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Veres B, Fehérvári P, Engh MA, Hegyi P, Gharehdaghi S, Zima E, Duray G, Merkely B, Kosztin A. Time-trend treatment effect of cardiac resynchronization therapy with or without defibrillator on mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Europace 2023; 25:euad289. [PMID: 37766466 PMCID: PMC10585357 DOI: 10.1093/europace/euad289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS This study aimed to investigate the impact of cardiac resynchronization therapy with a defibrillator (CRT-D) on mortality, comparing it with CRT with a pacemaker (CRT-P). Additionally, the study sought to identify subgroups, evaluate the time trend in treatment effects, and analyze patient characteristics, considering the changing indications over the past decades. METHODS AND RESULTS PubMed, CENTRAL, and Embase up to October 2021 were screened for studies comparing CRT-P and CRT-D, focusing on mortality. Altogether 26 observational studies were selected comprising 128 030 CRT patients, including 55 469 with CRT-P and 72 561 with CRT-D device. Cardiac resynchronization therapy with defibrillator was able to reduce all-cause mortality by almost 20% over CRT-P [adjusted hazard ratio (HR): 0.85; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.76-0.94; P < 0.01] even in propensity-matched studies (HR: 0.83; 95% CI: 0.80-0.87; P < 0.001) but not in those with non-ischaemic aetiology (HR: 0.95; 95% CI: 0.79-1.15; P = 0.19) or over 75 years (HR: 1.08; 95% CI 0.96-1.21; P = 0.17). When treatment effect on mortality was investigated by the median year of inclusion, there was a difference between studies released before 2015 and those thereafter. Time-trend effects could be also observed in patients' characteristics: CRT-P candidates were getting older and the prevalence of ischaemic aetiology was increasing over time. CONCLUSION The results of this systematic review of observational studies, mostly retrospective with meta-analysis, suggest that patients with CRT-D had a lower risk of mortality compared with CRT-P. However, subgroups could be identified, where CRT-D was not superior such as non-ischaemic and older patients. An improved treatment effect of CRT-D on mortality could be observed between the early and late studies partly related to the changed characteristics of CRT candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boglárka Veres
- Heart and Vascular Center, Semmelweis University, Városmajor Str. 68, 1122 Budapest, Hungary
- Center for Translational Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Péter Fehérvári
- Center for Translational Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Veterinary Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Marie Anne Engh
- Center for Translational Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Péter Hegyi
- Center for Translational Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- Institute of Pancreatic Diseases, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Sara Gharehdaghi
- Center for Translational Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- Gottsegen György National Cardiovascular Institute, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Endre Zima
- Heart and Vascular Center, Semmelweis University, Városmajor Str. 68, 1122 Budapest, Hungary
- Center for Translational Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gábor Duray
- Center for Translational Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- Central Hospital of Northern Pest-Military Hospital, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Béla Merkely
- Heart and Vascular Center, Semmelweis University, Városmajor Str. 68, 1122 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Annamária Kosztin
- Heart and Vascular Center, Semmelweis University, Városmajor Str. 68, 1122 Budapest, Hungary
- Center for Translational Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
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Al-Sadawi M, Aslam F, Tao M, Salam S, Alsaiqali M, Singh A, Fan R, Rashba EJ. Is CRT-D superior to CRT-P in patients with nonischemic cardiomyopathy? INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ARRHYTHMIA 2023. [DOI: 10.1186/s42444-023-00085-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Recent studies have questioned the role of implanted cardiac defibrillators (ICDs) in nonischemic cardiomyopathy (NICM). Cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) can be delivered by a pacemaker (CRT-P) or an ICD (CRT-D). This meta-analysis assessed the effect of CRT-P versus CRT-D on mortality in patients with NICM.
Methods
Databases were searched for studies reporting the effect of CRT on all-cause mortality in patients with nonischemic cardiomyopathy (Ovid MEDLINE, EMBASE, Scopus, Web of Science, Google Scholar, and EBSCO CINAHL). The primary endpoint was all-cause mortality. The minimum duration of follow-up required for inclusion was one year. The search was not restricted to time or publication status.
