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Lv P, Li H, Li X, Wang X, Yu J, Gong Y. Intestinal perfusion of unacylated ghrelin alleviated metabolically associated fatty liver disease in rats via a central glucagon-like peptide-1 pathway. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2024; 326:G643-G658. [PMID: 38564323 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00217.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Unacylated ghrelin (UAG), the unacylated form of ghrelin, accounts for 80%-90% of its circulation. Accumulated studies have pointed out that UAG may be used to treat metabolic disorders. This study aimed to investigate the effect of intestinal perfusion of UAG on metabolically associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) induced by a high-fat diet and its possible mechanisms. Neuronal retrograde tracking combined with immunofluorescence, central administration of a glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) antagonist, and hepatic vagotomy was performed to reveal its possible mechanism involving a central glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) pathway. The results showed that intestinal perfusion of UAG significantly reduced serum lipids, aminotransferases, and food intake in MAFLD rats. Steatosis and lipid accumulation in the liver were significantly alleviated, and lipid metabolism-related enzymes in the liver were regulated. UAG upregulated the expression of GLP-1 receptor (GLP-1R) in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) and GLP-1 in the nucleus tractus solitarii (NTS), as well as activated GLP-1 neurons in the NTS. Furthermore, GLP-1 fibers projected from NTS to PVN were activated by the intestinal perfusion of UAG. However, hepatic vagotomy and GLP-1R antagonists delivered into PVN before intestinal perfusion of UAG partially attenuated its alleviation of MAFLD. In conclusion, intestinal perfusion of UAG showed a therapeutic effect on MAFLD, which might be related to its activation of the GLP-1 neuronal pathway from NTS to PVN. The present results provide a new strategy for the treatment of MAFLD.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Intestinal perfusion of UAG, the unacylated form of ghrelin, has shown promising potential for treating MAFLD. This study unveils a potential mechanism involving the central GLP-1 pathway, with UAG upregulating GLP-1R expression and activating GLP-1 neurons in specific brain regions. These findings propose a novel therapeutic strategy for MAFLD treatment through UAG and its modulation of the GLP-1 neuronal pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Lv
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongzeng Li
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangbo Li
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, People's Republic of China
| | - Xueyuying Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiantong Yu
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanling Gong
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, People's Republic of China
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Paes-Leme B, Monteiro LDRN, Gholami K, Hoe SZ, Ferguson AV, Murphy D, Antunes-Rodrigues J, Rorato R, Reis LC, Mecawi AS. Fasting increases circulating angiotensin levels and brain Agtr1a expression in male rats. J Neuroendocrinol 2023; 35:e13334. [PMID: 37667574 DOI: 10.1111/jne.13334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
In addition to being recognised for involvement in cardiovascular control and hydromineral balance, the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) has also been associated with the neuroendocrine control of energy balance. One of the main brain sites for angiotensin II (ANG II)/type 1 receptor (AT1 R) signalling is the subfornical organ (SFO), a circumventricular organ related to the control of autonomic functions, motivated behaviours and energy metabolism. Thus, we hypothesised that circulating ANG II may act on the SFO AT1 R receptors to integrate metabolic and hydromineral balance. We evaluated whether food deprivation can modulate systemic RAS activity and Agrt1a brain expression, and if ANG II/AT1 R signalling influences the hypothalamic expression of mRNAs encoding neuropeptides and food and water ingestion in fed and fasted Wistar rats. We found a significant increase in both ANG I and ANG II plasma levels after 24 and 48 h of fasting. Expression of Agrt1a mRNA in the SFO and paraventricular nucleus (PVN) also increased after food deprivation for 48 h. Treatment of fasted rats with low doses of losartan in drinking water attenuated the decrease in glycemia and meal-associated water intake without changing the expression in PVN or arcuate nucleus of mRNAs encoding selected neuropeptides related to energy homeostasis control. These findings point to a possible role of peripheral ANG II/SFO-AT1 R signalling in the control of refeeding-induced thirst. On the other hand, intracerebroventricular losartan treatment decreased food and water intake over dark time in fed but not in fasted rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Paes-Leme
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Institute of Biological and Health Sciences, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Lívia da Rocha Natalino Monteiro
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Institute of Biological and Health Sciences, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Khadijeh Gholami
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - See Ziau Hoe
