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Wang TH, Chen YF, Chen YA, Yao CF, Xi T, Liao YF, Chen YR. Site and severity of facial asymmetry after bimaxillary surgery for class III deformity: a case-control study. Clin Oral Investig 2024; 28:334. [PMID: 38780816 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-024-05729-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The study aimed (1) to evaluate the site and severity of facial asymmetry in Class III patients before and after bimaxillary surgery, and (2) to identify the influence of initial severity and positional jaw asymmetry on residual facial asymmetry. MATERIALS AND METHODS Preoperative and postoperative cone-beam computed tomography of 65 patients with Class III facial asymmetry who underwent bimaxillary surgery were evaluated. Five midline and 14 paramedian facial soft tissue landmarks were identified to assess facial asymmetry. The outcomes were compared to a control group consisting of 30 age- and gender-matched Class I subjects. The postoperative positional jaw asymmetry (i.e., shift, roll, yaw) of each osteotomy segment (maxilla, mandible, chin, ramus) was also measured. RESULTS Before surgery, the asymmetry was more severe at the chin, middle and lower contour. Bimaxillary surgery effectively corrected facial asymmetry, particularly in achieving normalization of chin deviation. However, significant asymmetry persisted postoperatively in the middle and lower contour (p < 0.001 and p < 0.01, respectively), which was affected by the positional ramus asymmetry in the roll and shift. CONCLUSIONS Deviation of the chin, middle and lower contour contributed significantly to overall facial asymmetry in Class III asymmetry. Despite normalization of the chin deviation after bimaxillary surgery, asymmetry persisted at the middle and lower contour, primarily as the result of insufficient correction of the positional ramus asymmetry. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Understanding the residual asymmetry after bimaxillary surgery is important for minimizing deviation and optimizing the surgical planning for its correction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzu-Hsin Wang
- Graduate Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Science, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Department of Craniofacial Orthodontics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, No. 123, Dinghu Road, Guishan District, Taoyuen City, 333, Taiwan
- Craniofacial Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan
| | - Yun-Fang Chen
- Craniofacial Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan
- Department of Craniofacial Orthodontics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ying-An Chen
- Craniofacial Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan
| | - Chuan-Fong Yao
- Craniofacial Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan
| | - Tong Xi
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Yu-Fang Liao
- Graduate Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Science, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
- Department of Craniofacial Orthodontics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, No. 123, Dinghu Road, Guishan District, Taoyuen City, 333, Taiwan.
- Craniofacial Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan.
| | - Yu-Ray Chen
- Graduate Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Science, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Craniofacial Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan
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Gagnier D, Gregoire C, Brady J, Sterea A, Chaput T. Evaluation of a Fully Digital, In-House Virtual Surgical Planning Workflow for Bimaxillary Orthognathic Surgery. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2024:S0278-2391(24)00294-5. [PMID: 38825321 DOI: 10.1016/j.joms.2024.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2024] [Accepted: 05/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The advantages of virtual surgical planning (VSP) for orthognathic surgery are clear. Previous studies have evaluated in-house VSP; however, few fully digital, in-house protocols for orthognathic surgery have been studied. PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to evaluate the difference between the virtual surgical plan and actual surgical outcome for orthognathic surgery using a fully digital, in-house VSP workflow. STUDY DESIGN, SETTING, SAMPLE This is a prospective cohort study from September 2020 to November 2022 of patients at the Victoria General Hospital in Halifax, NS, Canada who underwent bimaxillary orthognathic surgery. Patients were excluded if they had previously undergone orthognathic surgery or were diagnosed with a craniofacial syndrome. MAIN OUTCOME VARIABLES The primary outcome variables were the mean 3-dimensional (3D) (Euclidean) distance error, as well as mean error and mean absolute error in the transverse (x axis), vertical (y axis), and anterior-posterior (z axis) dimensions. COVARIATES Covariates included age, sex, and surgical sequence (mandible-first or maxilla-first). ANALYSES The primary outcome was tested using Z and t critical value confidence intervals. The P value was set at .05. The 3D distance error for mandible-first and maxilla-first groups was compared using a 2-sample t-test as well as analysis of variance. RESULTS The study sample included 52 subjects (24 males and 28 females) with a mean age of 27.7 (± 12.1) years. Forty three subjects underwent mandible-first surgery and 9 maxilla-first surgery. The mean absolute distance error was largest in the anterior-posterior dimension for all landmarks (except posterior nasal spine, left condyle, and gonion) and exceeded the threshold for clinical acceptability (2 mm) in 16 of 23 landmarks. Additionally, mean distance error in the anterior-posterior dimension was negative for all landmarks, indicating deficient movement in that direction. The effect of surgical sequence on 3D distance error was not statistically significant (P = .37). CONCLUSION AND RELEVANCE In general, the largest contributor to mean 3D distance error was deficient movement in the anterior-posterior direction. Otherwise, mean absolute distance error in the vertical and transverse dimensions was clinically acceptable (< 2 mm). These findings were felt to be valuable for treatment planning purposes when using a fully digital, in-house VSP workflow.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Gagnier
- OMS Resident, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.
| | - Curtis Gregoire
- OMS Residency Program Director, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - James Brady
- OMS Faculty, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Andra Sterea
- Dentistry Student, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Taylor Chaput
- Dentistry Student, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
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Barone S, Cevidanes L, Miranda F, Gurgel ML, Anchling L, Hutin N, Bianchi J, Goncalves JR, Giudice A. Enhancing skeletal stability and Class III correction through active orthodontist engagement in virtual surgical planning: A voxel-based 3-dimensional analysis. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2024; 165:321-331. [PMID: 38010236 PMCID: PMC10923113 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajodo.2023.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Skeletal stability after bimaxillary surgical correction of Class III malocclusion was investigated through a qualitative and quantitative analysis of the maxilla and the distal and proximal mandibular segments using a 3-dimensional voxel-based superimposition among virtual surgical predictions performed by the orthodontist in close communication with the maxillofacial surgeon and 12-18 months postoperative outcomes. METHODS A comprehensive secondary data analysis was conducted on deidentified preoperative (1 month before surgery [T1]) and 12-18 months postoperative (midterm [T2]) cone-beam computed tomography scans, along with virtual surgical planning (VSP) data obtained by Dolphin Imaging software. The sample for the study consisted of 17 patients (mean age, 24.8 ± 3.5 years). Using 3D Slicer software, automated tools based on deep-learning approaches were used for cone-beam computed tomography orientation, registration, bone segmentation, and landmark identification. Colormaps were generated for qualitative analysis, whereas linear and angular differences between the planned (T1-VSP) and observed (T1-T2) outcomes were calculated for quantitative assessments. Statistical analysis was conducted with a significance level of α = 0.05. RESULTS The midterm surgical outcomes revealed a slight but significantly less maxillary advancement compared with the planned position (mean difference, 1.84 ± 1.50 mm; P = 0.004). The repositioning of the mandibular distal segment was stable, with insignificant differences in linear (T1-VSP, 1.01 ± 3.66 mm; T1-T2, 0.32 ± 4.17 mm) and angular (T1-VSP, 1.53° ± 1.60°; T1-T2, 1.54° ± 1.50°) displacements (P >0.05). The proximal segments exhibited lateral displacement within 1.5° for both the mandibular right and left ramus at T1-VSP and T1-T2 (P >0.05). CONCLUSIONS The analysis of fully digital planned and surgically repositioned maxilla and mandible revealed excellent precision. In the midterm surgical outcomes of maxillary advancement, a minor deviation from the planned anterior movement was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selene Barone
- Department of Health Sciences, School of Dentistry, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy.
