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Tao B, Li X, Li X, Lu K, Song K, Mohsen M, Li P, Wang L, Zhang C. Derivatives of postbiotics (cell wall constituents) from Bacillus subtilis (LCBS1) relieve soybean meal-induced enteritis in bullfrog (Aquarana catesbeianus). Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 279:135359. [PMID: 39244121 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.135359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2024] [Revised: 08/23/2024] [Accepted: 09/03/2024] [Indexed: 09/09/2024]
Abstract
Soybean meal (SM) serves as a primary alternative to fish meal in aquafeeds. However, a high-SM diet may result in intestinal injury. Our previous study demonstrated the probiotic effects of heat-inactivated Bacillus subtilis (LCBS1) on bullfrogs (Aquarana catesbeianus) fed a high-SM diet, probably attributed to the bioactive constituent of cell wall. Therefore, in this study, the main constituents of cell wall from LCBS1, including peptidoglycan (PGN), lipoteichoic acid (LTA), cell wall protein (CWP), and whole cell wall (WCW), were extracted and added to a high-SM (~55 %) diet to investigate their probiotic effects on bullfrogs and reveal the possible mechanisms. The results indicated that bullfrogs fed the LTA of LCBS1 showed the highest weight gain, feed efficiency, and protein efficiency ratio. Additionally, the LTA of LCBS1 could activate the humoral immunity and modulate intestinal microbiota. It might activate JAK2-STAT3 and MAPK-ERK pathways, as well as up-regulate tlr5 gene to promote intestinal cell proliferation, thereby alleviating jejunal injury. The WCW of LCBS1 effectively increased the growth performance of bullfrogs by improving the humoral immunity, enhancing intestinal barrier function, and alleviating intestinal inflammatory response. The PGN and CWP of LCBS1 could stimulate the humoral immunity and enhance intestinal barrier function, but had no significant effect on the growth performance of bullfrogs. In conclusion, the LTA might be the primary bioactive constituent of heat-inactivated LCBS1, with the beneficial effects of promoting intestinal cell proliferation and enhancing intestinal barrier function, therefore alleviating the intestinal injury induced by SM on bullfrogs. This study establishes a theoretical basis for the efficient utilization of plant proteins by the application of postbiotics additive in aquafeed, which further saves the feed costs and promotes development of economically sustainable aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingyi Tao
- Xiamen Key Laboratory for Feed Quality Testing and Safety Evaluation, Fisheries College, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Xinyuan Li
- Xiamen Key Laboratory for Feed Quality Testing and Safety Evaluation, Fisheries College, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Xueshan Li
- Xiamen Key Laboratory for Feed Quality Testing and Safety Evaluation, Fisheries College, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Kangle Lu
- Xiamen Key Laboratory for Feed Quality Testing and Safety Evaluation, Fisheries College, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Kai Song
- Xiamen Key Laboratory for Feed Quality Testing and Safety Evaluation, Fisheries College, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Mohamed Mohsen
- Xiamen Key Laboratory for Feed Quality Testing and Safety Evaluation, Fisheries College, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Peng Li
- North American Renderers Association, Alexandria, VA, USA
| | - Ling Wang
- Xiamen Key Laboratory for Feed Quality Testing and Safety Evaluation, Fisheries College, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, China.
| | - Chunxiao Zhang
- Xiamen Key Laboratory for Feed Quality Testing and Safety Evaluation, Fisheries College, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, China.
