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Balas M, Issa M, Popovic MM, Moayad L, Zajner C, Aponte PO, Hamli H, Yan P, Wright T, Melo IM, Muni RH. ADAPTIVE OPTICS IMAGING IN DIABETIC RETINOPATHY: A Prospective Cohort Study. Retina 2024; 44:1115-1123. [PMID: 38478760 DOI: 10.1097/iae.0000000000004088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the correlation between diabetic retinopathy (DR) severity and microscopic retinal and vascular alterations using adaptive optics imaging. METHODS In this single-center, prospective cohort study, adult participants with healthy eyes or DR underwent adaptive optics imaging. Participants were classified into control/mild nonproliferative DR, moderate/severe nonproliferative DR, and proliferative DR. Adaptive optics imaging using the RTX1 camera was obtained from 48 participants (87 eyes) for photoreceptor data and from 36 participants (62 eyes) for vascular data. RESULTS Photoreceptor parameters significantly differed between DR groups at 2° and 4° of retinal eccentricity. Wall-to-lumen ratio varied significantly at 2° eccentricity, while other vascular parameters remained nonsignificant. Cone density and dispersion were the strongest predictors for DR severity ( P < 0.001) in multivariable generalized estimating equation modeling, while other vascular parameters remained nonsignificant between DR severity groups. All photoreceptor parameters showed significant correlations with visual acuity overall and across most DR severity groups. CONCLUSION To date, this is one of the largest studies evaluating the use of adaptive optics imaging in DR. Adaptive optics imaging was demonstrated to differentiate between various levels of disease severity in DR. These results support the potential role in diagnostic and therapeutic microstructural evaluation in research and clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Balas
- Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mariam Issa
- Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Marko M Popovic
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lana Moayad
- Michael G. DeGroote School of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Chris Zajner
- Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Paola Oquendo Aponte
- Department of Ophthalmology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Ophthalmology, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; and
| | - Hesham Hamli
- Department of Ophthalmology, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; and
| | - Peng Yan
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Kensington Eye Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tom Wright
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Kensington Eye Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Isabela M Melo
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Ophthalmology, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; and
| | - Rajeev H Muni
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Ophthalmology, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; and
- Kensington Eye Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Huang RS, Mihalache A, Popovic MM, Munn C, Balas M, Issa M, Melo IM, Friedman A, Wright T, Yan P, Muni RH. ASSOCIATION OF INTRAVENOUS FLUORESCEIN ANGIOGRAPHY AND ADAPTIVE OPTICS IMAGING IN DIABETIC RETINOPATHY: A Prospective Case Series. Retina 2024; 44:689-699. [PMID: 38011843 DOI: 10.1097/iae.0000000000004012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To our knowledge, we present the first case series investigating the relationship between adaptive optics (AO) imaging and intravenous fluorescein angiography (IVFA) parameters in patients with diabetic retinopathy. METHODS Consecutive patients with diabetic retinopathy older than age 18 years presenting to a single center in Toronto, Canada, from 2020 to 2021 were recruited. Adaptive optics was performed with the RTX1 camera (Imagine Eyes, Orsay, France) at retinal eccentricities of 2° and 4°. Intravenous fluorescein angiography was assessed with the artificial intelligence-based RETICAD system to extract blood flow, perfusion, and blood-retinal-barrier (BRB) permeability at the same retinal locations. Correlations between AO and IVFA parameters were calculated using Pearson's correlation coefficient. RESULTS Across nine cases, a significant positive correlation existed between photoreceptor spacing on AO and BRB permeability (r = 0.303, P = 0.027), as well as perfusion (r = 0.272, P = 0.049) on IVFA. When stratified by location, a significant positive correlation between photoreceptor dispersion and both BRB permeability and perfusion (r = 0.770, P = 0.043; r = 0.846, P = 0.034, respectively) was observed. Cone density was also negatively correlated with BRB permeability (r = -0.819, P = 0.046). CONCLUSION Photoreceptor spacing on AO was significantly correlated with BRB permeability and perfusion on IVFA in patients with diabetic retinopathy. Future studies with larger sample sizes are needed to understand the relationship between AO and IVFA parameters in diverse patient populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan S Huang
- Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Andrew Mihalache
- Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Marko M Popovic
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Colyn Munn
- Emagix Inc, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
- Department of Medical Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Michael Balas
- Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mariam Issa
- Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Isabela Martins Melo
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alon Friedman
- Emagix Inc, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
- Department of Medical Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Tom Wright
- Kensington Vision and Research Centre, Kensington Eye Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; and
| | - Peng Yan
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Kensington Vision and Research Centre, Kensington Eye Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; and
| | - Rajeev H Muni
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Ophthalmology, St. Michael's Hospital/Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Anderson DM, Brager DC, Kearsley AJ. Spatially-dependent model for rods and cones in the retina. J Theor Biol 2024; 579:111687. [PMID: 38103677 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2023.111687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
We develop a mathematical model for photoreceptors in the retina. We focus on rod and cone outer segment dynamics and interactions with a nutrient source associated with the retinal pigment epithelium cells. Rod and cone densities (number per unit area of retinal surface) are known to have significant spatial dependence in the retina with cones located primarily near the fovea and the rods located primarily away from the fovea. Our model accounts for this spatial dependence of the rod and cone photoreceptor density as well as for the possibility of nutrient diffusion. We present equilibrium and dynamic solutions, discuss their relation to existing models, and estimate model parameters through comparisons with available experimental measurements of both spatial and temporal photoreceptor characteristics. Our model compares well with existing data on spatially-dependent regrowth of photoreceptor outer segments in the macular region of Rhesus Monkeys. Our predictions are also consistent with existing data on the spatial dependence of photoreceptor outer segment length near the fovea in healthy human subjects. We focus primarily on the healthy eye but our model could be the basis for future efforts designed to explore various retinal pathologies, eye-related injuries, and treatments of these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel M Anderson
- Applied & Computational Mathematics Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, 20899, MD, USA; Department of Mathematical Sciences, George Mason University, 4400 University Drive, Fairfax, 22030, VA, USA.
| | - Danielle C Brager
- Applied & Computational Mathematics Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, 20899, MD, USA.
| | - Anthony J Kearsley
- Applied & Computational Mathematics Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, 20899, MD, USA.
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Ashourizadeh H, Fakhri M, Hassanpour K, Masoudi A, Jalali S, Roshandel D, Chen FK. Pearls and Pitfalls of Adaptive Optics Ophthalmoscopy in Inherited Retinal Diseases. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:2413. [PMID: 37510157 PMCID: PMC10377978 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13142413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Adaptive optics (AO) retinal imaging enables individual photoreceptors to be visualized in the clinical setting. AO imaging can be a powerful clinical tool for detecting photoreceptor degeneration at a cellular level that might be overlooked through conventional structural assessments, such as spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT). Therefore, AO imaging has gained significant interest in the study of photoreceptor degeneration, one of the most common causes of inherited blindness. Growing evidence supports that AO imaging may be useful for diagnosing early-stage retinal dystrophy before it becomes apparent on fundus examination or conventional retinal imaging. In addition, serial AO imaging may detect structural disease progression in early-stage disease over a shorter period compared to SD-OCT. Although AO imaging is gaining popularity as a structural endpoint in clinical trials, the results should be interpreted with caution due to several pitfalls, including the lack of standardized imaging and image analysis protocols, frequent ocular comorbidities that affect image quality, and significant interindividual variation of normal values. Herein, we summarize the current state-of-the-art AO imaging and review its potential applications, limitations, and pitfalls in patients with inherited retinal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maryam Fakhri
- Ophthalmic Research Center, Research Institute for Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 16666, Iran
| | - Kiana Hassanpour
- Ophthalmic Research Center, Research Institute for Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 16666, Iran
| | - Ali Masoudi
- Stein Eye Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Sattar Jalali
- Department of Physics, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran 19558, Iran
| | - Danial Roshandel
- Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia
- Ocular Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Lions Eye Institute, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Fred K Chen
- Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia
- Ocular Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Lions Eye Institute, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Melbourne, VIC 3002, Australia
- Ophthalmology, Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
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Li W, Chen W, Zhou X, Jiang T, Zhang J, Wang M, Wu J, Gu J, Chang Q. Volume-accumulated reflectivity of the outer retina (integral) on spectral domain optical coherence tomography as a predictor of cone cell density: a pilot study. BMC Ophthalmol 2023; 23:100. [PMID: 36918830 PMCID: PMC10012552 DOI: 10.1186/s12886-023-02827-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The study aims to investigate the relationship between the volume-accumulated reflectivity (termed "integral") on spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) and cone density on adaptive optics (AO) imaging. METHODS In this cross-sectional study, both eyes of 32 healthy subjects and 5 patients with inherited retinal diseases (IRD) were studied. The parameter, integral, was defined as the volume-accumulated reflectivity values in a selected region on OCT images; integrals of the ellipsoid zone (EZ) and interdigitation zone (IZ) were measured at 2°, 3°, 4°, 5°and 6° eccentricity along the four meridians on fovea-centered OCT B-scans. Cone density in the same region was measured using a flood illumination adaptive optics camera RTX1. RESULTS Integrals of EZ, IZ and cone density shared similar distribution patterns. Integral of the IZ was better correlated with cone density in both healthy people (r = 0.968, p < 0.001) and those with IRD (r = 0.823, p < 0.001) than direct measurements of reflectivity on OCT images. A strong correlation was found between best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and cone density at 2° eccentricity (r = -0.857, p = 0.002). BCVA was also correlated with the integral of the IZ at the foveola (r = -0.746, p = 0.013) and fovea (r = -0.822, p = 0.004). CONCLUSIONS The new parameter "integral" of the photoreceptor outer segment measured from SD-OCT was noted to correlate with cone density and visual function in this pilot study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenting Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye and ENT Hospital of Fudan University, Fudan University, Xuhui District, 83 Fenyang Rd, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, Eye, ENT Hospital of Fudan University, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Key NHC Laboratory of Myopia, Key Laboratory of Myopia, Fudan University), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenwen Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye and ENT Hospital of Fudan University, Fudan University, Xuhui District, 83 Fenyang Rd, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, Eye, ENT Hospital of Fudan University, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Key NHC Laboratory of Myopia, Key Laboratory of Myopia, Fudan University), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiyue Zhou
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye and ENT Hospital of Fudan University, Fudan University, Xuhui District, 83 Fenyang Rd, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, Eye, ENT Hospital of Fudan University, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Key NHC Laboratory of Myopia, Key Laboratory of Myopia, Fudan University), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Tingting Jiang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye and ENT Hospital of Fudan University, Fudan University, Xuhui District, 83 Fenyang Rd, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, Eye, ENT Hospital of Fudan University, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Key NHC Laboratory of Myopia, Key Laboratory of Myopia, Fudan University), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Juan Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye and ENT Hospital of Fudan University, Fudan University, Xuhui District, 83 Fenyang Rd, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, Eye, ENT Hospital of Fudan University, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Key NHC Laboratory of Myopia, Key Laboratory of Myopia, Fudan University), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Min Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye and ENT Hospital of Fudan University, Fudan University, Xuhui District, 83 Fenyang Rd, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, Eye, ENT Hospital of Fudan University, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Key NHC Laboratory of Myopia, Key Laboratory of Myopia, Fudan University), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Jihong Wu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye and ENT Hospital of Fudan University, Fudan University, Xuhui District, 83 Fenyang Rd, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, Eye, ENT Hospital of Fudan University, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Key NHC Laboratory of Myopia, Key Laboratory of Myopia, Fudan University), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Junxiang Gu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye and ENT Hospital of Fudan University, Fudan University, Xuhui District, 83 Fenyang Rd, Shanghai, China.