| | - Lucia Cevidanes
- Department of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich
| | - Felicia Miranda
- Department of Orthodontics, Bauru Dental School, University of São Paulo, Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcela Lima Gurgel
- Department of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich
| | - Luc Anchling
- Chemistry and Chemical Engineering School - Digital Sciences School Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Nathan Hutin
- Chemistry and Chemical Engineering School - Digital Sciences School Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Jonas Bianchi
- Department of Orthodontics, Arthur A. Dugoni School of Dentistry, University of the Pacific, San Francisco, Calif
| | - Joao Roberto Goncalves
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentist, São Paulo State University, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Amerigo Giudice
- Department of Health Sciences, School of Dentistry, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
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Ho CT, Denadai R, Lo LJ, Lin HH. Average Three-Dimensional Skeletofacial Model as a Template for Bone Repositioning during Virtual Orthognathic Surgery. Plast Reconstr Surg 2024; 153:435-444. [PMID: 36940142 DOI: 10.1097/prs.0000000000010449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Virtual planning has revolutionized orthognathic surgery. This study presents a computer-assisted method for constructing average three-dimensional skeletofacial models that can be applied as templates for surgical planning for maxillomandibular repositioning. METHODS The authors used the images of 60 individuals (30 women and 30 men) who had never undergone orthognathic surgery to construct an average three-dimensional skeletofacial model for male participants and one for female participants. The authors validated the accuracy of the newly developed skeletofacial models by comparing their images with 30 surgical simulation images (ie, skulls) that had been created using three-dimensional cephalometric normative data. The comparison was conducted by superimposing surgical simulation images created using the authors' models with the previously created images to analyze their differences, particularly differences in the jawbone position. RESULTS For all participants, the authors compared the jaw position in the surgical simulation images created using the authors' average three-dimensional skeletofacial models with that in the images created using three-dimensional cephalometric normative data. The results revealed that the planned maxillary and mandibular positions were similar in both images and that the differences between all facial landmarks were less than 1 mm, except for one dental position. Most studies have reported less than 2 mm to be the success criterion for the distance difference between planned and outcome images; thus, the authors' data indicate high consistency between the images in terms of jawbone position. CONCLUSION The authors' average three-dimensional skeletofacial models provide an innovative template-assisted orthognathic surgery planning modality that can enhance the fully digital workflow for virtual orthognathic surgical planning. CLINICAL QUESTION/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Therapeutic, V.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Ting Ho
- From the Division of Craniofacial Orthodontics, Department of Dentistry
| | - Rafael Denadai
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery and Craniofacial Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University
| | - Lun-Jou Lo
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery and Craniofacial Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University
| | - Hsiu-Hsia Lin
- Craniofacial Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital
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Delpachitra SN, Bordbar P. Surgical accuracy of CAD/CAM splints using virtual surgical planning in orthognathic surgery: policy implications for healthcare in Australia. ANZ J Surg 2023; 93:2742-2747. [PMID: 37872730 DOI: 10.1111/ans.18733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study examines post-surgical outcomes of maxillary position using virtual surgical planning (VSP) with computer designed and manufactured surgical splints, without the use of costly patient specific implants (PSI), in the treatment of routine nonsyndromic orthognathic patients. The cost of these personalized medical devices and their impact in the setting of cranio-maxillofacial surgery is currently under review by The Department of Health and Aged Care in Australia. METHODS This is a single-centre retrospective analysis of 49 patients who underwent bimaxillary orthognathic surgery by a single surgeon at Epworth Richmond Hospital (Victoria, Australia) over a period spanning 2016 to 2020. Patients were included in the study provided their surgery was facilitated using VSP with manufacture of computer designed occlusal splints. RESULTS Use of computer designed and manufactured splints were highly reliable in reproducing the virtual surgical plan, when using palatal plane, upper incisor angulation, and anterior upper facial height. CONCLUSION Use of computer designed and manufactured splints provide a method of leveraging the accuracy of VSP methods, without the additional costs associated with PSI. These findings may assist in appropriate resource allocation and case stratification in patients undergoing orthognathic surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seth Navinda Delpachitra
- Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Medicine Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Patrishia Bordbar
- Oral and Craniomaxillofacial Surgery, Epworth Richmond Hospital, Richmond, Victoria, Australia
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Almadi D, Benington P, Ju X, Ayoub A. Reproducibility and reliability of digital occlusal planning for orthognathic surgery. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2023; 52:1074-1080. [PMID: 36941160 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijom.2023.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
The digital articulation of dental models is gradually replacing the conventional physical approach for occlusal prediction planning. This study was performed to compare the accuracy and reproducibility of free-hand articulation of two groups of digital and physical dental models, 12 Class I (group 1) and 12 Class III (group 2). The models were scanned using an intraoral scanner. The physical and digital models were independently articulated 2 weeks apart by three orthodontists to achieve the maximum inter-digitation, with coincident midlines and a positive overjet and overbite. The occlusal contacts provided by the software color-coded maps were assessed and the differences in the pitch, roll, and yaw were measured. The reproducibility of the achieved occlusion of both the physical and digital articulation was excellent. The z-axis displayed the smallest absolute mean differences of 0.10 ± 0.08 mm and 0.27 ± 0.24 mm in the repeated physical and repeated digital articulations, respectively, both in group 2. The largest discrepancies between the two methods of articulation were in the y-axis (0.76 ± 0.60 mm, P = 0.010) and in roll (1.83° ± 1.72°, P = 0.005). The overall measured differences were< 0.8 mm and< 2°. Despite the steep learning curve, digital occlusal planning is accurate enough for clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Almadi
- Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Service, Glasgow University Dental Hospital and School, Glasgow, UK
| | - P Benington
- Orthodontic Service, Glasgow University Dental Hospital and School, Glasgow, UK
| | - X Ju
- Medical Device Unit, Department of Clinical Physics and Bioengineering, NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde, West Glasgow Ambulatory Hospital, Glasgow, UK
| | - A Ayoub
- Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Service, Glasgow University Dental Hospital and School, Glasgow, UK.