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2
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Wen YH, Lin YX, Zhou L, Lin C, Zhang L. The immune landscape in apical periodontitis: From mechanism to therapy. Int Endod J 2024. [PMID: 39087849 DOI: 10.1111/iej.14125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2024] [Revised: 07/04/2024] [Accepted: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
Apical periodontitis (AP) is featured by a persistent inflammatory response and alveolar bone resorption initiated by microorganisms, posing risks to both dental and systemic health. Nonsurgical endodontic treatment is the recommended treatment plan for AP with a high success rate, but in some cases, periapical lesions may persist despite standard endodontic treatment. Better comprehension of the AP inflammatory microenvironment can help develop adjunct therapies to improve the outcome of endodontic treatment. This review presents an overview of the immune landscape in AP, elucidating how microbial invasion triggers host immune activation and shapes the inflammatory microenvironment, ultimately impacting bone homeostasis. The destructive effect of excessive immune activation on periapical tissues is emphasized. This review aimed to systematically discuss the immunological basis of AP, the inflammatory bone resorption and the immune cell network in AP, thereby providing insights into potential immunotherapeutic strategies such as targeted therapy, antioxidant therapy, adoptive cell therapy and cytokine therapy to mitigate AP-associated tissue destruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Hao Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yu-Xiu Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Department of Cariology and Endodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Lu Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Department of Cariology and Endodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Chen Lin
- Department of Endodontics, Stomatological Hospital of Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen, China
| | - Lu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Department of Cariology and Endodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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Song W, Ye L, Tang Q, Lu X, Huang X, Xie M, Yu S, Yuan Z, Chen L. Rev-erbα attenuates refractory periapical periodontitis via M1 polarization: An in vitro and in vivo study. Int Endod J 2024; 57:451-463. [PMID: 38279698 DOI: 10.1111/iej.14024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/07/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
AIM Rev-erbα has been reported to regulate the healing of inflammatory lesions through its effect on the immune system in a variety of inflammatory disease. Moreover, the balance of macrophages polarization plays a crucial role in immune response and inflammatory progression. However, in refractory periapical periodontitis (RAP), the role of Rev-erbα in inflammatory response and bone resorption by regulating macrophage polarization remains unclarified. The aims of the present study were to investigate the expression of Rev-erbα in experimental RAP and to explore the relationship between Rev-erbα and macrophage polarization through the application of its pharmacological agonist SR9009 into the in vivo and in vitro experiments. METHODOLOGY Enterococcus faecalis-induced RAP models were established in SD rats. Histological staining and micro-computed tomography scanning were used to evaluate osteoclastogenesis and alveolar bone resorption. The expression of Rev-erbα and macrophage polarization were detected in the periapical tissues from rats by immunofluorescence, flow cytometry, and western blots. Furthermore, immunohistochemical staining and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay were performed to explore the relationship between Rev-erbα and inflammatory cytokines related to macrophage polarization. RESULT Compared to healthy periapical tissue, the expression of Rev-erbα was significantly down-regulated in macrophages from inflammatory periapical area, especially in Enterococcus faecalis-induced periapical lesions, with obvious type-1 macrophage (M1)-like dominance and the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. In addition, Rev-erbα activation by SR9009 could induce type-2 macrophage (M2)-like polarization in periapical tissue and THP1 cell line, followed by increased secretion of anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-10 and TGF-β. Furthermore, intracanal application of SR9009 reduced the lesion size and promoted the repair of RAP by decreasing the number of osteoclasts and enhancing the formation of mineralized tissue in periapical inflammatory lesions. CONCLUSIONS Rev-erbα played an essential role in the pathogenesis of RAP through its effect on macrophage polarization. Targeting Rev-erbα might be a promising and prospective therapy method for the prevention and management of RAP.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Song
- Department of Stomatology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- School of Stomatology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Development and Regeneration, Wuhan, China
| | - L Ye
- Department of Stomatology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- School of Stomatology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Development and Regeneration, Wuhan, China
| | - Q Tang
- Department of Stomatology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- School of Stomatology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Development and Regeneration, Wuhan, China
| | - X Lu
- Department of Stomatology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- School of Stomatology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Development and Regeneration, Wuhan, China
| | - X Huang