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, Eye, ENT Hospital of Fudan University, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
- Key NHC Laboratory of Myopia, Key Laboratory of Myopia, Fudan University), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai, China.
| | - Qing Chang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye and ENT Hospital of Fudan University, Fudan University, Xuhui District, 83 Fenyang Rd, Shanghai, China.
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, Eye, ENT Hospital of Fudan University, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
- Key NHC Laboratory of Myopia, Key Laboratory of Myopia, Fudan University), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai, China.
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Valterova E, Unterlauft JD, Francke M, Kirsten T, Kolar R, Rauscher FG. Comprehensive automatic processing and analysis of adaptive optics flood illumination retinal images on healthy subjects. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 14:945-970. [PMID: 36874506 PMCID: PMC9979672 DOI: 10.1364/boe.471881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
This work presents a novel fully automated method for retinal analysis in images acquired with a flood illuminated adaptive optics retinal camera (AO-FIO). The proposed processing pipeline consists of several steps: First, we register single AO-FIO images in a montage image capturing a larger retinal area. The registration is performed by combination of phase correlation and the scale-invariant feature transform method. A set of 200 AO-FIO images from 10 healthy subjects (10 images from left eye and 10 images from right eye) is processed into 20 montage images and mutually aligned according to the automatically detected fovea center. As a second step, the photoreceptors in the montage images are detected using a method based on regional maxima localization, where the detector parameters were determined with Bayesian optimization according to manually labeled photoreceptors by three evaluators. The detection assessment, based on Dice coefficient, ranges from 0.72 to 0.8. In the next step, the corresponding density maps are generated for each of the montage images. As a final step, representative averaged photoreceptor density maps are created for the left and right eye and thus enabling comprehensive analysis across the montage images and a straightforward comparison with available histological data and other published studies. Our proposed method and software thus enable us to generate AO-based photoreceptor density maps for all measured locations fully automatically, and thus it is suitable for large studies, as those are in pressing need for automated approaches. In addition, the application MATADOR (MATlab ADaptive Optics Retinal Image Analysis) that implements the described pipeline and the dataset with photoreceptor labels are made publicly available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Valterova
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Communication, Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Medical Data Science, Leipzig University Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jan D. Unterlauft
- Department of Ophthalmology, Leipzig University Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
- Universitäts-Augenklinik Bern, Inselspital, Freiburgstr., 3010, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Mike Francke
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics, and Epidemiology, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Toralf Kirsten
- Department of Medical Data Science, Leipzig University Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics, and Epidemiology, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
- Database Group, Faculty of Bio Sciences and Computer Sciences, Mittweida University of Applied Sciences, Mittweida, Germany
| | - Radim Kolar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Communication, Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czech Republic
- Equally contributing
| | - Franziska G. Rauscher
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics, and Epidemiology, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
- Leipzig Research Centre for Civilization Diseases (LIFE), Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
- Equally contributing
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Heitkotter H, Patterson EJ, Woertz EN, Cava JA, Gaffney M, Adhan I, Tam J, Cooper RF, Carroll J. Extracting spacing-derived estimates of rod density in healthy retinae. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 14:1-17. [PMID: 36698662 PMCID: PMC9842010 DOI: 10.1364/boe.473101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Quantification of the rod photoreceptor mosaic using adaptive optics scanning light ophthalmoscopy (AOSLO) remains challenging. Here we demonstrate a method for deriving estimates of rod density and rod:cone ratio based on measures of rod spacing, cone numerosity, and cone inner segment area. Twenty-two AOSLO images with complete rod visualization were used to validate this spacing-derived method for estimating density. The method was then used to estimate rod metrics in an additional 105 images without complete rod visualization. The spacing-derived rod mosaic metrics were comparable to published data from histology. This method could be leveraged to develop large normative databases of rod mosaic metrics, though limitations persist with intergrader variability in assessing cone area and numerosity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather Heitkotter
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Emily J. Patterson
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, UK
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Erica N. Woertz
- John A. Moran Eye Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Jenna A. Cava
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Mina Gaffney
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, Marquette University and Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Iniya Adhan
- School of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Johnny Tam
- National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Robert F. Cooper
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, Marquette University and Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Joseph Carroll
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, Marquette University and Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
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Wynne N, Heitkotter H, Woertz EN, Cooper RF, Carroll J. Comparison of Cone Mosaic Metrics From Images Acquired With the SPECTRALIS High Magnification Module and Adaptive Optics Scanning Light Ophthalmoscopy. Transl Vis Sci Technol 2022; 11:19. [PMID: 35583887 PMCID: PMC9123519 DOI: 10.1167/tvst.11.5.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To compare cone mosaic metrics derived from adaptive optics scanning light ophthalmoscopy (AOSLO) images with those derived from Heidelberg Engineering SPECTRALIS High Magnification Module (HMM) images. Methods Participants with contiguous cone mosaics had HMM imaging performed at locations superior and temporal to the fovea. These images were registered and averaged offline and then aligned to split-detection AOSLO images; 200 × 200-µm regions of interest were extracted from both modalities. Cones were semi-automatically identified by two graders to provide estimates of cone density and spacing. Results Thirty participants with contiguous cone mosaics were imaged (10 males, 20 females; age range, 11-67 years). Image quality varied, and 80% of our participants had analyzable HMM images. The intergrader intraclass correlation coefficients for cone metrics were good for both modalities (0.688-0.757 for HMM; 0.805-0.836 for AOSLO). Cone density estimates from HMM images were lower by 2661 cones/mm2 (24.1%) on average compared to AOSLO-derived estimates. Accordingly, HMM estimates of cone spacing were increased on average compared to AOSLO. Conclusions The cone mosaic can be visualized in vivo using the SPECTRALIS HMM, although image quality is variable and imaging is not successful in every individual. Metrics extracted from HMM images can differ from those from AOSLO, although excellent agreement is possible in individuals with excellent optical quality and precise co-registration between modalities. Translational Relevance Emerging non-adaptive optics-based photoreceptor imaging is more clinically accessible than adaptive optics techniques and has potential to expand high-resolution imaging in a clinical environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niamh Wynne
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Heather Heitkotter
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Erica N. Woertz
- School of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Robert F. Cooper
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, Marquette University and Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Joseph Carroll
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, Marquette University and Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
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9
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Roshandel D, Sampson DM, Mackey DA, Chen FK. Impact of Reference Center Choice on Adaptive Optics Imaging Cone Mosaic Analysis. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2022; 63:12. [PMID: 35446344 PMCID: PMC9034713 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.63.4.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Foveal center marking is a key step in retinal image analysis. We investigated the discordance between the adaptive optics (AO) montage center (AMC) and the foveal pit center (FPC) and its implications for cone mosaic analysis using a commercial flood-illumination AO camera. Methods Thirty eyes of 30 individuals (including 15 healthy and 15 patients with rod–cone dystrophy) were included. Spectral-domain optical coherence tomography was used to determine the FPC, and flood-illumination AO imaging was performed with overlapping image frames to create an AO montage. The AMC was determined by averaging the (0,0) coordinates in the four paracentral overlapping AO image frames. Cone mosaic measurements at various retinal eccentricities were compared between corresponding retinal loci relative to the AMC or FPC. Results AMCs were located temporally to the FPCs in 14 of 15 eyes in both groups. The average AMC–FPC discordance was 0.85° among healthy controls and 0.33° among patients with rod-cone dystrophy (P < 0.05). The distance of the AMC from the FPC was a significant determinant of the cone density (β estimate = 218 cells/deg2/deg; 95% confidence interval [CI], 107–330; P < 0.001) and inter-cone distance (β estimate = 0.28 arcmin/deg; 95% CI, 0.15–0.40; P < 0.001), after adjustment for age, sex, axial length, spherical equivalent, eccentricity, and disease status. Conclusions There is a marked mismatch between the AMC and FPC in healthy eyes that may be modified by disease process such as rod–cone dystrophy. We recommend users of AO imaging systems carefully align the AO montage with a foveal anatomical landmark, such as the FPC, to ensure precise and reproducible localization of the eccentricities and regions of interest for cone mosaic analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danial Roshandel
- Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science (incorporating Lions Eye Institute), The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,Ocular Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Lions Eye Institute, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Danuta M Sampson
- Surrey Biophotonics, Centre for Vision, Speech and Signal Processing and School of Biosciences and Medicine, The University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - David A Mackey
- Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science (incorporating Lions Eye Institute), The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Fred K Chen
- Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science (incorporating Lions Eye Institute), The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,Ophthalmology, Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Gerardy M, Yesilirmak N, Legras R, Behar-Cohen F, Bousquet E. CENTRAL SEROUS CHORIORETINOPATHY: High-Resolution Imaging of Asymptomatic Fellow Eyes Using Adaptive Optics Scanning Laser Ophthalmoscopy. Retina 2022; 42:375-380. [PMID: 34620798 PMCID: PMC8765211 DOI: 10.1097/iae.0000000000003311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate cone density in the asymptomatic fellow eye of patients with unilateral central serous chorioretinopathy (CSCR). METHODS Seventeen asymptomatic fellow eyes of patients with unilateral CSCR and 17 eyes of aged-matched and gender-matched healthy controls underwent adaptive optics ophthalmoscopy. Cone density and spacing were assessed at the fovea. Clinical and multimodal imaging findings were also recorded. RESULTS In the CSCR group, the patient mean age was 48.9 ± 9.8 years. The mean (±SD) subfoveal choroidal thickness was 417.8 ± 125.2 µm. The foveal external limiting membrane and ellipsoid zone were intact in all patients. Adaptive optics fundus imaging showed a significant decrease in cone density at 2° of eccentricity nasal and temporal to the fovea in asymptomatic fellow eyes of patients with unilateral CSCR compared with controls (P = 0.001 and P = 0.027, respectively). No statistically significant difference in cone density was found at 4° of eccentricity nasal and temporal to the fovea between both groups. CONCLUSION Asymptomatic fellow eyes of patients with unilateral CSCR showed a reduced density of foveal cones in the absence of a decreased visual acuity and photoreceptor line disruption on optical coherence tomography. These results suggest that the photoreceptors could be damaged independently of the occurrence of a serous retinal detachment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melvin Gerardy
- Department of Ophthalmology, OphtalmoPôle, Hôpital Cochin, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, AP-HP, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Nilufer Yesilirmak
- Department of Ophthalmology, OphtalmoPôle, Hôpital Cochin, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, AP-HP, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Richard Legras
- Laboratoire Lumière, Matière et Interfaces, CNRS, ENS Paris-Saclay, Centrale Supelec, Université Paris Saclay, Orsay, France; and
| | - Francine Behar-Cohen
- Department of Ophthalmology, OphtalmoPôle, Hôpital Cochin, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, AP-HP, Université de Paris, Paris, France
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM U1138, Physiopathology of Ccular Diseases: Therapeutic Innovations, Université de Paris, Paris, France.
| | - Elodie Bousquet
- Department of Ophthalmology, OphtalmoPôle, Hôpital Cochin, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, AP-HP, Université de Paris, Paris, France
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM U1138, Physiopathology of Ccular Diseases: Therapeutic Innovations, Université de Paris, Paris, France.