Results
The literature search identified 955 candidate studies, 15 studies and 22,763 patients were included. Mean follow-up was 53 months (17–100 months). CRT-D in NICM was associated with lower all-cause mortality (log HR − 0.169, SE 0.055; p = 0.002) compared to CRT-P. Heterogeneity: df = 15 (P 0.03), I2 = 43; test for overall effect: Z = − 3.043 (P = 0.002).
Conclusion
CRT-D in NICM was associated with lower all-cause mortality than CRT-P.
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Al-Sadawi M, Aslam F, Tao M, Fan R, Singh A, Rashba E. Association of Late-Gadolinium Enhancement in Cardiac Magnetic Resonance with Mortality, Ventricular Arrhythmias, and Heart Failure in Patients with Non-Ischemic Cardiomyopathy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Heart Rhythm O2 2023; 4:241-250. [PMID: 37124560 PMCID: PMC10134398 DOI: 10.1016/j.hroo.2023.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) on cardiac magnetic resonance is a predictor of adverse events in patients with nonischemic cardiomyopathy (NICM). Objective This meta-analysis evaluated the correlation between LGE and mortality, ventricular arrhythmias (VAs) and sudden cardiac death (SCD), and heart failure (HF) outcomes. Methods A literature search was conducted for studies reporting the association between LGE in NICM and the study endpoints. The primary endpoint was mortality. Secondary endpoints included VA and SCD, HF hospitalization, improvement in left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) to >35%, and heart transplantation referral. The search was not restricted to time or publication status. The minimum follow-up duration was 1 year. Results A total of 46 studies and 10,548 NICM patients (4610 with LGE, 5938 without LGE) were included; mean follow-up was 3 years (range 13-71 months). LGE was associated with increased mortality (odds ratio [OR] 2.9; 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.3-3.8; P < .01) and VA and SCD (OR 4.6; 95% CI 3.5-6.0; P < .01). LGE was associated with an increased risk of HF hospitalization (OR 3.4; 95% CI 2.3-5.0; P < .01), referral for transplantation (OR 5.1; 95% CI 2.5-10.4; P < .01), and decreased incidence of LVEF improvement to >35% (OR 0.2; 95% CI 0.03-0.85; P = .03). Conclusion LGE in NICM patients is associated with increased mortality, VA and SCD, and HF hospitalization and heart transplantation referral during long-term follow up. Given these competing risks of mortality and HF progression, prospective randomized controlled trials are required to determine if LGE is useful for guiding prophylactic implantable cardioverter-defibrillator placement in NICM patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Eric Rashba
- Address reprint requests and correspondence: Dr Eric Rashba, Stony Brook Heart Rhythm Center, Stony Brook Medicine, 101 Nicolls Road, Stony Brook, NY 11794.
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Cardiac resynchronization therapy with or without defibrillation: a long-standing debate. Cardiol Rev 2021; 30:221-233. [PMID: 33758120 DOI: 10.1097/crd.0000000000000388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) was shown to improve cardiac function, reduce heart failure hospitalizations, improve quality of life and prolong survival in patients with severe left ventricular dysfunction and intraventricular conduction disturbances, mainly left bundle branch block, on optimal medical therapy with ACE-inhibitors, β-blockers and mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists up-titrated to maximum tolerated evidence-based doses. CRT can be achieved by means of pacemaker systems (CRT-P) or devices with defibrillation capabilities (CRT-D). CRT-Ds offer an undoubted advantage in the prevention of arrhythmic death, but such an advantage may be of lesser degree in non-ischemic heart failure aetiologies. Moreover, the higher CRT-D hardware complexity compared to CRT-P may predispose to device/lead malfunctions and the higher current drainage may cause a shorter battery duration with consequent premature replacements and the well-known incremental complications. In a period of financial constraints, also device costs should be carefully evaluated, with recent reports suggesting that CRT-Ps may be favoured over CRT-Ds in patients with non-ischemic cardiomyopathy and no prior history of cardiac arrhythmias from a cost-effectiveness point of view. The choice between a CRT-P or a CRT-D device should be patient-tailored whenever straightforward defibrillator indications are not present. The Goldenberg score may facilitate this decision-making process in ambiguous settings. Age, comorbidities, kidney disease, atrial fibrillation, advanced functional class, inappropriate therapy risk, implantable device infections and malfunctions are factors potentially reducing the expected benefit from defibrillating capabilities. Future prospective, randomized controlled trials are warranted to directly compare the efficacy and safety of CRT-Ps and CRT-Ds.