- Department of Stomatology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- School of Stomatology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Development and Regeneration, Wuhan, China
| | - M Xie
- Department of Stomatology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- School of Stomatology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Development and Regeneration, Wuhan, China
| | - S Yu
- Department of Stomatology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- School of Stomatology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Development and Regeneration, Wuhan, China
| | - Z Yuan
- Department of Stomatology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- School of Stomatology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Development and Regeneration, Wuhan, China
| | - L Chen
- Department of Stomatology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- School of Stomatology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Development and Regeneration, Wuhan, China
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Xiang Y, Yang R, Li X, Huang H, Duan K, Song F. Phage PEf771 for the Treatment of Periapical Periodontitis Induced by Enterococcus faecalis YN771. Crit Rev Immunol 2024; 44:41-53. [PMID: 37947071 DOI: 10.1615/critrevimmunol.2023050313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Enterococcus faecalis was the main causative bacteria of refractory periapical periodontitis (PP), there is a pressing need to explore effective methods for eradicating E. faecalis in patients with refractory PP. This study aimed to assess the anti-infective effectiveness of phage PEf771 in treating periapical inflammation in rats. We developed a rat model of PP through E. faecalis YN771 induction. Micro-computed tomography and hematoxylin-eosin staining were utilized to evaluate bone destruction and inflammation in experimental teeth for seven consecutive weeks. Subsequently, rats with PP caused by E. faecalis YN771 were treated with phage PEf771, calcium hydroxide preparation, and 2% chlorhexidine gel. The healing progress of bone defects and inflammation in the apical region was monitored over three consecutive weeks using imaging and histopathology assessments. The PP rat model was successfully developed, and bone destruction and inflammatory cell infiltration in the apical region of the experimental tooth peaked at 4 weeks. The area of bone destruction in rats treated with phage PEf771, calcium hydroxide preparation, and 2% chlorhexidine gel was significantly smaller than that in the untreated group. Phage PEf771, calcium hydroxide preparation, and 2% chlorhexi-dine gel all have the effect of promoting the healing of apical lesions. Therapeutic effects of phage PEf771 on periapical inflammation infected by E. faecalis YN771 enhanced with time. Phage PEf771 promoted the healing of apical lesions, presenting a promising new approach for the treatment of refractory PP using bacteriophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Xiang
- Department of Stomatology, Yan'an Hospital Affiliated to Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Rongyu Yang
- Department of Clinical Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Dali University, Dali, Yunnan, China
| | - Xuelin Li
- Department of Stomatology, Yan'an Hospital Affiliated to Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Hao Huang
- Department of Stomatology, Yan'an Hospital Affiliated to Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Kaiwen Duan
- Department of Stomatology, Yan'an Hospital Affiliated to Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Fei Song
- Department of Minimally Invasive Intervention, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
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Hasan A, Roome T, Wahid M, Ansari SA, Khan JA, Kiyani A, Jilani SNA. A novel experimental model to investigate fungal involvement shows expression of Dectin-1 in periapical lesion pathogenesis. J Oral Rehabil 2023; 50:1043-1057. [PMID: 37263973 DOI: 10.1111/joor.13528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Candida albicans is linked to persistent endodontic lesions. However, the recognition receptor that identifies it is not explored previously. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to (1) establish a zymosan-induced model of apical periodontitis in mouse, (2) observe the expression of Dectin-1 and its possible relationship with toll-like receptor (TLR) 2 and (3) observe relationship between Osteopontin (OPN) and inflammatory cytokines. METHODS A total of 138 Naval Medical Research Institute (NMRI) mice were randomly divided into; Experimental Group n = 69 and Zymosan Group n = 69. Periapical periodontitis was developed in right maxillary molar. The animals were sacrificed at 7, 21 and 42 days. Bone blocks containing the mesial root (n = 15 for qRT-PCR, n = 45 for enzyme-linked immune sorbent assay (ELISA)) were collected for mRNA expression and ELISA. While whole maxilla (n = 3 from each time interval) were used for histology and immunohistochemical analysis. One way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tuckey's posthoc was used for statistical analysis at p ≤ .05. RESULTS TLR-2, Dectin-1 and TLR4-positive cells was detected at all time intervals in both groups. A strong positive correlation was observed between TLR-2 and Dectin-1 in both lesions (regular r = .680, p = .015, zymosan (r = .861, p < .001)). A significant correlation was found between OPN and tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) in zymosan lesion (r = .827, p = .001). CONCLUSIONS Immune cells of inflamed periapical tissue expressed Dectin-1 receptor in response to the microbial challenge from infected root canals and showed positive correlation with TLR-2 and OPN suggesting a possible receptor collaboration mediated by OPN. The expression of OPN and TNF-α showed positive correlation in response to fungal antigen, indicating a possible relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arshad Hasan