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11
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Sampson DM, Roshandel D, Chew AL, Wang Y, Stevenson PG, Cooper MN, Ong E, Wong L, La J, Alonso-Caneiro D, Chelva E, Khan JC, Sampson DD, Chen FK. Retinal Differential Light Sensitivity Variation Across the Macula in Healthy Subjects: Importance of Cone Separation and Loci Eccentricity. Transl Vis Sci Technol 2021; 10:16. [PMID: 34111262 PMCID: PMC8114004 DOI: 10.1167/tvst.10.6.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Microperimetry measures differential light sensitivity (DLS) at specific retinal locations. The aim of this study is to examine the variation in DLS across the macula and the contribution to this variation of cone distribution metrics and retinal eccentricity. Methods Forty healthy eyes of 40 subjects were examined by microperimetry (MAIA) and adaptive optics imaging (rtx1). Retinal DLS was measured using the grid patterns: foveal (2°–3°), macular (3°–7°), and meridional (2°–8° on horizontal and vertical meridians). Cone density (CD), distribution regularity, and intercone distance (ICD) were calculated at the respective test loci coordinates. Linear mixed-effects regression was used to examine the association between cone distribution metrics and loci eccentricity, and retinal DLS. Results An eccentricity-dependent reduction in DLS was observed on all MAIA grids, which was greatest at the foveal-parafoveal junction (2°–3°) (−0.58 dB per degree, 95% confidence interval [CI]; −0.91 to −0.24 dB, P < 0.01). Retinal DLS across the meridional grid changed significantly with each 1000 cells/deg2 change in CD (0.85 dB, 95% CI; 0.10 to 1.61 dB, P = 0.03), but not with each arcmin change in ICD (1.36 dB, 95% CI; −2.93 to 0.20 dB, P = 0.09). Conclusions We demonstrate significant variation in DLS across the macula. Topographical change in cone separation is an important determinant of the variation in DLS at the foveal-parafoveal junction. We caution the extrapolation of changes in DLS measurements to cone distribution because the relationship between these variables is complex. Translational Relevance Cone density is an independent determinant of DLS in the foveal-parafoveal junction in healthy eyes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danuta M Sampson
- Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science (Incorporating Lions Eye Institute), The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia.,Surrey Biophotonics, Centre for Vision, Speech and Signal Processing and School of Biosciences and Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - Danial Roshandel
- Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science (Incorporating Lions Eye Institute), The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Avenell L Chew
- Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science (Incorporating Lions Eye Institute), The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Yufei Wang
- Computer Science Department, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Paul G Stevenson
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Matthew N Cooper
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Elaine Ong
- Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science (Incorporating Lions Eye Institute), The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Lawrence Wong
- Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science (Incorporating Lions Eye Institute), The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Jonathan La
- Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science (Incorporating Lions Eye Institute), The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - David Alonso-Caneiro
- Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science (Incorporating Lions Eye Institute), The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia.,Contact Lens and Visual Optics Laboratory, School of Optometry and Vision Science, Queensland University of Technology, Queensland, Australia
| | - Enid Chelva
- Department of Medical Technology and Physics, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Jane C Khan
- Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science (Incorporating Lions Eye Institute), The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia.,Department of Ophthalmology, Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - David D Sampson
- Surrey Biophotonics, School of Physics and School of Biosciences and Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
| | - Fred K Chen
- Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science (Incorporating Lions Eye Institute), The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia.,Department of Ophthalmology, Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
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12
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Cheng H, Ciuffreda KJ, Jiang H, Zhou K, Lin S, Zheng J, Yu X, Vasudevan B, Liang Y. Cone parameters in different vision levels from the adaptive optics imaging. Medicine (Baltimore) 2021; 100:e25618. [PMID: 33879731 PMCID: PMC8078260 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000025618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate the relationship between visual resolution and cone parameters in eyes with different levels of best corrected visual acuity (BCVA).Seventeen eyes of 10 volunteers with BCVA of 20/12.5 or better (group 1) and 16 eyes of 10 volunteers with BCVA of 20/16 (group 2) were investigated in the study. Images of the cone photoreceptors at 1.5° from the fovea were obtained using an adaptive optics (AO) retinal camera. The BCVA was obtained following a subjective refraction using a standardized logMAR visual acuity chart.The mean cone density (29,570.96 ± 2489.94 cells/mm2) at 1.5° from the fovea in group 1 (BCVA ≥ 20/12.5, n = 17) was significantly greater (P < .001) than that (22,963.59 ± 2987.92 cells/mm2) in group 2 (BCVA = 20/16, n = 16). The cone spacing at 1.5° from the fovea in group 1 was 6.45 ± 0.28 μm (mean ± SD), which was significantly smaller (P < .001) than 7.36 ± 0.50 μm (mean ± SD) in group 2. In the stepwise regression analysis, greater angular cone density (odds ratio [OR], 4.48; P = .005) and smaller angular cone spacing (OR, 0.60; P = .007) at 1.5° from the fovea were significantly associated with the better BCVA.The greater cone density and smaller cone spacing at the parafovea were found in eyes with BCVA of 20/12.5 or better, as compared to that in eyes with BCVA of 20/16. Knowledge of cone distribution for different BCVA levels may be beneficial for different clinical conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanhuan Cheng
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First People's Hospital of Wuhu City, Wuhu
- The Eye Hospital, School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Kenneth J. Ciuffreda
- Department of Biological and Vision Sciences, State University of New York College of Optometry
| | - Huilu Jiang
- The Eye Hospital, School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, Wenzhou, China
| | - Kun Zhou
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Northwestern University,Xian,China
| | - Sigeng Lin
- The Eye Hospital, School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jingwei Zheng
- The Eye Hospital, School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xinping Yu
- The Eye Hospital, School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, Wenzhou, China
| | | | - Yuanbo Liang
- The Eye Hospital, School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, Wenzhou, China
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The Relation between Body Mass Index and Retinal Photoreceptor Morphology and Microvascular Changes Measured with Adaptive Optics (rtx1) High-Resolution Imaging. J Ophthalmol 2021; 2021:6642059. [PMID: 33728057 PMCID: PMC7935605 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6642059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Overweight and obese patients are at risk for diabetes, cardiovascular disorders, and microvascular complications. The rtx1TM (Imagine Eyes, France) is a microscope that allows near histological visualizations of cones and retinal microcirculation. Objective This study analysed the cones and retinal microvascular changes in a group of 47 healthy women with different BMI values. Participants were divided into 2 groups: the BMI group (28 women with BMI >/25) and the control group (19 lean women with BMI <25). Results The lumen and diameter of retinal arteries were not significantly different between groups. There were significant differences in the thickness of arteriole walls. The WLR and WCSA values differed significantly between the control and BMI groups (for WLR 0.25 ± 0.03 vs. 0.29 ± 0.03, p < 0.001; for WCSA 4136.7 ± 1140.0 vs. 5217.3 ± 944.0, respectively, p < 0.001). In healthy eyes, cone density and morphology were not affected by weight. Conclusions Retinal image analysis with rtx1 offers a novel noninvasive measurement of early changes in retinal vasculature that are not detectable during routine clinical examination. Abnormalities of retinal arterioles found by rtx1™examination should be considered as a strong risk factor for cardiovascular changes resulting from overweight and obesity.
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Three-dimensional composition of the photoreceptor cone layers in healthy eyes using adaptive-optics optical coherence tomography (AO-OCT). PLoS One 2021; 16:e0245293. [PMID: 33412568 PMCID: PMC7790532 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0245293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To assess the signal composition of cone photoreceptors three-dimensionally in healthy retinas using adaptive optics optical coherence tomography (AO-OCT). Methods Study population. Twenty healthy eyes of ten subjects (age 23 to 67). Procedures. After routine ophthalmological assessments, eyes were examined using AO-OCT. Three-dimensional volumes were acquired at 2.5° and 6.5° foveal eccentricity in four main meridians (superior, nasal, inferior, temporal). Cone densities and signal compositions were investigated in four different planes: the cone inner segment outer segment junction (IS/OS), the cone outer segment combined with the IS/OS (ISOS+), the cone outer segment tips (COST) and full en-face plane (FEF) combining signals from all mentioned cone layers. Additionally, reliability of a simple semi-automated approach for assessment of cone density was tested. Main outcome measures. Cone density of IS/OS, IS/OS+, COST and FEF. Qualitative depiction and composition of each cone layer. Inter-rater agreement of cone density measurements. Results Mean overall cone density at all eccentricities was highest at the FEF plane (21.160/mm2), followed by COST (20.450/mm2), IS/OS+ (19.920/mm2) and IS/OS (19.530/mm2). The different meridians and eccentricities had a significant impact on cone density, with lower eccentricity resulting in higher cone densities (p≤.001), which were highest at the nasal, then temporal, then inferior and then superior meridian. Depiction of the cone mosaic differed between all 4 layers regarding signal size and packing density. Therefore, different cone layers showed evident but not complete signal overlap. Using the semi-automated technique for counting of cone signals achieved high inter-rater reliability (ICC > .99). Conclusions In healthy individuals qualitative and quantitative changes in cone signals are found not only in different eccentricities and meridians, but also within different photoreceptor layers. The variation between cone planes has to be considered when assessing the integrity of cone photoreceptors in healthy and diseased eyes using adaptive optics technology.
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Reumueller A, Wassermann L, Salas M, Schranz M, Told R, Kostolna K, Drexler W, Pircher M, Schmidt-Erfurth U, Pollreisz A. Three-dimensional assessment of para- and perifoveal photoreceptor densities and the impact of meridians and age in healthy eyes with adaptive-optics optical coherence tomography (AO-OCT). OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 28:36723-36739. [PMID: 33379760 DOI: 10.1364/oe.409076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
An adaptive optics optical coherence tomography (AO-OCT) system is used to assess sixty healthy eyes of thirty subjects (age 22 to 75) to evaluate how the outer retinal layers, foveal eccentricity and age effect the mean cone density. The cone mosaics of different retinal planes (the cone inner segment outer segment junction (IS/OS), the cone outer segment combined with the IS/OS (ISOS+), the cone outer segment tips (COST), and the full en-face plane (FEF)) at four main meridians (superior, nasal, inferior, temporal) and para- and perifoveal eccentricities (ecc 2.5° and 6.5°) were analyzed quantitatively. The mean overall cone density was 19,892/mm2 at ecc 2.5° and 13,323/mm2 at ecc 6.5°. A significant impact on cone density was found for eccentricity (up to 6,700/mm2 between ecc 2.5° and 6.5°), meridian (up to 3,700/mm2 between nasal and superior meridian) and layer (up to 1,400/mm2 between FEF and IS/OS). Age showed only a weak negative effect. These factors as well as inter-individual variability have to be taken into account when comparing cone density measurements between healthy and pathologically changed eyes, as their combined effect on density can easily exceed several thousand cones per mm2 even in parafoveal regions.