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Long YX, Hu Y, Cui DY, Hu S, Liu ZZ. The benefits of defibrillator in heart failure patients with cardiac resynchronization therapy: A meta-analysis. PACING AND CLINICAL ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY: PACE 2020; 44:225-234. [PMID: 33372697 DOI: 10.1111/pace.14150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Current guidelines did not provide recommendations on indications of an additional implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) to patients receiving cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT), and it still remains controversial due to lack of evidence from randomized controlled trials. METHOD PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane CENTRAL from the inception to May 2020 were systematically screened for studies reporting on the comparison of cardiac resynchronization therapy with defibrillator (CRT-D) and cardiac resynchronization therapy with pacemaker (CRT-P), focusing on the adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) of all-cause mortality. We pooled the effects using a random-effect model. RESULTS Twenty-one studies encompassing 69,919 patients were included in this meta-analysis. With no restriction to characteristics of including population, CRT-D was associated with a lower all-cause mortality compared with CRT-P significantly (aHR: 0.80, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.74-0.87, I2 = 36.8%, p < .001). This mortality benefit was also observed in patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy (aHR: 0.74, 95% CI: 0.64-0.86, I2 = 0%, p < .001). However, there is no significant difference in patients with nonischemic cardiomyopathy (NICM) (aHR: 0.91, 95% CI: 0.82-1.01, I2 = 0%, p = .087), older age (age ≥75 years, aHR: 0.96, 95% CI: 0.83-1.12, I2 = 0%, p = .610). Subgroup analysis was performed and indicated the survival benefit of CRT-D for primary prevention compared with CRT-P (aHR: 0.87, 95% CI: 0.79-0.95, I2 = 0%, p = .003). CONCLUSION After adjusted the differences in clinical characteristics, additional ICD therapy was associated with a reduced all-cause mortality in patients receiving CRT. However, our work suggested that additional ICD may not be applied to elderly (≥75 years) or patients with NICM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Xiang Long
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yue Hu
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Di-Yu Cui
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shuang Hu
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zeng-Zhang Liu
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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Yokoshiki H, Shimizu A, Mitsuhashi T, Ishibashi K, Kabutoya T, Yoshiga Y, Kohno R, Abe H, Nogami A. Trends in the use of implantable cardioverter-defibrillator and cardiac resynchronization therapy device in advancing age: Analysis of the Japan cardiac device treatment registry database. J Arrhythm 2020; 36:737-745. [PMID: 32782648 PMCID: PMC7411238 DOI: 10.1002/joa3.12377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 04/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Trends of de novo implantation of cardiac implantable electronic devices (CIEDs) including implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) and cardiac resynchronization therapy with a defibrillator (CRT-D) or pacemaker (CRT-P) in advancing age are unknown. METHODS Analysis of data from the Japan cardiac device treatment registry (JCDTR) with an implantation date between January 2006 and December 2016 was performed focusing on advancing age of ≧75 years. RESULTS The cohort included 17 564 ICD, 9470 CRT-D and 1087 CRT-P recipients for de novo implantation. The rate of patients ≧75 years of age increased from 17.1% to 20.5% in ICD implantation (P = .052), from 19.7% to 30.0% in CRT-D implantation (P < .0001), and from 40.0% to 64.0% in CRT-P implantation (P = .17). There was an apparent increase in the percentage of nonischemic patients aged ≧75 years receiving ICD (10.9% in 2006 to 16.4% in 2016, P = .0008) and CRT-D (17.1% in 2006 to 27.8% in 2016, P = .0001). The implantation for primary prevention ICD (P = .059) and CRT-D (P = .012) was also associated with a temporal increase in the percentage of patients aged ≧75 years. CONCLUSIONS Proportion of patients ≧75 years of age for de novo CIED implantation gradually increased from 2006 to 2016, presumably because of the growing number of nonischemic cardiomyopathy and heart failure patients requiring primary prevention of sudden cardiac death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisashi Yokoshiki
