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Miluna-Meldere S, Rostoka D, Broks R, Viksne K, Ciematnieks R, Skadins I, Kroica J. The Effects of Nicotine Pouches and E-Cigarettes on Oral Microbes: A Pilot Study. Microorganisms 2024; 12:1514. [PMID: 39203357 PMCID: PMC11356086 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12081514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2024] [Revised: 07/19/2024] [Accepted: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 09/03/2024] Open
Abstract
It remains uncertain whether nicotine pouches and electronic cigarettes alter the oral environment and result in a high presence of periodontopathogenic bacteria in saliva, compared to that among cigarette users or non-tobacco users. In this study, saliva samples were collected from respondents using nicotine pouches, electronic cigarettes, and conventional cigarettes, alongside a control group of non-tobacco users. Polymerase chain reaction was used to identify clinical isolates of the following periodontal bacteria: Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythia, Prevotella intermedia, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Fusobacterium periodonticum, Porphyromonas endodontalis, and Rothia mucilaginosa. The presence of some periodontal pathogens was detected in the saliva samples from users of nicotine pouches, electronic cigarettes, and conventional cigarettes but not in samples taken from the control group. Therefore, the initial results of this pilot study suggest that the presence of periodontopathogenic bacteria in the saliva of nicotine pouch and electronic cigarette users could alter the oral microbiome, leading to periodontal diseases. However, further quantitative investigation is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dagnija Rostoka
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, Riga Stradins University, LV-1007 Riga, Latvia; (R.B.); (I.S.); (J.K.)
| | - Renars Broks
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, Riga Stradins University, LV-1007 Riga, Latvia; (R.B.); (I.S.); (J.K.)
| | - Kristine Viksne
- Institute on Oncology and Molecular Genetics, Riga Stradins University, LV-1007 Riga, Latvia; (K.V.); (R.C.)
| | - Rolands Ciematnieks
- Institute on Oncology and Molecular Genetics, Riga Stradins University, LV-1007 Riga, Latvia; (K.V.); (R.C.)
| | - Ingus Skadins
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, Riga Stradins University, LV-1007 Riga, Latvia; (R.B.); (I.S.); (J.K.)
| | - Juta Kroica
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, Riga Stradins University, LV-1007 Riga, Latvia; (R.B.); (I.S.); (J.K.)
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Schwartz J, Capistrano KJ, Gluck J, Hezarkhani A, Naqvi AR. SARS-CoV-2, periodontal pathogens, and host factors: The trinity of oral post-acute sequelae of COVID-19. Rev Med Virol 2024; 34:e2543. [PMID: 38782605 PMCID: PMC11260190 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
COVID-19 as a pan-epidemic is waning but there it is imperative to understand virus interaction with oral tissues and oral inflammatory diseases. We review periodontal disease (PD), a common inflammatory oral disease, as a driver of COVID-19 and oral post-acute-sequelae conditions (PASC). Oral PASC identifies with PD, loss of teeth, dysgeusia, xerostomia, sialolitis-sialolith, and mucositis. We contend that PD-associated oral microbial dysbiosis involving higher burden of periodontopathic bacteria provide an optimal microenvironment for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. These pathogens interact with oral epithelial cells activate molecular or biochemical pathways that promote viral adherence, entry, and persistence in the oral cavity. A repertoire of diverse molecules identifies this relationship including lipids, carbohydrates and enzymes. The S protein of SARS-CoV-2 binds to the ACE2 receptor and is activated by protease activity of host furin or TRMPSS2 that cleave S protein subunits to promote viral entry. However, PD pathogens provide additional enzymatic assistance mimicking furin and augment SARS-CoV-2 adherence by inducing viral entry receptors ACE2/TRMPSS, which are poorly expressed on oral epithelial cells. We discuss the mechanisms involving periodontopathogens and host factors that facilitate SARS-CoV-2 infection and immune resistance resulting in incomplete clearance and risk for 'long-haul' oral health issues characterising PASC. Finally, we suggest potential diagnostic markers and treatment avenues to mitigate oral PASC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel Schwartz
- Department of Oral Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, 60612, USA
| | | | - Joseph Gluck
- Department of Periodontics, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, 60612, USA
| | - Armita Hezarkhani
- Department of Periodontics, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, 60612, USA
| | - Afsar R. Naqvi
- Department of Periodontics, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, 60612, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, 60612, USA
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3
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Lund Håheim AL. Oral anaerobe bacteria-a common risk for cardiovascular disease and mortality and some forms of cancer? FRONTIERS IN ORAL HEALTH 2024; 5:1348946. [PMID: 38774039 PMCID: PMC11107091 DOI: 10.3389/froh.2024.1348946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/24/2024] Open
