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Asghar H, Bilal S, Nawaz MH, Rasool G, Hayat A. Host-Guest Mechanism via Induced Fit Fullerene Complexation in Porphin Receptor to Probe Salivary Alpha-Amylase in Dental Caries for Clinical Applications. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2024; 7:1250-1259. [PMID: 38253544 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.3c01189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Salivary α-amylase is the most abundant protein of human saliva that potentially binds to streptococcus and other bacteria via specific surface-exposed α-amylase-binding proteins and plays a significant role in caries development. The detection of α-amylase in saliva can be used as a bioindicator of caries development. Herein, a facile strategy has been applied, tailoring the photochemical properties of 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-21H,23H-porphine (TPPOH) and the fullerene C60 complex. The fluorescence emission of TPPOH is quenched by starch-coated fullerene C60 via charge-transfer effects, as determined by UV absorption and fluorescence spectroscopic studies. The starch-coated C60 has been thoroughly characterized via Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), optical microscopy, thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), static water contact angle measurements, and zeta potential measurements. The analytical response of the assay showed a linear fluorescent response in α-amylase concentrations ranging from 0.001-0.1 Units/mL, with an LOD of 0.001 Units/mL. The applicability of the method was tested using artificial saliva with quantitative recoveries in the range 95-100%. The practicability of the procedure was verified by inspecting saliva samples of real clinical samples covering all age groups. We believe that the proposed method can serve as an alternative analytical method for caries detection and risk assessment that would also minimize the cost of professional preventive measures and treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hira Asghar
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The University of Lahore, 1-Km Defence Road, Near Bhuptian Chowk, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
- Interdisciplinary Research Center in Biomedical Materials (IRCBM), COMSATS University, Islamabad, Lahore Campus, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
- Azra Naheed Dental College, Superior University, Raiwind Road, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Sehrish Bilal
- Department of Biochemistry, Gulab Devi Educational Complex, Ferozepur Road, Lahore 54600, Pakistan
| | - Mian Hasnain Nawaz
- Interdisciplinary Research Center in Biomedical Materials (IRCBM), COMSATS University, Islamabad, Lahore Campus, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Ghulam Rasool
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The University of Lahore, 1-Km Defence Road, Near Bhuptian Chowk, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Akhtar Hayat
- Interdisciplinary Research Center in Biomedical Materials (IRCBM), COMSATS University, Islamabad, Lahore Campus, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
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da Silveira EG, Prato LS, Pilati SFM, Arthur RA. Comparison of oral cavity protein abundance among caries-free and caries-affected individuals-a systematic review and meta-analysis. FRONTIERS IN ORAL HEALTH 2023; 4:1265817. [PMID: 37780687 PMCID: PMC10540632 DOI: 10.3389/froh.2023.1265817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Some salivary proteins seem to be differently abundant among caries-free (CF) and caries-affected (CA) individuals, but previous results are contradictory precluding that definitive conclusion be drawn. A pooled analysis of the available evidence may provide more robust data on identifying oral cavity protein patterns among CF and CA individuals. This systematic review and meta-analysis (PROSPERO CRD42021269079) aimed to compare the oral cavity protein abundance among caries-free and caries-affected individuals. Methods This study was conducted following PRISMA guidelines. PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science databases were systematically assessed (up to February 2023) to retrieve clinical studies written in English, German, or in Latin-based languages that compared the oral cavity protein abundance among CF and CA individuals. Data extraction and methodological quality assessment (NIH guidelines) were independently performed by two investigators. Qualitative synthesis was performed from all included studies and meta-analysis was performed using a random-effects model with inverse variance for studies that reported the concentration of proteins or enzymatic activity. Standardized mean difference (SMD) with respective 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated for each outcome. Results A total of 90 studies (two cohort and 88 cross-sectional designs) of more than 6,000 participants were selected for data extraction, being the quality of evidence graded as "fair" for most of them. The oral cavity of CF individuals presented lower total protein concentration [SMD = 0.37 (95% CI: 0.07-0.68; 18 studies)], lower total antioxidant capacity [SMD = 1.29 (95% CI: 0.74-1.85); 17 studies], and lower carbonic anhydrase activity [SMD = 0.83 (95% CI: 0.58-1.09); three studies], whereas CA individuals presented lower carbonic anhydrase concentration [SMD = -0.66 (95% CI: -1.00 to -0.32); three studies], urease [SMD = -0.95 (IC 95%: -1.72 to -0.17); four studies], and arginine deiminase system [SMD = -2.07 (95% CI: -3.53 to -0.62); three studies] activities. Antimicrobial peptides, secretory immunoglobulin-A concentrations and alpha-amylase activity were similar among individuals. Conclusion Differences on oral cavity protein abundance were observed among CF and CA individuals. These data indicate some protein patterns for the oral health and dental caries conditions. Even when statistically significant, some of the results were not very consistent. Cohort studies need to be conducted to validate these results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliane Garcia da Silveira
