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Ribeiro AA, Jiao Y, Girnary M, Alves T, Chen L, Farrell A, Wu D, Teles F, Inohara N, Swanson KV, Marchesan JT. Oral biofilm dysbiosis during experimental periodontitis. Mol Oral Microbiol 2022; 37:256-265. [PMID: 36189827 PMCID: PMC10034670 DOI: 10.1111/omi.12389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We have previously characterized the main osteoimmunological events that occur during ligature periodontitis. This study aims to determine the polymicrobial community shifts that occur during disease development. METHODS Periodontitis was induced in C57BL/6 mice using the ligature-induced periodontitis model. Healthy oral mucosa swabs and ligatures were collected every 3 days from 0 to 18 days post-ligature placement. Biofilm samples were evaluated by 16SrRNA gene sequencing (Illumina MiSeq) and QIIME. Time-course changes were determined by relative abundance, diversity, and rank analyses (PERMANOVA, Bonferroni-adjusted). RESULTS Microbial differences between health and periodontal inflammation were observed at all phylogenic levels. An evident microbial community shift occurred in 25 genera during the advancement of "gingivitis" (3-6 days) to periodontitis (9-18 days). From day 0 to 18, dramatic changes were identified in Streptococcus levels, with an overall decrease (54.04%-0.02%) as well an overall increase of Enterococcus and Lactobacillus (23.7%-73.1% and 10.1%-70.2%, respectively). Alpha-diversity decreased to its lowest at 3 days, followed by an increase in diversity as disease advancement. Beta-diversity increased after ligature placement, indicating that bone loss develops in response to a greater microbial variability (p = 0.001). Levels of facultative and strict anaerobic bacteria augmented over the course of disease progression, with a total of eight species significantly different during the 18-day period. CONCLUSION The data supports that murine gingival inflammation and alveolar bone loss develop in response to microbiome shifts. Bacterial diversity increased during progression to bone loss. These findings further support the utilization of the periodontitis ligature model for microbial shift analysis under different experimental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Apoena Aguiar Ribeiro
- Division of Diagnostic Sciences (Microbiology and Cariology), Adams School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Yizu Jiao
- Division of Comprehensive Oral Health (Periodontology), Adams School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Mustafa Girnary
- Division of Comprehensive Oral Health (Periodontology), Adams School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Tomaz Alves
- Division of Comprehensive Oral Health (Periodontology), Adams School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Liang Chen
- Division of Comprehensive Oral Health (Periodontology), Adams School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Anna Farrell
- Division of Diagnostic Sciences (Microbiology and Cariology), Adams School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Di Wu
- Division of Oral and Craniofacial Health Sciences, Adams School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Flavia Teles
- Department of Basic and Translational Sciences, Penn Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Naohiro Inohara
- Department of Pathology, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Karen V Swanson
- Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Julie T Marchesan
- Division of Comprehensive Oral Health (Periodontology), Adams School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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2
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de Queiroz Rodrigues MI, de Oliveira Coelho CC, Sousa FB, Gerage LKAR, Mota MRL, Alves APNN. Polymicrobial oral conventionalization model in mice. Braz J Microbiol 2022; 53:885-890. [PMID: 35246822 PMCID: PMC9151928 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-022-00712-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study is to describe a new polymicrobial oral conventionalization protocol in mice. Oral biofilm samples were collected from wild C57 BL/6 mice (WG), which had not been previously submitted to any experimental procedure. The contents of these samples were used for inoculation in the oral cavity of specific pathogen free (SPF) animals. This inoculation was repeated 3 times. Qualitative cytological analyses were performed in the days 0, 16 and 80 of the experimental protocol, to check the presence or absence of microorganisms, their morphology and staining characteristics on the oral cavity of the animals. At the end of this study, was observed a combination of oral bacterial microbiota of SPF animals and wild animals in the conventionalized group (CONV). Samples collected from CONV mice on day 16, a period in which these animals had been previously inoculated 3 times with wild mouse microbiota, showed a greater amount of Gram-positive cocci, as seen in SPF animals. In addition, Gram-negative cocci were present, although in a much smaller proportion than previously seen in wild mice. On the 80th experimental day, CONV animals showed a predominance of Gram-positive cocci and bacilli. Filamentous bacteria were also seen in this group. The conventionalization of SPF animals using the technique with inoculum from the resident microbiota of wild mice proved to be an effective, low-cost and easily reproducible technique. The conventionalized animals showed the colonization of a microbiota similar to wild animals up to 80 days of experiment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Fabrício Bitu Sousa
- Postgraduate Program in Dentistry, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, , Ceará Brazil
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3