Abstract
This review explores the results of research on oral health concerning cardiovascular diseases and some forms of cancer and is based on results from published systematic reviews and some studies. The research results will have a strong focus on exploring the relationship between different aspects of oral infections. The relationship between oral health parameters, cardiovascular diseases (CVD), and certain cancers was examined from different angles, including prospective analyses, in a population-based health study in Oslo from the year 2000 (Oslo II study). A major finding was that low levels of antibodies to the oral anaerobe Tannerella forsythia predict both CVD mortality in men with a history of myocardial infarction and incidence of bladder cancer in a random sample of men in the study. Low levels of antibodies to Treponea denticola predict the incidence of bladder and colon cancer in a random sample of men in the study. Both anaerobe bacteria are part of the so-called red complex of bacteria in chronic periodontitis together with Pophyromonas gingivalis. These three bacteria have different properties and are causal in chronic periodontitis. They migrate into the local tissues by adhering to the oral epithelium, break down soft and hard tissues, and spread via the circulation to organs distant from the mouth. This paper will give an overview of which oral health measures have been explored and associated with different CVD and cancer diagnoses and what scientific literature supports or contravenes our hypothesis. The oral microbiome is described with the most relevant bacteria related to microbiology, serum, autopsies, and associated causes such as alcohol. There will be a mention of the possibilities and limitations of different study designs. There seems to be a causal relationship between oral anaerobe bacteria and systemic diseases regulated by the immune system. This is seen alongside other well-known risk factors, especially for CVD. The prospective finding of a relation to the incidence of certain cancers and CVD is particularly intriguing. However, further research is needed to determine the biological mechanisms underpinning these associations.
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Lim Y, Kim HY, Han D, Choi B. Proteome and immune responses of extracellular vesicles derived from macrophages infected with the periodontal pathogen Tannerella forsythia. J Extracell Vesicles 2023; 12:e12381. [PMID: 38014595 PMCID: PMC10682907 DOI: 10.1002/jev2.12381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory disease caused by periodontal pathogens in subgingival plaque and is associated with systemic inflammatory diseases. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) released from host cells and pathogens carry a variety of biological molecules and are of interest for their role in disease progression and as diagnostic markers. In the present study, we analysed the proteome and inflammatory response of EVs derived from macrophages infected with Tannerella forsythia, a periodontal pathogen. The EVs isolated from the cell conditioned medium of T. forsythia-infected macrophages were divided into two distinct vesicles, macrophage-derived EVs and T. forsythia-derived OMVs, by size exclusion chromatography combined with density gradient ultracentrifugation. Proteome analysis showed that in T. forsythia infection, macrophage-derived EVs were enriched with pro-inflammatory cytokines and inflammatory mediators associated with periodontitis progression. T. forsythia-derived OMVs harboured several known virulence factors, including BspA, sialidase, GroEL and various bacterial lipoproteins. T. forsythia-derived OMVs induced pro-inflammatory responses via TLR2 activation. In addition, we demonstrated that T. forsythia actively released OMVs when T. forsythia encountered macrophage-derived soluble molecules. Taken together, our results provide insight into the characterisation of EVs derived from cells infected with a periodontal pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Younggap Lim
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, School of DentistrySeoul National UniversitySeoulRepublic of Korea
| | - Hyun Young Kim
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, School of DentistrySeoul National UniversitySeoulRepublic of Korea
- Dental Research Institute, School of DentistrySeoul National UniversitySeoulRepublic of Korea
| | - Dohyun Han
- Transdisciplinary Department of Medicine & Advanced TechnologySeoul National University HospitalSeoulRepublic of Korea
- Proteomics Core Facility, Biomedical Research InstituteSeoul National University HospitalSeoulRepublic of Korea
- Department of MedicineSeoul National University College of MedicineSeoulRepublic of Korea
| | - Bong‐Kyu Choi
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, School of DentistrySeoul National UniversitySeoulRepublic of Korea