- Department of Preventive and Community Dentistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Vale do Itajaí, Itajaí, Brazil
| | - Laura Schaurich Prato
- Department of Preventive and Community Dentistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | | | - Rodrigo Alex Arthur
- Department of Preventive and Community Dentistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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Alamoudi A, Alamoudi R, Gazzaz Y, Alqahtani AM. Role of Salivary Biomarkers in Diagnosis and Detection of Dental Caries: A Systematic Review. Diagnostics (Basel) 2022; 12:diagnostics12123080. [PMID: 36553087 PMCID: PMC9777252 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics12123080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Saliva plays a significant role in oral health and tooth integrity. Salivary components reduce tooth surface exposure to demineralization, protect against teeth wear and aid in enamel remineralization. There is a growing attempt to use salivary markers in diagnosing or predicting caries. However, despite the current information, there has yet to be an agreement among scholars. This study seeks to contribute more evidence on the suitability of salivary biomarkers in dental caries diagnosis. Eligible studies were electronically searched on online databases PubMed, Elsevier's Scopus, EMBASE and Web of Science, and all the studies that met the inclusion criteria were considered. The PECOS criteria guided the study selection process based on the study question. The risk of bias was assessed using the STROBE checklist. Eighteen articles were included in the analysis. All the studies presented relevant data concerning the study objectives. There was evidence of associations between salivary biomarkers and dental caries, and the correlations were either positive or negative. The studies presented significant heterogeneity; thus, a meta-analysis was not possible. Salivary biomarkers appeared to perform crucial and complementary functions toward tooth integrity and thus may be reliable in predicting or diagnosing dental caries in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Alamoudi
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence:
| | - Raghad Alamoudi
- General Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yara Gazzaz
- General Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Aseel M. Alqahtani
- General Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
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Zhou X, Li H, Zhu C, Yuan C, Meng C, Feng S, Sun X, Zheng S. Analysis of salivary proteomic biomarkers for the surveillance of changes in high-risk status of early childhood caries. BMC Oral Health 2021; 21:572. [PMID: 34749719 PMCID: PMC8573911 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-021-01930-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Early childhood caries is an urgent public health concern. The aim of this study was to investigate salivary proteomic biomarkers for the surveillance of changes in the high-risk status of early childhood caries. The process involves the screening of specific salivary peptides that were differentially expressed only under dynamic changes in individual caries status. Methods Stimulated whole saliva samples were collected from 28 kindergarten children aged 3–4 years in Beijing at baseline and 3 months and 6 months after baseline. A total of 68 samples were collected. In terms of their caries status and progress during the observation period, participants were divided into 3 groups; 7 in the non-caries recurrence group, 6 in the caries recurrence group, and 15 in the healthy control group. Salivary peptides that exhibited no significant differences in cross-sectional comparisons between different groups of caries status but only expressed differentially along with dynamic changes of individual caries were screened using the technique of magnetic beads combined with matrix-assisted laser desorption-ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). The technique of liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS) was employed to identify the proteins from which these peptides were derived. Results We found two salivary peptides differentially expressed only under dynamic changes in individual caries status in the above comparisons; mass-to-charge ratio (m/z) values of the two peptides were 1045.9 and 2517.6, respectively (P < 0.05). Principal component analysis (PCA) and the decision tree model based on these two peptides showed an acceptable distinguishing ability for changes in the high-risk status of early childhood caries. The source proteins of the two peptides with m/z values of 1045.9 and 2517.6 were identified as submandibular gland androgen regulatory protein 3B (SMR-3B) and mucin-7, respectively. Conclusions Two proteins in children’s saliva, namely SMR-3B and mucin-7, have the potentiality to serve as candidate biomarkers for dynamic surveillance of changes in high-risk status of early childhood caries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinzhu Zhou
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, National Center of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing, 100081, PR China
| | - Haozhe Li
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, National Center of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing, 100081, PR China
| | - Ce Zhu
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, National Center of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing, 100081, PR China.,Department of Preventive Dentistry, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Dentistry, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai, 200011, PR China
| | - Chao Yuan
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, National Center of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing, 100081, PR China
| | - Chunhua Meng
- Second Kindergarten in Asian Games Village, Chaoyang Disctrict, Beijing, Beijing, 100101, PR China
| | - Shulan Feng
- Second Kindergarten in Asian Games Village, Chaoyang Disctrict, Beijing, Beijing, 100101, PR China
| | - Xiangyu Sun
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, National Center of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing, 100081, PR China.