- Department of Cardiovascular MedicineSapporo City General HospitalSapporoJapan
| | | | - Takeshi Mitsuhashi
- Cardiovascular MedicineJichi Medical University Saitama Medical CenterSaitamaJapan
| | - Kohei Ishibashi
- Department of Cardiovascular MedicineNational Cerebral and Cardiovascular CenterSuitaJapan
| | - Tomoyuki Kabutoya
- Division of Cardiovascular MedicineDepartment of MedicineJichi Medical University School of MedicineShimotsukeJapan
| | - Yasuhiro Yoshiga
- Division of CardiologyDepartment of Medicine and Clinical ScienceYamaguchi University Graduate School of MedicineYamaguchiJapan
| | - Ritsuko Kohno
- Department of Heart Rhythm ManagementUniversity of Occupational & Environmental HealthKitakyushuJapan
| | - Haruhiko Abe
- Department of Heart Rhythm ManagementUniversity of Occupational & Environmental HealthKitakyushuJapan
| | - Akihiko Nogami
- Cardiovascular DivisionFaculty of MedicineUniversity of TsukubaTsukubaJapan
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Prognostication of Poor Survival After Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 56:medicina56010019. [PMID: 31948001 PMCID: PMC7023387 DOI: 10.3390/medicina56010019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Revised: 12/01/2019] [Accepted: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) is a successful treatment option for appropriately selected patients. However, one–third of recipients do not experience any positive outcome or their condition even declines. We aimed to assess preimplantation factors associated with worse survival after the CRT. Materials and Methods: This was a retrospective unicenter trial. The study cohort included 183 consecutive CRT-treated patients. Baseline demographic, clinical, electrocardiographic, and echocardiographic characteristics were analyzed. Results: After the median follow-up of 15.6 months (9.3–26.3), 20 patients had died (11%). In multivariate Cox regression analysis, ischemic origin of heart failure (HF) was a significant predictor of poor survival (adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) 15.235, 95% confidence interval (CI) (1.999–116.1), p = 0.009). In univariate Cox regression, tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE) <15.5 mm (sensitivity 0.824, specificity 0.526; HR 5.019, 95% CI (1.436–17.539), p = 0.012), post-implantation prescribed antiplatelet agents (HR 2.569, 95% CI (1.060–6.226), p = 0.037), statins (HR 2.983, 95% CI (1.146–7.764), p = 0.025), and nitrates (HR 3.694, 95% CI (1.342–10.171), p = 0.011) appeared to be related with adverse outcome. Conclusions: ischemic etiology of HF is a significant factor associated with worse survival after the CRT. Decreased TAPSE is also related to poor survival.
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Barra S, Providência R, Narayanan K, Boveda S, Duehmke R, Garcia R, Leyva F, Roger V, Jouven X, Agarwal S, Levy WC, Marijon E. Time trends in sudden cardiac death risk in heart failure patients with cardiac resynchronization therapy: a systematic review. Eur Heart J 2019; 41:1976-1986. [DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehz773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2019] [Revised: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Aims
While data from randomized trials suggest a declining incidence of sudden cardiac death (SCD) among heart failure patients, the extent to which such a trend is present among patients with cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) has not been evaluated. We therefore assessed changes in SCD incidence, and associated factors, in CRT recipients over the last 20 years.