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Wynne N, Carroll J, Duncan JL. Promises and pitfalls of evaluating photoreceptor-based retinal disease with adaptive optics scanning light ophthalmoscopy (AOSLO). Prog Retin Eye Res 2020; 83:100920. [PMID: 33161127 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2020.100920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Adaptive optics scanning light ophthalmoscopy (AOSLO) allows visualization of the living human retina with exquisite single-cell resolution. This technology has improved our understanding of normal retinal structure and revealed pathophysiological details of a number of retinal diseases. Despite the remarkable capabilities of AOSLO, it has not seen the widespread commercial adoption and mainstream clinical success of other modalities developed in a similar time frame. Nevertheless, continued advancements in AOSLO hardware and software have expanded use to a broader range of patients. Current devices enable imaging of a number of different retinal cell types, with recent improvements in stimulus and detection schemes enabling monitoring of retinal function, microscopic structural changes, and even subcellular activity. This has positioned AOSLO for use in clinical trials, primarily as exploratory outcome measures or biomarkers that can be used to monitor disease progression or therapeutic response. AOSLO metrics could facilitate patient selection for such trials, to refine inclusion criteria or to guide the choice of therapy, depending on the presence, absence, or functional viability of specific cell types. Here we explore the potential of AOSLO retinal imaging by reviewing clinical applications as well as some of the pitfalls and barriers to more widespread clinical adoption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niamh Wynne
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Joseph Carroll
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA; Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology & Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Jacque L Duncan
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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In vivo assessment of foveal geometry and cone photoreceptor density and spacing in children. Sci Rep 2020; 10:8942. [PMID: 32487997 PMCID: PMC7265395 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-65645-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The fovea undergoes significant developmental changes from birth into adolescence. However, there is limited data examining cone photoreceptor density, foveal pit shape, and foveal avascular zone (FAZ) size in children. The purpose of this study was to determine whether overall foveal structure differs as a function of age and refractive status in children. Forty-eight healthy children (ages 5.8 to 15.8 years) underwent optical coherence tomography imaging to quantify foveal point thickness and foveal pit diameter, depth, and slope. Adaptive optics scanning laser ophthalmoscope (AOSLO) images of foveal capillaries and cone photoreceptors were acquired in a subset of children to quantify FAZ metrics and cone densities at 0.2, 0.3, and 0.5 mm eccentricities. Results show that foveal pit and FAZ metrics were not related to age, axial length, or refractive status. However, linear cone density was lower in myopic versus non-myopic children at eccentricities of 0.2 mm (mean ± SD = 50,022 ± 5,878 cones/mm2 vs 58,989 ± 4,822 cones/mm2, P < 0.001) and 0.3 mm (43,944 ± 5,547 cones/mm2 vs 48,622 ± 3,538 cones/mm2, P < 0.001). These results suggest FAZ and foveal pit metrics do not systematically differ with age in children, while myopic eyes have decreased linear cone density near the foveal center. Significance Statement: The development of the fovea begins prior to birth and continues through the early teenage years until it reaches adult-like properties. Although the majority of changes during childhood are related to the maturation and migration of cone photoreceptors, in vivo data describing cone packing in children is limited. We assessed overall foveal structure in children as young as 5.8 years old by quantifying cone density and spacing, foveal avascular zone size, and foveal pit morphometry to investigate potential structural differences as a function of age and refractive status. While foveal avascular zone and foveal pit metrics did not significantly differ with age, results indicate that myopic children have lower linear cone densities close to the foveal center compared to non-myopic children.
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Cone mosaic characteristics in red-green colour deficiency: a comparative study. Can J Ophthalmol 2020; 55:232-238. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcjo.2019.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Revised: 10/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Reumueller A, Wassermann L, Salas M, Karantonis MG, Sacu S, Georgopoulos M, Drexler W, Pircher M, Pollreisz A, Schmidt-Erfurth U. Morphologic and Functional Assessment of Photoreceptors After Macula-Off Retinal Detachment With Adaptive-Optics OCT and Microperimetry. Am J Ophthalmol 2020; 214:72-85. [PMID: 31883465 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2019.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Limited information is available on morphologic and functional regeneration of photoreceptors after retinal detachment (RD) surgery. This observational clinical study compared morphologic and functional changes of cones after vitrectomy for macula-off retinal detachment. DESIGN Prospective, fellow-eye comparative case series. METHODS StudyPopulation: Five eyes after vitrectomy with gas for macula-off retinal detachment (retinal detachment eyes, RDE) and 5 healthy fellow eyes (HFE) of 5 patients (mean age 59.8 years, macula-off duration 0.5 days to 5.5 days). ObservationProcedures: Eyes were examined with adaptive-optics optical coherence tomography (AO-OCT), spectral-domain OCT (SDOCT), and microperimetry (MP) at 6 (baseline, BL) and 56 weeks (follow-up, FUP) after 23 gauge pars plana vitrectomy and SF6 gas tamponade. Eight corresponding regions at foveal eccentricities of 2.5° (ecc 2.5°) and 6.5° (ecc 6.5°) were analyzed in every eye. AO-OCT en face images and SD-OCT B-scans were graded regarding irregularity and loss of photoreceptor signals ranging from none to severe changes. The number of detectable cones at height of the inner-outer segment junction (IS/OS) and cone outer segment tips (COST) was counted manually in AO-OCT images. MP with a custom grid was used to assess retinal sensitivity at these locations. MainOutcomeMeasures: Cone density, cone pattern regularity and signal attenuation, retinal sensitivity. RESULTS In comparison to HFE, RDE showed highly irregular cone patterns in AO-OCT and irregular outer retinal bands in SDOCT. Despite significant improvement of cone pattern regularity compared to BL (P < .001), 63% of AO images showed remaining cone pattern irregularity and 45.5% of SDOCT B-scans showed severe signal reduction at FUP. In HFE, mean cone density retrieved from IS/OS and COST remained around 20,000/mm2 (ecc 2.5°) and 16,000/mm2 (ecc 6.5°) at BL and FUP. Cone density of RDE was significantly reduced and ranged between 200/mm2 and 15,600/mm2 (P < .001) at BL. Despite improvement at FUP (P < .001), mean cone density at IS/OS and COST was still lower compared to HFE and ranged between 7790 and 9555 cones/mm2 (P < .001). Mean retinal sensitivity of all measured locations remained 18 dB in HFE and was significantly lower in RDE, with 14.30 dB at BL and 14.64 dB at FUP. Both SDOCT grading and microperimetry sensitivity showed strong correlation with AO-OCT grading and cone density (rho values > 0.750). CONCLUSIONS The combination of AO-OCT, SDOCT, and microperimetry is a powerful tool to capture cone regeneration after vitreoretinal surgery. Our study shows that cone morphology and function improve within 56 weeks after RD surgery but structural and functional impairment is still present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Reumueller
- Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Lorenz Wassermann
- Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Matthias Salas
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Stefan Sacu
- Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Georgopoulos
- Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Drexler
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Pircher
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Andreas Pollreisz
- Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Ursula Schmidt-Erfurth
- Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Mehta RA, Akkali MC, Jayadev C, Anuj A, Yadav NK. Morphometric analysis of retinal arterioles in control and hypertensive population using adaptive optics imaging. Indian J Ophthalmol 2020; 67:1673-1677. [PMID: 31546506 PMCID: PMC6786142 DOI: 10.4103/ijo.ijo_253_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: To measure the wall-to-lumen ratio (WLR) and the vascular wall cross-sectional area (WCSA) of retinal arterioles by an Adaptive Optics (AO) retinal camera using semi-automated software and comparing them between control and hypertensive population. Methods: This was a cross-sectional observational study including a hypertensive group and a control group. Subjects were examined and their medical history recorded. Retinal arteriolar morphometry was assessed by rtx1 AO retinal camera using AOdetect Artery semiautomated software. Main Outcome Measures: WLR and WCSA were measured on the basis of retinal arteriolar wall thickness (W1, W2), lumen diameter (LD) and vessel diameter (VD). Influence of age and arterial hypertension on the WLR and WCSA were examined. Results: A total of 150 human subjects were included out of which 110 were controls and 40 were hypertensives under treatment. There was statistically significant difference in the age, systolic and diastolic blood pressures between the control and hypertensive groups (P < 0.01). We found no significant correlation between age and WLR (R2 = 0.049, P > 0.05) or age and WCSA (R2 = 0.045, P > 0.05). We observed a significant difference in WLR and WCSA measurements between control and hypertensive groups (P < 0.01). On measuring intra-observer variability (IOV) we found excellent consistency. Conclusion: AO retinal imaging allows a direct measurement of the retinal vessel wall and LD with excellent IOV. WLR and WCSA reflect the remodelling process and can be used to further aid the early detection and monitoring of systemic hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruchir A Mehta
- Department of Vitreoretina, Narayana Nethralaya, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Mukund C Akkali
- Department of Vitreoretina, Narayana Nethralaya, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Chaitra Jayadev
- Department of Vitreoretina, Narayana Nethralaya, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Aishwarya Anuj
- Department of Vitreoretina, Narayana Nethralaya, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Naresh K Yadav
- Department of Vitreoretina, Narayana Nethralaya, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
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Comin CH, Taylor GJ, Costa LDF. Quantifying the regularity of a 3D set of points on the surface of an ellipsoidal object. Pattern Recognit Lett 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.patrec.2020.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Potic J, Bergin C, Giacuzzo C, Daruich A, Pournaras JA, Kowalczuk L, Behar-Cohen F, Konstantinidis L, Wolfensberger TJ. CHANGES IN VISUAL ACUITY AND PHOTORECEPTOR DENSITY USING ADAPTIVE OPTICS AFTER RETINAL DETACHMENT REPAIR. Retina 2020; 40:376-386. [PMID: 31972809 DOI: 10.1097/iae.0000000000002378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To quantify changes in photoreceptor density using adaptive optics fundus camera in patients after retinal detachment (RD) and to correlate them with macular involvement and best-corrected visual acuity. METHODS At 1 and 3 months (M1 and M3) after vitrectomy, 194 patients underwent adaptive optics imagery in both eyes, at 5 locations, that we matched between time points using anatomical landmarks. Twenty-two patients (10 fovea-OFF [OFF] and 12 fovea-ON [ON]) had matched and analyzable adaptive optics images. We used analysis of variance for repeated measures. RESULTS Best-corrected visual acuity (logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution and Snellen equivalent [SE]) was significantly different between OFF and ON RDs at baseline: 2.0 (2.3-0.95) (SE: 20/2000) versus 0 (0.1-0) (SE: 20/20); at M1: 0.35 (0.5-0.1) (SE: 20/40) versus 0.05 (0-0.1) (SE: 20/25); and at M3: 0.25 (0.3-0.1) (SE: 20/32) versus 0 (0-0) (SE: 20/20). We observed that cone density was stable in fellow eyes between M1 and M3 (P = 0.67); decreased in treated eyes than in fellow eyes (P < 0.05); and increased postoperatively in the ON group (P = 0.02) but not in the OFF group (P = 0.97). Visual acuity and RD type were independently correlated with cone density (P = 0.004, P = 0.000). CONCLUSION Postoperative cone density was reduced in OFF RD, but also in the ON group, although the drop recovered during the 3-month follow-up. Cone density was significantly correlated with both visual acuity and type of RD at both time points.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Potic
- Jules-Gonin Eye Hospital, Fondation Asile des Aveugles, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Clinics for Eye Diseases, Clinical Center of Serbia, Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia; and
| | - Ciara Bergin
- Jules-Gonin Eye Hospital, Fondation Asile des Aveugles, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Clarice Giacuzzo
- Jules-Gonin Eye Hospital, Fondation Asile des Aveugles, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Alejandra Daruich
- Jules-Gonin Eye Hospital, Fondation Asile des Aveugles, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Antoine Pournaras
- Jules-Gonin Eye Hospital, Fondation Asile des Aveugles, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Laura Kowalczuk
- Jules-Gonin Eye Hospital, Fondation Asile des Aveugles, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Francine Behar-Cohen
- Jules-Gonin Eye Hospital, Fondation Asile des Aveugles, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers UMRS1138, INSERM, Paris, France
| | - Lazaros Konstantinidis
- Jules-Gonin Eye Hospital, Fondation Asile des Aveugles, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Thomas J Wolfensberger
- Jules-Gonin Eye Hospital, Fondation Asile des Aveugles, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Gill JS, Moosajee M, Dubis AM. Cellular imaging of inherited retinal diseases using adaptive optics. Eye (Lond) 2019; 33:1683-1698. [PMID: 31164730 PMCID: PMC7002587 DOI: 10.1038/s41433-019-0474-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Revised: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Adaptive optics (AO) is an insightful tool that has been increasingly applied to existing imaging systems for viewing the retina at a cellular level. By correcting for individual optical aberrations, AO offers an improvement in transverse resolution from 10-15 μm to ~2 μm, enabling assessment of individual retinal cell types. One of the settings in which its utility has been recognised is that of the inherited retinal diseases (IRDs), the genetic and clinical heterogeneity of which warrants better cellular characterisation. In this review, we provide a summary of the basic principles of AO, its integration into multiple retinal imaging modalities and its clinical applications, focusing primarily on IRDs. Furthermore, we present a comprehensive summary of AO-based cellular findings in IRDs according to their associated disease-causing genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasdeep S Gill
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, 11-43 Bath Street, London, EC1V 9EL, UK
| | - Mariya Moosajee
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, 11-43 Bath Street, London, EC1V 9EL, UK
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Trust and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, 162 City Road, London, EC1V 9PD, UK
- Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, Great Ormond Street, London, WC1N 3JH, UK
| | - Adam M Dubis
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, 11-43 Bath Street, London, EC1V 9EL, UK.