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Zhao M, Xie Y, Gao W, Li C, Ye Q, Li Y. Diabetes mellitus promotes susceptibility to periodontitis-novel insight into the molecular mechanisms. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1192625. [PMID: 37664859 PMCID: PMC10469003 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1192625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is a main risk factor for periodontitis, but until now, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain unclear. Diabetes can increase the pathogenicity of the periodontal microbiota and the inflammatory/host immune response of the periodontium. Hyperglycemia induces reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and enhances oxidative stress (OS), exacerbating periodontal tissue destruction. Furthermore, the alveolar bone resorption damage and the epigenetic changes in periodontal tissue induced by diabetes may also contribute to periodontitis. We will review the latest clinical data on the evidence of diabetes promoting the susceptibility of periodontitis from epidemiological, molecular mechanistic, and potential therapeutic targets and discuss the possible molecular mechanistic targets, focusing in particular on novel data on inflammatory/host immune response and OS. Understanding the intertwined pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus and periodontitis can explain the cross-interference between endocrine metabolic and inflammatory diseases better, provide a theoretical basis for new systemic holistic treatment, and promote interprofessional collaboration between endocrine physicians and dentists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingcan Zhao
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Yuandong Xie
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Tooth Development and Bone Remodeling, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Wenjia Gao
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Tooth Development and Bone Remodeling, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Chunwang Li
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Tooth Development and Bone Remodeling, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Qiang Ye
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Yi Li
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Tooth Development and Bone Remodeling, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
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Könönen E, Fteita D, Gursoy UK, Gursoy M. Prevotella species as oral residents and infectious agents with potential impact on systemic conditions. J Oral Microbiol 2022; 14:2079814. [DOI: 10.1080/20002297.2022.2079814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Eija Könönen
- Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Dareen Fteita
- Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Ulvi K. Gursoy
- Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Mervi Gursoy
- Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
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Luong A, Tawfik AN, Islamoglu H, Gobriel HS, Ali N, Ansari P, Shah R, Hung T, Patel T, Henson B, Thankam F, Lewis J, Mintline M, Boehm T, Tumur Z, Seleem D. Periodontitis and diabetes mellitus co-morbidity: A molecular dialogue. J Oral Biosci 2021; 63:360-369. [PMID: 34728373 DOI: 10.1016/j.job.2021.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and periodontitis are two biologically linked diseases that often coexist in complex interaction. While periodontitis may lead to insulin receptor desensitization, diabetes may increase the expression of inflammatory cytokines, such as Tumor Necrosis Factor-α (TNF-α) and Interleukin 6 (IL-6), in the gingival crevicular fluid and activate osteoclasts via Receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-Β ligand (RANK-L) production, leading to bone resorption. However, the association between the two diseases processes, where one may exacerbate the progression of the other, is unclear. In addition, both diseases have similar mechanistic themes, such as chronic inflammation and oxidative stress. This review aimed to investigate the pathophysiological and molecular mechanisms underlying T2DM and periodontitis. HIGHLIGHT Uncontrolled diabetes is often associated with severe periodontitis, measured by clinical attachment loss. Alteration in the oral microbiome composition, which may activate the host inflammatory response and lead to irreversible oxidative stress, is a common finding in both diseases. An understanding of the molecular crosstalk between the two disease processes is crucial for developing therapeutic targets that inhibit bone resorption and halt the progression of periodontitis in patients with diabetes. CONCLUSION The Oral microbiome composition in T2DM and periodontitis shifts toward dysbiosis, favoring bacterial pathogens, such as Fusobacteria and Porphyromonas species. Both conditions are marked by pro-inflammatory immune activity via the activation of Interleukin 17 (IL-17), Interleukin 1 (IL-1), TNF-α, and Nuclear Factor Kappa Beta (NF-κB). Common molecular crosstalk signaling appears to involve advanced glycation end products (AGEs) and oxidative stress. Thus, future drug targets are multifactorial, ranging from modulatory of host inflammatory response to preventing the accumulation of AGEs and oxidative free radicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Luong
- College of Dental Medicine, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766-1854, USA
| | - Andy Nassif Tawfik
- College of Dental Medicine, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766-1854, USA
| | - Hicret Islamoglu
