta Gerhant
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical Academy in Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Marcin Olajossy
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical Academy in Lublin, Lublin, Poland
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Ragusa MA, Costa S, Cuttitta A, Gianguzza F, Nicosia A. Coexposure to sulfamethoxazole and cadmium impairs development and attenuates transcriptional response in sea urchin embryo. Chemosphere 2017; 180:275-284. [PMID: 28411544 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Revised: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Among sulfonamides, sulfamethoxazole represents one of the most widely employed. A considerable amount of sulfamethoxazole is introduced into the marine environment after utilization in aquaculture. The cytotoxicity of sulfamethoxazole relies mainly on arylhydroxylamine metabolites and it is associated with the production of reactive oxygen species. Cadmium represents a metal largely employed in several anthropic activities and it is toxic for all living organisms even at low concentrations. Since it is not degraded, cadmium irreversibly accumulates into cells. In order to understand the mechanisms of response to changes in the chemical environment, we investigated by light microscopy observations and RT-qPCR assays the impact of sulfamethoxazole and cadmium in P. lividus sea urchin embryos. During development, embryos were exposed to sulfamethoxazole amount comparable to that usually used in aquaculture procedures and/or sublethal levels of cadmium chloride. Impairment of development and biomarkers for inflammation, detoxification, metal scavenging and cell death were inspected. Even though treatment with sulfamethoxazole apparently did not affect development, it stimulated a remarkable molecular response to oxidative stress. Moreover, combined exposure seriously compromised development and the defense mechanisms to cadmium were blocked. This study leads to the conclusion that coexposure to sulfamethoxazole and cadmium induces neutralizing effects on sea urchin embryos. Thus, in marine areas nearby aquaculture farms, where sulfamethoxazole discharge represents an important environmental contaminant, cadmium occurrence may alter population dynamics of P. lividus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Antonietta Ragusa
- Department of Biological, Chemical, and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Palermo, viale delle Scienze, Ed. 16, 90128, Palermo, Sicily, Italy.
| | - Salvatore Costa
- Department of Biological, Chemical, and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Palermo, viale delle Scienze, Ed. 16, 90128, Palermo, Sicily, Italy.
| | - Angela Cuttitta
- National Research Council-Institute for Marine and Coastal Environment (IAMC-CNR), Laboratory of Molecular Ecology and Biotechnology, Detached Unit of Capo Granitola, Torretta Granitola, Trapani, Sicily, Italy.
| | - Fabrizio Gianguzza
- Department of Biological, Chemical, and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Palermo, viale delle Scienze, Ed. 16, 90128, Palermo, Sicily, Italy.
| | - Aldo Nicosia
- National Research Council-Institute for Marine and Coastal Environment (IAMC-CNR), Laboratory of Molecular Ecology and Biotechnology, Detached Unit of Capo Granitola, Torretta Granitola, Trapani, Sicily, Italy.
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Zanello A, Berthoud L, Bacchetta JP. Emotional crisis in a naturalistic context: characterizing outpatient profiles and treatment effectiveness. BMC Psychiatry 2017; 17:130. [PMID: 28388881 PMCID: PMC5384152 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-017-1293-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Crisis happens daily yet its understanding is often limited, even in the field of psychiatry. Indeed, a challenge is to assess the potential for change of patients so as to offer appropriate therapeutic interventions and enhance treatment program efficacy. This naturalistic study aimed to identify the socio-demographical characteristics and clinical profiles at admission of patients referred to a specialized Crisis Intervention Center (CIC) and to examine the effectiveness of the intervention. METHOD The sample was composed of 352 adult outpatients recruited among the referrals to the CIC. Assessment completed at admission and at discharge examined psychiatric symptoms, defense mechanisms, recovery styles and global functioning. The crisis intervention consisted in a psychodynamically oriented multimodal approach associated with medication. RESULTS Regarding the clinical profiles at intake, patients were middle-aged (M = 38.56, SD = 10.91), with a higher proportion of women (62.22%). They were addressed to the CIC because they had attempted to commit suicide or had suicidal ideation or presented depressed mood related to interpersonal difficulties. No statistical differences were found between patients dropping out (n = 215) and those attending the crisis intervention (n = 137). Crisis intervention demonstrated a beneficial effect (p < 0.01) on almost all variables, with Effect Sizes (ES) ranging from small to large (0.12 < ES < 0.75; median = 0.49). However, the Reliable Change Index indicated that most of the issues fall into the undetermined category (range 41.46 to 96.35%; median = 66.20%). CONCLUSIONS This study establishes the profile of patients referred to the CIC and shows that more than half of the patients dropped out from the crisis intervention before completion. Our findings suggest that people presenting an emotional crisis benefit from crisis intervention. However, given methodological constraints, these results need to be considered with caution. Moreover, the clinical significance of the improvements is not confirmed. Thus, the effectiveness of crisis intervention in naturalistic context is not fully determined and should be more rigorously studied in future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriano Zanello
- Department of Mental Health and Psychiatry, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland. .,HUG Département de Santé Mentale et de Psychiatrie, Site Belle-Idée, Ch. du Petit-Bel-Air 2, CH-1225, Chêne-Bourg, Switzerland.