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Trust and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, 162 City Road, London, EC1V 9PD, UK.
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Biofeedback fixation training method for improving eccentric vision in patients with loss of foveal function secondary to different maculopathies. Int Ophthalmol 2019; 40:305-312. [DOI: 10.1007/s10792-019-01180-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Purpose
Fixation stability (FS) of the preferred retinal locus (PRL) may be improved by biofeedback fixation training (BFT) with microperimetry. Such training can be done on the patient’s PRL or in different retinal loci with better functional characteristics. We studied both options and compared the outcomes.
Methods
Sixty-seven consecutive patients with bilateral central vision loss, poor FS and visual acuity (VA) lower than 0.3 LogMAR were recruited for BFT with microperimeter. Patients were assigned into 2 groups. In group A, BFT was performed on the patient’s spontaneous PRL. In group B, PRL was located between 2 adjacent loci with the highest light sensitivity and the lowest distance from the fovea. Two sets of 12 weekly BFT sessions were performed. Primary outcomes were: FS, VA and reading speed.
Results
Outcomes were statistically significantly better in group B. Mean percentage of FS at therapy end improved from 32 to 35% for group A and from 40 to 55% in group B. Mean VA improved from 1 to 0.86 in group A and from 1 to 0.84 in group B. Reading speed (wpm) improved from 56 to 58 in group A and from 63 to 89 in group B.
Conclusions
This study describes a reliable methodology of improving eccentric fixation stability using BFT in microperimetry, when the fixation training locus is individualized as the retinal area with best functional characteristics. Further studies are needed to validate its value in a larger scale of patients, at different stages of the disease, and its persistence over time.
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Reumueller A, Schmidt-Erfurth U, Salas M, Sacu S, Drexler W, Pircher M, Pollreisz A. Three-Dimensional Adaptive Optics–Assisted Visualization of Photoreceptors in Healthy and Pathologically Aged Eyes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 60:1144-1155. [DOI: 10.1167/iovs.18-25702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Reumueller
- Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ursula Schmidt-Erfurth
- Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Matthias Salas
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Stefan Sacu
- Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Drexler
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Pircher
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Andreas Pollreisz
- Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Woog K, Legras R. Distribution of mid-peripheral cones in emmetropic and myopic subjects using adaptive optics flood illumination camera. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 2019; 39:94-103. [PMID: 30697790 DOI: 10.1111/opo.12604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We measured in vivo cone photoreceptors up to 24° of eccentricity along the horizontal meridian of healthy human retina. We also investigated the impact on cone densities of axial eye length elongation occurring with myopia. METHODS Using a flood illumination device coupled with an adaptive optics system, rtx1™, ( www.imagine-eyes.com), 55 right healthy retinas were imaged along the horizontal (i.e. nasal and temporal) meridian over a 48° field (i.e. from 3° to 24° each 3°). Then, cones were manually detected within 80 × 80 pixel regions of interest. Cone density and packing geometry (i.e. number of neighbours) were calculated (AOdetect software™). Subjects were divided into three groups: a group of 36 emmetropic (i.e. refractive error from -0.25D to +0.50D) subjects; a group of 10 low myopic subjects (i.e. refractive error from -0.50D to -2.50D); and a group of nine high myopic subjects (i.e. >-2.50D). RESULTS Cone density decreased with eccentricity in both semi-meridians. The decrease in cone photoreceptors occurred mainly in the first 9°. The difference of cone density between the nasal and temporal semi-meridian increased with eccentricity from 0.6% at 3° to 26% at 24°. Average cone density of emmetropes (850 cones deg-2 or 11 087 cones mm-2 ), low myopes (830 cones deg-2 or 9731 cones mm-2 ), and high myopes (912 cones deg-2 or 9744 cones mm-2 ), suggested that the retinas of the high myopic subjects were more stretched than the low myopic subjects retinas and even more stretched than that of the emmetropes. The axial eyeball elongation (square of the ratio of the axial eye length of 9%) seems to explain the cone density (11%) difference between emmetropes and low myopes. However, while the eyeball elongation between low and high myopes is still important (i.e. 11%), cone density difference between both populations was negligible (i.e. 3%). The ratio of cone density varied from -17% to 22% as a function of eccentricity involving that the retinal stretching is not uniform along the horizontal meridian. CONCLUSION The difference of cone density (i.e. cone mm-2 ) between groups supports the hypothesis that the retina is stretched with the eyeball elongation. However, this elongation does not seem to be uniform along the horizontal meridian favouring the hypothesis of a local elongation of the retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Woog
- Laboratoire Aimé Cotton, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, ENS Paris-Saclay, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France
| | - Richard Legras
- Laboratoire Aimé Cotton, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, ENS Paris-Saclay, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France
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Burns SA, Elsner AE, Sapoznik KA, Warner RL, Gast TJ. Adaptive optics imaging of the human retina. Prog Retin Eye Res 2019; 68:1-30. [PMID: 30165239 PMCID: PMC6347528 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2018.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Revised: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Adaptive Optics (AO) retinal imaging has provided revolutionary tools to scientists and clinicians for studying retinal structure and function in the living eye. From animal models to clinical patients, AO imaging is changing the way scientists are approaching the study of the retina. By providing cellular and subcellular details without the need for histology, it is now possible to perform large scale studies as well as to understand how an individual retina changes over time. Because AO retinal imaging is non-invasive and when performed with near-IR wavelengths both safe and easily tolerated by patients, it holds promise for being incorporated into clinical trials providing cell specific approaches to monitoring diseases and therapeutic interventions. AO is being used to enhance the ability of OCT, fluorescence imaging, and reflectance imaging. By incorporating imaging that is sensitive to differences in the scattering properties of retinal tissue, it is especially sensitive to disease, which can drastically impact retinal tissue properties. This review examines human AO retinal imaging with a concentration on the use of the Adaptive Optics Scanning Laser Ophthalmoscope (AOSLO). It first covers the background and the overall approaches to human AO retinal imaging, and the technology involved, and then concentrates on using AO retinal imaging to study the structure and function of the retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen A Burns
- 800E. Atwater S, School of Optometry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States.
| | - Ann E Elsner
- 800E. Atwater S, School of Optometry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States
| | - Kaitlyn A Sapoznik
- 800E. Atwater S, School of Optometry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States
| | - Raymond L Warner
- 800E. Atwater S, School of Optometry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States
| | - Thomas J Gast
- 800E. Atwater S, School of Optometry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States
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Tumahai P, Moureaux C, Meillat M, Debellemanière G, Flores M, Delbosc B, Saleh M. High-resolution imaging of photoreceptors in healthy human eyes using an adaptive optics retinal camera. Eye (Lond) 2018; 32:1723-1730. [PMID: 29993035 DOI: 10.1038/s41433-018-0140-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Revised: 01/21/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the effects of age on perifoveal cone density in healthy subjects using adaptive optics. METHODS Healthy subjects of various ages were imaged using an adaptive optics retinal camera (RTX-1® Imagine Eyes, Orsay, France). All patients underwent a comprehensive ophthalmologic examination and retinal imaging using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (Spectralis®, Heidelberg Engineering, Heidelberg, Germany). Cone density together with cone spacing and cone mosaic packing were measured in the nasal and temporal area 450 µm from the fovea. A multivariate analysis was performed to determine which of the following parameters were related to a decrease in cone density: age, axial length, central macular thickness, and retrofoveal choroidal thickness. RESULTS One hundred and sixty-seven eyes of 101 subjects aged 6-78 years were studied. Perifoveal cone density significantly decreased with age (R2 = 0.17, p<0.01). Inversely, cone spacing increased with age (R2=0.18, p<0.01). There was no change in the cone packing mosaic (p>0.05). The mean coefficient of variation between fellow eyes was 3.9%. Age and axial length were related to a cone density decrease, while choroidal and retinal thicknesses did not affect cone metrics in healthy subjects. CONCLUSIONS A moderate perifoveal cone loss occurs with age. The precise consequences of these findings on visual function should be investigated. In addition to a better understanding of normal retinal anatomy, these results could act as a comparative database for further studies on normal and diseased retinas.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Tumahai
- Ophthalmology Department, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon, Franche-Comté, France.