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Anchling L, Hutin N, Huang Y, Barone S, Roberts S, Miranda F, Gurgel M, Al Turkestani N, Tinawi S, Bianchi J, Yatabe M, Ruellas A, Prieto JC, Cevidanes L. Automated Orientation and Registration of Cone-Beam Computed Tomography Scans. CLINICAL IMAGE-BASED PROCEDURES, FAIRNESS OF AI IN MEDICAL IMAGING, AND ETHICAL AND PHILOSOPHICAL ISSUES IN MEDICAL IMAGING : 12TH INTERNATIONAL WORKSHOP, CLIP 2023 1ST INTERNATIONAL WORKSHOP, FAIMI 2023 AND 2ND INTERNATIONAL WORKSHOP, ... 2023; 14242:43-58. [PMID: 38770027 PMCID: PMC11104011 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-45249-9_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Automated clinical decision support systems rely on accurate analysis of three-dimensional (3D) medical and dental images to assist clinicians in diagnosis, treatment planning, intervention, and assessment of growth and treatment effects. However, analyzing longitudinal 3D images requires standardized orientation and registration, which can be laborious and error-prone tasks dependent on structures of reference for registration. This paper proposes two novel tools to automatically perform the orientation and registration of 3D Cone-Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) scans with high accuracy (<3° and <2mm of angular and linear errors when compared to expert clinicians). These tools have undergone rigorous testing, and are currently being evaluated by clinicians who utilize the 3D Slicer open-source platform. Our work aims to reduce the sources of error in the 3D medical image analysis workflow by automating these operations. These methods combine conventional image processing approaches and Artificial Intelligence (AI) based models trained and tested on de-identified CBCT volumetric images. Our results showed robust performance for standardized and reproducible image orientation and registration that provide a more complete understanding of individual patient facial growth and response to orthopedic treatment in less than 5 min.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luc Anchling
- University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- CPE Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Nathan Hutin
- University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- CPE Lyon, Lyon, France
| | | | - Selene Barone
- University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Sophie Roberts
- Department of Orthodontics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Felicia Miranda
- University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Bauru Dental School, University of Sao Paulo, Bauru, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Najla Al Turkestani
- University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Jonas Bianchi
- University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- University of the Pacific, San Francisco, USA
| | | | - Antonio Ruellas
- Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Thawri SR, Paul P, Reche A, Rathi HP. 3D Technology Used for Precision in Orthodontics. Cureus 2023; 15:e47170. [PMID: 38022318 PMCID: PMC10652056 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.47170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the most crucial technologies used by orthodontists to assess and document the dimensions of craniofacial features is imaging. Orthodontists frequently employ two-dimensional (2D) imaging methods, although 2D imaging cannot localize or determine the depth of structures. Early in the 1990s, three-dimensional (3D) imaging was invented, and it has since become a crucial part of dentistry, especially in orthodontics. One of the newest and most important breakthroughs in dentistry is 3D technology. Clinicians have been able to significantly improve patient care while also shortening the time spent on treatment planning due to these technologies, which include intra-oral scanning, 3D imaging, computed-axial tomography (CAT) scan, cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT), computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM), and 3D software. 3D models of maxillary and mandibular arches can take the place of conventional plaster casts and their limits for planning treatments, appliance production, and estimated treatment results as part of this continuous progress. Digital orthodontics procedures have become more popular in the recent past. The development of "personalized" orthodontic appliances makes use of technology. These technologies' overall improvement can increase clinicians' productivity and efficiency by simplifying traditional methods that are seen to be particularly laborious. The objectives of this review are to provide an overall description of the 3D technology nowadays and to assess its orthodontic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samiksha R Thawri
- Department of Public Health Dentistry, Sharad Pawar Dental College and Hospital, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research (Deemed to be University), Wardha, IND
| | - Priyanka Paul
- Department of Public Health Dentistry, Sharad Pawar Dental College and Hospital, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research (Deemed to be University), Wardha, IND
| | - Amit Reche
- Department of Public Health Dentistry, Sharad Pawar Dental College and Hospital, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research (Deemed to be University), Wardha, IND
| | - Harsha P Rathi
- Department of Public Health Dentistry, Sharad Pawar Dental College and Hospital, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research (Deemed to be University), Wardha, IND
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Kim SH, Lee SM, Park JH, Yang S, Kim JW. Effectiveness of individualized 3D titanium-printed Orthognathic osteotomy guides and custom plates. BMC Oral Health 2023; 23:255. [PMID: 37138237 PMCID: PMC10155400 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-023-03000-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Computer-aided design/manufacturing (CAD/CAM) technology was developed to improve surgical accuracy and minimize errors in surgical planning and orthognathic surgery. However, its accurate implementation during surgery remains a challenge. Hence, we compared the accuracy and stability of conventional orthognathic surgery and the novel modalities, such as virtual simulation and three-dimensional (3D) titanium-printed customized surgical osteotomy guides and plates. METHODS This prospective study included 12 patients who were willing to undergo orthognathic surgery. The study group consisted of patients who underwent orthognathic two-jaw surgery using 3D-printed patient-specific plates processed by selective laser melting and an osteotomy guide; orthognathic surgery was also performed by the surgeon directly bending the ready-made plate in the control group. Based on the preoperative computed tomography images and intraoral 3D scan data, a 3D virtual surgery plan was implemented in the virtual simulation module, and the surgical guide and bone fixation plate were fabricated. The accuracy and stability were evaluated by comparing the results of the preoperative virtual simulation (T0) to those at 7 days (T1) and 6 months (T2) post-surgery. RESULT The accuracy (ΔT1‒T0) and stability (ΔT2‒T1) measurements, using 11 anatomical references, both demonstrated more accurate results in the study group. The mean difference of accuracy for the study group (0.485 ± 0.280 mm) was significantly lower than in the control group (1.213 ± 0.716 mm) (P < 0.01). The mean operation time (6.83 ± 0.72 h) in the control group was longer than in the study group (5.76 ± 0.43 h) (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION This prospective clinical study demonstrated the accuracy, stability, and effectiveness of using virtual preoperative simulation and patient-customized osteotomy guides and plates for orthognathic surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Se-Hyang Kim
- Graduate School of Clinical Dentistry, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sung-Min Lee
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Anyangcheon-Ro 1071, Yangcheon-Gu, Seoul, 158-710, Korea
| | - Jung-Hyun Park
- Graduate School of Clinical Dentistry, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Anyangcheon-Ro 1071, Yangcheon-Gu, Seoul, 158-710, Korea
| | - Sook Yang
- Cusmedi Co., Ltd., Gyeonggi-Do, Suwon-Si, 400815, South Korea
| | - Jin-Woo Kim
- Graduate School of Clinical Dentistry, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, South Korea.
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Anyangcheon-Ro 1071, Yangcheon-Gu, Seoul, 158-710, Korea.