- College of Dental Medicine, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766-1854, USA
| | - Hanaa Selim Gobriel
- College of Dental Medicine, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766-1854, USA
| | - Nada Ali
- College of Dental Medicine, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766-1854, USA
| | - Pouya Ansari
- College of Dental Medicine, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766-1854, USA
| | - Ruchita Shah
- College of Dental Medicine, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766-1854, USA
| | - Tiffany Hung
- College of Dental Medicine, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766-1854, USA
| | - Tanusha Patel
- College of Dental Medicine, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766-1854, USA
| | - Bradley Henson
- College of Dental Medicine, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766-1854, USA
| | - Finosh Thankam
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766-1854, USA
| | - Jill Lewis
- College of Dental Medicine, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766-1854, USA
| | - Mark Mintline
- College of Dental Medicine, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766-1854, USA
| | - Tobias Boehm
- College of Dental Medicine, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766-1854, USA
| | - Zohra Tumur
- College of Dental Medicine, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766-1854, USA
| | - Dalia Seleem
- College of Dental Medicine, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766-1854, USA.
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8
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Álvarez S, Leiva-Sabadini C, Schuh CMAP, Aguayo S. Bacterial adhesion to collagens: implications for biofilm formation and disease progression in the oral cavity. Crit Rev Microbiol 2021; 48:83-95. [PMID: 34270375 DOI: 10.1080/1040841x.2021.1944054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Collagen is the most abundant structural protein in the body and the main component of the extracellular matrix of most tissues, including dentine and periodontal tissues. Despite the well-characterized role of collagen and specifically type-I collagen, as a ligand for host cells, its role as a substrate for bacterial adhesion and biofilm formation is less explored. Therefore, the purpose of this review is to discuss recent findings regarding the adhesion of oral bacteria to collagen surfaces and its role in the progression and severity of oral and systemic diseases. Initial oral colonizers such as streptococci have evolved collagen-binding proteins (cbp) that are important for the colonization of dentine and periodontal tissues. Also, periodontal pathogens such as Porphyromonas gingivalis and Tannerella forsythia utilise cbps for tissue sensing and subsequent invasion. The implications of bacteria-collagen coupling in the context of collagen biomaterials and regenerative dentistry approaches are also addressed. Furthermore, the importance of interdisciplinary techniques such as atomic force microscopy for the nanocharacterization of bacteria-collagen interactions is also considered. Overall, understanding the process of oral bacterial adhesion onto collagen is important for developing future therapeutic approaches against oral and systemic diseases, by modulating the early stages of biofilm formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simón Álvarez
- Centro de Medicina Regenerativa, Facultad de Medicina Clínica Alemana-Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile.,Dentistry School, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Camila Leiva-Sabadini
- Dentistry School, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Christina M A P Schuh
- Centro de Medicina Regenerativa, Facultad de Medicina Clínica Alemana-Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
| | - Sebastian Aguayo
- Dentistry School, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Institute for Biological and Medical Engineering, Schools of Engineering, Medicine and Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Abstract
Although the composition of the oral human microbiome is now well studied, regulation of genes within oral microbial communities remains mostly uncharacterized. Current concepts of periodontal disease and caries highlight the importance of oral biofilms and their role as etiological agents of those diseases. Currently, there is increased interest in exploring and characterizing changes in the composition and gene-expression profiles of oral microbial communities. These efforts aim to identify changes in functional activities that could explain the transition from health to disease and the reason for the chronicity of those infections. It is now clear that the functions of distinct species within the subgingival microbiota are intimately intertwined with the rest of the microbial community. This point highlights the relevance of examining the expression profile of specific species within the subgingival microbiota in the case of periodontal disease or caries lesions, in the context of the other members of the biofilm in vivo. Metatranscriptomic analysis of the oral community is the starting point for identifying environmental signals that modulate the shift in metabolism of the community from commensal to dysbiotic. These studies give