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Cafferata EA, Alvarez C, Diaz KT, Maureira M, Monasterio G, González FE, Covarrubias C, Vernal R. Multifunctional nanocarriers for the treatment of periodontitis: Immunomodulatory, antimicrobial, and regenerative strategies. Oral Dis 2019; 25:1866-1878. [PMID: 30565778 DOI: 10.1111/odi.13023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Revised: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Periodontitis is an inflammatory disease, in which the host immuno-inflammatory response against the dysbiotic subgingival biofilm leads to the breakdown of periodontal tissues. Most of the available treatments seem to be effective in the short-term; nevertheless, permanent periodical controls and patient compliance compromise long-term success. Different strategies have been proposed for the modulation of the host immune response as potential therapeutic tools to take a better care of most susceptible periodontitis patients, such as drug local delivery approaches. Though, maintaining an effective drug concentration for a prolonged period of time has not been achieved yet. In this context, advanced drug delivery strategies using biodegradable nanocarriers have been proposed to avoid toxicity and frequency-related problems of treatment. The versatility of distinct nanocarriers allows the improvement of their loading and release capabilities and could be potentially used for microbiological control, periodontal regeneration, and/or immunomodulation. In the present review, we revise and discuss the most frequent biodegradable nanocarrier strategies proposed for the treatment of periodontitis, including polylactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA), chitosan, and silica-derived nanoparticles, and further suggest novel therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilio A Cafferata
- Periodontal Biology Laboratory, Department of Conservative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Perú
| | - Carla Alvarez
- Periodontal Biology Laboratory, Department of Conservative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Karla T Diaz
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Miguel Maureira
- Laboratory of Nanobiomaterials, ICOD, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Gustavo Monasterio
- Periodontal Biology Laboratory, Department of Conservative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Fermín E González
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology and Cancer, Department of Conservative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Cristian Covarrubias
- Laboratory of Nanobiomaterials, ICOD, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Rolando Vernal
- Periodontal Biology Laboratory, Department of Conservative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Dentistry Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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4
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Cafferata EA, Jerez A, Vernal R, Monasterio G, Pandis N, Faggion CM. The therapeutic potential of regulatory T lymphocytes in periodontitis: A systematic review. J Periodontal Res 2018; 54:207-217. [DOI: 10.1111/jre.12629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Revised: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emilio Alfredo Cafferata
- Periodontal Biology LaboratoryFaculty of DentistryUniversidad de Chile Santiago Chile
- Faculty of DentistryUniversidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia Lima Perú
| | - Alfredo Jerez
- Department of Oral SurgerySection of PeriodontologySchool of DentistryUniversidad de Concepción Concepción Chile
| | - Rolando Vernal
- Periodontal Biology LaboratoryFaculty of DentistryUniversidad de Chile Santiago Chile
- Dentistry UnitFaculty of Health SciencesUniversidad Autónoma de Chile Santiago Chile
| | - Gustavo Monasterio
- Periodontal Biology LaboratoryFaculty of DentistryUniversidad de Chile Santiago Chile
| | - Nikolaos Pandis
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial OrthopedicsDental School/Medical FacultyUniversity of Bern Bern Switzerland
| | - Clovis M. Faggion
- Department of Periodontology and Operative DentistryFaculty of DentistryUniversity of Münster Münster Germany
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5
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Interplay between P. gingivalis, F. nucleatum and A. actinomycetemcomitans in murine alveolar bone loss, arthritis onset and progression. Sci Rep 2018; 8:15129. [PMID: 30310087 PMCID: PMC6181973 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-33129-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence supports the association of periodontitis with rheumatoid arthritis. Even though a prominent role has been postulated for Porphyromonas gingivalis, many bacterial species contribute to the pathogenesis of periodontal disease. We therefore investigated the impact of Porphyromonas gingivalis as well as other major pathobionts on the development of both, periodontitis and arthritis in the mouse. Pathobionts used - either alone or in combination - were Porphyromonas gingivalis, Fusobacterium nucleatum and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomintans. Periodontitis was induced via oral gavage in SKG, DBA/1 and F1 (DBA/1 × B10.Q) mice and collagen-induced arthritis was provoked via immunization and boost with bovine collagen type II. Alveolar bone loss was quantified via micro computed tomography, arthritis was evaluated macroscopically and histologically and serum antibodies were assessed. Among the strains tested, only F1 mice were susceptible to P. gingivalis induced periodontitis and showed significant alveolar bone loss. Bone loss was paralleled by antibody titers against P. gingivalis. Of note, mice inoculated with the mix of all three pathobionts showed less alveolar bone loss than mice inoculated with P. gingivalis alone. However, oral inoculation with either F. nucleatum or A. actinomycetemcomintans alone accelerated subsequent arthritis onset and progression. This is the first report of a triple oral inoculation of pathobionts combined with collagen-induced arthritis in the mouse. In this interplay and this particular genetic setting, F. nucleatum and A. actinomycetemcomitans exerted a protective impact on P. gingivalis induced alveolar bone loss. By themselves they did not induce periodontitis yet accelerated arthritis onset and progression.