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Beek DM, Baan F, Liebregts J, Nienhuijs M, Bergé S, Maal T, Xi T. A learning curve in 3D virtual surgical planned orthognathic surgery. Clin Oral Investig 2023:10.1007/s00784-023-05013-2. [PMID: 37083986 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-023-05013-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To assess the surgical accuracy of 3D virtual surgical planned orthognathic surgery and the influence of posterior impaction and magnitude of the planned movements on a possible learning curve. MATERIALS AND METHODS This prospective cohort study included subjects who underwent bimaxillary surgery between 2016 and 2020 at the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery of the Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen. 3D virtual surgical planning (VSP) was performed with CBCT data and digitalized dentition data. By using voxel-based matching with pre- and postoperative CBCT data the maxillary movements were quantified in six degrees of freedom. The primary outcome variable, surgical accuracy, was defined as the difference between the planned and achieved maxillary movement. RESULTS Based on 124 subjects, the surgical accuracy increased annually from 2016 to 2020 in terms of vertical translations (0.82 ± 0.28 mm; p = 0.038) and yaw rotations (0.68 ± 0.22°; p = 0.028). An increase in surgical accuracy was observed when combining all six degrees of freedom (p = 0.021) and specifically between 2016 and 2020 (p = 0.004). An unfavorable learning curve was seen with posterior impaction and with a greater magnitude of movements. CONCLUSION The present study demonstrated a significant increase in surgical accuracy annually and therefore supports the presence of a learning curve. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Cases with planned maxillary posterior impaction and/or a great magnitude of jaw movements should be transferred from the 3D VSP with extra care to obtain a satisfactory surgical accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk-Melle Beek
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein 10, 6500, HB, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Frank Baan
- Radboudumc 3D Lab, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein 10, 6500, HB, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Jeroen Liebregts
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein 10, 6500, HB, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Marloes Nienhuijs
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein 10, 6500, HB, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Stefaan Bergé
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein 10, 6500, HB, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Thomas Maal
- Radboudumc 3D Lab, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein 10, 6500, HB, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Tong Xi
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein 10, 6500, HB, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
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Three-Dimensional Accuracy and Stability of Personalized Implants in Orthognathic Surgery: A Systematic Review and a Meta-Analysis. J Pers Med 2023; 13:jpm13010125. [PMID: 36675786 PMCID: PMC9867342 DOI: 10.3390/jpm13010125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
This systematic review aimed to determine the accuracy/stability of patient-specific osteosynthesis (PSI) in orthognathic surgery according to three-dimensional (3D) outcome analysis and in comparison to conventional osteosynthesis and computer-aided designed and manufactured (CAD/CAM) splints or wafers. The PRISMA guidelines were followed and six academic databases and Google Scholar were searched. Records reporting 3D accuracy/stability measurements of bony segments fixated with PSI were included. Of 485 initial records, 21 met the eligibility (566 subjects), nine of which also qualified for a meta-analysis (164 subjects). Six studies had a high risk of bias (29%), and the rest were of low or moderate risk. Procedures comprised either single-piece or segmental Le Fort I and/or mandibular osteotomy and/or genioplasty. A stratified meta-analysis including 115 subjects with single-piece Le Fort I PSI showed that the largest absolute mean deviations were 0.5 mm antero-posteriorly and 0.65° in pitch. PSIs were up to 0.85 mm and 2.35° more accurate than conventional osteosynthesis with CAD/CAM splint or wafer (p < 0.0001). However, the clinical relevance of the improved accuracy has not been shown. The literature on PSI for multi-piece Le Fort I, mandibular osteotomies and genioplasty procedure is characterized by high methodological heterogeneity and a lack of randomized controlled trials. The literature is lacking on the 3D stability of bony segments fixated with PSI.
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Accuracy of Maxillary Positioning During Orthognathic Surgery: A Comparison of Web-based 3-Dimensional Virtual Surgical Planning and Actual Outcomes. J Craniofac Surg 2023; 34:358-361. [PMID: 36100976 DOI: 10.1097/scs.0000000000008995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the accuracy of planned maxillary positioning by virtual surgery by comparing planned and actual postoperative outcomes. MATERIALS AND METHODS Twenty patients who underwent 2-jaw orthognathic surgery performed by a single surgeon from May 2017 to December 2020 were the subjects of this retrospective study. The coordinates of reference points in horizontal, sagittal, and coronal planes as determined by virtual surgery were compared with those of actual surgical outcomes. The reference points used were as follows: #16 mesiobuccal cusp tip (#16), #26 mesiobuccal cusp tip (#26), and #11 mesial tip (U1); anterior nasal spine; and posterior nasal spine. Three-dimensional linear distances between the reference point on which virtual surgery was performed and the reference point after the actual operation was calculated. RESULTS Of the 20 patients, there were 11 males and 9 females of average age 20.65±2.41 years. Three-dimensional printed wafers had high accuracy with a maximum difference of 0.3 mm. No significant difference was observed in horizontal or coronal planes for any reference point, but a significant difference was observed in the sagittal plane. However, positional differences between planned and actual reference points were all <1 mm. CONCLUSIONS Virtual surgical planning and 3-dimensional printed wafer achieved excellent maxillary positioning accuracies after orthognathic surgery.
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Static mandibular condyle positions studied by MRI and condylar position indicator. Sci Rep 2022; 12:17910. [PMID: 36284175 PMCID: PMC9596415 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-22745-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
We compared mandibular condyle positions as determined by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and a mechanical device, the condylar position indicator (CPI). Both methods assessed 3 mandibular positions in 10 asymptomatic males and 10 asymptomatic females, aged 23 to 37 years, free from temporomandibular disorders: maximum intercuspation, bimanually manipulated centric relation, and the unguided neuromuscular position. Bite registrations were obtained for bimanual operator guidance and neuromuscular position. 3 T MRI scans of both temporomandibular joints produced 3D data of the most superior condylar points in all 3 mandibular positions. Using mounted plaster casts and the same bite registrations, an electronic CPI displayed 3D data of its condylar spheres in these positions. The results showed interclass correlation coefficients ranging from 0.03 to 0.66 (95% confidence intervals from 0 to 0.8) and significantly different condyle positions between both methods (p = 0.0012, p < 0.001). The implications of the study emphasize that condyle position is unpredictable and variable. Its exact knowledge requires radiological imaging and should not rely on CPI assessments.
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A Full Computerized Workflow for Planning Surgically Assisted Rapid Palatal Expansion and Orthognathic Surgery in a Skeletal Class III Patient. Case Rep Dent 2022; 2022:6413898. [PMID: 36312572 PMCID: PMC9605851 DOI: 10.1155/2022/6413898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
In the present case report, we present and discuss the digital workflow involved in the orthodontic/orthognathic combined treatment of a skeletal malocclusion correction in a 17-year-old male patient affected by a skeletal class III, facial asymmetry, sagittal and transversal deficiency of the medium third of the skull, dental crowding, and bilateral cross-bite. The first stage of the treatment involved surgically assisted rapid palatal expansion and occlusal decompensation, using fixed self-ligating appliance. An orthodontic software package (i.e., Dolphin 3D Surgery module) was used to perform virtual treatment objective evaluation by integrating data from cone beam computer tomography acquisition, intraoral scan, and extraoral photographs. The software allowed a comprehensive evaluation of skeletal, dento-alveolar, and soft-tissue disharmonies, qualitative and quantitative simulation of surgical procedure according to skeletal and aesthetic objectives, and, consequently, the treatment of the malocclusion. Using a specific function of the software, the surgical splint was designed according to the pre-programmed skeletal movements, and subsequently, the physical splint was generated with a three-dimensional (3D) printing technology. Once a proper occlusal decompensation was reached, a Le Fort I osteotomy of the maxilla and a bilateral sagittal surgical osteotomy of the mandible were executed to restore proper skeletal relations. The whole treatment time was 8 months. The orthodontic/orthognathic combined treatment allowed to correct the skeletal and the dental imbalance, as well as the improvement of facial aesthetics. Accordingly, the treatment objectives planned in the virtual environment were achieved. Virtual planning offers new possibilities for visualizing the relationship between dental arches and surrounding bone and soft structures in a single virtual 3D model, allowing the specialists to simulate different surgical and orthodontic procedures to achieve the best possible result for the patient and providing an accurate and predictable outcome in the treatment of challenging malocclusions.