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Alastair Victor Ferguson
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences and Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - David Murphy
- Molecular Neuroendocrinology Research Group, Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - José Antunes-Rodrigues
- Department of Physiology, Ribeirão Preto School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Rorato
- Department of Biophysics, Paulista School of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luis Carlos Reis
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Institute of Biological and Health Sciences, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - André Souza Mecawi
- Department of Biophysics, Paulista School of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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3
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Fernandez G, De Francesco PN, Cornejo MP, Cabral A, Aguggia JP, Duque VJ, Sayar N, Cantel S, Burgos JI, Fehrentz JA, Rorato R, Atasoy D, Mecawi AS, Perello M. Ghrelin Action in the PVH of Male Mice: Accessibility, Neuronal Targets, and CRH Neurons Activation. Endocrinology 2023; 164:bqad154. [PMID: 37823477 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqad154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
The hormone ghrelin displays several well-characterized functions, including some with pharmaceutical interest. The receptor for ghrelin, the growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHSR), is expressed in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVH), a critical hub for the integration of metabolic, neuroendocrine, autonomic, and behavioral functions. Here, we performed a neuroanatomical and functional characterization of the neuronal types mediating ghrelin actions in the PVH of male mice. We found that fluorescent ghrelin mainly labels PVH neurons immunoreactive for nitric oxide synthase 1 (NOS1), which catalyze the production of nitric oxide [NO]). Centrally injected ghrelin increases c-Fos in NOS1 PVH neurons and NOS1 phosphorylation in the PVH. We also found that a high dose of systemically injected ghrelin increases the ghrelin level in the cerebrospinal fluid and in the periventricular PVH, and induces c-Fos in NOS1 PVH neurons. Such a high dose of systemically injected ghrelin activates a subset of NOS1 PVH neurons, which do not express oxytocin, via an arcuate nucleus-independent mechanism. Finally, we found that pharmacological inhibition of NO production fully abrogates ghrelin-induced increase of calcium concentration in corticotropin-releasing hormone neurons of the PVH whereas it partially impairs ghrelin-induced increase of plasma glucocorticoid levels. Thus, plasma ghrelin can directly target a subset of NO-producing neurons of the PVH that is involved in ghrelin-induced activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal neuroendocrine axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gimena Fernandez
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Multidisciplinary Institute of Cell Biology [IMBICE, Argentine Research Council (CONICET) and Scientific Research Commission, Province of Buenos Aires (CIC-PBA), National University of La Plata], La Plata, Buenos Aires 1900, Argentina
| | - Pablo N De Francesco
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Multidisciplinary Institute of Cell Biology [IMBICE, Argentine Research Council (CONICET) and Scientific Research Commission, Province of Buenos Aires (CIC-PBA), National University of La Plata], La Plata, Buenos Aires 1900, Argentina
| | - María P Cornejo
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Multidisciplinary Institute of Cell Biology [IMBICE, Argentine Research Council (CONICET) and Scientific Research Commission, Province of Buenos Aires (CIC-PBA), National University of La Plata], La Plata, Buenos Aires 1900, Argentina
| | - Agustina Cabral
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Multidisciplinary Institute of Cell Biology [IMBICE, Argentine Research Council (CONICET) and Scientific Research Commission, Province of Buenos Aires (CIC-PBA), National University of La Plata], La Plata, Buenos Aires 1900, Argentina
| | - Julieta P Aguggia
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Multidisciplinary Institute of Cell Biology [IMBICE, Argentine Research Council (CONICET) and Scientific Research Commission, Province of Buenos Aires (CIC-PBA), National University of La Plata], La Plata, Buenos Aires 1900, Argentina
| | - Victor J Duque
- Department of Biophysics, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, CEP: 04023-062, Brazil
| | - Nilufer Sayar
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Carver College of Medicine, Iowa Neuroscience Institute and Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center (FOEDRC), University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Sonia Cantel
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, University of Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier cedex 5 34293, France
| | - Juan I Burgos
- Centro de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares "Dr. Horacio Eugenio Cingolani" (CONICET and National University of La Plata), La Plata 1900, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Jean-Alain Fehrentz
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, University of Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier cedex 5 34293, France
| | - Rodrigo Rorato
- Department of Biophysics, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, CEP: 04023-062, Brazil