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6
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de Aquino SG, Talbot J, Sônego F, Turato WM, Grespan R, Avila-Campos MJ, Cunha FQ, Cirelli JA. The aggravation of arthritis by periodontitis is dependent of IL-17 receptor A activation. J Clin Periodontol 2017; 44:881-891. [PMID: 28498497 DOI: 10.1111/jcpe.12743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
AIM To evaluate whether Porphyromonas gingivalis-induced periodontitis aggravates the antigen-induced arthritis (AIA) model, and whether this effect is dependent on the Th17/IL-17 signalling pathway. MATERIALS AND METHODS Antigen-induced arthritis was triggered by local injection of methylated bovine serum albumin into the knee joint of previously immunized C57BL/6 wild-type (WT) and IL-17 receptor A (IL-17RA)-knockout mice. Periodontal disease in naïve or arthritic mice was induced by oral infection with P. gingivalis. Animals were sacrificed 7, 15 and 30 days after infection. Alveolar bone loss, joint histopathology, articular hyperalgesia and joint cytokine production were assessed, in addition to the proportion of Th17 and Treg cells isolated from the inguinal lymph nodes. RESULTS No influence of experimentally-induced arthritis was found on the alveolar bone resorption induced by P. gingivalis. However, mice with experimentally-induced arthritis that were exposed to P. gingivalis presented higher joint damage and Th17 frequencies when compared to non-infected mice. The aggravation of arthritis by periodontitis was accompanied by increased TNF and IL-17 production and articular neutrophil infiltration, whereas arthritis aggravation and changes in neutrophil infiltration were absent in IL-17RA-deficient mice. CONCLUSION The effects of P. gingivalis-induced periodontitis on arthritis are dependent on Th17 expansion and IL-17RA signalling, which lead to increased neutrophil infiltration into the joints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina G de Aquino
- Department of Diagnosis and Oral Surgery, School of Dentistry at Araraquara, Univ. Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Araraquara, Brazil.,Department of Clinical and Social Dentistry, Health Science Center, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | - Jhimmy Talbot
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Fabiane Sônego
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Walter M Turato
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Renata Grespan
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.,Department of Physiology, Biological and Health Science Center, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracajú, Brazil
| | - Mario J Avila-Campos
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Fernando Q Cunha
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Joni A Cirelli
- Department of Diagnosis and Oral Surgery, School of Dentistry at Araraquara, Univ. Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Araraquara, Brazil
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7
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Mahabady S, Tjokro N, Aharonian S, Zadeh HH, Chen C, Allayee H, Sedghizadeh PP. The in vivo T helper type 17 and regulatory T cell immune responses to Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans. Mol Oral Microbiol 2017; 32:490-499. [PMID: 28544588 DOI: 10.1111/omi.12187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The periodontal pathogen Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans is known to elicit a systemic immune response in the infected host, and occasionally causes non-oral infections. Detailed information on its immunopathological responses and the involvement of bacterial virulence factors remains to be elucidated. The aim of this study was to assess the systemic immune response to A. actinomycetemcomitans oral infection. We used an animal model that simulates systemic dissemination of the bacteria by injecting live wild-type (WT) D7S-1 and a double knockout mutant of leukotoxin and cytolethal distending toxin (ΔltxΔcdt) A. actinomycetemcomitans strains in rat oral mucosa. Draining lymph nodes were examined for regulatory T (Treg) and T helper type 17 (Th17) cell subsets and their associated mediators. An increase in the proportion of Th17 cells and a decrease in Treg cells over the experimental period of 3 weeks were similarly observed for rats challenged with WT and ΔltxΔcdt. Significant upregulation and downregulation of proinflammatory cytokines in the Th17 gene pathway was noted, as well as several qualitative differences between WT and ΔltxΔcdt. Furthermore, we observed differential fold regulation in key genes associated with a proinflammatory response in ΔltxΔcdt-inoculated rats relative to D7S-1 group. This suggests that although the knockout of these two virulence factors (ΔltxΔcdt) may suppress certain proinflammatory genes, it causes similar over-expression of other genes compared with D7S-1, indicating a common factor that still remains in the pathogenicity of A. actinomycetemcomitans.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Mahabady
- Laboratory for Immunoregulation & Tissue Engineering, Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - N Tjokro
- Division of Periodontology, Diagnostic Sciences and Biomedical Sciences, Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - S Aharonian
- Laboratory for Immunoregulation & Tissue Engineering, Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - H H Zadeh
- Laboratory for Immunoregulation & Tissue Engineering, Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - C Chen
- Division of Periodontology, Diagnostic Sciences and Biomedical Sciences, Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - H Allayee
- Institute for Genetic Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - P P Sedghizadeh
- Division of Periodontology, Diagnostic Sciences and Biomedical Sciences, Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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8
