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İnan S, Barış E. The role of autophagy in odontogenesis, dental implant surgery, periapical and periodontal diseases. J Cell Mol Med 2024; 28:e18297. [PMID: 38613351 PMCID: PMC11015398 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.18297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a cellular process that is evolutionarily conserved, involving the sequestration of damaged organelles and proteins into autophagic vesicles, which subsequently fuse with lysosomes for degradation. Autophagy controls the development of many diseases by influencing apoptosis, inflammation, the immune response and different cellular processes. Autophagy plays a significant role in the aetiology of disorders associated with dentistry. Autophagy controls odontogenesis. Furthermore, it is implicated in the pathophysiology of pulpitis and periapical disorders. It enhances the survival, penetration and colonization of periodontal pathogenic bacteria into the host periodontal tissues and facilitates their escape from host defences. Autophagy plays a crucial role in mitigating exaggerated inflammatory reactions within the host's system during instances of infection and inflammation. Autophagy also plays a role in the relationship between periodontal disease and systemic diseases. Autophagy promotes wound healing and may enhance implant osseointegration. This study reviews autophagy's dento-alveolar effects, focusing on its role in odontogenesis, periapical diseases, periodontal diseases and dental implant surgery, providing valuable insights for dentists on tooth development and dental applications. A thorough examination of autophagy has the potential to discover novel and efficacious treatment targets within the field of dentistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sevinç İnan
- Department of Oral Pathology, Faculty of DentistryGazi UniversityAnkaraTurkey
| | - Emre Barış
- Department of Oral Pathology, Faculty of DentistryGazi UniversityAnkaraTurkey
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2
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Ruan Q, Guan P, Qi W, Li J, Xi M, Xiao L, Zhong S, Ma D, Ni J. Porphyromonas gingivalis regulates atherosclerosis through an immune pathway. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1103592. [PMID: 36999040 PMCID: PMC10043234 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1103592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis (AS) is a chronic inflammatory disease, involving a pathological process of endothelial dysfunction, lipid deposition, plaque rupture, and arterial occlusion, and is one of the leading causes of death in the world population. The progression of AS is closely associated with several inflammatory diseases, among which periodontitis has been shown to increase the risk of AS. Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis), presenting in large numbers in subgingival plaque biofilms, is the “dominant flora” in periodontitis, and its multiple virulence factors are important in stimulating host immunity. Therefore, it is significant to elucidate the potential mechanism and association between P. gingivalis and AS to prevent and treat AS. By summarizing the existing studies, we found that P. gingivalis promotes the progression of AS through multiple immune pathways. P. gingivalis can escape host immune clearance and, in various forms, circulate with blood and lymph and colonize arterial vessel walls, directly inducing local inflammation in blood vessels. It also induces the production of systemic inflammatory mediators and autoimmune antibodies, disrupts the serum lipid profile, and thus promotes the progression of AS. In this paper, we summarize the recent evidence (including clinical studies and animal studies) on the correlation between P. gingivalis and AS, and describe the specific immune mechanisms by which P. gingivalis promotes AS progression from three aspects (immune escape, blood circulation, and lymphatic circulation), providing new insights into the prevention and treatment of AS by suppressing periodontal pathogenic bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qijun Ruan
- Department of Periodontics, Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Peng Guan
- Department of Periodontics, Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weijuan Qi
- Department of Periodontics, Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiatong Li
- Department of Periodontics, Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mengying Xi
- Department of Periodontics, Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Limin Xiao
- Department of Periodontics, Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Sulan Zhong
- Department of Periodontics, Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dandan Ma
- Department of Endodontics, Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Dandan Ma, ; Jia Ni,
| | - Jia Ni
- Department of Periodontics, Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Dandan Ma, ; Jia Ni,