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Melhem-Elias F, Reis BAQ, Afonso FAC, Barretto MDA, Deboni MCZ. An innovative universal protocol for orthognathic surgery three-dimensional virtual simulation. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2022; 52:691-695. [PMID: 36115779 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijom.2022.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this technical note is to describe a protocol for three-dimensional virtual simulation of orthognathic surgery that has been designed to be easily implemented, without the need for any special clinical apparatus, software brand, or computed tomography sequence. The protocol comprises innovative concepts and simplified steps for image segmentation, creation of a composite skull, control of the condylar position, and sequencing of bimaxillary surgery. This protocol was applied by the developers in about 2000 cases performed between 2015 and 2022, and has become quite popular among local surgeons. Previous preliminary studies have shown that it meets the accuracy standards for clinical use, although further studies with larger numbers of patients are desirable for additional validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Melhem-Elias
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of São Paulo School of Dentistry, São Paulo-SP, Brazil; Private Practice in Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, São Paulo-SP, Brazil.
| | - B A Q Reis
- Private Practice in Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, São Paulo-SP, Brazil
| | - F A C Afonso
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of São Paulo School of Dentistry, São Paulo-SP, Brazil
| | - M D A Barretto
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of São Paulo School of Dentistry, São Paulo-SP, Brazil
| | - M C Z Deboni
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of São Paulo School of Dentistry, São Paulo-SP, Brazil
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Accuracy of Three-Dimensional Soft-Tissue Prediction Considering the Facial Aesthetic Units Using a Virtual Planning System in Orthognathic Surgery. J Pers Med 2022; 12:jpm12091379. [PMID: 36143164 PMCID: PMC9503557 DOI: 10.3390/jpm12091379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Virtual surgical planning (VSP) is commonly used in orthognathic surgery. A precise soft-tissue predictability would be a helpful tool, for determining the correct displacement distances of the maxilla and mandible. This study aims to evaluate the soft-tissue predictability of the VSP software IPS CaseDesigner® (KLS Martin Group, Tuttlingen, Germany). Twenty patients were treated with bimaxillary surgery and were included in the study. The soft-tissue simulation, done by the VSP was exported as STL files in the engineering software Geomagic Control XTM (3D systems, RockHill, SC, USA). Four months after surgery, a 3D face scan of every patient was performed and compared to the preoperative simulation. The quality of the soft-tissue simulation was validated with the help of a distance map. This distance map was calculated using the inter-surface distance algorithm between the preoperative simulation of the soft-tissue and the actual scan of the postoperative soft-tissue surface. The prediction of the cranial parts of the face (upper cheek, nose, upper lip) was more precise than the prediction of the lower areas (lower cheek, lower lip, chin). The percentage of correctly predicted soft-tissue for the face in total reached values from 69.4% to 96.0%. The VSP system IPS CaseDesigner® (KLS Martin Group; Tuttlingen, Germany) predicts the patient’s post-surgical soft-tissue accurately. Still, this simulation has to be seen as an approximation, especially for the lower part of the face, and continuous improvement of the underlying algorithm is needed for further development.
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Plaster Casts vs. Intraoral Scans: Do Different Methods of Determining the Final Occlusion Affect the Simulated Outcome in Orthognathic Surgery? J Pers Med 2022; 12:jpm12081288. [PMID: 36013237 PMCID: PMC9409745 DOI: 10.3390/jpm12081288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A virtual occlusal adjustment in orthognathic surgery has many advantages; however, the haptic information offered by plaster casts is missing when using intraoral scans. Feeling the interferences may be helpful in defining the best possible occlusion. Whether the use of a virtual occlusal adjustment instead of the conventional approach has a significant effect on the postsurgical position of the jaws is a question that remains unanswered. This study compares a virtual method to the conventional method of defining the final occlusion. Twenty-five orthognathic patients were included. Bimaxillary and single-jaw orthognathic surgery (mandible only) was simulated. The two methods were compared regarding discrepancies in the simulated postsurgical position of the mandible, measured three-dimensionally using MeshLab (MeshLab 2020.12 3D). An analysis using SPSS revealed no significant differences between the tested methods (p-values: 0.580 to 0.713). The mean absolute discrepancies ranged from 0.14 mm to 0.72 mm, laying within the scope of the clinically acceptable inaccuracies of an osteosynthesis in orthognathic surgery. The lack of haptic information in virtual planning had no relevant influence on the definition of the final occlusion and the simulated postsurgical outcome. However, in individual cases, plaster models might still be helpful in finding the adequate occlusion, especially in the sagittal dimension and in cases of patients with an anterior open bite, but this remains to be tested.
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Fricain M, Charavet C, Raoult AG, Oueiss A, Savoldelli C. Condylar repositioning according to digital bite registration method for virtual orthognathic surgery planning: A series of 49 consecutive patients. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2022; 162:e133-e140. [PMID: 35835701 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajodo.2022.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2021] [Revised: 01/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The accurate mandibular condylar positioning for orthognathic surgical planning is fundamental in obtaining a planned occlusal result. The differences between the position of condyles seen on computed tomography or cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) scans and during surgery reduce the accuracy of the result. This study aimed to assess the differences between the condylar position recorded on CBCT and a numerical 3-dimensional (3D) model created after mandibular repositioning for orthognathic surgery planning. METHODS This study retrospectively evaluated 49 patients who underwent virtual orthognathic surgery planning. The procedure involved recording a computed tomography or CBCT of the skull and dental surface using an intraoral digital scanner. The mandible was repositioned on the numerical 3D model according to the superimposed virtual bite registration in centric relation. Linear and angular measurements of the right and left condyles were recorded before and after mandibular repositioning. RESULTS The positions of 98 condyles were compared. Linear measurements of the posterior and superior joint spaces revealed a significant difference. Subgroup analyses displayed statistically significant differences for patients with skeletal Class II malocclusion. CONCLUSION According to the digital bite registration method, the difference between the mandibular position recorded on CBCT and on the numerical 3D model after repositioning may have clinical significance. Further studies are needed to validate this theory and test the accuracy of the clinical results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaux Fricain
- Department of Maxillofacial Surgery, University Institute of the Face and Neck, University Hospital of Nice, Nice, France.
| | - Carole Charavet
- Department of Orthodontics, University Hospital of Nice, Nice, France
| | | | - Arlette Oueiss
- Department of Orthodontics, University Hospital of Nice, Nice, France
| | - Charles Savoldelli
- Department of Maxillofacial Surgery, University Institute of the Face and Neck, University Hospital of Nice, Nice, France
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Accuracy of Intentional Change of Frontal Ramal Inclination From Virtual to Actual Orthognathic Surgery Using Computer-Aided Design and Computer-Aided Manufacturing-Made Customized Metal Plates. J Craniofac Surg 2022; 33:e376-e382. [DOI: 10.1097/scs.0000000000008174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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Applications of three-dimensional surgical planning in facial feminization surgery: A systematic review. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 2022; 75:e1-e14. [PMID: 35400593 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjps.2022.02.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite some reports that have shown an increase in safety, efficiency, and accuracy during feminizing craniofacial procedures utilizing three-dimensional (3D) technology, there are no reports summarizing the available evidence on this matter for facial feminization surgery (FFS). Here, we aimed to systematically review the application of 3D technology on FFS. METHODS We conducted a comprehensive search across PubMed, SCOPUS, Ovid MEDLINE®, Web of Science, and ScienceDirect looking for studies reporting the use of 3D surgical planning in the setting of FFS following the PRISMA guidelines. We extracted data on photographic assessment, imaging, surgical application, and surgical technique and outcomes. RESULTS This review included 10 studies comprising 1473 transgender female patients and 50 cadaveric cranial specimens. Four studies employed virtual surgical planning (VSP) and the concomitant use of prefabricated cutting guides. One study reported the implementation of 3D VSP using a female skull as a reference. One study used computer-aided design cutting guides and custom plates for FFS. Standardized incorporation of 3D printed models allowed for preoperative planning in three studies. Three studies reported VSP using 3D reconstruction of CT images, but without the use of 3D printing. Three studies used 3D photography with specialized camera technology to enrich clinical documentation and provide a comprehensive facial analysis of soft tissue. Accuracy ranged from 85.7% to 97%. Morbidity ranged from 0% to 12.5%. CONCLUSION Based on this data, we believe 3D VSP has promising outcomes in terms of accuracy and low morbidity, encouraging its implementation in FFS. However, further prospective double-arm cohort studies are required.