| | - Laurent Berthoud
- grid.9851.5Department of Psychiatry, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Pierre Bacchetta
- grid.150338.cDepartment of Mental Health and Psychiatry, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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Zhong X, Wang ZQ, Xiao R, Wang Y, Xie Y, Zhou X. iTRAQ analysis of the tobacco leaf proteome reveals that RNA-directed DNA methylation (RdDM) has important roles in defense against geminivirus-betasatellite infection. J Proteomics 2017; 152:88-101. [PMID: 27989946 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2016.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Revised: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Geminiviruses have caused serious losses in crop production. To investigate the mechanisms underlying host defenses against geminiviruses, an isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantification (iTRAQ)-based quantitative proteomic approach was used to explore the expression profiles of proteins in Nicotiana benthamiana (N. benthamiana) leaves in response to tomato yellow leaf curl China virus (TYLCCNV) with its betasatellite (TYLCCNB) at an early phase. In total, 4155 proteins were identified and 272 proteins were changed differentially in response to TYLCCNV/TYLCCNB infection. Bioinformatics analysis indicated that S-adenosyl-l-methionine cycle II was the most significantly up-regulated biochemical process during TYLCCNV/TYLCCNB infection. The mRNA levels of three proteins in S-adenosyl-l-methionine cycle II were further analyzed by qPCR, each was found significantly up-regulated in TYLCCNV/TYLCCNB-infected N. benthamiana. This result suggested a strong promotion of the biosynthesis of available methyl groups during geminivirus infections. We further tested the potential role of RdDM in N. benthamiana by virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) and found that a disruption in RdDM resulted in more severe infectious symptoms and higher accumulation of viral DNA after TYLCCNV/TYLCCNB infection. Although the precise functions of these proteins still need to be determined, our proteomic results enhance the understanding of plant antiviral mechanisms. BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE One of the major limitations to crop growth in the worldwide is the prevalence of geminiviruses. They are able to infect food and cash crops and cause serious crop failures and economic losses worldwide, especially in Africa and Asia. Tomato yellow leaf curl China virus (TYLCCNV), which causes severe viral diseases in China, is a monopartite geminivirus associated with the betasatellite (TYLCCNB). However, the mechanisms underlying the TYLCCNV/TYLCCNB defense in plants are still not fully understood at the molecular level. In this study, the combined proteomic, bioinformatic and VIGS analyses revealed that TYLCCNV/TYLCCNB invasion caused complex proteomic alterations in the leaves of N. benthamiana involving the processes of stress and defense, energy production, photosynthesis, protein homeostasis, metabolism, cell structure, signal transduction, transcription, transportation, and cell growth/division. Promotion of available methyl groups via the S-adenosyl-l-methionine cycle II pathway in N. benthamiana appeared crucial for antiviral responses. These findings enhance our understanding in the proteomic aspects of host antiviral defenses against geminiviruses, and also demonstrate that the combination of proteomics with bioinformatics and VIGS analysis is an effective approach to investigate systemic plant responses to geminiviruses and to shed light on plant-virus interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueting Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Zhan Qi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Ruyuan Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Yaqin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Yan Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Xueping Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.
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Egle UT, Franz M, Joraschky P, Lampe A, Seiffge-Krenke I, Cierpka M. [Health-related long-term effects of adverse childhood experiences - an update]. Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz 2016; 59:1247-54. [PMID: 27580599 DOI: 10.1007/s00103-016-2421-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
In the last decade strong empirical evidence from several long-term studies supports the conclusion that physical and sexual abuse as well as emotional deprivation in childhood make people significantly more vulnerable to mental and functional disorders across their lifetime. Additionally, an increased vulnerability to several somatic disorders (cardiovascular disorders, type-2-diabetes, hepatitis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), immunological and pain disorders, pharynx and lung cancer) was demonstrated - most of them with a reduced life expectancy. A review of the current research will be presented that outlines the underlying developmental neurobiological and psychological mechanisms mediating these long-term effects. There is now sufficient evidence about familial risk constellations that demonstrates the well-documented impact of specific prevention strategies by several model projects. Only by establishing these strategies, future enormous health-related burdens and high economic costs (unfitness to work, early retirement) can presumably be limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich T Egle
- Klinik Barmelweid, Aarau, Schweiz. .,, Wiesentalstr. 48, 79111, Freiburg, Deutschland.