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Sao P, Chand Y, Al-Keridis LA, Saeed M, Alshammari N, Singh S. Classifying Integrated Signature Molecules in Macrophages of Rheumatoid Arthritis, Osteoarthritis, and Periodontal Disease: An Omics-Based Study. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2022; 44:3496-3517. [PMID: 36005137 PMCID: PMC9406916 DOI: 10.3390/cimb44080241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA), osteoarthritis (OA), and periodontal disease (PD) are chronic inflammatory diseases that are globally prevalent, and pose a public health concern. The search for a potential mechanism linking PD to RA and OA continues, as it could play a significant role in disease prevention and treatment. Recent studies have linked RA, OA, and PD to Porphyromonas gingivalis (PG), a periodontal bacterium, through a similar dysregulation in an inflammatory mechanism. This study aimed to identify potential gene signatures that could assist in early diagnosis as well as gain insight into the molecular mechanisms of these diseases. The expression data sets with the series IDs GSE97779, GSE123492, and GSE24897 for macrophages of RA, OA synovium, and PG stimulated macrophages (PG-SM), respectively, were retrieved and screened for differentially expressed genes (DEGs). The 72 common DEGs among RA, OA, and PG-SM were further subjected to gene–gene correlation analysis. A GeneMANIA interaction network of the 47 highly correlated DEGs comprises 53 nodes and 271 edges. Network centrality analysis identified 15 hub genes, 6 of which are DEGs (API5, ATE1, CCNG1, EHD1, RIN2, and STK39). Additionally, two significantly up-regulated non-hub genes (IER3 and RGS16) showed interactions with hub genes. Functional enrichment analysis of the genes showed that “apoptotic regulation” and “inflammasomes” were among the major pathways. These eight genes can serve as important signatures/targets, and provide new insights into the molecular mechanism of PG-induced RA, OA, and PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prachi Sao
- Faculty of Biotechnology, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Shri Ramswaroop Memorial University, Barabanki 225003, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Yamini Chand
- Faculty of Biotechnology, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Shri Ramswaroop Memorial University, Barabanki 225003, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Lamya Ahmed Al-Keridis
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence: (L.A.A.-K.); (S.S.)
| | - Mohd Saeed
- Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Hail, Hail 55476, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nawaf Alshammari
- Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Hail, Hail 55476, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sachidanand Singh
- Faculty of Biotechnology, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Shri Ramswaroop Memorial University, Barabanki 225003, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Department of Biotechnology, Vignan’s Foundation for Science, Technology, and Research (Deemed to be University), Vadlamudi, Guntur 522213, Andhra Pradesh, India
- Department of Biotechnology, Smt. S. S. Patel Nootan Science & Commerce College, Sankalchand Patel University, Visnagar 384315, Gujarat, India
- Correspondence: (L.A.A.-K.); (S.S.)
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Kang S, Dai A, Wang H, Ding PH. Interaction Between Autophagy and Porphyromonas gingivalis-Induced Inflammation. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:892610. [PMID: 35846745 PMCID: PMC9283780 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.892610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is an immune homeostasis process induced by multiple intracellular and extracellular signals. Inflammation is a protective response to harmful stimuli such as pathogen microbial infection and body tissue damage. Porphyromonas gingivalis infection elicits both autophagy and inflammation, and dysregulation of autophagy and inflammation promotes pathology. This review focuses on the interaction between autophagy and inflammation caused by Porphyromonas gingivalis infection, aiming to elaborate on the possible mechanism involved in the interaction.
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Systemic Dietary Hesperidin Modulation of Osteoclastogenesis, Bone Homeostasis and Periodontal Disease in Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23137100. [PMID: 35806105 PMCID: PMC9266620 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23137100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the effects of hesperidin (HE) on in vitro osteoclastogenesis and dietary supplementation on mouse periodontal disease and femoral bone phenotype. RAW 264.7 cells were stimulated with RANKL in the presence or absence of HE (1, 100 or 500 µM) for 5 days, and evaluated by TRAP, TUNEL and Western Blot (WB) analyses. In vivo, C57BL/6 mice were given HE via oral gavage (125, 250 and 500 mg/kg) for 4 weeks. A sterile silk ligature was placed between the first and second right maxillary molars for 10 days and microcomputed tomography (μCT), histopathological and immunohistochemical evaluation were performed. Femoral bones subjected or not to dietary HE (500 mg/kg) for 6 and 12 weeks were evaluated using μCT. In vitro, HE 500 µM reduced formation of RANKL-stimulated TRAP-positive(+) multinucleated cells (500 µM) as well as c-Fos and NFATc1 protein expression (p < 0.05), markers of osteoclasts. In vivo, dietary HE 500 mg/kg increased the alveolar bone resorption in ligated teeth (p < 0.05) and resulted in a significant increase in TRAP+ cells (p < 0.05). Gingival inflammatory infiltrate was greater in the HE 500 mg/kg group even in the absence of ligature. In femurs, HE 500 mg/kg protected trabecular and cortical bone mass at 6 weeks of treatment. In conclusion, HE impaired in vitro osteoclastogenesis, but on the contrary, oral administration of a high concentration of dietary HE increased osteoclast numbers and promoted inflammation-induced alveolar bone loss. However, HE at 500 mg/kg can promote a bone-sparing effect on skeletal bone under physiological conditions.