| | - Deniz Atasoy
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Carver College of Medicine, Iowa Neuroscience Institute and Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center (FOEDRC), University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - André S Mecawi
- Department of Biophysics, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, CEP: 04023-062, Brazil
| | - Mario Perello
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Multidisciplinary Institute of Cell Biology [IMBICE, Argentine Research Council (CONICET) and Scientific Research Commission, Province of Buenos Aires (CIC-PBA), National University of La Plata], La Plata, Buenos Aires 1900, Argentina
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Functional Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Uppsala, Uppsala 751 05, Sweden
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Huang J, Xu Q, Li Y, He X, Guo Y, Sun X. Activation of Calcium-Sensing Receptor in the Area Postrema Inhibits Food Intake via Glutamatergic and GABAergic Signaling Pathways. Mol Nutr Food Res 2022; 66:e2200245. [PMID: 36281915 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202200245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
SCOPE A high-protein diet has become a popular way to lose weight. Calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) is activated by amino acids in addition to calcium ions. CaSR shows dense expression in the area postrema (AP), which participates in feeding regulation. The effect of CaSR in the AP on food intake and the potential mechanism involved is investigated. METHODS AND RESULTS Male C57BL/6 mice are used to observe the effect of R568 (agonist of CaSR) on food intake. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, immunofluorescence staining, and chemogenetics are used to explore the neural signaling involved. CaSR activation in the AP inhibited acute feeding; R568 increases the content of glutamate and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the AP, whereas only glutamatergic neurons mediate the effect of R568. GABA-A receptor and ionic glutamate receptor (N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor [NMDAR]) in the paraventricular nucleus of hypothalamus (PVN) are involved in the effect of R568. Promotion of oxytocin (OT) synthesis in the PVN also participates in the effect of R568, and this mechanism is mediated by NMDAR in the PVN. CONCLUSION CaSR activation in the AP suppresses feeding, and AP-PVN glutamatergic and GABAergic signaling pathways are involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinfang Huang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266071, China
| | - Qian Xu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266071, China
| | - Yuhang Li
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266071, China
| | - Xiaoman He
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266071, China
| | - Yajie Guo
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266071, China
| | - Xiangrong Sun
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266071, China
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Olejniczak I, Campbell B, Tsai YC, Tyagarajan SK, Albrecht U, Ripperger JA. Suprachiasmatic to paraventricular nuclei interaction generates normal food searching rhythms in mice. Front Physiol 2022; 13:909795. [PMID: 36277219 PMCID: PMC9582613 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.909795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Searching for food follows a well-organized decision process in mammals to take up food only if necessary. Moreover, scavenging is preferred during their activity phase. Various time-dependent regulatory processes have been identified originating from the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN), which convert external light information into synchronizing output signals. However, a direct impact of the SCN on the timing of normal food searching has not yet been found. Here, we revisited the function of the SCN to affect when mice look for food. We found that this process was independent of light but modified by the palatability of the food source. Surprisingly, reducing the output from the SCN, in particular from the vasopressin releasing neurons, reduced the amount of scavenging during the early activity phase. The SCN appeared to transmit a signal to the paraventricular nuclei (PVN) via GABA receptor A1. Finally, the interaction of SCN and PVN was verified by retrograde transport-mediated complementation. None of the genetic manipulations affected the uptake of more palatable food. The data indicate that the PVN are sufficient to produce blunted food searching rhythms and are responsive to hedonistic feeding. Nevertheless, the search for normal food during the early activity phase is significantly enhanced by the SCN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iwona Olejniczak
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Benjamin Campbell
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Yuan-Chen Tsai
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Shiva K. Tyagarajan
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Urs Albrecht
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Jürgen A. Ripperger
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
- *Correspondence: Jürgen A. Ripperger,
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6