| | - Matthias Franz
- Klinisches Institut für Psychosomatische Medizin und Psychotherapie, Universitätsklinikum Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Deutschland
| | - Peter Joraschky
- Klinik für Psychotherapie und Psychosomatik, Universitätsklinikums Dresden, Dresden, Deutschland
| | - Astrid Lampe
- Klinik für Medizinische Psychologie, Universitätsklinikum Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Österreich
| | - Inge Seiffge-Krenke
- Abt. Entwicklungspsychologie, Psychologisches Institut, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Mainz, Deutschland
| | - Manfred Cierpka
- Institut für Psychosoziale Prävention, Universitätsklinikum Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Deutschland
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Costa AT, Bravo JP, Krause-Sakate R, Maia IG. The receptor-like kinase SlSOBIR1 is differentially modulated by virus infection but its overexpression in tobacco has no significant impact on virus accumulation. Plant Cell Rep 2016; 35:65-75. [PMID: 26408145 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-015-1868-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE The role of the tomato receptor-like kinase SlSOBIR1 in antiviral defense was investigated. SlSOBIR1 was transcriptionally modulated by unrelated viruses but its ectopic expression had no effect on virus accumulation. Leucine-rich repeat receptor-like kinases (LRR-RLK) constitute a diverse group of proteins allowing the cell to recognize and respond to the extracellular environment. In the present study we focused on a gene encoding a tomato LRR-RLK (named SlSOBIR1) involved in the host defense against fungal pathogens. Curiously, SlSOBIR1 has been previously reported to be down-regulated by Pepper yellow mosaic virus (PepYMV) infection. Here, we show that SlSOBIR1 is responsive to wounding and differentially modulated by unrelated virus infection, i.e., down-regulated by PepYMV and up-regulated by Tomato chlorotic spot virus (TCSV). Despite these divergent expression profiles, SlSOBIR1 overexpression in transgenic tobacco plants had no evident effect on TCSV and PepYMV accumulation. On the other hand, overexpression of SlSOBIR1 significantly increased the expression of selected defense genes (PR-1a and PR-6) and exacerbated superoxide production in wounded leaves. Our data indicate that the observed modulation of SlSOBIR1 expression is probably triggered by secondary effects of the virus infection process and suggest that SlSOBIR1 is not directly involved in antiviral signaling response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Tenório Costa
- Department of Genetics, Institute of Biosciences of Botucatu, UNESP, Botucatu, SP, 18618-970, Brazil
| | - Juliana Pereira Bravo
- Department of Genetics, Institute of Biosciences of Botucatu, UNESP, Botucatu, SP, 18618-970, Brazil
| | - Renate Krause-Sakate
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agronomic Sciences, UNESP, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Ivan G Maia
- Department of Genetics, Institute of Biosciences of Botucatu, UNESP, Botucatu, SP, 18618-970, Brazil.
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Hyphantis T, Goulia P, Carvalho AF. Personality traits, defense mechanisms and hostility features associated with somatic symptom severity in both health and disease. J Psychosom Res 2013; 75:362-9. [PMID: 24119944 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2013.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2013] [Revised: 08/20/2013] [Accepted: 08/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Somatic symptoms are widespread in clinical practice. The association of somatic symptom severity with impaired health status holds both when symptoms are medically unexplained and when they are medically explained. The role of personality dimensions in the formation of somatic symptoms in patients with established, chronic diseases when compared to healthy participants had not been investigated prior to this study. METHODS In samples of 411 healthy subjects and 810 participants with any of 9 established, chronic medical conditions, we measured psychological distress (SCL-90-R), personality traits (Zuckerman-Kuhlman Personality Questionnaire), defensive profiles (Defense Style Questionnaire), individual defenses (Life Style Index) and hostility features (Hostility and Direction of Hostility Questionnaire). Hierarchical multivariate models were used to assess the independent associations between personality dimensions and somatic symptom severity in both samples. The SCL-90-R somatization scale served as the outcome variable. RESULTS In both samples, older age, less education, higher neuroticism, adoption of the displacement defense and depressive symptoms were independently and positively associated with somatic symptom severity. Higher somatic symptom severity was also associated with more "introverted" features (i.e., the self-sacrificing defensive style and self-criticism) among participants with established, chronic medical conditions. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that similar personality traits and defense mechanisms are associated with somatic symptom severity in health and disease, indicating that somatic symptoms are not simply consequences of having a medical condition. The specific associations of the self-sacrificing defensive profile and self-criticism with somatic symptom severity in the patient sample may have important clinical implications.