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Peña-Oyarzún D, San Martin C, Hernández-Cáceres MP, Lavandero S, Morselli E, Budini M, Burgos PV, Criollo A. Autophagy in aging-related oral diseases. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:903836. [PMID: 35992149 PMCID: PMC9390882 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.903836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is an intracellular degradation mechanism that allows recycling of organelles and macromolecules. Autophagic function increases metabolite availability modulating metabolic pathways, differentiation and cell survival. The oral environment is composed of several structures, including mineralized and soft tissues, which are formed by complex interactions between epithelial and mesenchymal cells. With aging, increased prevalence of oral diseases such as periodontitis, oral cancer and periapical lesions are observed in humans. These aging-related oral diseases are chronic conditions that alter the epithelial-mesenchymal homeostasis, disrupting the oral tissue architecture affecting the quality of life of the patients. Given that autophagy levels are reduced with age, the purpose of this review is to discuss the link between autophagy and age-related oral diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Peña-Oyarzún
- Physiology Department, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Interdisciplinary Center for Research in Territorial Health of the Aconcagua Valley (CIISTe Aconcagua), School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, San Felipe Campus, Universidad de Valparaíso, San Felipe, Chile
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Odontológicas (ICOD), Facultad de Odontología, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carla San Martin
- Interdisciplinary Center for Research in Territorial Health of the Aconcagua Valley (CIISTe Aconcagua), School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, San Felipe Campus, Universidad de Valparaíso, San Felipe, Chile
| | - María Paz Hernández-Cáceres
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Odontológicas (ICOD), Facultad de Odontología, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Sergio Lavandero
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas & Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Cardiology Division, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Eugenia Morselli
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Sciences, Universidad San Sebastián, Santiago de Chile, Chile
- Autophagy Research Center, Universidad de Chile, Santiago de Chile, Chile
| | - Mauricio Budini
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Odontológicas (ICOD), Facultad de Odontología, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Autophagy Research Center, Universidad de Chile, Santiago de Chile, Chile
| | - Patricia V. Burgos
- Autophagy Research Center, Universidad de Chile, Santiago de Chile, Chile
- Centro de Biología Celular y Biomedicina (CEBICEM), Facultad de Medicina y Ciencia, Universidad San Sebastián, Santiago, Chile
- Centro de Envejecimiento y Regeneración (CARE-UC), Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica, Santiago, Chile
- Centro Ciencia & Vida, Fundación Ciencia & Vida, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alfredo Criollo
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Odontológicas (ICOD), Facultad de Odontología, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas & Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Autophagy Research Center, Universidad de Chile, Santiago de Chile, Chile
- *Correspondence: Alfredo Criollo,
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Zhao J, Geng W, Wan K, Guo K, Xi F, Xu X, Xiong X, Huang X, Liu J, Kuang X. Lipoxin A4 promotes autophagy and inhibits overactivation of macrophage inflammasome activity induced by Pg LPS. J Int Med Res 2021; 49:300060520981259. [PMID: 33528285 PMCID: PMC7871081 DOI: 10.1177/0300060520981259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To explore the role of lipoxin A4 (LXA4) on inflammasome and inflammatory activity in macrophages activated by Porphyromonas gingivalis lipopolysaccharide (PgLPS) one of the major causative agents of chronic periodontitis. Methods The mouse macrophage cell line RAW264.7 was used to produce an activated inflammation model. Markers of inflammasome and inflammatory activity and autophagy were assessed by ELISA, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and Western blot assay. Results Markers of inflammasome activity, inflammation and autophagy increased with Pg LPS concentration. They also increased with increasing exposure to Pg LPS up to 12h but decreased at 24h. However, markers of autophagy increased. Phosphorylated NF-κBp65 decreased with LXA4, which was similar to results obtained with the autophagy inducer, rapamycin. Conclusions LXA4 promoted autophagy and inhibited activation of inflammasomes and inflammation markers in macrophage inflammation induced by PgLPS and this action was linked to the phosphorylation of NF-κB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhao
- Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nanchang University, China
| | - Wenjing Geng
- Queen Mary College of Nanchang University, China
| | - Kefei Wan
- The Second Clinical Medical College of Nanchang University, China
| | - Kailei Guo
- Undergraduate course of the First Clinical Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Fengjun Xi
- Undergraduate course of the First Clinical Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Xiangqun Xu
- Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine in Jiangxi province, China
| | - Xiujuan Xiong
- Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine in Jiangxi province, China
| | - Xu Huang
- The Second Clinical Medical College of Nanchang University, China
| | - Jiayi Liu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanchang University, China
| | - Xiaodong Kuang
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medicine, Nanchang University, China
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Yang Y, Huang Y, Li W. Autophagy and its significance in periodontal disease. J Periodontal Res 2020; 56:18-26. [PMID: 33247437 DOI: 10.1111/jre.12810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved process essential for cellular homeostasis and human health. As a lysosome-dependent degradation pathway, autophagy acts as a modulator of the pathogenesis of diverse diseases. The relationship between autophagy and oral diseases has been explored in recent years, and there is increasing interest in the role of autophagy in periodontal disease. Periodontal disease is a prevalent chronic inflammatory disorder characterized by the destruction of periodontal tissues. It is initiated through pathogenic bacterial infection and interacts with the host immune defense, leading to inflammation and alveolar bone resorption. In this review, we outline the machinery of autophagy and present an overview of work on the significance of autophagy in regulating pathogen invasion, the immune response, inflammation, and alveolar bone homeostasis of periodontal disease. Existing data provide support for the importance of autophagy as a multi-dimensional regulator in the pathogenesis of periodontal disease and demonstrate the importance of future research on the potential roles of autophagy in periodontal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhui Yang
- Department of Orthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Yiping Huang
- Department of Orthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Weiran Li
- Department of Orthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
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Greabu M, Giampieri F, Imre MM, Mohora M, Totan A, Pituru SM, Ionescu E. Autophagy, One of the Main Steps in Periodontitis Pathogenesis and Evolution. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25184338. [PMID: 32971808 PMCID: PMC7570503 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25184338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 09/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Periodontitis represents a complex inflammatory disease that compromises the integrity of the tooth-supporting tissue through the interaction of specific periodontal pathogens and the host’s immune system. Experimental data help to outline the idea that the molecular way towards periodontitis initiation and progression presents four key steps: bacterial infection, inflammation, oxidative stress, and autophagy. The aim of this review is to outline the autophagy involvement in the pathogenesis and evolution of periodontitis from at least three points of view: periodontal pathogen invasion control, innate immune signaling pathways regulation and apoptosis inhibition in periodontal cells. The exact roles played by reactive oxygen species (ROS) inside the molecular mechanisms for autophagy initiation in periodontitis still require further investigation. However, clarifying the role and the mechanism of redox regulation of autophagy in the periodontitis context may be particularly beneficial for the elaboration of new therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Greabu
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Dental Medicine, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Francesca Giampieri
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Ranieri 65, 60131 Ancona, Italy;
| | - Marina Melescanu Imre
- Department of Complete Denture, Faculty of Dental Medicine, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Maria Mohora
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of General Medicine, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Alexandra Totan
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Dental Medicine, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +40-72-239-6324
| | - Silviu Mirel Pituru
- Department of Professional Organization and Medical Legislation-Malpractice, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Ecaterina Ionescu