| | - C Moureaux
- Ophthalmology Department, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon, Franche-Comté, France
| | - M Meillat
- Ophthalmology Department, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon, Franche-Comté, France
| | - G Debellemanière
- Ophthalmology Department, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon, Franche-Comté, France
| | - M Flores
- Ophthalmology Department, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon, Franche-Comté, France
| | - B Delbosc
- Ophthalmology Department, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon, Franche-Comté, France
| | - M Saleh
- Ophthalmology Department, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon, Franche-Comté, France
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Woog K, Legras R. Visual resolution and cone spacing in the nasal and inferior retina. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 2018; 38:66-75. [PMID: 29265471 DOI: 10.1111/opo.12424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the retinal eccentricity at which cones are no longer an observable substitute for ganglion cells on nasal and inferior parafoveal visual acuity. METHOD Visual acuities were measured on 12 healthy volunteers, under dynamic adaptive optic aberrations correction (crx1™) in white light, from 0° to 6°, every two degrees, along the nasal and inferior retinal meridians. Cone spacing was measured on images of the retina acquired using an adaptive optic flood illumination retina camera (rtx1™) at the same eccentricity, except at 0°. RESULTS Cone spacing increased by around 0.13 min of arc per degree of eccentricity and a difference of 7% between both meridians was observed (higher cone spacing in the inferior retinal meridian). Visual resolution was higher in the nasal retinal meridian (difference of around 28% or 0.15 logMAR at 6°). Cone spacing can predict minimum angle of resolution (MAR) at 2° in both semi retinal meridians. In the inferior retinal meridian, MAR measurements are fairly well predicted by Watson's 50% mathematical model based on the midget retinal ganglion cell density. Along the nasal retinal meridian, the measured MAR lies between Watson's 50% and 100% models. CONCLUSIONS At 2° of eccentricity, cone density accurately predicts visual resolution in both the nasal and inferior retina, supporting the idea that only 50% of the foveal midget retinal ganglion cells determine VA. The 50% model can also predict VA in the inferior retinal meridian at 4° and 6° of eccentricity. However, the 50% model underestimated visual acuity in the nasal retinal meridian at 4° and 6° of eccentricity consistent with the partially overlapping ON and OFF midget retinal ganglion cell receptive fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Woog
- Laboratoire Aimé Cotton, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Paris-Sud, ENS Paris-Saclay, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405, Orsay Cedex, France
| | - Richard Legras
- Laboratoire Aimé Cotton, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Paris-Sud, ENS Paris-Saclay, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405, Orsay Cedex, France
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Legras R, Gaudric A, Woog K. Distribution of cone density, spacing and arrangement in adult healthy retinas with adaptive optics flood illumination. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0191141. [PMID: 29338027 PMCID: PMC5770065 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0191141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this article is to analyse cone density, spacing and arrangement using an adaptive optics flood illumination retina camera (rtx1™) on a healthy population. Cone density, cone spacing and packing arrangements were measured on the right retinas of 109 subjects at 2°, 3°, 4°, 5° and 6° of eccentricity along 4 meridians. The effects of eccentricity, meridian, axial length, spherical equivalent, gender and age were evaluated. Cone density decreased on average from 28 884 ± 3 692 cones/mm2, at 2° of eccentricity, to 15 843 ± 1 598 cones/mm2 at 6°. A strong inter-individual variation, especially at 2°, was observed. No important difference of cone density was observed between the nasal and temporal meridians or between the superior and inferior meridians. However, the horizontal and vertical meridians differed by around 14% (T-test, p<0.0001). Cone density, expressed in units of area, decreased as a function of axial length (r2 = 0.60), but remained constant (r2 = 0.05) when cone density is expressed in terms of visual angle supporting the hypothesis that the retina is stretched during the elongation of the eyeball. Gender did not modify the cone distribution. Cone density was slightly modified by age but only at 2°. The older group showed a smaller density (7%). Cone spacing increased from 6,49 ± 0,42 μm to 8,72 ± 0,45 μm respectively between 2° and 6° of eccentricity. The mosaic of the retina is mainly triangularly arranged (i.e. cells with 5 to 7 neighbors) from 2° to 6°. Around half of the cells had 6 neighbors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Legras
- Laboratoire Aimé Cotton, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, ENS Paris-Saclay, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France
- * E-mail:
| | - Alain Gaudric
- Université Paris Diderot - APHP Hôpital Lariboisière, Paris, France
| | - Kelly Woog
- Laboratoire Aimé Cotton, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, ENS Paris-Saclay, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France
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Chew AL, Sampson DM, Kashani I, Chen FK. Agreement in Cone Density Derived from Gaze-Directed Single Images Versus Wide-Field Montage Using Adaptive Optics Flood Illumination Ophthalmoscopy. Transl Vis Sci Technol 2017; 6:9. [PMID: 29285417 PMCID: PMC5744632 DOI: 10.1167/tvst.6.6.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose We compared cone density measurements derived from the center of gaze-directed single images with reconstructed wide-field montages using the rtx1 adaptive optics (AO) retinal camera. Methods A total of 29 eyes from 29 healthy subjects were imaged with the rtx1 camera. Of 20 overlapping AO images acquired, 12 (at 3.2°, 5°, and 7°) were used for calculating gaze-directed cone densities. Wide-field AO montages were reconstructed and cone densities were measured at the corresponding 12 loci as determined by field projection relative to the foveal center aligned to the foveal dip on optical coherence tomography. Limits of agreement in cone density measurement between single AO images and wide-field AO montages were calculated. Results Cone density measurements failed in 1 or more gaze directions or retinal loci in up to 58% and 33% of the subjects using single AO images or wide-field AO montage, respectively. Although there were no significant overall differences between cone densities derived from single AO images and wide-field AO montages at any of the 12 gazes and locations (P = 0.01-0.65), the limits of agreement between the two methods ranged from as narrow as -2200 to +2600, to as wide as -4200 to +3800 cones/mm2. Conclusions Cone density measurement using the rtx1 AO camera is feasible using both methods. Local variation in image quality and altered visibility of cones after generating montages may contribute to the discrepancies. Translational Relevance Cone densities from single AO images are not interchangeable with wide-field montage derived-measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avenell L Chew
- Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,Ocular Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Lions Eye Institute, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Danuta M Sampson
- Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,Ocular Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Lions Eye Institute, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Irwin Kashani
- Ocular Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Lions Eye Institute, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,Save Sight Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Fred K Chen
- Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,Ocular Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Lions Eye Institute, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,Department of Ophthalmology, Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
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Multimodal imaging quality control of epithelia regenerated with cultured human donor corneal limbal epithelial stem cells. Sci Rep 2017; 7:5154. [PMID: 28698576 PMCID: PMC5506064 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-05486-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Current imaging techniques for the characterization of differentiated corneal limbal stem cells are destructive and cannot be used in eye bank for monitoring the regenerated epithelium in culture. We presented a minimally invasive, multimodal, marker-free imaging method for the investigation of epithelia regenerated with cultured human donor corneal limbal epithelial stem cells. Two-photon fluorescence and harmonic generation signals were collected from specimens in culture and used for evaluating the structure and morphology of epithelia cultured on two different bio-scaffolds; in addition, donor human corneal tissues were used as controls. The method provided reliable information on the organization of cellular and extracellular components of biomaterial substrates and was highly sensitive to determine differences between the density packing arrangement of epithelial cells of different biomaterials without relying on inferences from exogenous labels. The present minimally invasive standardized quality control methodology can be reliably translated to eye banks and used for monitoring harvested corneal limbal stem cells growth and differentiation in bioengineered materials.
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Jacob J, Paques M, Krivosic V, Dupas B, Erginay A, Tadayoni R, Gaudric A. Comparing Parafoveal Cone Photoreceptor Mosaic Metrics in Younger and Older Age Groups Using an Adaptive Optics Retinal Camera. Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina 2017; 48:45-50. [PMID: 28060393 DOI: 10.3928/23258160-20161219-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE To analyze cone mosaic metrics on adaptive optics (AO) images as a function of retinal eccentricity in two different age groups using a commercial flood illumination AO device. PATIENTS AND METHODS Fifty-three eyes of 28 healthy subjects divided into two age groups were imaged using an AO flood-illumination camera (rtx1; Imagine Eyes, Orsay, France). A 16° × 4° field was obtained horizontally. Cone-packing metrics were determined in five neighboring 50 µm × 50 µm regions. Both retinal (cones/mm2 and µm) and visual (cones/degrees2 and arcmin) units were computed. RESULTS Results for cone mosaic metrics at 2°, 2.5°, 3°, 4°, and 5° eccentricity were compatible with previous AO scanning laser ophthalmoscopy and histology data. No significant difference was observed between the two age groups. CONCLUSIONS The rtx1 camera enabled reproducible measurements of cone-packing metrics across the extrafoveal retina. These findings may contribute to the development of normative data and act as a reference for future research. [Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina. 2017;48:45-50.].
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Zaleska-Żmijewska A, Wawrzyniak ZM, Ulińska M, Szaflik J, Dąbrowska A, Szaflik JP. Human photoreceptor cone density measured with adaptive optics technology (rtx1 device) in healthy eyes: Standardization of measurements. Medicine (Baltimore) 2017; 96:e7300. [PMID: 28640147 PMCID: PMC5484255 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000007300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The anatomic structures of the anterior segment of the eye enable correct reception of stimuli by the retina, which contains receptors that receive light impulses and transmit them to the visual cortex. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of the size of the sampling window in an adaptive optics (AO) flood-illumination retinal camera (rtx1) on cone density measurements in the eyes of healthy individuals and to investigate the differences in cone density and spacing in different quadrants of the retina. Thirty-three subjects with no ophthalmic or systemic disease underwent a detailed ophthalmologic examination. Photographs of retinal fragments 3 degrees from the fovea were taken using the rtx1 AO retinal camera. We used sampling windows with 3 sizes (50 × 50, 100 × 100, and 250 × 250 μm). Cone density, spacing, and shape were determined using AOdetect software. The median (interquartile range) cone density was 19,269 (4964) cones/mm. There were statistically significant differences between measurements taken with the 50/50 and 250/250-m windows. There were no significant differences in the cone spacing results between any of the windows examined, but the measurements differed according to location between the superior and temporal quadrants. The most common cone shape was hexagonal (47.6%) for all window sizes and locations. These findings may help in the development of a normative database for variation in cone density in healthy subjects and to allow the best window to be chosen for obtain the most correct values for eccentricity measurements of 3 degrees. In our study, the optimal sampling window was 100 × 100 μm.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zbigniew M. Wawrzyniak
- Faculty of Electronics and Information Technology, Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Magdalena Ulińska
- Department of Ophthalmology, SPKSO Ophthalmic Hospital, Medical University of Warsaw
| | - Jerzy Szaflik
- Department of Ophthalmology, SPKSO Ophthalmic Hospital, Medical University of Warsaw
| | - Anna Dąbrowska
- Department of Ophthalmology, SPKSO Ophthalmic Hospital, Medical University of Warsaw
| | - Jacek P. Szaflik
- Department of Ophthalmology, SPKSO Ophthalmic Hospital, Medical University of Warsaw
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Litts KM, Cooper RF, Duncan JL, Carroll J. Photoreceptor-Based Biomarkers in AOSLO Retinal Imaging. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2017; 58:BIO255-BIO267. [PMID: 28873135 PMCID: PMC5584616 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.17-21868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Improved understanding of the mechanisms underlying inherited retinal degenerations has created the possibility of developing much needed treatments for these relentless, blinding diseases. However, standard clinical indicators of retinal health (such as visual acuity and visual field sensitivity) are insensitive measures of photoreceptor survival. In many retinal degenerations, significant photoreceptor loss must occur before measurable differences in visual function are observed. Thus, there is a recognized need for more sensitive outcome measures to assess therapeutic efficacy as numerous clinical trials are getting underway. Adaptive optics (AO) retinal imaging techniques correct for the monochromatic aberrations of the eye and can be used to provide nearly diffraction-limited images of the retina. Many groups routinely are using AO imaging tools to obtain in vivo images of the rod and cone photoreceptor mosaic, and it now is possible to monitor photoreceptor structure over time with single cell resolution. Highlighting recent work using AO scanning light ophthalmoscopy (AOSLO) across a range of patient populations, we review the development of photoreceptor-based metrics (e.g., density/geometry, reflectivity, and size) as candidate biomarkers. Going forward, there is a need for further development of automated tools and normative databases, with the latter facilitating the comparison of data sets across research groups and devices. Ongoing and future clinical trials for inherited retinal diseases will benefit from the improved resolution and sensitivity that multimodal AO retinal imaging affords to evaluate safety and efficacy of emerging therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie M. Litts
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Robert F. Cooper
- Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Jacque L. Duncan
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States
| | - Joseph Carroll
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States
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Adaptive Optics Reveals Photoreceptor Abnormalities in Diabetic Macular Ischemia. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0169926. [PMID: 28068435 PMCID: PMC5222506 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0169926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic macular ischemia (DMI) is a phenotype of diabetic retinopathy (DR) associated with chronic hypoxia of retinal tissue. The goal of this prospective observational study was to report evidence of photoreceptor abnormalities using adaptive optics scanning laser ophthalmoscopy (AOSLO) in eyes with DR in the setting of deep capillary plexus (DCP) non-perfusion. Eleven eyes from 11 patients (6 women, age 31-68), diagnosed with DR without macular edema, underwent optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) and AOSLO imaging. One patient without OCTA imaging underwent fluorescein angiography to characterize the enlargement of the foveal avascular zone. The parameters studied included photoreceptor heterogeneity packing index (HPi) on AOSLO, as well as DCP non-perfusion and vessel density on OCTA. Using AOSLO, OCTA and spectral domain (SD)-OCT, we observed that photoreceptor abnormalities on AOSLO and SD-OCT were found in eyes with non-perfusion of the DCP on OCTA. All eight eyes with DCP non-flow on OCTA showed photoreceptor abnormalities on AOSLO. Six of the eight eyes also had outer retinal abnormalities on SD-OCT. Three eyes with DR and robust capillary perfusion of the DCP had normal photoreceptors on SD-OCT and AOSLO. Compared to eyes with DR without DCP non-flow, the eight eyes with DCP non-flow had significantly lower HPi (P = 0.013) and parafoveal DCP vessel density (P = 0.016). We found a significant correlation between cone HPi and parafoveal DCP vessel density (r = 0.681, P = 0.030). Using a novel approach with AOSLO and OCTA, this study shows an association between capillary non-perfusion of the DCP and abnormalities in the photoreceptor layer in eyes with DR. This observation is important in confirming the significant contribution of the DCP to oxygen requirements of photoreceptors in DMI, while highlighting the ability of AOSLO to detect subtle photoreceptor changes not always visible on SD-OCT.