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Olsen I, Taubman MA, Singhrao SK. Porphyromonas gingivalis suppresses adaptive immunity in periodontitis, atherosclerosis, and Alzheimer's disease. J Oral Microbiol 2016; 8:33029. [PMID: 27882863 PMCID: PMC5122233 DOI: 10.3402/jom.v8.33029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2016] [Revised: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Porphyromonas gingivalis, a keystone pathogen in chronic periodontitis, has been found to associate with remote body organ inflammatory pathologies, including atherosclerosis and Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Although P. gingivalis has a plethora of virulence factors, much of its pathogenicity is surprisingly related to the overall immunosuppression of the host. This review focuses on P. gingivalis aiding suppression of the host’s adaptive immune system involving manipulation of cellular immunological responses, specifically T cells and B cells in periodontitis and related conditions. In periodontitis, this bacterium inhibits the synthesis of IL-2 and increases humoral responses. This reduces the inflammatory responses related to T- and B-cell activation, and subsequent IFN-γ secretion by a subset of T cells. The T cells further suppress upregulation of programmed cell death-1 (PD-1)-receptor on CD+cells and its ligand PD-L1 on CD11b+-subset of T cells. IL-2 downregulates genes regulated by immune response and induces a cytokine pattern in which the Th17 lineage is favored, thereby modulating the Th17/T-regulatory cell (Treg) imbalance. The suppression of IFN-γ-stimulated release of interferon-inducible protein-10 (IP-10) chemokine ligands [ITAC (CXCL11) and Mig (CXCL9)] by P. gingivalis capsular serotypes triggers distinct T cell responses and contributes to local immune evasion by release of its outer membrane vesicles. In atherosclerosis, P. gingivalis reduces Tregs, transforms growth factor beta-1 (TGFβ-1), and causes imbalance in the Th17 lineage of the Treg population. In AD, P. gingivalis may affect the blood–brain barrier permeability and inhibit local IFN-γ response by preventing entry of immune cells into the brain. The scarcity of adaptive immune cells in AD neuropathology implies P. gingivalis infection of the brain likely causing impaired clearance of insoluble amyloid and inducing immunosuppression. By the effective manipulation of the armory of adaptive immune suppression through a plethora of virulence factors, P. gingivalis may act as a keystone organism in periodontitis and in related systemic diseases and other remote body inflammatory pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingar Olsen
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway;
| | - Martin A Taubman
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sim K Singhrao
- Dementia & Neurodegeneration Research Group, School of Dentistry, College of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, UK
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Eriksson K, Lönnblom E, Tour G, Kats A, Mydel P, Georgsson P, Hultgren C, Kharlamova N, Norin U, Jönsson J, Lundmark A, Hellvard A, Lundberg K, Jansson L, Holmdahl R, Yucel-Lindberg T. Effects by periodontitis on pristane-induced arthritis in rats. J Transl Med 2016; 14:311. [PMID: 27809921 PMCID: PMC5094068 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-016-1067-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 10/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background An infection-immune association of periodontal disease with rheumatoid arthritis has been suggested. This study aimed to investigate the effect of pre-existing periodontitis on the development and the immune/inflammatory response of pristane-induced arthritis. Methods We investigated the effect of periodontitis induced by ligature placement and Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis) infection, in combination with Fusobacterium nucleatum to promote its colonization, on the development of pristane-induced arthritis (PIA) in rats (Dark Agouti). Disease progression and severity of periodontitis and arthritis was monitored using clinical assessment, micro-computed tomography (micro-CT)/intraoral radiographs, antibody response, the inflammatory markers such as α-1-acid glycoprotein (α-1-AGP) and c-reactive protein (CRP) as well as cytokine multiplex profiling at different time intervals after induction. Results Experimentally induced periodontitis manifested clinically (P < 0.05) prior to pristane injection and progressed steadily until the end of experiments (15 weeks), as compared to the non-ligated arthritis group. Injection of pristane 8 weeks after periodontitis-induction led to severe arthritis in all rats demonstrating that the severity of arthritis was not affected by the pre-existence of periodontitis. Endpoint analysis showed that 89% of the periodontitis-affected animals were positive for antibodies against arginine gingipain B and furthermore, the plasma antibody levels to a citrullinated P. gingivalis peptidylarginine deiminase (PPAD) peptide (denoted CPP3) were significantly (P < 0.05) higher in periodontitis rats with PIA. Additionally, there was a trend towards increased pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokine levels, and increased α-1-AGP levels in plasma from periodontitis-challenged PIA rats. Conclusions Pre-existence of periodontitis induced antibodies against citrullinated peptide derived from PPAD in rats with PIA. However, there were no differences in the development or severity of PIA between periodontitis challenged and periodontitis free rats. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12967-016-1067-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaja Eriksson
- Division of Periodontology, Department of Dental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Box 4064, 141 04, Huddinge, Sweden.