| | - Shuguo Zheng
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, National Center of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing, 100081, PR China.
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Faheem S, Maqsood S, Hasan A, Imtiaz F, Shaikh F, Farooqui WA. Associations of early childhood caries with salivary beta defensin-3 and childhood anemia: a case-control study. BMC Oral Health 2021; 21:445. [PMID: 34521396 PMCID: PMC8442316 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-021-01810-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Human beta defensin-3 (HβD-3) is an antimicrobial peptide present in saliva that protects tooth surfaces from microbial attack. These peptides are part of innate immunity so levels may be affected by different systemic diseases like anemia. Therefore, anemia may predispose an affected child to an increased risk of dental caries. The objectives of this study were to determine the association of early childhood caries (ECC) with HβD-3 levels and observe the association of HβD-3 levels with childhood anemia. Methods A total of 80 children admitted in a pediatric medical ward, age 48–71 months, of either sex were included in the study. The included children were categorized as cases (children with ECC n = 40) and controls (children without ECC n = 40). Children were further segregated into the anemic and non-anemic sub-groups based on the hospital record of hemoglobin level. The salivary concentration of HβD-3 was measured by Enzyme-Linked Immuno-sorbent assay (ELISA). IBM SPSS version 20 software was used for statistical analysis. Two sample t-test and one-way ANOVA were used to compare mean values while spearman was used for correlations at p < 0.05. Results The mean Salivary HβD-3 level in cases (8.87 ± 4.30) was significantly higher (p = 0.042) as compared to controls (7.23 ± 2.57). Salivary HβD-3 level in patients with caries and without anemia was highest (10.80 ± 4.50) whereas salivary HβD-3 level in the presence of caries and anemia was lowest (6.94 ± 3.13) amongst all groups. This difference was statistically significant (p = 0.001). Salivary HβD-3 level was found to be moderately correlated with cases (p = 0.002). An inverse correlation was found between salivary HβD-3 level and anemia (r = -0.479, p = 0.002). Conclusion Anemia may affect the innate immunity of children, and may result in a decreased level of salivary HβD3, thus increasing vulnerability to decay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanam Faheem
- Department of Oral Biology, Dow Dental College, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan.