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Sawides L, de Castro A, Burns SA. The organization of the cone photoreceptor mosaic measured in the living human retina. Vision Res 2016; 132:34-44. [PMID: 27353225 DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2016.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Revised: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The cone photoreceptors represent the initial fundamental sampling step in the acquisition of visual information. While recent advances in adaptive optics have provided increasingly precise estimates of the packing density and spacing of the cone photoreceptors in the living human retina, little is known about the local cone geometric arrangement beyond a tendency towards hexagonal packing. We analyzed the cone mosaic in data from 10 normal subjects. A technique was applied to calculate the local average cone mosaic structure which allowed us to determine the hexagonality, spacing and orientation of local regions. Using cone spacing estimates, we find the expected decrease in cone density with retinal eccentricity and higher densities along the horizontal as opposed to the vertical meridians. Orientation analysis reveals an asymmetry in the local cone spacing of the hexagonal packing, with cones having a larger local spacing along the horizontal direction. This horizontal/vertical asymmetry is altered at eccentricities larger than 2 degrees in the superior meridian and 2.5 degrees in the inferior meridian. Analysis of hexagon orientations in the central 1.4° of the retina shows a tendency for orientation to be locally coherent, with orientation patches consisting of between 35 and 240 cones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Sawides
- School of Optometry, Indiana University, 800E. Atwater Av., Bloomington, IN 47405, United States.
| | - Alberto de Castro
- School of Optometry, Indiana University, 800E. Atwater Av., Bloomington, IN 47405, United States
| | - Stephen A Burns
- School of Optometry, Indiana University, 800E. Atwater Av., Bloomington, IN 47405, United States
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Mariotti L, Devaney N, Lombardo G, Lombardo M. Understanding the changes of cone reflectance in adaptive optics flood illumination retinal images over three years. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2016; 7:2807-22. [PMID: 27446708 PMCID: PMC4948632 DOI: 10.1364/boe.7.002807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Revised: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Although there is increasing interest in the investigation of cone reflectance variability, little is understood about its characteristics over long time scales. Cone detection and its automation is now becoming a fundamental step in the assessment and monitoring of the health of the retina and in the understanding of the photoreceptor physiology. In this work we provide an insight into the cone reflectance variability over time scales ranging from minutes to three years on the same eye, and for large areas of the retina (≥ 2.0 × 2.0 degrees) at two different retinal eccentricities using a commercial adaptive optics (AO) flood illumination retinal camera. We observed that the difference in reflectance observed in the cones increases with the time separation between the data acquisitions and this may have a negative impact on algorithms attempting to track cones over time. In addition, we determined that displacements of the light source within 0.35 mm of the pupil center, which is the farthest location from the pupil center used by operators of the AO camera to acquire high-quality images of the cone mosaic in clinical studies, does not significantly affect the cone detection and density estimation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Letizia Mariotti
- Applied Optics Group, School of Physics, National University of Ireland, Galway,
Ireland
| | - Nicholas Devaney
- Applied Optics Group, School of Physics, National University of Ireland, Galway,
Ireland
| | - Giuseppe Lombardo
- Istituto per i Processi Chimico-Fisici, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Viale F. Stagno D’Alcontres 37, 98158, Messina,
Italy
- Vision Engineering Italy srl, Via Adda 7, 00198 Rome,
Italy
| | - Marco Lombardo
- Fondazione G.B. Bietti IRCCS, Via Livenza 3, 00198 Rome,
Italy
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Salas M, Drexler W, Levecq X, Lamory B, Ritter M, Prager S, Hafner J, Schmidt-Erfurth U, Pircher M. Multi-modal adaptive optics system including fundus photography and optical coherence tomography for the clinical setting. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2016; 7:1783-96. [PMID: 27231621 PMCID: PMC4871081 DOI: 10.1364/boe.7.001783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Revised: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/01/2016] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
We present a new compact multi-modal imaging prototype that combines an adaptive optics (AO) fundus camera with AO-optical coherence tomography (OCT) in a single instrument. The prototype allows acquiring AO fundus images with a field of view of 4°x4° and with a frame rate of 10fps. The exposure time of a single image is 10 ms. The short exposure time results in nearly motion artifact-free high resolution images of the retina. The AO-OCT mode allows acquiring volumetric data of the retina at 200kHz A-scan rate with a transverse resolution of ~4 µm and an axial resolution of ~5 µm. OCT imaging is acquired within a field of view of 2°x2° located at the central part of the AO fundus image. Recording of OCT volume data takes 0.8 seconds. The performance of the new system is tested in healthy volunteers and patients with retinal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Salas
- Center of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20 A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Drexler
- Center of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20 A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Xavier Levecq
- Imagine Eyes, 18 Rue Charles de Gaulle 91400 Orsay, France
| | - Barbara Lamory
- Imagine Eyes, 18 Rue Charles de Gaulle 91400 Orsay, France
| | - Markus Ritter
- Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20 A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Sonja Prager
- Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20 A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Julia Hafner
- Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20 A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Ursula Schmidt-Erfurth
- Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20 A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Pircher
- Center of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20 A-1090 Vienna, Austria
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Lombardo M, Parravano M, Serrao S, Ziccardi L, Giannini D, Lombardo G. Investigation of Adaptive Optics Imaging Biomarkers for Detecting Pathological Changes of the Cone Mosaic in Patients with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0151380. [PMID: 26963392 PMCID: PMC4786294 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0151380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 02/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate a set of adaptive optics (AO) imaging biomarkers for the assessment of changes of the cone mosaic spatial arrangement in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM1). METHODS 16 patients with ≥20/20 visual acuity and a diagnosis of DM1 in the past 8 years to 37 years and 20 age-matched healthy volunteers were recruited in this study. Cone density, cone spacing and Voronoi diagrams were calculated on 160x160 μm images of the cone mosaic acquired with an AO flood illumination retinal camera at 1.5 degrees eccentricity from the fovea along all retinal meridians. From the cone spacing measures and Voronoi diagrams, the linear dispersion index (LDi) and the heterogeneity packing index (HPi) were computed respectively. Logistic regression analysis was conducted to discriminate DM1 patients without diabetic retinopathy from controls using the cone metrics as predictors. RESULTS Of the 16 DM1 patients, eight had no signs of diabetic retinopathy (noDR) and eight had mild nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR) on fundoscopy. On average, cone density, LDi and HPi values were significantly different (P<0.05) between noDR or NPDR eyes and controls, with these differences increasing with duration of diabetes. However, each cone metric alone was not sufficiently sensitive to discriminate entirely between membership of noDR cases and controls. The complementary use of all the three cone metrics in the logistic regression model gained 100% accuracy to identify noDR cases with respect to controls. CONCLUSION The present set of AO imaging biomarkers identified reliably abnormalities in the spatial arrangement of the parafoveal cones in DM1 patients, even when no signs of diabetic retinopathy were seen on fundoscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Lombardo
- Fondazione G.B. Bietti IRCCS, Via Livenza 3, 00198, Rome, Italy
- * E-mail:
| | | | | | - Lucia Ziccardi
- Fondazione G.B. Bietti IRCCS, Via Livenza 3, 00198, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Giuseppe Lombardo
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto per i Processi Chimico-Fisici (CNR-IPCF), Viale Stagno D’Alcontres 37, 98158, Messina, Italy
- Vision Engineering Italy srl, Via Adda 7, 00198, Rome, Italy
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Adaptive optics imaging of the outer retinal tubules in Bietti's crystalline dystrophy. Eye (Lond) 2016; 30:705-12. [PMID: 26915747 DOI: 10.1038/eye.2016.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2015] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
PurposeTo study the outer retinal tubules using spectral domain optical coherence tomography and adaptive optics and in patients with Bietti's crystalline dystrophy.MethodsTen eyes of five subjects from five independent families with Bietti's crystalline Dystrophy (BCD) were characterized with best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), full-field electroretinography, and fundus autofluorescence (FAF). High-resolution images were obtained with the spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) and adaptive optics (AO).ResultsSD-OCT showed prominent outer retinal layer loss and outer retinal tubulations at the margin of outer retinal loss. AO images displayed prominent macrotubules and microtubules with characteristic features in eight out of the 10 eyes. Crystals were present in all ten eyes. There was a reduction in the cone count in all eyes in the area outside the outer retinal tubules (ORT).ConclusionsThis study describes the morphology of the outer retinal tubules when imaged enface on the adaptive optics in patients with BCD. These findings provide insight into the macular structure of these patients. This may have prognostic implications and refine the study on the pathogenesis of BCD.