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Mecawi AS, Varanda WA, da Silva MP. Osmoregulation and the Hypothalamic Supraoptic Nucleus: From Genes to Functions. Front Physiol 2022; 13:887779. [PMID: 35685279 PMCID: PMC9171026 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.887779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to the relatively high permeability to water of the plasma membrane, water tends to equilibrate its chemical potential gradient between the intra and extracellular compartments. Because of this, changes in osmolality of the extracellular fluid are accompanied by changes in the cell volume. Therefore, osmoregulatory mechanisms have evolved to keep the tonicity of the extracellular compartment within strict limits. This review focuses on the following aspects of osmoregulation: 1) the general problems in adjusting the "milieu interieur" to challenges imposed by water imbalance, with emphasis on conceptual aspects of osmosis and cell volume regulation; 2) osmosensation and the hypothalamic supraoptic nucleus (SON), starting with analysis of the electrophysiological responses of the magnocellular neurosecretory cells (MNCs) involved in the osmoreception phenomenon; 3) transcriptomic plasticity of SON during sustained hyperosmolality, to pinpoint the genes coding membrane channels and transporters already shown to participate in the osmosensation and new candidates that may have their role further investigated in this process, with emphasis on those expressed in the MNCs, discussing the relationships of hydration state, gene expression, and MNCs electrical activity; and 4) somatodendritic release of neuropeptides in relation to osmoregulation. Finally, we expect that by stressing the relationship between gene expression and the electrical activity of MNCs, studies about the newly discovered plastic-regulated genes that code channels and transporters in the SON may emerge.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Souza Mecawi
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuroendocrinology, Department of Biophysics, Paulista School of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Wamberto Antonio Varanda
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Melina Pires da Silva
- Laboratory of Cellular Neuroendocrinology, Department of Biophysics, Paulista School of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Chen X, Dong J, Jiao Q, Du X, Bi M, Jiang H. "Sibling" battle or harmony: crosstalk between nesfatin-1 and ghrelin. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:169. [PMID: 35239020 PMCID: PMC11072372 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04193-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Ghrelin was first identified as an endogenous ligand of the growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHSR) in 1999, with the function of stimulating the release of growth hormone (GH), while nesfatin-1 was identified in 2006. Both peptides are secreted by the same kind of endocrine cells, X/A-like cells in the stomach. Compared with ghrelin, nesfatin-1 exerts opposite effects on energy metabolism, glucose metabolism, gastrointestinal functions and regulation of blood pressure, but exerts similar effects on anti-inflammation and neuroprotection. Up to now, nesfatin-1 remains as an orphan ligand because its receptor has not been identified. Several studies have shown the effects of nesfatin-1 are dependent on the receptor of ghrelin. We herein compare the effects of nesfatin-1 and ghrelin in several aspects and explore the possibility of their interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Chen
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders and State Key Disciplines: Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Dong
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders and State Key Disciplines: Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Jiao
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders and State Key Disciplines: Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, People's Republic of China
| | - Xixun Du
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders and State Key Disciplines: Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingxia Bi
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders and State Key Disciplines: Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Jiang
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders and State Key Disciplines: Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, People's Republic of China.
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Bai J, Jiang G, Zhao M, Wang S. Ghrelin Mitigates High-Glucose-Induced Oxidative Damage and Apoptosis in Lens Epithelial Cells. J Diabetes Res 2022; 2022:1373533. [PMID: 36589628 PMCID: PMC9797303 DOI: 10.1155/2022/1373533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress induced by high glucose (HG) plays an important role in the mechanism of diabetic cataract. Evidence has shown that effects from oxidative stress induced damage of lens or human lens epithelial (HLE) cells. Antioxidant supplementation is a plausible strategy to avoid oxidative stress and maintain the function of lens. Ghrelin have been used in treatment of many diseases. In this study, we found that ghrelin attenuated HG-induced loss of cell viability, reduced oxidative damage, and cell apoptosis in HLE cells. Ghrelin inhibited apoptosis through the downregulation of Bax and the upregulation of Bcl-2. Our results suggest that ghrelin could be considered as a promising therapeutic intervention for diabetic cataract. We also observed rat lens transparent in cultured media and examined lens histopathological changes. The results showed that ghrelin could inhibit the histopathological injury of lenses and ultrastructural changes induced by HG. In conclusion, ghrelin may play a role in the treatment of ocular diseases involving diabetic cataract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Bai