- Department of Operative Dentistry, Dow Dental College, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Talat Roome
- Department of Pathology, Section Molecular Pathology, Dow International Medical College, Karachi, Pakistan
- Dow Institute for Advanced Biological and Animal Research, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Mohsin Wahid
- Department of Pathology, Dow International Medical College, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan
- Dow Research Institute of Biotechnology and Biomedical Sciences, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Shazia Akbar Ansari
- Department of Oral Pathology, Dow Dental College, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Javeria Ali Khan
- Department of Operative Dentistry, Dow Dental College, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Amber Kiyani
- Department of Oral Medicine and Diagnosis, Islamic International dental College, Riphah International University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Syeda Neha Ahmed Jilani
- Dow Institute for Advanced Biological and Animal Research, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan
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Han P, Sunada-Nara K, Kawashima N, Fujii M, Wang S, Kieu TQ, Yu Z, Okiji T. MicroRNA-146b-5p Suppresses Pro-Inflammatory Mediator Synthesis via Targeting TRAF6, IRAK1, and RELA in Lipopolysaccharide-Stimulated Human Dental Pulp Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:7433. [PMID: 37108595 PMCID: PMC10138803 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
MicroRNA-146b-5p (miR-146b-5p) is up-regulated during and to suppress the inflammation process, although mechanisms involved in the action of miR-146b-5p have not been fully elucidated. This study examined the anti-inflammation effects of miR-146b-5p in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated human dental pulp cells (hDPCs). An increase in human miR-146b-5p (hsa-miR-146b-5p) expression following the mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines was observed in LPS-stimulated hDPCs. The expression of hsa-miR-146b-5p and pro-inflammatory cytokines was down-regulated by a nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) inhibitor, and the expression of hsa-miR-146b-5p was also decreased by a JAK1/2 inhibitor. Enforced expression of hsa-miR-146b-5p abolished phosphorylation of NF-κB p65 and down-regulated the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and NF-κB signaling components, such as interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase 1 (IRAK1), tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF6), and REL-associated protein involved in NF-κB (RELA). Expression of rat miR-146b-5p (rno-miR-146b-5p) and pro-inflammatory cytokine mRNA was also up-regulated in experimentally-induced rat pulpal inflammation in vivo, and rno-miR-146b-5p blocked the mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory mediators and NF-κB signaling components in LPS-stimulated ex vivo cultured rat incisor pulp tissues. These findings suggest that the synthesis of miR-146b-5p is controlled via an NF-κB/IL6/STAT3 signaling cascade, and in turn, miR-146b-5p down-regulates the expression of pro-inflammatory mediators by targeting TRAF6, IRAK1, and RELA in LPS-stimulated hDPCs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Keisuke Sunada-Nara
- Department of Pulp Biology and Endodontics, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo 113-8549, Japan; (P.H.); (M.F.); (S.W.); (T.Q.K.); (Z.Y.); (T.O.)
| | - Nobuyuki Kawashima
- Department of Pulp Biology and Endodontics, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo 113-8549, Japan; (P.H.); (M.F.); (S.W.); (T.Q.K.); (Z.Y.); (T.O.)
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Deng Z, Lin B, Liu F, Zhao W. Role of Enterococcus faecalis in refractory apical periodontitis: from pathogenicity to host cell response. J Oral Microbiol 2023; 15:2184924. [PMID: 36891193 PMCID: PMC9987735 DOI: 10.1080/20002297.2023.2184924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Refractory apical periodontitis (RAP) is an oral infectious disease characterised by persistent inflammation, progressive alveolar bone destruction, and delayed bone healing. RAP has received increasing attention, because it cannot be cured after repeated root canal therapies. The aetiology of RAP is related to the complex interplay between the pathogen and its host. However, the exact pathogenesis of RAP remains unclarified and includes several factors, such as microorganism immunogenicity, host immunity and inflammation, and tissue destruction and repair. Enterococcus faecalis is the dominant pathogen involved in RAP, and has evolved multiple strategies to ensure survival, which cause persistent intraradicular and extraradicular infections. OBJECTIVE To review the crucial role of E. faecalis in the pathogenesis of RAP, and open new avenues for prevention and treatment of RAP. METHODS The PubMed and Web of Science databases were searched for pertinent publications, employing the search terms "Enterococcus faecalis", "refractory apical periodontitis", "persistent periapical periodontitis", "pathogenicity", "virulence", "biofilm formation", "dentine tubule", "immune cell", "macrophage", and "osteoblast". RESULTS AND CONCLUSION Besides its high pathogenicity due to various virulence mechanisms, E. faecalis modulates the macrophage and osteoblast responses, including regulated cell death, cell polarisation, cell differentiation, and inflammatory response. An in-depth understanding of the multifaceted host cell responses modulated by E. faecalis will help to design potential future therapeutic strategies and overcome the challenges of sustained infection and delayed tissue healing in RAP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zilong Deng
- Department of Stomatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Binbin Lin
- Department of Stomatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fan Liu