Methods and results
Literature search from inception to 30 April 2018 for observational and randomized studies involving CRT patients, with or without defibrillator, providing specific cause-of-death data. Sudden cardiac death was the primary endpoint. For each study, rate of SCD per 1000 patient-years of follow-up was calculated. Trend line graphs were subsequently constructed to assess change in SCD rates over time, which were further analysed by device type, patient characteristics, and medical therapy. Fifty-three studies, comprising 22 351 patients with 60 879 patient-years of follow-up and a total of 585 SCD, were included. There was a gradual decrease in SCD rates since the early 2000s in both randomized and observational studies, with rates falling more than four-fold. The rate of decline in SCD was steeper than that of all-cause mortality, and accordingly, the proportion of deaths which were due to SCD declined over the years. The magnitude of absolute decline in SCD was more prominent among CRT-pacemaker (CRT-P) patients compared to those receiving CRT-defibrillator (CRT-D), with the difference in SCD rates between CRT-P and CRT-D decreasing considerably over time. There was a progressive increase in age, use of beta-blockers, and left ventricular ejection fraction, and conversely, a decrease in QRS duration and antiarrhythmic drug use.
Conclusion
Sudden cardiac death rates have progressively declined in the CRT heart failure population over time, with the difference between CRT-D vs. CRT-P recipients narrowing considerably.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sérgio Barra
- Cardiology Department, Hospital da Luz Arrabida, Praceta de Henrique Moreira 150, 4400-346 V. N. Gaia, Portugal
- Cardiology Department, V. N. Gaia Hospital Center, Rua Conceição Fernandes 4434-502 V. N. Gaia, Portugal
- Cardiology Department, Royal Papworth Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Papworth Rd, Cambridge CB2 0AY, UK
| | - Rui Providência
- Cardiology Department, Barts Heart Centre, Barts Health NHS Trust, W Smithfield, London EC1A 7BE, UK
| | - Kumar Narayanan
- Cardiology Department, Medicover Hospitals, Hyderabad, India
- Paris Cardiovascular Research Center (Inserm U970), Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, 56 Rue Leblanc, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Serge Boveda
- Cardiology Department, Clinique Pasteur, 45 Avenue de Lombez - BP 27617 - 31076 TOULOUSE, 31300 Toulouse, France
| | - Rudolf Duehmke
- Cardiology Department, Royal Papworth Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Papworth Rd, Cambridge CB2 0AY, UK
- Cardiology Department, James Paget University Hospital, Lowestoft Road Gorleston-on-Sea, Great Yarmouth NR31 6LA, UK
| | - Rodrigue Garcia
- Cardiology Department, Poitiers University Hospital, 2 Rue de la Milétrie, 86021 Poitiers, France
| | - Francisco Leyva
- Aston Medical Research Institute, Aston University Medical School, 295 Aston Express Way, Birmingham B4 7ET, UK
- Cardiology Department, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Mindelsohn Way, Birmingham B15 2TH, UK
| | - Véronique Roger
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, 200 1st St SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, 200 1st St SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Xavier Jouven
- Paris Cardiovascular Research Center (Inserm U970), Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, 56 Rue Leblanc, 75015 Paris, France
- Cardiology Department, European Georges Pompidou Hospital, 20 Rue Leblanc, 75015 Paris, France
- Paris Descartes University, 12 Rue de l'École de Médecine, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Sharad Agarwal
- Cardiology Department, Royal Papworth Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Papworth Rd, Cambridge CB2 0AY, UK
| | - Wayne C Levy
- Division of Cardiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Eloi Marijon
- Paris Cardiovascular Research Center (Inserm U970), Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, 56 Rue Leblanc, 75015 Paris, France
- Cardiology Department, European Georges Pompidou Hospital, 20 Rue Leblanc, 75015 Paris, France
- Paris Descartes University, 12 Rue de l'École de Médecine, 75006 Paris, France
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Barra S, Duehmke R, Providência R, Narayanan K, Reitan C, Roubicek T, Polasek R, Chow A, Defaye P, Fauchier L, Piot O, Deharo JC, Sadoul N, Klug D, Garcia R, Dockrill S, Virdee M, Pettit S, Agarwal S, Borgquist R, Marijon E, Boveda S. Very long-term survival and late sudden cardiac death in cardiac resynchronization therapy patients. Eur Heart J 2019; 40:2121-2127. [PMID: 31046090 DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehz238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2018] [Revised: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Aims
The very long-term outcome of patients who survive the first few years after receiving cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) has not been well described thus far. We aimed to provide long-term outcomes, especially with regard to the occurrence of sudden cardiac death (SCD), in CRT patients without (CRT-P) and with defibrillator (CRT-D).