- Department of Orthodontics and Dento-Facial Orthopedics’, Faculty of Dental Medicine, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania;
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Ebersole JL, Kirakodu S, Novak MJ, Dawson D, Stromberg AJ, Orraca L, Gonzalez-Martinez J, Burgos A, Gonzalez OA. Gingival tissue autophagy pathway gene expression profiles in periodontitis and aging. J Periodontal Res 2020; 56:34-45. [PMID: 32776336 DOI: 10.1111/jre.12789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We hypothesized that autophagy-related genes will be differentially expressed in periodontitis, suggesting an impaired gingival autophagic response associated with disease. BACKGROUND Autophagy is a cellular physiologic mechanism to maintain tissue homeostasis, while deficient autophagic responses increase inflammation and susceptibility to infection. METHODS Rhesus monkeys [<3 years to 23 years of age (n = 34)] were examined for periodontal health and naturally occurring periodontitis. Gingival tissues samples were obtained from healthy or diseased sites, total RNA was isolated, and the Rhesus Gene Chip 1.0 ST (Affymetrix) was used for gene expression analysis of 150 autophagy-related genes. RESULTS Comparison of expression levels with adult healthy tissues demonstrated a rather limited number of individual genes that were significantly different across the age-groups. In contrast, with periodontitis in the adults and aged animals, about 15% of the genes were significantly increased or decreased. The differences were reflected in the mTOR complex (5/12), ULK1/ATG1 complex (5/9), PI3K complex (5/21), ATG9 complex (2/7), ATG12 conjugation/LC3 lipidation (7/22), and lysosome fusion/vesicle degradation [LF/VD (5/10)] activities within the broader autophagic pathway. The genes most greatly altered in gingival tissues of naturally occurring periodontitis were identified in the ATG12 and LF/VD pathways that approximated 50% of the genes in each of those categories. While healthy gingival aging did not appear to reflect altered autophagy gene expression, substantial differences were noted with periodontitis irrespective of the age of the animals. Future studies into the role of autophagy in periodontitis and could offer potential new therapeutic strategies to prevent and/or treat periodontal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey L Ebersole
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Nevada Las Vegas, NV, USA.,Center for Oral Health Research, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Sreenatha Kirakodu
- Center for Oral Health Research, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Michael J Novak
- Center for Oral Health Research, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Dolph Dawson
- Center for Oral Health Research, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.,Department of Periodontology, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Arnold J Stromberg
- Department of Statistics, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Luis Orraca
- School of Dental Medicine, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, PR, USA
| | | | - Armando Burgos
- Caribbean Primate Research Center, University of Puerto Rico, Toa Baja, PR, USA
| | - Octavio A Gonzalez
- Center for Oral Health Research, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.,Department of Periodontology, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
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11
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Huang X, Kuang S, Shen Z, Liang M, Lin Z. High glucose disrupts autophagy lysosomal pathway in gingival epithelial cells via ATP6V0C. J Periodontol 2019; 91:705-714. [PMID: 31471894 DOI: 10.1002/jper.19-0262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2019] [Revised: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Huang
- Department of PeriodontologyGuanghua School and Hospital of StomatologySun Yat‐Sen University Guangzhou Guangdong China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of StomatologySun Yat‐Sen UniversityNorth Campus Guangzhou Guangdong China
| | - Shuhong Kuang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of StomatologySun Yat‐Sen UniversityNorth Campus Guangzhou Guangdong China
- Department of Operative Dentistry and EndodonticsGuanghua School and Hospital of StomatologySun Yat‐Sen University Guangzhou Guangdong China
| | - Zongshan Shen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of StomatologySun Yat‐Sen UniversityNorth Campus Guangzhou Guangdong China
- Department of Operative Dentistry and EndodonticsGuanghua School and Hospital of StomatologySun Yat‐Sen University Guangzhou Guangdong China
| | - Min Liang
- Department of PeriodontologyGuanghua School and Hospital of StomatologySun Yat‐Sen University Guangzhou Guangdong China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of StomatologySun Yat‐Sen UniversityNorth Campus Guangzhou Guangdong China