- School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wanghong Zhao
- Department of Stomatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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Wang L, Dong M, Shi D, Yang C, Liu S, Gao L, Niu W. Role of PI3K in the bone resorption of apical periodontitis. BMC Oral Health 2022; 22:345. [PMID: 35953782 PMCID: PMC9373278 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-022-02364-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) is located within cells, and is involved in regulating cell survival, proliferation, apoptosis and angiogenesis. The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of PI3K in the process of bone destruction in apical periodontitis, and provide reference data for the treatment of this disease. METHODS The relative mRNA expression of PI3K, Acp5 and NFATc1 in the normal human periodontal ligament and in chronic apical periodontitis were analyzed by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). A mouse model of apical periodontitis was established by root canal exposure to the oral cavity, and HE staining was used to observe the progress of apical periodontitis. Immunohistochemical staining was used to detect the expression of PI3K and AKT in different stages of apical periodontitis, while enzymatic histochemical staining was used for detection of osteoclasts. An Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-mediated inflammatory environment was also established at the osteoclast and osteoblast level, and osteoclasts or osteoblasts were treated with the PI3K inhibitor LY294002 to examine the role of PI3K in bone resorption. RESULTS The expression of PI3K, Acp5 and NFATc1 genes in chronic apical periodontitis sample groups was significantly increased relative to healthy periodontal ligament tissue (P < 0.05). Mouse apical periodontitis was successfully established and bone resorption peaked between 2 and 3 weeks (P < 0.05). The expression of PI3K and Akt increased with the progression of inflammation, and reached a peak at 14 days (P < 0.05). The gene and protein expression of PI3K, TRAP and NFATc1 in osteoclasts were significantly increased (P < 0.05) in the E. coli LPS-mediated inflammatory microenvironment compared to the normal control group. Meanwhile in osteoblasts, the gene and protein expression of PI3K, BMP-2 and Runx2 were significantly reduced (P < 0.05) in the inflammatory microenvironment. With the addition of LY294002, expressions of bone resorption-related factors (TRAP, NFATc1) and bone formation-related factors (BMP-2, Runx2) significantly decreased (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Under the inflammatory environment induced by LPS, PI3K participates in the occurrence and development of chronic apical periodontitis by regulating the proliferation and differentiation of osteoclasts and osteoblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- LiNa Wang
- Department of Endodontics and Periodontics, College of Stomatology, Dalian Medical University, 9 West Section, Lvshun South Road, Dalian, 116044, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Ming Dong
- Department of Endodontics and Periodontics, College of Stomatology, Dalian Medical University, 9 West Section, Lvshun South Road, Dalian, 116044, Liaoning Province, China
| | - DongMei Shi
- Department of Pediatric Stomatology, The Third People's Hospital of Puyang City, Puyang, Henan Province, China
| | - CaiHui Yang
- Department of Endodontics and Periodontics, College of Stomatology, Dalian Medical University, 9 West Section, Lvshun South Road, Dalian, 116044, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Shuo Liu
- Department of Endodontics and Periodontics, College of Stomatology, Dalian Medical University, 9 West Section, Lvshun South Road, Dalian, 116044, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Lu Gao
- Department of Endodontics and Periodontics, College of Stomatology, Dalian Medical University, 9 West Section, Lvshun South Road, Dalian, 116044, Liaoning Province, China
| | - WeiDong Niu
- Department of Endodontics and Periodontics, College of Stomatology, Dalian Medical University, 9 West Section, Lvshun South Road, Dalian, 116044, Liaoning Province, China.
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Gomes BP, Francisco PA, Godoi Jr EP, Endo MS, Barbosa-Ribeiro M, Delboni MG, Pecorari VG. Identification of Culturable and Nonculturable Microorganisms, Lipopolysaccharides, and Lipoteichoic Acids From Root Canals of Teeth With Endodontic Failure. J Endod 2021; 47:1075-1086. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2021.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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10
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Sato T, Fujimaki R, Suzuki J, Hamada N, Tani-Ishii N, Handa K. Bactericidal Effect of a Novel Alkaline EDTA Root Canal Cleaning Solution. Eur J Dent 2021; 15:546-550. [PMID: 33694134 PMCID: PMC8382451 DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1723067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives
In this study, we aimed to evaluate the bactericidal effect and cytotoxicity of an ethylenediaminetetra-acetic acid (EDTA)-based root canal irrigant solution capable of efficiently removing both the organic matter and the smear layer. We prepared a strong alkaline EDTA (AE) solution with an acid buffer capacity similar to that of sodium hypochlorite.
Materials and Methods
AE was used at concentrations of 1%, 2%, and 3%. The bactericidal effect of AE on
Enterococcus faecalis
was evaluated by determining the colony number and biofilm removal rate. Biofilms were visualized using a Live/Dead BacLight bacterial viability kit. Viability of AE-treated cells were determined using a CCK-8 cell counting assay.
Statistical Analysis
One-way analysis of variance followed by a Dunnett’s multiple comparison test were used for comparisons among groups.