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Cooper RF, Lombardo M, Carroll J, Sloan KR, Lombardo G. Methods for investigating the local spatial anisotropy and the preferred orientation of cones in adaptive optics retinal images. Vis Neurosci 2016; 33:E005. [PMID: 27484961 PMCID: PMC5068353 DOI: 10.1017/s0952523816000018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The ability to noninvasively image the cone photoreceptor mosaic holds significant potential as a diagnostic for retinal disease. Central to the realization of this potential is the development of sensitive metrics for characterizing the organization of the mosaic. Here we evaluated previously-described and newly-developed (Fourier- and Radon-based) methods of measuring cone orientation in simulated and real images of the parafoveal cone mosaic. The proposed algorithms correlated well across both simulated and real mosaics, suggesting that each algorithm provides an accurate description of photoreceptor orientation. Despite high agreement between algorithms, each performed differently in response to image intensity variation and cone coordinate jitter. The integration property of the Fourier transform allowed the Fourier-based method to be resistant to cone coordinate jitter and perform the most robustly of all three algorithms. Conversely, when there is good image quality but unreliable cone identification, the Radon algorithm performed best. Finally, in cases where the cone coordinate reliability was excellent, the method previously described by Pum and colleagues performed best. These descriptors are complementary to conventional descriptive metrics of the cone mosaic, such as cell density and spacing, and have the potential to aid in the detection of photoreceptor pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert F. Cooper
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Marquette University, 1250 W Wisconsin Ave, 53223 Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Marco Lombardo
- Fondazione G.B. Bietti IRCCS, Via Livenza 3, 00198 Rome, Italy
| | - Joseph Carroll
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, 53226 Milwaukee, WI, United States
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology, and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, 53226 Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Kenneth R. Sloan
- Department of Computer and Information Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1300 University Boulevard, 35294 Birmingham, AL, United States
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 700 S. 18th Street, 35294 Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Giuseppe Lombardo
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto per i Processi Chimico-Fisici (CNR-IPCF), Viale Stagno D’Alcontres 37, 98158 Messina, Italy
- Vision Engineering Italy srl, Via Adda 7, 00198 Rome, Italy
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Lazareva A, Liatsis P, Rauscher FG. Hessian-LoG filtering for enhancement and detection of photoreceptor cells in adaptive optics retinal images. JOURNAL OF THE OPTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA. A, OPTICS, IMAGE SCIENCE, AND VISION 2016; 33:84-94. [PMID: 26831589 DOI: 10.1364/josaa.33.000084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Automated analysis of retinal images plays a vital role in the examination, diagnosis, and prognosis of healthy and pathological retinas. Retinal disorders and the associated visual loss can be interpreted via quantitative correlations, based on measurements of photoreceptor loss. Therefore, it is important to develop reliable tools for identification of photoreceptor cells. In this paper, an automated algorithm is proposed, based on the use of the Hessian-Laplacian of Gaussian filter, which allows enhancement and detection of photoreceptor cells. The performance of the proposed technique is evaluated on both synthetic and high-resolution retinal images, in terms of packing density. The results on the synthetic data were compared against ground truth as well as cone counts obtained by the Li and Roorda algorithm. For the synthetic datasets, our method showed an average detection accuracy of 98.8%, compared to 93.9% for the Li and Roorda approach. The packing density estimates calculated on the retinal datasets were validated against manual counts and the results obtained by a proprietary software from Imagine Eyes and the Li and Roorda algorithm. Among the tested methods, the proposed approach showed the closest agreement with manual counting.
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Dabir S, Mangalesh S, Govindraj I, Mallipatna A, Battu R, Shetty R. Melanoma associated retinopathy: A new dimension using adaptive optics. Oman J Ophthalmol 2015; 8:125-7. [PMID: 26622144 PMCID: PMC4640040 DOI: 10.4103/0974-620x.159273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
We report a 56-year-old male patient, complaining of metamorphopsia in his left eye nevertheless visual acuity, slit lamp, and fundus examinations were within normal limits. Microperimetry (MAIA, Centervue, Italy) revealed central field loss and spectral domain optical coherence tomography (Spectralis, Heidelberg, Germany) showed disrupted cone outer segment tip layer. The patient had a diagnosis of cutaneous melanoma in his foot for which an excision biopsy with lymph node dissection was performed 5 months earlier. Our clinical diagnosis was melanoma-associated retinopathy. Electrophysiology confirmed the diagnosis. Adaptive optics retinal imaging (Imagine eyes, Orsay) was performed to assess the cone mosaic integrity across the central retina. This is the first report on the investigation of autoimmune retinopathy using adaptive optics ophthalmoscopy. This case highlights the viability of innovative diagnostic modalities that aid early detection and subsequent management of vision threatening retinal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Supriya Dabir
- Department of Retina, Narayana Nethralaya, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Shwetha Mangalesh
- Department of Retina, Narayana Nethralaya, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Indu Govindraj
- Department of Retina, Narayana Nethralaya, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Ashwin Mallipatna
- Department of Paediatric Ophthalmolgy and Electrophysiology, Narayana Nethralaya, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Rajani Battu
- Department of Retina, Narayana Nethralaya, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Rohit Shetty
- Department of Cornea and Anterior Segment, Narayana Nethralaya, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
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Feng S, Gale MJ, Fay JD, Faridi A, Titus HE, Garg AK, Michaels KV, Erker LR, Peters D, Smith TB, Pennesi ME. Assessment of Different Sampling Methods for Measuring and Representing Macular Cone Density Using Flood-Illuminated Adaptive Optics. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2015; 56:5751-63. [PMID: 26325414 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.15-16954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To describe a standardized flood-illuminated adaptive optics (AO) imaging protocol suitable for the clinical setting and to assess sampling methods for measuring cone density. METHODS Cone density was calculated following three measurement protocols: 50 × 50-μm sampling window values every 0.5° along the horizontal and vertical meridians (fixed-interval method), the mean density of expanding 0.5°-wide arcuate areas in the nasal, temporal, superior, and inferior quadrants (arcuate mean method), and the peak cone density of a 50 × 50-μm sampling window within expanding arcuate areas near the meridian (peak density method). Repeated imaging was performed in nine subjects to determine intersession repeatability of cone density. RESULTS Cone density montages could be created for 67 of the 74 subjects. Image quality was determined to be adequate for automated cone counting for 35 (52%) of the 67 subjects. We found that cone density varied with different sampling methods and regions tested. In the nasal and temporal quadrants, peak density most closely resembled histological data, whereas the arcuate mean and fixed-interval methods tended to underestimate the density compared with histological data. However, in the inferior and superior quadrants, arcuate mean and fixed-interval methods most closely matched histological data, whereas the peak density method overestimated cone density compared with histological data. Intersession repeatability testing showed that repeatability was greatest when sampling by arcuate mean and lowest when sampling by fixed interval. CONCLUSIONS We show that different methods of sampling can significantly affect cone density measurements. Therefore, care must be taken when interpreting cone density results, even in a normal population.
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Dees EW, Gilson SJ, Neitz M, Baraas RC. The influence of L-opsin gene polymorphisms and neural ageing on spatio-chromatic contrast sensitivity in 20-71 year olds. Vision Res 2015; 116:13-24. [PMID: 26368273 DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2015.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Revised: 07/16/2015] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Chromatic contrast sensitivity may be a more sensitive measure of an individual's visual function than achromatic contrast sensitivity. Here, the first aim was to quantify individual- and age-related variations in chromatic contrast sensitivity to a range of spatial frequencies for stimuli along two complementary directions in color space. The second aim was to examine whether polymorphisms at specific amino acid residues of the L- and M-opsin genes (OPN1LW and OPN1MW) known to affect spectral tuning of the photoreceptors could influence spatio-chromatic contrast sensitivity. Chromatic contrast sensitivity functions were measured in 50 healthy individuals (20-71 years) employing a novel pseudo-isochromatic grating stimulus. The spatio-chromatic contrast sensitivity functions were found to be low pass for all subjects, independent of age and color vision. The results revealed a senescent decline in spatio-chromatic contrast sensitivity. There were considerable between-individual differences in sensitivity within each age decade for individuals 49 years old or younger, and age did not predict sensitivity for these age decades alone. Forty-six subjects (including a color deficient male and eight female carriers) were genotyped for L- and M-opsin genes. The Ser180Ala polymorphisms on the L-opsin gene were found to influence the subject's color discrimination and their sensitivity to spatio-chromatic patterns. The results expose the significant role of neural and genetic factors in the deterioration of visual function with increasing age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise W Dees
- Department of Optometry and Visual Science, Buskerud and Vestfold University College, Kongsberg, Norway; Department of Mathematical Sciences and Technology, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Stuart J Gilson
- Department of Optometry and Visual Science, Buskerud and Vestfold University College, Kongsberg, Norway
| | - Maureen Neitz
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Rigmor C Baraas
- Department of Optometry and Visual Science, Buskerud and Vestfold University College, Kongsberg, Norway.
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Ziccardi L, Giannini D, Lombardo G, Serrao S, Dell'Omo R, Nicoletti A, Bertelli M, Lombardo M. Multimodal Approach to Monitoring and Investigating Cone Structure and Function in an Inherited Macular Dystrophy. Am J Ophthalmol 2015; 160:301-312.e6. [PMID: 25908487 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2015.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2015] [Revised: 04/11/2015] [Accepted: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To examine a female subject, her father, and a brother harboring a missense mutation of the retinitis pigmentosa 1-like 1 (RP1L1) gene, over 2 years of follow-up. DESIGN Observational case series. METHODS setting: Fondazione G.B. Bietti IRCCS, Rome, Italy. STUDY POPULATION RP1L1 family members and controls. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Images of the cone mosaic acquired with an adaptive optics retinal camera, spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD OCT), and full-field and multifocal electroretinography (mfERG). RESULTS In the proband, best-corrected visual acuity (≤0.7 logMAR) was stable in both eyes during follow-up, though analysis of adaptive optics images showed decreased cone density in the central 9 degrees from the fovea with respect to controls (P < .05) and cone density loss in the parafoveal area (2 degrees; <12%-16%) during follow-up. Texture analysis of SD OCT images identified abnormalities of the ellipsoid zone in the central 7 degrees, while mfERG response amplitudes were reduced only in the central 5 degrees relative to controls. In the proband's father, who had 0.0 logMAR visual acuity, significant cone loss was found in the central 7 degrees from the fovea (P < .05); abnormal SD OCT and mfERG values with respect to controls were found in corresponding retinal areas. No defects in the cone structure and function were found in the proband's brother, who had 0.0 logMAR visual acuity. CONCLUSIONS Occult macular dystrophy was diagnosed based on genetic and multimodal ophthalmic findings. The quantitative assessment of photoreceptor survival or loss, based on analysis of adaptive optics retinal images, was valuable to monitor disease progression at a cellular level.
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Hofmann L, Palczewski K. Advances in understanding the molecular basis of the first steps in color vision. Prog Retin Eye Res 2015; 49:46-66. [PMID: 26187035 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2015.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Revised: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 07/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Serving as one of our primary environmental inputs, vision is the most sophisticated sensory system in humans. Here, we present recent findings derived from energetics, genetics and physiology that provide a more advanced understanding of color perception in mammals. Energetics of cis-trans isomerization of 11-cis-retinal accounts for color perception in the narrow region of the electromagnetic spectrum and how human eyes can absorb light in the near infrared (IR) range. Structural homology models of visual pigments reveal complex interactions of the protein moieties with the light sensitive chromophore 11-cis-retinal and that certain color blinding mutations impair secondary structural elements of these G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). Finally, we identify unsolved critical aspects of color tuning that require future investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Hofmann
- Department of Pharmacology and Cleveland Center for Membrane and Structural Biology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
| | - Krzysztof Palczewski
- Department of Pharmacology and Cleveland Center for Membrane and Structural Biology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
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Mariotti L, Devaney N. Performance analysis of cone detection algorithms. JOURNAL OF THE OPTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA. A, OPTICS, IMAGE SCIENCE, AND VISION 2015; 32:497-506. [PMID: 26366758 DOI: 10.1364/josaa.32.000497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Many algorithms have been proposed to help clinicians evaluate cone density and spacing, as these may be related to the onset of retinal diseases. However, there has been no rigorous comparison of the performance of these algorithms. In addition, the performance of such algorithms is typically determined by comparison with human observers. Here we propose a technique to simulate realistic images of the cone mosaic. We use the simulated images to test the performance of three popular cone detection algorithms, and we introduce an algorithm which is used by astronomers to detect stars in astronomical images. We use Free Response Operating Characteristic (FROC) curves to evaluate and compare the performance of the four algorithms. This allows us to optimize the performance of each algorithm. We observe that performance is significantly enhanced by up-sampling the images. We investigate the effect of noise and image quality on cone mosaic parameters estimated using the different algorithms, finding that the estimated regularity is the most sensitive parameter.
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