| | - Erik Lönnblom
- Section for Medical Inflammation Research, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gregory Tour
- Division of Periodontology, Department of Dental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Box 4064, 141 04, Huddinge, Sweden.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet at Karolinska University Hospital, Alfred Nobels Allé 8, 141 83, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Anna Kats
- Division of Periodontology, Department of Dental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Box 4064, 141 04, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Piotr Mydel
- Broegelmann Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, The Laboratory Building, 5th Floor, 5021, Bergen, Norway
| | - Pierre Georgsson
- Division of Periodontology, Department of Dental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Box 4064, 141 04, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Catharina Hultgren
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet at Karolinska University Hospital, Alfred Nobels Allé 8, 141 83, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Nastya Kharlamova
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Rheumatology Clinic D2:01, 171 76, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ulrika Norin
- Section for Medical Inflammation Research, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jörgen Jönsson
- Division of Periodontology, Department of Dental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Box 4064, 141 04, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Anna Lundmark
- Division of Periodontology, Department of Dental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Box 4064, 141 04, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Annelie Hellvard
- Broegelmann Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, The Laboratory Building, 5th Floor, 5021, Bergen, Norway.,Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7a, 30-387, Kraków, Poland
| | - Karin Lundberg
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Rheumatology Clinic D2:01, 171 76, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Leif Jansson
- Division of Periodontology, Department of Dental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Box 4064, 141 04, Huddinge, Sweden.,Department of Periodontology at Eastmaninstitutet, Stockholm County Council, Dalagatan 11, 113 24, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rikard Holmdahl
- Section for Medical Inflammation Research, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden.,Center for Medical Immunopharmacology Research, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tülay Yucel-Lindberg
- Division of Periodontology, Department of Dental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Box 4064, 141 04, Huddinge, Sweden.
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10
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Sandal I, Karydis A, Luo J, Prislovsky A, Whittington KB, Rosloniec EF, Dong C, Novack DV, Mydel P, Zheng SG, Radic MZ, Brand DD. Bone loss and aggravated autoimmune arthritis in HLA-DRβ1-bearing humanized mice following oral challenge with Porphyromonas gingivalis. Arthritis Res Ther 2016; 18:249. [PMID: 27784339 PMCID: PMC5081677 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-016-1143-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The linkage between periodontal disease and rheumatoid arthritis is well established. Commonalities among the two are that both are chronic inflammatory diseases characterized by bone loss, an association with the shared epitope susceptibility allele, and anti-citrullinated protein antibodies. Methods To explore immune mechanisms that may connect the two seemingly disparate disorders, we measured host immune responses including T-cell phenotype and anti-citrullinated protein antibody production in human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DR1 humanized C57BL/6 mice following exposure to the Gram-negative anaerobic periodontal disease pathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis. We measured autoimmune arthritis disease expression in mice exposed to P. gingivalis, and also in arthritis-resistant mice by flow cytometry and multiplex cytokine-linked and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. We also measured femoral bone density by microcomputed tomography and systemic cytokine production. Results Exposure of the gingiva of DR1 mice to P. gingivalis results in a transient increase in the percentage of Th17 cells, both in peripheral blood and cervical lymph nodes, a burst of systemic cytokine activity, a loss in femoral bone density, and the generation of anti-citrullinated protein antibodies. Importantly, these antibodies are not produced in response to P. gingivalis treatment of wild-type C57BL/6 mice, and P. gingivalis exposure triggered expression of arthritis in arthritis-resistant mice. Conclusions Exposure of gingival tissues to P. gingivalis has systemic effects that can result in disease pathology in tissues that are spatially removed from the initial site of infection, providing evidence for systemic effects of this periodontal pathogen. The elicitation of anti-citrullinated protein antibodies in an HLA-DR1-restricted fashion by mice exposed to P. gingivalis provides support for the role of the shared epitope in both periodontal disease and rheumatoid arthritis. The ability of P. gingivalis to induce disease expression in arthritis-resistant mice provides support for the idea that periodontal infection may be able to trigger autoimmunity if other disease-eliciting factors are already present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indra Sandal
- Research Service, Memphis VA Medical Center, 1030 Jefferson Avenue, Memphis, TN, 38104, USA
| | - Anastasios Karydis
- Department of Periodontology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA
| | - Jiwen Luo
- Department of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA
| | - Amanda Prislovsky
- Research Service, Memphis VA Medical Center, 1030 Jefferson Avenue, Memphis, TN, 38104, USA
| | - Karen B Whittington
- Research Service, Memphis VA Medical Center, 1030 Jefferson Avenue, Memphis, TN, 38104, USA
| | - Edward F Rosloniec
- Research Service, Memphis VA Medical Center, 1030 Jefferson Avenue, Memphis, TN, 38104, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA
| | - Chen Dong
- Institute for Immunology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Deborah V Novack
- Musculoskeletal Research Center, Departments of Medicine and Pathology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Piotr Mydel
- Broegelmann Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Song Guo Zheng
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University Hershey College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, 17033, USA
| | - Marko Z Radic
- Department of Microbiology Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA
| | - David D Brand
- Research Service, Memphis VA Medical Center, 1030 Jefferson Avenue, Memphis, TN, 38104, USA. .,Department of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA. .,Department of Microbiology Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA.