Results
Significant reduction in cell viability and biofilm formation were observed in case of 3% and 2% AE. AE exerted bactericidal effects in a concentration-dependent manner. Damage of normal human fibroblasts was not observed at any of the AE concentrations.
Conclusions
Our results suggest that the AE solution could be used as an effective canal irrigant for the removal of bacterial biofilm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takenori Sato
- Department of Oral Science, Division of Oral Biochemistry, Graduate School of Dentistry, Kanagawa Dental University, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Ryuji Fujimaki
- Department of Oral Interdisciplinary Medicine, Division of Pulp Biology, Graduate School of Dentistry, Kanagawa Dental University, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Jiro Suzuki
- Department of Oral Interdisciplinary Medicine, Division of Pulp Biology, Graduate School of Dentistry, Kanagawa Dental University, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Nobushiro Hamada
- Department of Oral Science, Division of Microbiology, Graduate School of Dentistry, Kanagawa Dental University, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Tani-Ishii
- Department of Oral Interdisciplinary Medicine, Division of Pulp Biology, Graduate School of Dentistry, Kanagawa Dental University, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Keisuke Handa
- Department of Oral Science, Division of Oral Biochemistry, Graduate School of Dentistry, Kanagawa Dental University, Kanagawa, Japan
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11
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Araujo HC, da Silva ACG, Paião LI, Magario MKW, Frasnelli SCT, Oliveira SHP, Pessan JP, Monteiro DR. Antimicrobial, antibiofilm and cytotoxic effects of a colloidal nanocarrier composed by chitosan-coated iron oxide nanoparticles loaded with chlorhexidine. J Dent 2020; 101:103453. [PMID: 32827599 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2020.103453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study evaluated the antimicrobial and antibiofilm effects of a colloidal nanocarrier for chlorhexidine (CHX) on Candida glabrata and Enterococcus faecalis, as well as tested its cytotoxic effect on murine fibroblasts. METHODS Iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) were coated with chitosan (CS) and loaded with CHX at 31.2, 78 and 156 μg/mL. Antimicrobial effects were assessed by determining the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), using the broth microdilution method, and fractional inhibitory concentration index (FICI). Preformed biofilms (48 h) were treated with different concentrations of the nanocarrier (24 h) and quantified by colony-forming units (CFUs), total biomass and metabolic activity. For cytotoxicity, the viability of L929 cells was evaluated by MTT assay after 24 and 48 h of exposure to the nanocarrier. Data were submitted to ANOVA and Fisher LSD or Tukey post-hoc tests (α = 0.05). RESULTS MIC and FICI results showed an indifferent interaction among the components of the nanocarrier for all strains evaluated. CHX alone and nanocarrier containing 156 μg/mL CHX did not differ from each other in reducing the number of CFUs. However, the nanocarrier containing 156 μg/mL CHX promoted the highest reductions in total biofilm biomass and metabolism, surpassing the effect of CHX alone. After 24 and 48 h of exposure, the nanocarrier reduced CHX toxicity to the L929 cell at low concentrations. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that the CHX nanocarrier has potential to be used in the control of oral diseases associated with C. glabrata and E. faecalis. CLINICAL RELEVANCE CHX has improved the antibiofilm effect and reduced the cytotoxicity (at low concentrations) when conjugated to CS-coated IONPs. This new colloidal formulation has potential as an alternative antimicrobial agent to pure CHX for the control of biofilm-related oral diseases, such as oral candidiasis and endodontic infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heitor Ceolin Araujo
- São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, Department of Preventive and Restorative Dentistry, 16015-050 Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina Gomes da Silva
- School of Dentistry, Presidente Prudente, University of Western São Paulo (UNOESTE), 19050-920 Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luana Isabel Paião
- School of Dentistry, Presidente Prudente, University of Western São Paulo (UNOESTE), 19050-920 Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mychelle Keiko Watanabe Magario
- School of Dentistry, Presidente Prudente, University of Western São Paulo (UNOESTE), 19050-920 Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sabrina Cruz Tfaile Frasnelli
- São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, Department of Basic Sciences, 16015-050 Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sandra Helena Penha Oliveira
- São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, Department of Basic Sciences, 16015-050 Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Juliano Pelim Pessan
- São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, Department of Preventive and Restorative Dentistry, 16015-050 Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Douglas Roberto Monteiro
- Graduate Program in Dentistry (GPD - Master's Degree), University of Western São Paulo (UNOESTE), 19050-920 Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, Brazil.
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