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Yiwu, 322000 Zhejiang, China
| | - Ganggang Jiang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Yiwu, 322000 Zhejiang, China
| | - Mengdan Zhao
- Department of Pharmacy, Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310006 Zhejiang, China
| | - Shan Wang
- Department of Oral Pathology, School of Stomatology, Hainan Medical College, Haikou 571199, China
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9
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Ghrelin Ameliorates Diabetic Retinal Injury: Potential Therapeutic Avenues for Diabetic Retinopathy. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021:8043299. [PMID: 34737846 PMCID: PMC8563120 DOI: 10.1155/2021/8043299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Ghrelin has anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antiapoptotic effects, and it may be beneficial for the treatment of many ophthalmic diseases, such as cataract, uveitis, and glaucoma. Our previous work proved that ghrelin pretreatment reduced the apoptosis of lens epithelial cells induced by hydrogen peroxide, reduced the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and effectively maintained the transparency of lens tissue. However, no study has yet investigated the effect of ghrelin on retina. In this study, we conducted in vitro and in vivo experiments to explore the effect of ghrelin on high-glucose- (HG-) induced ARPE-19 cell damage and diabetic retinopathy in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. ARPE-19 cells were incubated in a normal or an HG (30 mM glucose) medium with or without ghrelin. Cell viability was measured by 3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-3-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide assay, and apoptosis was detected by the Hoechst–PI staining assay. Intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) production levels within cells were measured using 2′,7′-dichlorofluorescein diacetate staining, and the contents of superoxide dismutase and malondialdehyde were measured using relevant detection kits. The expression levels of IL-1β and IL-18 were measured using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and those of NLRP3, IL-1β, and IL-18 were measured using Western blotting. The rat diabetes models were induced using a single intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (80 mg/kg). The morphological and histopathological changes in the retinal tissues were examined. The results indicated that ghrelin reduced ROS generation, inhibited cell apoptosis and the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome, inhibited the apoptosis of retinal cells in diabetic rats, and protected the retina against HG-induced dysfunction. In conclusion, ghrelin may play a role in the treatment of ocular diseases involving diabetic retinopathy.
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Hyland L, Park SB, Abdelaziz Y, Abizaid A. Metabolic effects of ghrelin delivery into the hypothalamic ventral premammilary nucleus of male mice. Physiol Behav 2021; 228:113208. [PMID: 33068562 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2020.113208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Ghrelin is a 28 amino acid peptide hormone that targets the brain to promote feeding and adiposity. The ghrowth hormone secretagogue receptor 1a (GHSR1a) is expressed within many hypothalamic nuclei, including the ventral premammillary nucleus (PMV), but the role of GHSR1a signaling in this region is unknown. In order to investigate whether GHSR1a signaling within the PMV modulates energy balance, we implanted osmotic minipumps connected to cannulae that were implanted intracranially and aiming at the PMV. The cannulae delivered either saline or ghrelin (10 µg/day at a flow rate of 0.11μL/h for 28 days) into the PMV of adult male C57BLJ6 mice. We found that chronic infusion of ghrelin into the PMV increased weight gain, promoted the oxidation of carbohydrates as a fuel source and resulted in hyperglycemia, without affecting food intake, or body fat. This suggests that ghrelin signaling in the PMV contributes to the modulation of metabolic fuel utilization and glucose homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay Hyland
- Carleton University, Department of Neuroscience, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Su-Bin Park
- Carleton University, Department of Neuroscience, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Yosra Abdelaziz
- Carleton University, Department of Neuroscience, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Alfonso Abizaid