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11
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Porphyromonas gingivalis within Placental Villous Mesenchyme and Umbilical Cord Stroma Is Associated with Adverse Pregnancy Outcome. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0146157. [PMID: 26731111 PMCID: PMC4701427 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0146157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Intrauterine presence of Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg), a common oral pathobiont, is implicated in preterm birth. Our aim was to determine if the location of Pg within placental and/or umbilical cord sections was associated with a specific delivery diagnosis at preterm delivery (histologic chorioamnionitis, chorioamnionitis with funisitis, preeclampsia, and preeclampsia with HELLP-syndrome, small for gestational age). The prevalence and location of Pg within archived placental and umbilical cord specimens from preterm (25 to 32 weeks gestation) and term control cohorts were evaluated by immunofluorescent histology. Detection of Pg was performed blinded to pregnancy characteristics. Multivariate analyses were performed to evaluate independent effects of gestational age, being small for gestational age, specific preterm delivery diagnosis, antenatal steroids, and delivery mode, on the odds of having Pg in the preterm tissue. Within the preterm cohort, 49 of 97 (51%) placentas and 40 of 97 (41%) umbilical cord specimens were positive for Pg. Pg within the placenta was significantly associated with shorter gestation lengths (OR 0.63 (95%CI: 0.48–0.85; p = 0.002) per week) and delivery via caesarean section (OR 4.02 (95%CI: 1.15–14.04; p = 0.03), but not with histological chorioamnionitis or preeclampsia. However, the presence of Pg in the umbilical cord was significantly associated with preeclampsia: OR 6.73 (95%CI: 1.31–36.67; p = 0.02). In the term cohort, 2 of 35 (6%) placentas and no umbilical cord term specimens were positive for Pg. The location of Pg within the placenta was different between preterm and term groups in that Pg within the villous mesenchyme was only detected in the preterm cohort, whereas Pg associated with syncytiotrophoblasts was found in both preterm and term placentas. Taken together, our results suggest that the presence of Pg within the villous stroma or umbilical cord may be an important determinant in Pg-associated adverse pregnancy outcomes.
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12
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Martins MD, Jiao Y, Larsson L, Almeida LO, Garaicoa-Pazmino C, Le JM, Squarize CH, Inohara N, Giannobile WV, Castilho RM. Epigenetic Modifications of Histones in Periodontal Disease. J Dent Res 2015; 95:215-22. [PMID: 26496800 DOI: 10.1177/0022034515611876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Periodontitis is a chronic infectious disease driven by dysbiosis, an imbalance between commensal bacteria and the host organism. Periodontitis is a leading cause of tooth loss in adults and occurs in about 50% of the US population. In addition to the clinical challenges associated with treating periodontitis, the progression and chronic nature of this disease seriously affect human health. Emerging evidence suggests that periodontitis is associated with mechanisms beyond bacteria-induced protein and tissue degradation. Here, we hypothesize that bacteria are able to induce epigenetic modifications in oral epithelial cells mediated by histone modifications. In this study, we found that dysbiosis in vivo led to epigenetic modifications, including acetylation of histones and downregulation of DNA methyltransferase 1. In addition, in vitro exposure of oral epithelial cells to lipopolysaccharides resulted in histone modifications, activation of transcriptional coactivators, such as p300/CBP, and accumulation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB). Given that oral epithelial cells are the first line of defense for the periodontium against bacteria, we also evaluated whether activation of pathogen recognition receptors induced histone modifications. We found that activation of the Toll-like receptors 1, 2, and 4 and the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain protein 1 induced histone acetylation in oral epithelial cells. Our findings corroborate the emerging concept that epigenetic modifications play a role in the development of periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Martins
- Laboratory of Epithelial Biology, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI, USA Department of Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Y Jiao
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI, USA Department of Pathology and Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - L Larsson
- Department of Periodontology, Institute of Odontology, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - L O Almeida
- Laboratory of Epithelial Biology, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI, USA Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - C Garaicoa-Pazmino
- Laboratory of Epithelial Biology, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI, USA Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - J M Le
- Laboratory of Epithelial Biology, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI, USA Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - C H Squarize
- Laboratory of Epithelial Biology, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI, USA Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - N Inohara
- Department of Pathology and Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - W V Giannobile
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - R M Castilho
- Laboratory of Epithelial Biology, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI, USA Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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13
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RETRACTED ARTICLE: Distinctive pathways characterize A. actinomycetemcomitans and P. gingivalis. Mol Biol Rep 2014; 42:441-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s11033-014-3785-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2014] [Accepted: 09/30/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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14