a snapshot of the expression patterns of microbial communities and also allow us to determine triggers to diseases. For example, in the case of caries, studies have unveiled a potential new pathway of sugar metabolism, namely the use of sorbitol as an additional source of carbon by Streptococcus mutans; and in the case of periodontal disease, high levels of extracellular potassium could be a signal of disease. Longitudinal studies are needed to identify the real markers of the initial stages of caries and periodontal disease. More information on the gene-expression profiles of the host, along with the patterns from the microbiome, will lead to a clearer understanding of the modulation of health and disease. This review presents a summary of these initial studies, which have opened the door to a new understanding of the dynamics of the oral community during the dysbiotic process in the oral cavity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana E Duran-Pinedo
- Department of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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Philips A, Stolarek I, Handschuh L, Nowis K, Juras A, Trzciński D, Nowaczewska W, Wrzesińska A, Potempa J, Figlerowicz M. Analysis of oral microbiome from fossil human remains revealed the significant differences in virulence factors of modern and ancient Tannerella forsythia. BMC Genomics 2020; 21:402. [PMID: 32539695 PMCID: PMC7296668 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-020-06810-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent advances in the next-generation sequencing (NGS) allowed the metagenomic analyses of DNA from many different environments and sources, including thousands of years old skeletal remains. It has been shown that most of the DNA extracted from ancient samples is microbial. There are several reports demonstrating that the considerable fraction of extracted DNA belonged to the bacteria accompanying the studied individuals before their death. RESULTS In this study we scanned 344 microbiomes from 1000- and 2000- year-old human teeth. The datasets originated from our previous studies on human ancient DNA (aDNA) and on microbial DNA accompanying human remains. We previously noticed that in many samples infection-related species have been identified, among them Tannerella forsythia, one of the most prevalent oral human pathogens. Samples containing sufficient amount of T. forsythia aDNA for a complete genome assembly were selected for thorough analyses. We confirmed that the T. forsythia-containing samples have higher amounts of the periodontitis-associated species than the control samples. Despites, other pathogens-derived aDNA was found in the tested samples it was too fragmented and damaged to allow any reasonable reconstruction of these bacteria genomes. The anthropological examination of ancient skulls from which the T. forsythia-containing samples were obtained revealed the pathogenic alveolar bone loss in tooth areas characteristic for advanced periodontitis. Finally, we analyzed the genetic material of ancient T. forsythia strains. As a result, we assembled four ancient T. forsythia genomes - one 2000- and three 1000- year-old. Their comparison with contemporary T. forsythia genomes revealed a lower genetic diversity within the four ancient strains than within contemporary strains. We also investigated the genes of T. forsythia virulence factors and found that several of them (KLIKK protease and bspA genes) differ significantly between ancient and modern bacteria. CONCLUSIONS In summary, we showed that NGS screening of the ancient human microbiome is a valid approach for the identification of disease-associated microbes. Following this protocol, we provided a new set of information on the emergence, evolution and virulence factors of T. forsythia, the member of the oral dysbiotic microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Philips
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, 61-704, Poznan, Poland
| | - Ireneusz Stolarek
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, 61-704, Poznan, Poland
| | - Luiza Handschuh
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, 61-704, Poznan, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Nowis
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, 61-704, Poznan, Poland
| | - Anna Juras
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Anthropology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznan, 61-614, Poznan, Poland
| | - Dawid Trzciński
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Anthropology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznan, 61-614, Poznan, Poland
| | - Wioletta Nowaczewska
- Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Wroclaw University, 50-138, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Anna Wrzesińska
- Anthropological Laboratory, Museum of the First Piasts at Lednica, 62-261, Lednogora, Poland
| | - Jan Potempa
- Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387, Krakow, Poland.,Department of Oral Immunity and Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville School of Dentistry, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Marek Figlerowicz
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, 61-704, Poznan, Poland. .,Institute of Computing Science, Poznan University of Technology, 60-965, Poznan, Poland.