- Carleton University, Department of Neuroscience, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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Yamada C, Iizuka S, Nahata M, Hattori T, Takeda H. Vulnerability to psychological stress-induced anorexia in female mice depends on blockade of ghrelin signal in nucleus tractus solitarius. Br J Pharmacol 2020; 177:4666-4682. [PMID: 32754963 PMCID: PMC7520439 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Purpose Women have a higher incidence of eating disorders than men. We investigated whether the effects of ghrelin on feeding are affected by sex and stress, and to elucidate the mechanisms that may cause sex differences in stress‐mediated anorexia, focusing on ghrelin. Experimental Approach Acylated ghrelin was administered to naïve and psychologically stressed male and female C57BL/6J mice, followed by measurements of food intake and plasma hormone levels. Ovariectomy was performed to determine the effects of ovary‐derived oestrogen on stress‐induced eating disorders in female mice. The numbers of Agrp or c‐Fos mRNA‐positive cells and estrogen receptor α/c‐Fos protein‐double‐positive cells were assessed. Key Results Ghrelin administration to naïve female mice caused a higher increase in food intake, growth hormone secretion, Agrp mRNA expression in the arcuate nucleus and c‐Fos expression in the nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) than in male mice. In contrast, psychological stress caused a more sustained reduction in food intake in females than males. The high sensitivity of naïve females to exogenous ghrelin was attenuated by stress exposure. The stress‐induced decline in food intake was not abolished by ovariectomy. Estrogen receptor‐α but not ‐β antagonism prevented the decrease in food intake under stress. Estrogen receptor‐α/c‐Fos‐double‐positive cells in the NTS were significantly increased by stress only in females. Conclusion and Implications Stress‐mediated eating disorders in females may be due to blockade of ghrelin signalling via estrogen receptor‐α activation in the NTS. Targeting the ghrelin signal in the brain could be a new treatment strategy to prevent these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chihiro Yamada
- Tsumura Research Laboratories, Tsumura & Co., Ami-machi, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Seiichi Iizuka
- Tsumura Research Laboratories, Tsumura & Co., Ami-machi, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Miwa Nahata
- Tsumura Research Laboratories, Tsumura & Co., Ami-machi, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Tomohisa Hattori
- Tsumura Research Laboratories, Tsumura & Co., Ami-machi, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Takeda
- Pathophysiology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan.,Hokkaido University Hospital Gastroenterological Medicine, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
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12
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Bouvier ML, Fehsel K, Schmitt A, Meisenzahl-Lechner E, Gaebel W, von Wilmsdorff M. Sex-dependent alterations of dopamine receptor and glucose transporter density in rat hypothalamus under long-term clozapine and haloperidol medication. Brain Behav 2020; 10:e01694. [PMID: 32525610 PMCID: PMC7428470 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.1694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Sex-dependent disturbances of peripheral glucose metabolism are known complications of antipsychotic drug treatment. The influence of long-term clozapine and haloperidol medication on hypothalamus, maintaining aspects of internal body homeostasis, has not yet been completely clarified. METHODS After puberty, male and female Sprague Dawley rats were fed orally with ground pellets containing haloperidol (1 mg/kgBW/day) or clozapine (20 mg/kgBW/day) for 12 weeks. The hypothalamic protein expression of dopamine receptors D2R and D4R, melanocortin receptor MC4R, and glucose transporters Glut1 and Glut3 was examined. Glucose, glycogen, lactate, and pyruvate levels were determined, also malondialdehyde equivalents as markers of oxidative stress. RESULTS D2R expression was increased in the male haloperidol and clozapine group but decreased in females medicated with clozapine. D4R expression was upregulated under clozapine medication. While females showed increased Glut1, Glut3 was elevated in both male and female clozapine-medicated animals. We found no changes of hypothalamic malondialdehyde, glycogen, and MC4R. Hypothalamic lactate was elevated in the female clozapine group. CONCLUSION Clozapine sex-dependently affects the expression of D2R, Glut1, and Glut3. The upregulation of the glucose transporters indicates glucose deprivation in the endothelial cells and consequently in astrocytes and neurons. Increased hypothalamic lactate in females under clozapine points to enhanced glycolysis with a higher glucose demand to produce the required energy. Haloperidol did not change the expression of the glucose transporters and upregulated D2R only in males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Luise Bouvier
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Karin Fehsel
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Andrea Schmitt
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, München, Germany.,Laboratory of Neuroscience (LIM27), Institute of Psychiatry, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Eva Meisenzahl-Lechner
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Gaebel
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Martina von Wilmsdorff
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
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13