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Savitri IJ, Ouhara K, Fujita T, Kajiya M, Miyagawa T, Kittaka M, Yamakawa M, Shiba H, Kurihara H. Irsogladine maleate inhibits Porphyromonas gingivalis-mediated expression of toll-like receptor 2 and interleukin-8 in human gingival epithelial cells. J Periodontal Res 2014; 50:486-93. [PMID: 25244303 DOI: 10.1111/jre.12231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Periodontitis is an infectious disease caused by an interaction between the host and periodontopathogenic bacteria. Regulating the immune response in human gingival epithelial cells (HGEC) may contribute to the prevention of periodontitis. Irsogladine maleate (IM) has previously been shown to regulate inflammation and the cell-cell junctional barrier in HGEC. In addition to these functions, control of bacterial recognition is important for preventing inflammation in periodontal tissue. Innate immunity in gingival epithelium is the first line of defense and plays a crucial role against bacterial challenge. Therefore, the effect of IM on regulating toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2), which is part of the innate immunity, was determined in this study. MATERIAL AND METHODS OBA-9, an immortalized human gingival epithelial cell line, and primary cultured HGEC were used in this study. Real-time PCR and western blotting were performed in OBA-9 or HGEC stimulated with whole cells of Porphyromonas gingivalis or with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) derived from P. gingivalis (PgLPS) in the presence or absence of IM to determine expression of TLR2 mRNA and production of TLR2 protein. Small interfering RNA (siRNA) against TLR2 was transfected into OBA-9 to clarify the association between the induction of TLR2 and interleukin-8 (IL-8) production. RESULTS The addition of IM into P. gingivalis or PgLPS-induced OBA-9 suppressed IL-8 production (p < 0.01). The addition of IM also abolished the induction of TLR2 by P. gingivalis or PgLPS in OBA-9 and primary cultured HGEC (p < 0.01). The suppressive effect of IM on the induction of TLR2 was also confirmed by immunohistostaining. Stimulation with peptidoglycan, a specific ligand for TLR2, suppressed the expression of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) mRNA in the presence of IM (p < 0.01). However, LPS derived from Escherichia coli, a ligand for TLR4, did not induce the expression of TLR2 mRNA. The PgLPS-induced expression of TLR4 mRNA was abolished by IM. Knockdown of TLR2 by siRNA transfection resulted in a weaker response of induction of IL8 mRNA in P. gingivalis or PgLPS-stimulated OBA-9. CONCLUSION These results suggest that IM suppresses the induction of IL-8 production by regulating increased levels of TLR2.
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Affiliation(s)
- I J Savitri
- Department of Periodontal Medicine, Division of Applied Life Sciences, Institute of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - K Ouhara
- Department of Periodontal Medicine, Division of Applied Life Sciences, Institute of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - T Fujita
- Department of Periodontal Medicine, Division of Applied Life Sciences, Institute of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - M Kajiya
- Department of Periodontal Medicine, Division of Applied Life Sciences, Institute of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - T Miyagawa
- Department of Periodontal Medicine, Division of Applied Life Sciences, Institute of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - M Kittaka
- Department of Periodontal Medicine, Division of Applied Life Sciences, Institute of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - M Yamakawa
- Department of Periodontal Medicine, Division of Applied Life Sciences, Institute of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - H Shiba
- Department of Periodontal Medicine, Division of Applied Life Sciences, Institute of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - H Kurihara
- Department of Periodontal Medicine, Division of Applied Life Sciences, Institute of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
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Gualtero Escobar DF, Porras Gaviria JP, Bernau Gutierrez S, Buitrago Ramírez DM, Castillo Perdomo DM, Lafaurie Villamil GI. Purificación y caracterización de lipopolisacáridos de Eikenella corrodens 23834 y Porphyromonas gingivalis W83. REVISTA COLOMBIANA DE BIOTECNOLOGÍA 2014. [DOI: 10.15446/rev.colomb.biote.v16n1.44224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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16
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Marchesan JT, Gerow EA, Schaff R, Taut AD, Shin SY, Sugai J, Brand D, Burberry A, Jorns J, Lundy SK, Nuñez G, Fox DA, Giannobile WV. Porphyromonas gingivalis oral infection exacerbates the development and severity of collagen-induced arthritis. Arthritis Res Ther 2013; 15:R186. [PMID: 24456966 PMCID: PMC3979094 DOI: 10.1186/ar4376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2013] [Accepted: 10/31/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Clinical studies suggest a direct influence of periodontal disease (PD) on serum inflammatory markers and disease assessment of patients with established rheumatoid arthritis (RA). However, the influence of PD on arthritis development remains unclear. This investigation was undertaken to determine the contribution of chronic PD to immune activation and development of joint inflammation using the collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) model. METHODS DBA1/J mice orally infected with Porphyromonas gingivalis were administered with collagen II (CII) emulsified in complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) or incomplete Freund's adjuvant (IFA) to induce arthritis. Arthritis development was assessed by visual scoring of paw swelling, caliper measurement of the paws, mRNA expression, paw micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) analysis, histology, and tartrate resistant acid phosphatase for osteoclast detection (TRAP)-positive immunohistochemistry. Serum and reactivated splenocytes were evaluated for cytokine expression. RESULTS Mice induced for PD and/or arthritis developed periodontal disease, shown by decreased alveolar bone and alteration of mRNA expression in gingival tissues and submandibular lymph nodes compared to vehicle. P. gingivalis oral infection increased paw swelling and osteoclast numbers in mice immunized with CFA/CII. Arthritis incidence and severity were increased by P. gingivalis in mice that received IFA/CII immunizations. Increased synovitis, bone erosions, and osteoclast numbers in the paws were observed following IFA/CII immunizations in mice infected with P gingivalis. Furthermore, cytokine analysis showed a trend toward increased serum Th17/Th1 ratios when P. gingivalis infection was present in mice receiving either CFA/CII or IFA/CII immunizations. Significant cytokine increases induced by P. gingivalis oral infection were mostly associated to Th17-related cytokines of reactivated splenic cells, including IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-22 in the CFA/CII group and IL-1β, tumor necrosis factor-α, transforming growth factor-β, IL-6 and IL-23 in the IFA/CII group. CONCLUSIONS Chronic P. gingivalis oral infection prior to arthritis induction increases the immune system activation favoring Th17 cell responses, and ultimately accelerating arthritis development. These results suggest that chronic oral infection may influence RA development mainly through activation of Th17-related pathways.