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Application of Three-Dimensional Digital Technology in Orthodontics: The State of the Art. Biomimetics (Basel) 2022; 7:biomimetics7010023. [PMID: 35225915 PMCID: PMC8883890 DOI: 10.3390/biomimetics7010023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Three-dimensional technologies are one of the most recent and relevant advancements in the field of Dentistry. These systems, including intraoral scans, 3D imaging exams (CAT scan, CBCT and MRI), CAD/CAM 3D printing devices and 3D computer software, have enabled clinicians to greatly improve patient care along with reducing treatment planning time. The present descriptive study aims to explore possible applications of 3D technologies during the diagnosis, treatment plan, case monitoring and result assessment in orthodontics. The overall upgrade provided by these technologies can improve the clinicians’ workflow and effectiveness by simplifying conventional techniques considered to be especially arduous.
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22
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Tondin GM, Leal MDOCD, Costa ST, Grillo R, Jodas CRP, Teixeira RG. Evaluation of the accuracy of virtual planning in bimaxillary orthognathic surgery: Systematic review. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2021; 60:412-421. [PMID: 35120785 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjoms.2021.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this research was to evaluate the accuracy of virtual planning in bimaxillary orthognathic surgery in bone by comparing the mean linear and angular measurements of the surgical plan with the actual surgical result. Electronic databases, MEDLINE via PubMed, Web of Science, SCOPUS, the Cochrane Library, grey literature, and the American clinical trials registry (www.ClinicalTrials.gov), were accessed as search engines. The studies consisted of publications on the assessment of accuracy in virtual planning in bimaxillary orthognathic surgery between 2010 and 2020. After application of the eligibility criteria, 26 articles were included, and their quality was evaluated using the methodological index for non-randomised studies (MINORS) tool and Cohen's kappa statistic in the MedCalc program (MedCalc Software Ltd). Evidence obtained by comparing the planning and surgical results, both in the maxilla and mandible, showed that there is great accuracy in virtual planning in bimaxillary orthognathic surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Marques Tondin
- São Leopoldo Mandic College, Buccomaxillofacial Surgery and Traumatology Department, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marilia de Oliveira Coelho Dutra Leal
- Institute of Legal Medicine - RR, Brazil/Pos PhD Pathology - Histology Department, Dentistry School, Campinas State University, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sarah Teixeira Costa
- Institute of Criminalistics- SP, Brazil/Dentistry School, Presidente Tancredo Neves University Center, São João del Rei, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - Ricardo Grillo
- São Leopoldo Mandic College, Buccomaxillofacial Surgery and Traumatology Department, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Rubens Gonçalves Teixeira
- São Leopoldo Mandic College, Buccomaxillofacial Surgery and Traumatology Department, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
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Quantitative Asymmetry Assessment between Virtual and Mixed Reality Planning for Orthognathic Surgery—A Retrospective Study. Symmetry (Basel) 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/sym13091614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Orthognathic surgical planning compromises three clinical needs: occlusal balancing, symmetry, and harmony, which may result in multiple outcomes. Facial symmetry is the ultimate goal for patients and practitioners. Pure virtual planning and mixed reality planning were two innovative technologies in clinical practices compared to conventional model surgery used for decades. We proposed quantitative asymmetry assessment methods in both mandibular contour (in 2D) and a midface and mandible relationship in 3D. A computerized optimal symmetry plane, being the median plane, was applied in both planning methods. In the 3D asymmetry assessment between two planning methods, the deviation angle and deviation distance between midface and mandible were within 2° and 1.5 mm, respectively. There was no significant difference, except the symmetry index of the anterior deviation angle between the virtual and mixed reality planning in the 3D asymmetry assessment. In the mandible contour assessment, there was no significant difference between the virtual and mixed reality planning in asymmetry assessment in the frontal and frontal downward inclined views. Quantitative outcomes in 3D asymmetry indices showed that mixed reality planning was slightly more symmetric than virtual planning, with the opposite in 2D contouring.
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Yamashita AL, Iwaki Filho L, Ferraz FWDS, Ramos AL, Previdelli ITDS, Pereira OCN, Tolentino EDS, Chicarelli M, Iwaki LCV. Accuracy of three-dimensional soft tissue profile prediction in orthognathic surgery. Oral Maxillofac Surg 2021; 26:271-279. [PMID: 34302576 DOI: 10.1007/s10006-021-00988-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the accuracy of three-dimensional (3D) soft tissue prediction in bimaxillary orthognathic surgery. METHODS Cone-beam computed tomographs of 88 patients with class II (n = 46) and class III (n = 42) malocclusions, who underwent bimaxillary orthognathic surgery, were included in this retrospective study. 3D soft tissue prediction and postoperative outcome were compared by using ten landmarks of facial soft tissues. Patients' sex and age were also assessed. Results were analyzed using a mixed model methodology (p < 0.05). RESULTS The success criterion adopted was a mean discrepancy of < 2 mm. Most mandibular landmarks indicated a tendency for underprediction with a downward direction in class II patients, with some values > 2 mm. In class III, there was overprediction with a downward direction for the mandibular landmarks, with values < 2 mm. More accurate results were found in female and older patients. CONCLUSIONS 3D surgical planning showed clinically acceptable results for predicting soft tissues in patients undergoing bimaxillary orthognathic surgery, with more accurate results for class III patients. Although some differences were found when age and sex were interacted, a consistent association between these variables could not be stated. These results support the clinician, as accuracy can provide a strong guide to the surgeon when planning surgical orthodontic treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Lury Yamashita
- Department of Dentistry, State University of Maringá, Avenida Mandacaru n° 1550, bloco S-08, Maringá, Paraná, CEP: 87080-000, Brazil.