| | - Shahida Maqsood
- Department of Oral Biology, Dow Dental College, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Arshad Hasan
- Department of Operative Dentistry, Dow Dental College, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Fouzia Imtiaz
- Department of Biochemistry Dow Medical College, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Faheem Shaikh
- London Dental Clinics & Dental Implants, 41-C Badar Commercial Street 10, Phase 5, Badar Commercial DHA, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Waqas Ahmed Farooqui
- Department of Research, School of Public Health, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan
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Angarita-Díaz MP, Simon-Soro A, Forero D, Balcázar F, Sarmiento L, Romero E, Mira A. Evaluation of possible biomarkers for caries risk in children 6 to 12 years of age. J Oral Microbiol 2021; 13:1956219. [PMID: 34434531 PMCID: PMC8381948 DOI: 10.1080/20002297.2021.1956219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Electrolytes, proteins, and other salivary molecules play an important role in tooth integrity and can serve as biomarkers associated with caries. Objective: To determine the concentration of potential biomarkers in children without caries (CF) and children with caries (CA). Methods: Unstimulated saliva was collected, and the biomarkers quantified in duplicate, using commercial Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) kits to determine IgA, fibronectin, cathelicidin LL-37, and statherin levels, as well as colorimetric tests to detect formate and phosphate. Results: Significantly higher concentrations of statherin was detected in the CF group (Median: 94,734.6; IQR: 92,934.6-95,113.7) compared to the CA2 group (90,875.0; IQR: 83,580.2-94,633.4) (p = 0.03). Slightly higher median IgA (48,250.0; IQR: 31,461.9-67,418.8) and LL-37 levels (56.1; IQR 43.6-116.2) and a lower concentration of formate were detected in the CF group (0.02; IQR 0.0034-0.15) compared to the group with caries (IgA: 37,776.42; IQR: 33,383.9-44,128.5; LL-37: 46.3; IQR: 40.1011-67.7; formate: 0.10; IQR: 0.01-0.18), but these differences were not statistically significant. Conclusion: The fact that these compounds have been identified as good markers for caries among European adults highlights the difficulty of identifying universal biomarkers that are applicable to all ages or to different populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- María P Angarita-Díaz
- Department of Health Sciences, School of Dentistry, Universidad Cooperativa De Colombia, Villavicencio Campus, Colombia
| | - Aurea Simon-Soro
- Department of Health and Genomics, Foundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research, Valencia, Spain
| | - Diana Forero
- Department of Health Sciences, School of Dentistry, Universidad Cooperativa De Colombia, Villavicencio Campus, Colombia
| | - Felipe Balcázar
- Department of Health Sciences, School of Dentistry, Universidad Cooperativa De Colombia, Villavicencio Campus, Colombia
| | - Luisa Sarmiento
- Department of Health Sciences, School of Dentistry, Universidad Cooperativa De Colombia, Villavicencio Campus, Colombia
| | - Erika Romero
- Department of Health Sciences, School of Dentistry, Universidad Cooperativa De Colombia, Villavicencio Campus, Colombia
| | - Alex Mira
- Department of Health and Genomics, Foundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research, Valencia, Spain
- Centre for Oral Health, School of Health and Welfare, Jönköping University, Sweden
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Skripkina GI, Burnashova TI. Changes of clinical and laboratory oral homeostasis parameters in schoolchildren in the context of testing of a regional-specific model of school dental service in Omsk. Pediatr Dent 2020. [DOI: 10.33925/1683-3031-2020-20-1-63-69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Relevance. The problem of dental caries in children remains unsolved. The traditional model of organizing preventive care in the Russian Federation has substantial flaws that do not allow to solve the problem of high dental morbidity rate among children.Purpose. To evaluate the change of clinical and laboratory parameters of oral homeostasis in children in the context of testing of the regional model of school dental service in Omsk. Materials and methods. In this work we have studied clinical and laboratory parameters of oral homeostasis in 12-year-old children in the context of testing of the regional model of school dental service. We have analyzed average values of these parameters in the test group (new preventive treatment program participants) and the comparison group (the traditional preventive model in school dental service) 3, 6, and 12 months after the observation, as well as in the control group (children who received no preventive treatment). On the basis of the data obtained, we evaluated the efficacy of our regional model of school dental service in Omsk [6]. The following indices were used for an objective assessment of children’s oral hygiene and periodontal condition: Fedorov-Volodka hygiene index, OHI-S, PMA (Parma), DMFT, CPI (Complex periodontal index), Level of caries intensity, CPITN. The following laboratory parameters were studied: pH, buffer capacity, product of the solubility, surface tension, total calcium and inorganic phosphorus. The statistical processing of the results was done with «Statistica 8.0» with the use of Wilcoxon criteria, Mann-Whitney test, one-way analysis of variance (Friedman's ANOVA), and Kruskal-Wallis’s ANOVA. Pair correlations were determined using Spearman's Rcoefficient of correlation, and multiple correlations were determined using cluster analysis and multidimensional scaling. Results. The new region-specific model of preventive treatment with participation of a dental hygienist demonstrated significant improvements of the parameters of oral homeostasis, different from analogous parameters in children who followed the traditional model of preventive treatment.Conclusions. In the course of one year, the regional model of operation for school dental service, developed and tested in the Omsk region, demonstrated positive changes in the dental morbidity rate in 12-year-old children compared to the traditional model of preventive dental treatment. Thus, the solution to high morbidity rate of dental caries and periodontal diseases in children is possible on the condition of priority development of region-specific preventive treatment for the regional dental service.