| | - Zhengmei Lin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of StomatologySun Yat‐Sen UniversityNorth Campus Guangzhou Guangdong China
- Department of Operative Dentistry and EndodonticsGuanghua School and Hospital of StomatologySun Yat‐Sen University Guangzhou Guangdong China
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12
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Mo LY, Jia XY, Liu CC, Zhou XD, Xu X. [Role of autophagy in the pathogenesis of periodontitis]. HUA XI KOU QIANG YI XUE ZA ZHI = HUAXI KOUQIANG YIXUE ZAZHI = WEST CHINA JOURNAL OF STOMATOLOGY 2019; 37:422-427. [PMID: 31512838 DOI: 10.7518/hxkq.2019.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory disease of periodontal tissues initiated by oral biofilm. Cellular autophagy is an effective weapon against bacterial infection. Recent studies have shown that autophagy not only promotes the removal of bacteria and toxins from infected cells, but also helps to suppress the inflammatory response to maintain the homeostasis of intracellular environment, which is closely related to the development of periodontitis. Here, we reviewed the relationship between autophagy and periodontitis from three aspects: the interactions between autophagy and periodontal pathogen infection, the regulation of autophagy and immune inflammatory responses, and the relationship between autophagy and alveolar bone metabolism. We aim to provide ideas for further study on the mechanisms of autophagy and periodontitis, and ultimately contribute to a better prevention and treatment of periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long-Yi Mo
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xiao-Yue Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Dept. of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Cheng-Cheng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Dept. of Periodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xue-Dong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Dept. of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Dept. of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
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13
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Karaś MA, Turska-Szewczuk A, Janczarek M, Szuster-Ciesielska A. Glycoconjugates of Gram-negative bacteria and parasitic protozoa - are they similar in orchestrating the innate immune response? Innate Immun 2019; 25:73-96. [PMID: 30782045 PMCID: PMC6830889 DOI: 10.1177/1753425918821168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Innate immunity is an evolutionarily ancient form of host defense that serves to limit infection. The invading microorganisms are detected by the innate immune system through germline-encoded PRRs. Different classes of PRRs, including TLRs and cytoplasmic receptors, recognize distinct microbial components known collectively as PAMPs. Ligation of PAMPs with receptors triggers intracellular signaling cascades, activating defense mechanisms. Despite the fact that Gram-negative bacteria and parasitic protozoa are phylogenetically distant organisms, they express glycoconjugates, namely bacterial LPS and protozoan GPI-anchored glycolipids, which share many structural and functional similarities. By activating/deactivating MAPK signaling and NF-κB, these ligands trigger general pro-/anti-inflammatory responses depending on the related patterns. They also use conservative strategies to subvert cell-autonomous defense systems of specialized immune cells. Signals triggered by Gram-negative bacteria and parasitic protozoa can interfere with host homeostasis and, depending on the type of microorganism, lead to hypersensitivity or silencing of the immune response. Activation of professional immune cells, through a ligand which triggers the opposite effect (antagonist versus agonist) appears to be a promising solution to restoring the immune balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena A Karaś
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Maria Curie–Skłodowska
University, Lublin, Poland
| | - Anna Turska-Szewczuk
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Maria Curie–Skłodowska
University, Lublin, Poland
| | - Monika Janczarek
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Maria Curie–Skłodowska
University, Lublin, Poland
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14