| | - Liogi Iwaki Filho
- Department of Dentistry, State University of Maringá, Avenida Mandacaru n° 1550, bloco S-08, Maringá, Paraná, CEP: 87080-000, Brazil
| | - Flávio Wellington da Silva Ferraz
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Clinics Hospital of Medicine School and University Hospital of University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Adilson Luiz Ramos
- Department of Dentistry, State University of Maringá, Avenida Mandacaru n° 1550, bloco S-08, Maringá, Paraná, CEP: 87080-000, Brazil
| | | | | | - Elen de Souza Tolentino
- Department of Dentistry, State University of Maringá, Avenida Mandacaru n° 1550, bloco S-08, Maringá, Paraná, CEP: 87080-000, Brazil
| | - Mariliani Chicarelli
- Department of Dentistry, State University of Maringá, Avenida Mandacaru n° 1550, bloco S-08, Maringá, Paraná, CEP: 87080-000, Brazil
| | - Lilian Cristina Vessoni Iwaki
- Department of Dentistry, State University of Maringá, Avenida Mandacaru n° 1550, bloco S-08, Maringá, Paraná, CEP: 87080-000, Brazil
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25
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Kim JH, An S, Hwang DM. Reliability of cephalometric landmark identification on three-dimensional computed tomographic images. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2021; 60:320-325. [PMID: 34690019 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjoms.2021.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Our aims were to evaluate the reliability of three-dimensional (3D) cephalometric landmark identification in 3D images, and to propose an improved protocol for determining these landmarks. Computed tomographic (CT) images of 13 landmarks were obtained. One that did not show any artifacts, asymmetry in maxillofacial structures, or bony defects, was selected. Two orthodontic practitioners identified 3D cephalometric landmarks 10 times at one-week intervals. The distances of 26 landmarks were measured on the basis of three reference planes (coronal, horizontal, and sagittal). Ten mean (SD) measurements from each examiner were calculated, and the maximum and minimum values and the difference from the 10 measurements of each one were measured at a 95% confidence interval. Interexaminer differences for the three planes were found in the upper right first molar, point A, both gonions, left orbitale, and both porions. The lower right first molar, foramen magnum, gnathion, nasion, and pogonion showed interexaminer differences in two planes. Menton, basion, posterior nasal spine, upper and lower left first molar, and right mental foramen showed interexaminer differences in only one plane. With reference to intraexaminer differences, poor repeatability was observed for gonion, orbitale, condylion, and porion. Reliable 3D landmarks are the meeting point of sutures, distinct structures at converging planes, landmarks positioned in the midline, distinct anatomical structures such as the mental foramen, and teeth using multiplanar views.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Hoon Kim
- Department of Orthodontics, National Health Insurance Service Ilsan Hospital, Goyang, Republic of Korea.
| | - SangIn An
- Private Practice, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Quast A, Santander P, Kahlmeier T, Moser N, Schliephake H, Meyer-Marcotty P. Predictability of maxillary positioning: a 3D comparison of virtual and conventional orthognathic surgery planning. Head Face Med 2021; 17:27. [PMID: 34256775 PMCID: PMC8276391 DOI: 10.1186/s13005-021-00279-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Virtual surgery planning (VSP) is believed to reduce inaccuracies in maxillary positioning compared to conventional surgery planning (CSP) due to the elimination of face-bow transfer and laboratory steps. However, there is still a lack of comparative studies for the accuracy of splint-based maxillary positioning in CSP versus VSP. Therefore, the objective of this retrospective, observational study was to compare if splints produced by VSP and CSP reach postoperative outcomes within clinically acceptable limits. Methods The planned and actual postoperative results of 52 patients (VSP: n = 26; CSP: n = 26) with a mean age of 24.4 ± 6.2 years were investigated by three-dimensional (3D) alignment with planning software. The conventional treatment plan was digitized, so that the evaluation of both methods was performed in the same manner using the same coordinate system. Inaccuracies were measured by sagittal, vertical and transversal deviations of the upper central incisors and the inclination of the maxillary occlusal plane between the planned and achieved maxillary positions. Results Both methods demonstrated significant differences between the planned and actual outcome. The highest inaccuracies were observed in vertical impaction and midline correction. No significant differences between CSP and VSP were observed in any dimension. Errors in vertical and sagittal dimension intensified each other. Conclusions In conclusion, splint-based surgeries reached similar results regardless of the applied planning method and splint production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Quast
- Department of Orthodontics, University Medical Center Goettingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37075, Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Petra Santander
- Department of Orthodontics, University Medical Center Goettingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Timon Kahlmeier
- Department of Orthodontics, University Medical Center Goettingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Norman Moser
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Medical Center Goettingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Henning Schliephake
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Medical Center Goettingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Philipp Meyer-Marcotty
- Department of Orthodontics, University Medical Center Goettingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
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27
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Harding J, Hartsfield JK, Mian AS, Allan BP, Naoum S, Lee RJH, Goonewardene MS. Accuracy of mandibular proximal segment position using virtual surgical planning and custom osteosynthesis plates. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2021; 51:219-225. [PMID: 33941394 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijom.2021.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine whether the use of custom osteosynthesis plates increased the accuracy of proximal segment position following bilateral sagittal split osteotomy in a cohort of 30 patients when compared to a control group of 25 patients who had surgery with conventional plates. Surgery was performed by a single surgeon between October 2015 and December 2017. Post-surgical cone beam computed tomography scans were segmented using Mimics Innovation Suite (Materialise NV), and surface-based superimposition was achieved using ProPlan CMF (Materialise NV). However, there was a tendency for the rotational error to be smaller in the custom group than in the control group. The root mean square error in both groups and for all variables fell within clinical parameters of 2 mm and 4°. In conclusion, the results of this study indicate that customized mandibular fixation plates do not necessarily improve the accuracy of the proximal segments post-surgically; however they may be of benefit in individual patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Harding
- Orthodontic Department, UWA Dental School, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - J K Hartsfield
- Orthodontics and Oral Health Research, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA; Division of Oral Development and Behavioural Sciences, UWA Dental School, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - A S Mian
- School of Computer Science and Software Engineering, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - B P Allan
- Private Maxillofacial Surgery Practice, Perth, Australia
| | - S Naoum
- Orthodontic Department, UWA Dental School, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - R J H Lee
- Orthodontic Department, UWA Dental School, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - M S Goonewardene
- Orthodontic Department, UWA Dental School, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia.
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28
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Ter Horst R, van Weert H, Loonen T, Bergé S, Vinayahalingam S, Baan F, Maal T, de Jong G, Xi T. Three-dimensional virtual planning in mandibular advancement surgery: Soft tissue prediction based on deep learning. J Craniomaxillofac Surg 2021; 49:775-782. [PMID: 33941437 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcms.2021.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The study aimed at developing a deep-learning (DL)-based algorithm to predict the virtual soft tissue profile after mandibular advancement surgery, and to compare its accuracy with the mass tensor model (MTM). Subjects who underwent mandibular advancement surgery were enrolled and divided into a training group and a test group. The DL model was trained using 3D photographs and CBCT data based on surgically achieved mandibular displacements (training group). Soft tissue simulations generated by DL and MTM based on the actual surgical jaw movements (test group) were compared with soft-tissue profiles on postoperative 3D photographs using distance mapping in terms of mean absolute error in the lower face, lower lip, and chin regions. 133 subjects were included - 119 in the training group and 14 in the test group. The mean absolute error for DL-based simulations of the lower face region was 1.0 ± 0.6 mm and was significantly lower (p = 0.02) compared with MTM-based simulations (1.5 ± 0.5 mm). CONCLUSION: The DL-based algorithm can predict 3D soft tissue profiles following mandibular advancement surgery. With a clinically acceptable mean absolute error. Therefore, it seems to be a relevant option for soft tissue prediction in orthognathic surgery. Therefore, it seems to be a relevant options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rutger Ter Horst
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 10, 6525, GA, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
| | - Hanneke van Weert
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 10, 6525, GA, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
| | - Tom Loonen
- Radboudumc 3D Lab, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 10, 6525, GA, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
| | - Stefaan Bergé
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 10, 6525, GA, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
| | - Shank Vinayahalingam
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 10, 6525, GA, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Radboudumc 3D Lab, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 10, 6525, GA, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
| | - Frank Baan
- Radboudumc 3D Lab, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 10, 6525, GA, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
| | - Thomas Maal
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 10, 6525, GA, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Radboudumc 3D Lab, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 10, 6525, GA, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
| | - Guido de Jong
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 10, 6525, GA, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Radboudumc 3D Lab, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 10, 6525, GA, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Department of Neurosurgery, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 10, 6525, GA, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
| | - Tong Xi
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 10, 6525, GA, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
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29
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Dos Santos MC, Iwaki LCV, Valladares-Neto J, Inoue-Arai MS, Ramos AL. Impact of orthognathic surgery on the prevalence of dehiscence in Class II and Class III surgical-orthodontic patients. Angle Orthod 2021; 91:611-618. [PMID: 33836070 DOI: 10.2319/062720-590.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The objectives were to evaluate and compare the presence of bone dehiscence before and after orthognathic surgery. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this retrospective study, 90 cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) scans from 45 patients were evaluated. Class II (n = 23) and Class III (n = 22) orthodontic patients who were being prepared for orthognathic surgery were measured. CBCT scans were obtained about 30 days prior to (T0) and 6 months after (T1) double jaw orthognathic surgery. The distance between the cemento-enamel junction (CEJ) and the alveolar bone crest was assessed at the buccal and lingual surfaces of all teeth, on both sides and arches, except for the second premolars and the second and third molars. A total of 1332 sites were measured for Class II (644) and Class III (688) patients. The software used was OsiriX (version 3.3 32-bit). Data were compared with Wilcoxon and McNemar tests at the 5% level. RESULTS Bone dehiscence before surgery was present in 26% and 15% of the Class II and III groups, respectively. The presence of dehiscence increased to 31% in the Class II and 20% in the Class III patients after surgery (P < .05). CONCLUSIONS The prevalence of dehiscence increased slightly in Class II and Class III surgical-orthodontic patients after orthognathic surgery. Temporary vascular supply reduction and oral hygiene difficulties may explain these results; however, more studies are needed.