Methods and results
A total of 1775 patients, with ischaemic or non-ischaemic dilated cardiomyopathy, who were alive 5 years after CRT implantation, were enrolled in this multicentre European observational cohort study. Overall long-term mortality rates and specific causes of death were assessed, with a focus on late SCD. Over a mean follow-up of 30 months (interquartile range 10–42 months) beyond the first 5 years, we observed 473 deaths. The annual age-standardized mortality rates of CRT-D and CRT-P patients were 40.4 [95% confidence interval (CI) 35.3–45.5] and 97.2 (95% CI 85.5–109.9) per 1000 patient-years, respectively. The adjusted hazard ratio (HR) for all-cause mortality was 0.99 (95% CI 0.79–1.22). Twenty-nine patients in total died of late SCD (14 with CRT-P, 15 with CRT-D), corresponding to 6.1% of all causes of death in both device groups. Specific annual SCD rates were 8.5 and 5.8 per 1000 patient-years in CRT-P and CRT-D patients, respectively, with no significant difference between groups (adjusted HR 1.0, 95% CI 0.45–2.44). Death due to progressive heart failure represented the principal cause of death (42.8% in CRT-P patients and 52.6% among CRT-D recipients), whereas approximately one-third of deaths in both device groups were due to non-cardiovascular death.
Conclusion
In this first description of very long-term outcomes among CRT recipients, progressive heart failure death still represented the most frequent cause of death in patients surviving the first 5 years after CRT implant. In contrast, SCD represents a very low proportion of late mortality irrespective of the presence of a defibrillator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sérgio Barra
- Cardiology Department, Hospital da Luz Arrabida, V. N. Gaia, Portugal
- Cardiology Department, V. N. Gaia Hospital Center, V. N. Gaia, Portugal
- Department of Cardiology, Papworth Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - Rudolf Duehmke
- Cardiology Department, West Suffolk Hospital, West Suffolk, UK
| | - Rui Providência
- Cardiology Department, Barts Heart Centre, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Kumar Narayanan
- Cardiology Department, MaxCure Hospitals, Hyderabad, India
- Paris Cardiovascular Research Center (Inserm U970), Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Paris, France
| | - Christian Reitan
- Department of Cardiology, Arrhythmia Clinic, Lund University, Skane University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - Tomas Roubicek
- Department of Cardiology, Regional Hospital Liberec, Liberec, Czech Republic
| | - Rostislav Polasek
- Department of Cardiology, Regional Hospital Liberec, Liberec, Czech Republic
| | - Antony Chow
- Cardiology Department, Barts Heart Centre, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Pascal Defaye
- Arrhythmia Department, University Hospital, Grenoble, France
| | - Laurent Fauchier
- Service de Cardiologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Trousseau, Tours, France
- Faculté de Médecine, Université François Rabelais, Tours, France
| | - Olivier Piot
- Cardiology Department, Centre Cardiologique du Nord, Saint Denis, France
| | | | - Nicolas Sadoul
- Cardiology Division, Nancy University Hospital, Nancy, France
| | - Didier Klug
- Cardiology Division, Lille University Hospital and University of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Rodrigue Garcia
- Cardiology Division, Poitiers University Hospital, Poitiers, France
| | - Seth Dockrill
- Department of Cardiology, Papworth Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - Munmohan Virdee
- Department of Cardiology, Papworth Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - Stephen Pettit
- Department of Cardiology, Papworth Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - Sharad Agarwal
- Department of Cardiology, Papworth Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - Rasmus Borgquist
- Department of Cardiology, Arrhythmia Clinic, Lund University, Skane University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - Eloi Marijon
- Paris Cardiovascular Research Center (Inserm U970), Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Paris, France
- Cardiology Department, European Georges Pompidou Hospital, Paris, France
- Paris Descartes University, Paris, France
| | - Serge Boveda
- Cardiology Department, Clinique Pasteur, Toulouse, France