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Olsen I, Singhrao SK. Importance of heterogeneity in Porhyromonas gingivalis lipopolysaccharide lipid A in tissue specific inflammatory signalling. J Oral Microbiol 2018; 10:1440128. [PMID: 29503705 PMCID: PMC5827638 DOI: 10.1080/20002297.2018.1440128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of Porphyromonas gingivalis exists in at least two known forms, O-LPS and A-LPS. A-LPS shows heterogeneity in which two isoforms designated LPS1,435/1,449 and LPS1,690 appear responsible for tissue-specific immune signalling pathways activation and increased virulence. The modification of lipid A to tetra-acylated1,435/1,449 and/or penta-acylated1,690 fatty acids indicates poor growth conditions and bioavailability of hemin. Hemin protects P. gingivalis from serum resistance and the lipid A serves as a site for its binding. The LPS1,435/1,449 and LPS1,690 isoforms can produce opposite effects on the human Toll-like receptors (TLR) TLR2 and TLR4 activation. This enables P. gingivalis to select the conditions for its entry, survival, and that of its co-habiting species in the host, orchestrating its virulence to control innate immune pathway activation and biofilm dysbiosis. This review describes a number of effects that LPS1,435/1,449 and LPS1,690 can exert on the host tissues such as deregulation of the innate immune system, subversion of host cell autophagy, regulation of outer membrane vesicle production, and adverse effects on pregnancy outcome. The ability to change its LPS1,435/1,449 and/or LPS1,690 composition may enable P. gingivalis to paralyze local pro-inflammatory cytokine production, thereby gaining access to its primary location in periodontal tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingar Olsen
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Sim K. Singhrao
- Dementia and Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Group, Faculty of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, UK
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15
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Yan Z, Yang Y, Yurong K. [Research advances on the molecular mechanism of autophagy regulated by Porphyromonas gingivalis]. HUA XI KOU QIANG YI XUE ZA ZHI = HUAXI KOUQIANG YIXUE ZAZHI = WEST CHINA JOURNAL OF STOMATOLOGY 2017; 35:654-658. [PMID: 29333782 DOI: 10.7518/hxkq.2017.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is an intracellular conservative degradation pathway. This event has been considered as a key step in host defense against bacterial infection. However, Porphyromonas gingivalis, as one of the evidence-sufficient periodontal pathogens, can utilize self-induced autophagy to achieve persistent intracellular survival and proliferation, which enable this organism to escape from host immune surveillance. This review focuses on molecular mechanism of P. gingivalis internalization and autophagy to illuminate its pathogenesis and to further explore the relationship between P. gingivalis and systemic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Yan
- Dept. of Periodontics, School of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang 110002, China
| | - Yu Yang
- Dept. of Oral Biology, School of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang 110002, China
| | - Kou Yurong
- Dept. of Periodontics, School of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang 110002, China;Dept. of Oral Biology, School of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang 110002, China
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16
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Differential Regulation of Mas-Related G Protein-Coupled Receptor X2-Mediated Mast Cell Degranulation by Antimicrobial Host Defense Peptides and Porphyromonas gingivalis Lipopolysaccharide. Infect Immun 2017; 85:IAI.00246-17. [PMID: 28694291 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00246-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Porphyromonas gingivalis is a keystone pathogen that contributes to periodontal pathogenesis by disrupting host-microbe homeostasis and promoting dysbiosis. The virulence of P. gingivalis likely reflects an alteration in the lipid A composition of its lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from the penta-acylated (PgLPS1690) to the tetra-acylated (PgLPS1435/1449) form. Mast cells play an important role in periodontitis, but the mechanisms of their activation and regulation remain unknown. The expression of epithelium- and neutrophil-derived host defense peptides (HDPs) (LL-37 and human β-defensin-3), which activate mast cells via Mas-related G protein-coupled receptor X2 (MRGPRX2), is increased in periodontitis. We found that MRGPRX2-expressing mast cells are present in normal gingiva and that their numbers are elevated in patients with chronic periodontitis. Furthermore, HDPs stimulated degranulation in a human mast cell line (LAD2) and in RBL-2H3 cells stably expressing MRGPRX2 (RBL-MRGPRX2). PgLPS1690 caused substantial inhibition of HDP-induced mast cell degranulation, but PgLPS1435/1449 had no effect. A fluorescently labeled HDP (FAM-LL-37) bound to RBL-MRGPRX2 cells, and PgLPS1690 inhibited this binding, but PgLPS1435/1449 had no effect. These findings suggest that low-level inflammation induced by HDP/MRGPRX2-mediated mast cell degranulation contributes to gingival homeostasis but that sustained inflammation due to elevated levels of both HDPs and MRGPRX2-expressing mast cells promotes periodontal disease. Furthermore, differential regulation of HDP-induced mast cell degranulation by PgLPS1690 and PgLPS1435/1449 may contribute to the modulation of disease progression.