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Alevizakos V, Mitov G, Schiller M, von See C. Ridge augmentation-The new field of computerized guided surgery: A technical note for minimal-invasive bone splitting. Clin Case Rep 2021; 9:2390-2396. [PMID: 33936701 PMCID: PMC8077347 DOI: 10.1002/ccr3.4046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Revised: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Different instrumentation procedures of the alveolar ridge expansion technique (ARST) with or without Guided Bone Regeneration have proven to be effective for successful implant placement in cases of alveolar bone width between 3mm and 6mm. Conventional bone splitting techniques require flap arising. This technical note demonstrates a method for flapless guided bone splitting. For this purpose, a newly developed surgical guide with internal irrigation channels was used. Using CAD-CAM additive technology, a narrow slot along the field of interest and a pin of a cooling pipe was designed and implemented in a surgical guide template. The bone split was performed flapless through the surgical guide while the cooling pipe was connected to it. During surgery, the piezo-driven instrument was moved within that slot, and the irrigation solution was directly rinsing it at point of entry through the irrigation channel. This procedure was performed on a 3.3 mm wide alveolar ridge achieving over 3 mm of bone gain. The described method combines several positive aspects. The micro-invasive flapless surgical procedure might improve postoperative healing. Additionally, sufficient cooling of the bone might lead to less thermal affection of bone cells and less resorption of the cortical bone. However, systematic studies are needed to confirm the observations of the presented case report.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasilios Alevizakos
- Department of Digital Technologies in Dentistry and CAD-CAM Danube Private University Krems an der Donau Austria
| | - Gergo Mitov
- Department of Prosthodontics and Biomaterials Danube Private University Krems an der Donau Austria
| | - Marcus Schiller
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Hannover Medical School Hanover Germany
| | - Constantin von See
- Department of Digital Technologies in Dentistry and CAD-CAM Danube Private University Krems an der Donau Austria
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Palone M, Falce GL, Albertini P, Giudice AD, Baciliero U, Cremonini F. Accuracy Assessment of Virtual Surgical Planning Comparing 3D Virtual Surgical Planning and Post-Operative CBCTs in Surgical Skeletal Class III Cases: A Retrospective Study. PESQUISA BRASILEIRA EM ODONTOPEDIATRIA E CLÍNICA INTEGRADA 2021. [DOI: 10.1590/pboci.2021.139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Ferraz FWDS, Iwaki-Filho L, Souza-Pinto GND, Iwaki LCV, Li AT, Cardoso MDA. A comparative study of the accuracy between two computer-aided surgical simulation methods in virtual surgical planning. J Craniomaxillofac Surg 2020; 49:84-92. [PMID: 33376041 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcms.2020.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this retrospective and observational study was to compare the accuracy of two different virtual surgical planning (VSP) protocols, namely, the CASS method and the modified CASS method. MATERIALS AND METHODS The patients underwent bimaxillary orthognathic surgery, planned using either the CASS method or the modified CASS method. Linear and angular discrepancies between the VSP outcome and postoperative outcome for both groups were compared for maxilla, mandible, and chin segments. Aside from the comparison between both groups, additional criteria were used to determine the accuracy of the protocol based on a linear and angular difference between planned and actual outcomes of less than 2 mm and 4°, respectively. The intergroup comparisons were performed by one-way ANOVA, with the level of significance set at 5%. RESULTS A total of 21 patients, of both genders, were assigned into group I (n = 11), planned with the CASS method, and group II (n = 10), planned with the modified CASS method. Both the CASS and modified CASS methods presented similar accuracy with regard to linear differences for the maxilla, mandible, and chin segments, except for ΔX for the mandibular segment, where the modified CASS method showed slightly better accuracy. However, there was a statistically significant difference with regard to angular differences in the chin segment, with the CASS method shown to be the more accurate. Aside from Δpitch for the chin segment, no linear or angular differences exceeded 2 mm or 4°. CONCLUSION Although statistically significant differences were found with regard to angular measurements in the chin segment, the accuracy of the modified CASS method for virtual planning can be considered as clinically equivalent, with a performance comparable to that of the CASS method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavio Wellington da Silva Ferraz
- Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Hospital Das Clínicas, University of São Paulo (USP), Rua Dr Eneas de Carvalho, 255, 05403-010, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Liogi Iwaki-Filho
- Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, State University of Maringá (UEM), Avenida Mandacaru, 1550, 87080-000, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil.
| | - Gustavo Nascimento de Souza-Pinto
- Oral Radiology and Stomatology, Department of Dentistry, State University of Maringá (UEM), Avenida Mandacaru, 1550, 87080-000, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil.
| | - Lilian Cristina Vessoni Iwaki
- Oral Radiology and Stomatology, Department of Dentistry, State University of Maringá (UEM), Avenida Mandacaru, 1550, 87080-000, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil.
| | - An Tien Li
- Department of Dentistry, School of Health Sciences, University of Brasilia (UNB), Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro, Brasília, 70910-900, Distrito Federal, Brazil.
| | - Mauricio de Almeida Cardoso
- Department of Dentistry, São Leopoldo Mandic, Rua Dr José Rocha Junqueira, 13, 13045-755, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Sabour S. 3D virtual surgical planning for maxillary positioning and orientation in orthognathic surgery: Methodological issues on accuracy and agreement. Orthod Craniofac Res 2020; 24:299-300. [PMID: 33174395 DOI: 10.1111/ocr.12438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Siamak Sabour
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, School of Health and Safety, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Safety Promotions and Injury Prevention Research Centre, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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