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Eiden LE, Goosens KA, Jacobson KA, Leggio L, Zhang L. Peptide-Liganded G Protein-Coupled Receptors as Neurotherapeutics. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2020; 3:190-202. [PMID: 32296762 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.0c00017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Peptide-liganded G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are a growing fraction of GPCR drug targets, concentrated in two of the five major GPCR structural classes. The basic physiology and pharmacology of some within the rhodopsin class, for example, the enkephalin (μ opioid receptor, MOR) and angiotensin (ATR) receptors, and most in class B, all the members of which are peptide receptors, are well-known, whereas others are less so. Furthermore, with the notable exception of opioid peptide receptors, the ability to translate from peptide to "drug-like" (i.e., low-molecular-weight nonpeptide) molecules, with desirable oral absorption, brain penetrance, and serum stability, has met with limited success. Yet, peripheral peptide administration in patients with metabolic disorders is clinically effective, suggesting that "drug-like" molecules for peptide receptor targets may not always be required for disease intervention. Here, we consider recent developments in GPCR structure analysis, intracellular signaling, and genetic analysis of peptide and peptide receptor knockout phenotypes in animal models. These lines of research converge on a better understanding of how peptides facilitate adaptive behaviors in mammals. They suggest pathways to translate this burgeoning information into identified drug targets for neurological and psychiatric illnesses such as obesity, addiction, anxiety disorders, and neurodegenerative diseases. Advances centered on the peptide ligands oxytocin, vasopressin, GLP-1, ghrelin, PACAP, NPY, and their GPCRs are considered here. These represent the spectrum of progress across the "virtual pipeline", of peptide receptors associated with many established drugs, those of long-standing interest for which clinical application is still under development, and those just coming into focus through basic research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee E Eiden
- Section on Molecular Neuroscience, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Ki Ann Goosens
- Icahn School of Medicine, Mt. Sinai Hospital, New York, New York 10029, United States
| | - Kenneth A Jacobson
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Lorenzo Leggio
- Section on Clinical Psychoneuroendocrinology and Neuropsychopharmacology, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism/National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Limei Zhang
- Department of Physiology, Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), Mexico City 04510, Mexico
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14
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Gollisch KSC, Raddatz D. Endoscopic intragastric balloon: a gimmick or a viable option for obesity? ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2020; 8:S8. [PMID: 32309412 PMCID: PMC7154325 DOI: 10.21037/atm.2019.09.67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Worldwide, the prevalence of obesity has doubled since 1980 in 70 countries. More than one in three adults now suffer from overweight or obesity. Health problems related to obesity include orthopedic problems, psychiatric conditions, metabolic and cardiovascular diseases, and of increasing concern, cancer. Thus, obesity has an enormous impact on the individual’s wellbeing as well as on society’s workforce and health care expenses. Medical efforts are ongoing to find safe and effective treatment options for obesity and its metabolic implications. At present, available treatment options include lifestyle interventions, pharmacotherapy, endoscopic applications, and bariatric surgery. Within the range of endoscopic treatment options, the intragastric balloon is the most widely used device. The idea is simple: the gastric volume is reduced by a balloon that is in most cases implanted by an endoscopic procedure similar to a gastroscopy. During the past decades, different models have been developed, which we will briefly introduce in this review. We aim at reviewing the pathophysiology underlying the effect of endoscopic intragastric balloon on weight loss and metabolic changes. We will assess expected short-term and long-term benefits for the patient, and we will discuss common side effects as well as rare complications. We will compare endoscopic intragastric balloon to conservative treatment options with or without pharmacological support on the one hand and to the spectrum of bariatric surgery on the other hand. In most patients, obesity must be considered a chronic disease that requires a lifelong treatment concept. In view of current treatment options for obesity, we will discuss whether endoscopic intragastric balloon is a viable treatment option, and who may be the right patient to benefit from it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Susanne Claudia Gollisch
- Department of Gastroenterology and Gastrointestinal Oncology, Endocrine Unit, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Dirk Raddatz
- Department of Gastroenterology and Gastrointestinal Oncology, Endocrine Unit, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
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15