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17
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Qiao L, Guo B, Zhang H, Yang R, Chang L, Wang Y, Jin X, Liu S, Li Y. The clock gene, brain and muscle Arnt-like 1, regulates autophagy in high glucose-induced cardiomyocyte injury. Oncotarget 2017; 8:80612-80624. [PMID: 29113329 PMCID: PMC5655224 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.20811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 08/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
High-glucose-induced cardiomyocyte injury is the major cause of diabetic cardiomyopathy, but its regulatory mechanisms are not fully understood. Here, we report that a circadian clock gene, brain and muscle Arnt-like 1 (Bmal1), increases autophagy in high-glucose-induced cardiomyocyte injury. We constructed a hyperglycemia model with cultured cardiomyocytes from neonatal rats. High-glucose-induced inhibition of autophagy and cardiomyocyte injury were attenuated by Bmal1 overexpression and aggravated by its knockdown. Furthermore, autophagy stabilization by 3-methyladenine or rapamycin partially suppressed the effects of altered Bmal1 expression on cardiomyocyte survival. Mechanistically, Bmal1 mediated resistance to high-glucose-induced inhibition of autophagy at least partly by inhibiting mTOR signaling activity. Collectively, our findings suggest that the clock gene Bmal1 is a positive regulator of autophagy through the mTOR signaling pathway and protects cardiomyocytes against high-glucose toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Qiao
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, P.R. China.,The Hebei Institute of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, P.R. China
| | - Bingyan Guo
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, P.R. China.,The Hebei Institute of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, P.R. China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, P.R. China.,The Hebei Institute of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, P.R. China
| | - Rong Yang
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, P.R. China.,The Hebei Institute of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, P.R. China
| | - Liang Chang
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, P.R. China.,The Hebei Institute of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, P.R. China
| | - Yaling Wang
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, P.R. China.,The Hebei Institute of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, P.R. China
| | - Xin Jin
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, P.R. China.,The Hebei Institute of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, P.R. China
| | - Suyun Liu
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, P.R. China.,The Hebei Institute of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, P.R. China
| | - Yongjun Li
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, P.R. China.,The Hebei Institute of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, P.R. China
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18
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Liu C, Mo L, Niu Y, Li X, Zhou X, Xu X. The Role of Reactive Oxygen Species and Autophagy in Periodontitis and Their Potential Linkage. Front Physiol 2017; 8:439. [PMID: 28690552 PMCID: PMC5481360 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2017] [Accepted: 06/09/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory disease that causes damage to periodontal tissues, which include the gingiva, periodontal ligament, and alveolar bone. The major cause of periodontal tissue destruction is an inappropriate host response to microorganisms and their products. Specifically, a homeostatic imbalance between reactive oxygen species (ROS) and antioxidant defense systems has been implicated in the pathogenesis of periodontitis. Elevated levels of ROS acting as intracellular signal transducers result in autophagy, which plays a dual role in periodontitis by promoting cell death or blocking apoptosis in infected cells. Autophagy can also regulate ROS generation and scavenging. Investigations are ongoing to elucidate the crosstalk mechanisms between ROS and autophagy. Here, we review the physiological and pathological roles of ROS and autophagy in periodontal tissues. The redox-sensitive pathways related to autophagy, such as mTORC1, Beclin 1, and the Atg12-Atg5 complex, are explored in depth to provide a comprehensive overview of the crosstalk between ROS and autophagy. Based on the current evidence, we suggest that a potential linkage between ROS and autophagy is involved in the pathogenesis of periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengcheng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Disease, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan UniversityChengdu, China.,Department of Periodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan UniversityChengdu, China
| | - Longyi Mo
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Disease, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan UniversityChengdu, China
| | - Yulong Niu
- Key Lab of Bio-resources and Eco-environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan UniversityChengdu, China
| | - Xin Li
- Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Xuedong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Disease, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan UniversityChengdu, China.,Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan UniversityChengdu, China
| | - Xin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Disease, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan UniversityChengdu, China.,Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan UniversityChengdu, China
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19
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Abstract
Macroautophagy/autophagy is a conserved lysosomal degradation process essential for cell physiology and human health. By regulating apoptosis, inflammation, pathogen clearance, immune response and other cellular processes, autophagy acts as a modulator of pathogenesis and is a potential therapeutic target in diverse diseases. With regard to oral disease, autophagy can be problematic either when it is activated or impaired, because this process is involved in diverse functions, depending on the specific disease and its level of progression. In particular, activated autophagy functions as a cytoprotective mechanism under environmental stress conditions, which regulates tumor growth and mediates resistance to anticancer treatment in established tumors. During infections and inflammation, activated autophagy selectively delivers microbial antigens to the immune systems, and is therefore connected to the elimination of intracellular pathogens. Impaired autophagy contributes to oxidative stress, genomic instability, chronic tissue damage, inflammation and tumorigenesis, and is involved in aberrant bacterial clearance and immune priming. Hence, substantial progress in the study of autophagy provides new insights into the pathogenesis of oral diseases. This review outlines the mechanisms of autophagy, and highlights the emerging roles of this process in oral cancer, periapical lesions, periodontal diseases, and oral candidiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Qin Tan
- a The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education , School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University , Wuhan , Hubei , China
| | - Jing Zhang
- a The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education , School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University , Wuhan , Hubei , China.,b Department of Oral Medicine , School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University , Wuhan , Hubei , China
| | - Gang Zhou
- a The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education , School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University , Wuhan , Hubei , China.,b Department of Oral Medicine , School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University , Wuhan , Hubei , China
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