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Sharma A. Persistence of Tannerella forsythia and Fusobacterium nucleatum in dental plaque: a strategic alliance. CURRENT ORAL HEALTH REPORTS 2020; 7:22-28. [PMID: 36779221 PMCID: PMC9917731 DOI: 10.1007/s40496-020-00254-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The Gram-negative oral pathogen Tannerella forsythia is implicated in the pathogenesis of periodontitis, an inflammatory disease characterized by progressive destruction of the tooth supporting structures affecting over 700 million people worldwide. This review highlights the basis of why and how T. forsythia interacts with Fusobacterium nucleatum, a bacterium considered to be a bridge between the early and late colonizing bacteria of the dental plaque. RECENT FINDINGS The recent findings indicate that these two organisms have a strong mutualistic relationship that involves foraging by T. forsythia on F. nucleatum peptidoglycan and utilization of glucose, released by the hydrolytic activity of T. forsythia glucanase, as a nutrient by F. nucleatum. In addition, T. forsythia has the unique ability to generate a toxic and inflammogenic compound, methylglyoxal, from glucose. This compound can induce inflammation, leading to the degradation of periodontal tissues and release of host components as nutrients for bacteria to further exacerbate the disease. SUMMARY In summary, this article will present our current understanding of mechanisms underpinning T. forsythia-F. nucleatum mutualism, and how this mutualism might impact periodontal disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashu Sharma
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, 3435 Main Street, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14214
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12
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Ko YK, An SJ, Han NY, Lee H, Choi BK. Regulation of IL-24 in human oral keratinocytes stimulated with Tannerella forsythia. Mol Oral Microbiol 2019; 34:209-218. [PMID: 31332969 DOI: 10.1111/omi.12265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-24 is a pleiotropic immunoregulatory cytokine and a member of the IL-20R subfamily of the IL-10 family. The aim of this study was to investigate the regulation of IL-24 in the human oral keratinocyte cell line HOK-16B following infection with Tannerella forsythia, a major periodontal pathogen. T. forsythia induced the expression of IL-24 mRNA and the secretion of glycosylated IL-24 in HOK-16B cells. Glycosylation of IL-24 is linked to its solubility and bioavailability. T. forsythia-stimulated reactive oxygen species (ROS) induced the expression of IL-24, which was regulated by IL-6. The ROS inhibitor N-acetylcysteine and MAPK inhibitors significantly reduced the expression of IL-6 and IL-24 induced by T. forsythia. Recombinant human IL-24 significantly enhanced the expression of IL-1α, IL-8, CXCL10, and MCP-1 in HOK-16B cells. Together, these results indicate that ROS, MAPKs, and IL-6 comprise the axis of IL-24 expression in HOK-16B cells stimulated with T. forsythia. Thus, IL-24 may be involved in inflammation in oral keratinocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeon-Kyeong Ko
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sun-Jin An
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Na-Young Han
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, Incheon, Korea
| | - Hookeun Lee
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, Incheon, Korea
| | - Bong-Kyu Choi
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
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