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Hyphantis TN, Taunay TC, Macedo DS, Soeiro-de-Souza MG, Bisol LW, Fountoulakis KN, Lara DR, Carvalho AF. Affective temperaments and ego defense mechanisms associated with somatic symptom severity in a large sample. J Affect Disord 2013; 150:481-9. [PMID: 23706837 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2013.04.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2013] [Accepted: 04/26/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several complex mechanisms including biological, psychological and social factors may contribute to the development of bodily symptoms. Affective temperaments may represent heritable subclinical manifestations of mood disorders, and the concept of ego defense mechanisms has also provided a model for the comprehension of psychopathology. The relationship between affective temperaments, defensive functioning and somatic symptom severity remains unknown. METHODS We obtained data from a subsample of the Brazilian Internet Study on Temperament and Psychopathology (BRAINSTEP). Participants completed the Affective and Emotional Temperament Composite Scale (AFECTS), the Defense Style Questionnaire (DSQ-40) and the Symptom Checklist-90-Revised (SCL-90-R). SCL-90-R Somatization scale was used as outcome variable. RESULTS Among 9937 participants (4472 male; 45%), individuals with dysphoric, cyclothymic and depressive temperaments and those who adopted displacement, somatisation and passive aggression as their predominant defense mechanisms presented high somatic symptom severity. Participants with dysphoric temperament and those with higher displacement scores were more likely to endorse numerous bodily symptoms after controlling for age, gender, education and depressive symptoms. Moderator analysis showed that the relationship of dysphoric temperament with somatic symptom severity was much more powerful in people who adopted displacement as their predominant defense. LIMITATIONS The data was collected from a convenience web-based sample. The study was cross-sectional. There was no information on the presence of established physical illness. CONCLUSIONS Affective temperaments and defense mechanisms are associated with somatic symptom severity independently of depressive symptoms. These two personality theories provide distinct but interacting views for comprehension of somatic symptom formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas N Hyphantis
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical School, University of Ioannina, Greece
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Abstract
A growing body of research suggests that personality characteristics relate to physical health; however, this relation ship has primarily been tested in cross-sectional studies that have not followed the participants into old age. The present study utilizes data from a 70-year longitudinal study to prospectively examine the relationship between the adaptive defense mechanisms in midlife and objectively assessed physical health in late life. In addition to examining the direct effect, we test whether social support mediates this relation ship. The sample consisted of 90 men who were followed for over seven decades beginning in late adolescence. Health ratings from medical records were made at three time points (ages 70, 75, and 80). Defense mechanisms were coded from narratives by trained independent raters (Vaillant, Bond, & Vaillant, 1986). Independent raters assessed social supports between ages 50 and 70. More adaptive defenses in midlife were associated with better physical health at all three time points in late life. These relationships were partially mediated by social support. Findings are consistent with the theory that defense maturity is important for building social relationships, which in turn contribute to better late-life physical health. Psychological interventions aimed at improving these domains may be beneficial for physical health.
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Yang CS, Shin DM, Jo EK. The Role of NLR-related Protein 3 Inflammasome in Host Defense and Inflammatory Diseases. Int Neurourol J 2012; 16:2-12. [PMID: 22500248 DOI: 10.5213/inj.2012.16.1.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2012] [Accepted: 03/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Among a number of innate receptors, the nucleotide-binding domain leucine-rich repeat containing (NLR) nucleotide oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptor families are involved in the recognition of cytosolic pathogen- or danger-associated molecules. Activation of these specific sets of receptors leads to the assembly of a multiprotein complex, the inflammasome, leading to the activation of caspase-1 and maturation of the cytokines interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-18, and IL-33. Among NLRs, NLR-related protein 3 (NLRP3) is one of the best-characterized receptors that activates the inflammasome. There is no doubt that NLRP3 inflammasome activation is important for host defense and effective pathogen clearance against fungal, bacterial, and viral infection. In addition, mounting evidence indicates that the NLRP3 inflammasome plays a role in a variety of inflammatory diseases, including gout, atherosclerosis, and type II diabetes, as well as under conditions of cellular stress or injury. Here, we review recent advances in our understanding of the role of the NLRP3 inflammasome in host defense and various inflammatory diseases.
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