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Buzalaf MAR, Ortiz ADC, Carvalho TS, Fideles SOM, Araújo TT, Moraes SM, Buzalaf NR, Reis FN. Saliva as a diagnostic tool for dental caries, periodontal disease and cancer: is there a need for more biomarkers? Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2020; 20:543-555. [PMID: 32223655 DOI: 10.1080/14737159.2020.1743686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: A biomarker is a biological indicator of normal or pathogenic processes. Identification of biomarkers is useful for the prevention, diagnosis and prognosis of diseases as well as for monitoring the progression of pathological disorders. Several types of molecules present in biological fluids can act as biomarkers such as DNA, coding and non-coding RNA, lipids, metabolites, proteins and even microbes. In this context, saliva emerges as a useful diagnostic tool for the detection of biomarkers involved with oral and systemic diseases, since it reflects the pathophysiological conditions of the organism and allows early, rapid, practical and noninvasive detection of biomarkers.Areas covered: This review discusses the properties of saliva as a diagnostic tool and addresses the main identified biomarkers related to dental caries, periodontal disease, head and neck cancer and other types of cancer of considerable incidence among the world population.Expert commentary: Despite extensive efforts which have been directed toward the identification of one or a combination of biomarkers with good predictive values for the early detection of dental caries, periodontal disease and cancer, these biomarkers still need validation before chairside point-of-care devices can be widely used in the clinic.
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Pereira JL, Duarte D, Carneiro TJ, Ferreira S, Cunha B, Soares D, Costa AL, Gil AM. Saliva NMR metabolomics: Analytical issues in pediatric oral health research. Oral Dis 2019; 25:1545-1554. [PMID: 31077633 DOI: 10.1111/odi.13117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Revised: 04/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Saliva metabolome is a promising diagnostic tool concerning oral and systemic diseases. We aimed at establishing a suitable protocol for saliva collection and gauging the relative impacts of gender, dentition stage, and caries on the saliva metabolome of a small children cohort. SUBJECTS AND METHODS A nuclear magnetic resonance-based metabolomics cross-sectional study of children saliva (n = 38) compared the effects of: (a) stimulation and unstimulation conditions, and (b) collection through passive drool and using an absorbing device. Multivariate and univariate statistical analyses were applied to evaluate such effects and those related to gender, dentition stage and caries. RESULTS No significant differences were found between unstimulated and stimulated saliva, and the former was used for subsequent studies. Swab collection induced significant changes in sample composition, indicating passive drool as preferential. The impacts of gender and dentition stage were not significant compared to that of caries, which induced variations in the levels of 21 metabolites. These comprised amino acids and monosaccharides observed for the first time to our knowledge regarding children caries, suggesting protein hydrolysis and deglycosylation. CONCLUSIONS Unstimulated passive drool saliva metabolome may carry a caries signature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana L Pereira
- CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials (CICECO/UA), Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal.,Institute of Paediatric and Preventive Dentistry, Dentistry Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra (FMUC), Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Daniela Duarte
- CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials (CICECO/UA), Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Tatiana J Carneiro
- CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials (CICECO/UA), Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Sara Ferreira
- CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials (CICECO/UA), Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Bárbara Cunha
- Institute of Paediatric and Preventive Dentistry, Dentistry Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra (FMUC), Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Daniela Soares
- Institute of Paediatric and Preventive Dentistry, Dentistry Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra (FMUC), Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ana Luísa Costa
- Institute of Paediatric and Preventive Dentistry, Dentistry Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra (FMUC), Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ana M Gil
- CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials (CICECO/UA), Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
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