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Okamura H. Up-to-date cardiac resynchronization therapy. J Gen Fam Med 2017; 18:195-199. [PMID: 29264026 PMCID: PMC5689416 DOI: 10.1002/jgf2.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) has been first reported more than 10 years ago as a therapy for patients with severe chronic heart failure. The efficacy of CRT has been proven in many studies that it improves not only quality of life but also the prognosis of the patients. Its indication has been expanded for patients with mild heart failure. On the other hand, some patients cannot receive enough benefit through CRT. The position of the left ventricular lead is limited due to the anatomy of coronary sinus branches, pacing threshold of the myocardium, phrenic nerve stimulation, and so on. Also, the right selection of the candidates for CRT is critical to receive the most benefit of this therapy. The target of this review article is to describe the efficacy and the indication of CRT, which can be of any help to enroll more patients with heart failure who are likely to get benefits through CRT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideo Okamura
- National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center; Osaka Japan
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11
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Barra S, Providência R, Duehmke R, Boveda S, Begley D, Grace A, Narayanan K, Tang A, Marijon E, Agarwal S. Cause-of-death analysis in patients with cardiac resynchronization therapy with or without a defibrillator: a systematic review and proportional meta-analysis. Europace 2017; 20:481-491. [DOI: 10.1093/europace/eux094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sérgio Barra
- Cardiology Department, Papworth Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge CB23 3RE, UK
| | - Rui Providência
- Cardiology Department, Barts Heart Centre, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Rudolf Duehmke
- Cardiology Department, Papworth Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge CB23 3RE, UK
| | - Serge Boveda
- Cardiology Department, Clinique Pasteur, Toulouse, France
| | - David Begley
- Cardiology Department, Papworth Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge CB23 3RE, UK
| | - Andrew Grace
- Cardiology Department, Papworth Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge CB23 3RE, UK
| | | | - Anthony Tang
- Cardiology Department, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Eloi Marijon
- Paris Cardiovascular Research Center, Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Paris, France
- Cardiology Department, European Georges Pompidou Hospital, Paris, France
- Paris Descartes University, Paris, France
| | - Sharad Agarwal
- Cardiology Department, Papworth Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge CB23 3RE, UK
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Cardiac resynchronization therapy in ischemic and non-ischemic cardiomyopathy. J Arrhythm 2017; 33:410-416. [PMID: 29021842 PMCID: PMC5634673 DOI: 10.1016/j.joa.2017.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Revised: 03/05/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) using a biventricular pacing system has been an effective therapeutic strategy in patients with symptomatic heart failure with a reduced left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) of 35% or less and a QRS duration of 130 ms or more. The etiology of heart failure can be classified as either ischemic or non-ischemic cardiomyopathy. Ischemic etiology of patients receiving CRT is prevalent predominantly in North America, moderately in Europe, and less so in Japan. CRT reduces mortality similarly in both ischemic and non-ischemic cardiomyopathy, whereas reverse structural left ventricular remodeling occurs more favorably in non-ischemic cardiomyopathy. Because the substrate for ventricular arrhythmias appears to be more severe in cases of ischemic as compared with non-ischemic cardiomyopathy, the use of an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) backup method could prolong the long-term survival, especially of patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy, even in the presence of CRT. The aim of this review article is to summarize the effects of CRT on outcomes and the role of ICD backup in ischemic and non-ischemic cardiomyopathy.