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Tribble GD, Kerr JE, Wang BY. Genetic diversity in the oral pathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis: molecular mechanisms and biological consequences. Future Microbiol 2013; 8:607-20. [PMID: 23642116 DOI: 10.2217/fmb.13.30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Porphyromonas gingivalis is a Gram-negative anaerobic bacterium that colonizes the human oral cavity. It is implicated in the development of periodontitis, a chronic periodontal disease affecting half of the adult population in the USA. To survive in the oral cavity, these bacteria must colonize dental plaque biofilms in competition with other bacterial species. Long-term survival requires P. gingivalis to evade host immune responses, while simultaneously adapting to the changing physiology of the host and to alterations in the plaque biofilm. In reflection of this highly variable niche, P. gingivalis is a genetically diverse species and in this review the authors summarize genetic diversity as it relates to pathogenicity in P. gingivalis. Recent studies revealing a variety of mechanisms by which adaptive changes in genetic content can occur are also reviewed. Understanding the genetic plasticity of P. gingivalis will provide a better framework for understanding the host-microbe interactions associated with periodontal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gena D Tribble
- Department of Periodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77054, USA.
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18
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Abstract
The link between oral infections and adverse systemic conditions has attracted much attention in the research community. Several mechanisms have been proposed, including spread of the oral infection due to transient bacteremia resulting in bacterial colonization in extra-oral sites, systemic injury by free toxins of oral pathogens, and systemic inflammation caused by soluble antigens of oral pathogens. Mounting evidence supports a major role of the systemic spread of oral commensals and pathogens to distant body sites causing extra-oral infections and inflammation. We review here the most recent findings on systemic infections and inflammation complicated by oral bacteria, including cardiovascular disease, adverse pregnancy outcomes, rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease and colorectal cancer, respiratory tract infections, and organ inflammations and abscesses. The recently identified virulence mechanisms of oral species Fusobacterium nucleatum, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Streptococcus mutans, and Campylobacter rectus are also reviewed. A pattern emerges indicating that only select subtype(s) of a given species, e.g., F. nucleatum subspecies animalis and polymorphum and S. mutans non-c serotypes, are prone to extra-oral translocation. These findings advocate the importance of identification and quantification of potential pathogens at the subtype levels for accurate prediction of disease potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y W Han
- Department of Periodontics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
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Cury PR, Carmo JP, Horewicz VV, Santos JN, Barbuto JA. Altered phenotype and function of dendritic cells in individuals with chronic periodontitis. Arch Oral Biol 2013; 58:1208-16. [PMID: 23623310 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2013.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2012] [Revised: 01/21/2013] [Accepted: 03/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effects of periodontal bacterial lysates on maturation and function of mature monocyte-derived dendritic cells (m-MDDCs) derived from individuals with chronic periodontitis (CP) or healthy periodontal tissue (HP). DESIGN m-MDDCs derived from peripheral blood monocytes, cultured for 7 days in presence of interleukin (IL)-4 and granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF), were stimulated with lysates of Streptococcus sanguinis, Prevotella intermedia, Porphyromonas gingivalis, or Treponema denticola on day 4, and were then phenotyped. IL-10, IL-12 and IFN-gamma concentration in the supernatant of cultures were measured. RESULTS Expression of HLA-DR was lower in bacterial-unstimulated mature m-MDDC from CP compared to HP (p=0.04), while expression of CD1a and CD123 were higher in CP. The expression pattern of HLA-DR, CD11c, CD123, and CD1a did not change on bacterial stimulation, regardless of the bacteria. Stimulation with P. intermedia upregulated CD80 and CD86 in CP cells (p≤0.05). Production of IL-12p70 by bacterial-unstimulated m-MDDCs was 5.8-fold greater in CP compared to HP. Bacterial stimulation further increased IL-12p70 production while decreasing IL-10. Significantly more IFN-gamma was produced in co-cultures of CP m-MDDCs than with HP m-MDDCs when cells were stimulated with P. intermedia (p=0.009). CONCLUSIONS Bacterial-unstimulated m-MDDC from CP exhibited a more immature phenotype but a cytokine profile biased towards proinflammatory response; this pattern was maintained/exacerbated after bacterial stimulation. P. intermedia upregulated co-stimulatory molecules and IFN-gamma expression in CP m-MDDC. These events might contribute to periodontitis pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- P R Cury
- Department of Periodontics, School of Dentistry of the Federal University of Bahia, Avenue Araujo Pinho 62, Canela, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil.
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