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Zhang L, Eiden LE. Progress in regulatory peptide research. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2019; 1455:5-11. [PMID: 31646651 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The field of regulatory peptide research has developed significant momentum owing to several recent converging trends. Dozens of peptide-based drugs have been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration in the past decade, the majority for the treatment of metabolic disorders, including diabetes. These are the "tip of the spear" for peptide therapeutics, revealing that impediments of delivery, stability, and bioavailability inherent in peptide drugs have in many cases been overcome. While most are orally available, and directed at peripheral targets, pharmaceutical delivery of peptides to the central nervous system through nasal mucosal routes has also seen much progress. Cell-based high-throughput drug discovery methods, the X-ray crystallographic structural definition of G protein-coupled receptors, and deorphanization of peptide-liganded receptors have contributed to the emergence of new targets for pharmacological intervention and accelerated the development of peptide-based as well as nonpeptide congeners for existing ones. Finally, the recognition that peptides act at their receptors, in a cellular context, in conjunction with other peptides and other first messengers, including neurotransmitters, hormones, and autocrine and paracrine factors, has led to an increased appreciation for the combinatorial possibilities of regulatory peptide action, now penetrating to drug design and discovery efforts. The fifteen reviews, reports, and perspectives collected in this special issue of Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences provide a snapshot of the frontiers of the field of regulatory peptide research as they expand physiologically, pharmacologically, and therapeutically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Limei Zhang
- Departmento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Lee E Eiden
- Section on Molecular Neuroscience, National Institute of Mental Health Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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16
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Wu CS, Bongmba OYN, Lee JH, Tuchaai E, Zhou Y, Li DP, Xue B, Chen Z, Sun Y. Ghrelin receptor in agouti-related peptide neurones regulates metabolic adaptation to calorie restriction. J Neuroendocrinol 2019; 31:e12763. [PMID: 31251830 PMCID: PMC7233797 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Revised: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Ghrelin is a gut hormone that signals to the hypothalamus to stimulate growth hormone release, increase food intake and promote fat deposition. The ghrelin receptor, also known as growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHS-R), is highly expressed in the brain, with the highest expression in agouti-related peptide (AgRP) neurones in the hypothalamus. Compelling evidence indicates that ghrelin serves as a survival hormone with respect to maintaining blood glucose and body weight during nutritional deficiencies. Recent studies have demonstrated that AgRP neurones are involved in metabolic and behavioural adaptation to an energy deficit to improve survival. In the present study, we used a neuronal subtype-specific GHS-R knockout mouse (AgRP-Cre;Ghsrf/f ) to investigate the role of GHS-R in hypothalamic AgRP neurones in metabolic and behavioural adaptation to hypocaloric restricted feeding. We subjected the mice to a restricted feeding regimen of 40% mild calorie restriction (CR), with one-quarter of food allotment given in the beginning of the light cycle and three-quarters given at the beginning of the dark cycle, to mimic normal mouse intake pattern. The CR-fed AgRP-Cre;Ghsrf/f mice exhibited reductions in body weight, fat mass and blood glucose. Metabolic profiling of these CR-fed AgRP-Cre;Ghsrf/f mice showed a trend toward reduced basal metabolic rate, significantly reduced core body temperature and a decreased expression of thermogenic genes in brown adipose tissue. This suggests a metabolic reset to a lower threshold. Significantly increased physical activity, a trend toward increased food anticipatory behaviour and altered fuel preferences were also observed in these mice. In addition, these CR-fed AgRP-Cre;Ghsrf/f mice exhibited a decreased counter-regulatory response, showing impaired hepatic glucose production. Lastly, hypothalamic gene expression in AgRP-Cre;Ghsrf/f mice revealed increased AgRP expression and a decreased expression of genes in β-oxidation pathways. In summary, our data suggest that GHS-R in AgRP neurones is a key component of the neurocircuitry involved in metabolic adaptation to calorie restriction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Shan Wu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
- USDA/ARS Children’s Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Odelia Y. N. Bongmba
- USDA/ARS Children’s Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Jong Han Lee
- USDA/ARS Children’s Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, Incheon, 21936, Korea
| | - Ellie Tuchaai
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Yu Zhou
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266071, China
| | - De-Pei Li
- Center for precision medicine, School of Medicine, University of Missouri. Columbia, MO 65212, USA
| | - Bingzhong Xue
- Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Zheng Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Yuxiang Sun
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
- USDA/ARS Children’s Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- To whom correspondence should be addressed: Dr. Yuxiang Sun, mailing address: Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Texas A&M University, 214C Cater-Mattil, 2253 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843. Phone: 979-862-9143;
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