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Barra S, Boveda S, Providência R, Sadoul N, Duehmke R, Reitan C, Borgquist R, Narayanan K, Hidden-Lucet F, Klug D, Defaye P, Gras D, Anselme F, Leclercq C, Hermida JS, Deharo JC, Looi KL, Chow AW, Virdee M, Fynn S, Le Heuzey JY, Marijon E, Agarwal S. Adding Defibrillation Therapy to Cardiac Resynchronization on the Basis of the Myocardial Substrate. J Am Coll Cardiol 2017; 69:1669-1678. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2017.01.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Gatzoulis KA, Sideris A, Kanoupakis E, Sideris S, Nikolaou N, Antoniou CK, Kolettis TM. Arrhythmic risk stratification in heart failure: Time for the next step? Ann Noninvasive Electrocardiol 2017; 22. [PMID: 28252256 DOI: 10.1111/anec.12430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Primary prevention of sudden cardiac death by means of implantable cardioverter-defibrillators constitutes the holy grail of arrhythmology. However, current risk stratification algorithms lead to suboptimal outcomes, by both allocating ICDs to patients not deriving any meaningful survival benefit and withholding them from those erroneously considered as low-risk for arrhythmic mortality. METHODS In the present review article we will attempt to present shortcomings of contemporary guidelines regarding sudden death prevention in ischemic and dilated cardiomyopathy patients and present available data suggesting encouraging results following implementation of multifactorial approaches, by using multiple modalities, both noninvasive and invasive. Invasive electrophysiological testing, namely programmed ventricular stimulation, will be discussed in greater length to highlight both its potential usefulness and currently ongoing multicenter studies aiming to provide evidence necessary to make the next step in sudden death risk stratification. RESULTS Promising findings have been reported by multiple study groups regarding novel strategies for both negative selection of low and positive selection of relatively preserved ejection fraction patients as candidates for ICD implantation. CONCLUSIONS The era of ejection fraction as the sole risk stratifier for arrhythmic risk in heart failure appears to be drawing to an end, especially if current underway large studies validate previous findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos A Gatzoulis
- Electrophysiology Laboratory, First Department of Cardiology, "Hippokration" General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Antonios Sideris
- Second Department of Cardiology, Laboratory of Cardiac Electrophysiology, "Evangelismos" General Hospital of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Emmanuel Kanoupakis
- Department of Cardiology, University General Hospital of Heraklion, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Skevos Sideris
- State Department of Cardiology, "Hippokration" General Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Nikolaou
- Department of Cardiology, "Konstantopouleio" General Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Christos-Konstantinos Antoniou
- Electrophysiology Laboratory, First Department of Cardiology, "Hippokration" General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Theofilos M Kolettis
- Department of Cardiology, University General Hospital of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
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15
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Sex-specific outcomes with addition of defibrillation to resynchronisation therapy in patients with heart failure. Heart 2017; 103:753-760. [DOI: 10.1136/heartjnl-2016-310677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2016] [Revised: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
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Hatfield LA, Kramer DB, Volya R, Reynolds MR, Normand SLT. Geographic and Temporal Variation in Cardiac Implanted Electric Devices to Treat Heart Failure. J Am Heart Assoc 2016; 5:e003532. [PMID: 27468928 PMCID: PMC5015279 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.116.003532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardiac implantable electric devices are commonly used to treat heart failure. Little is known about temporal and geographic variation in use of cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) devices in usual care settings. METHODS AND RESULTS We identified new CRT with pacemaker (CRT-P) or defibrillator generators (CRT-D) implanted between 2008 and 2013 in the United States from a commercial claims database. For each implant, we characterized prior medication use, comorbidities, and geography. Among 17 780 patients with CRT devices (median age 69, 31% women), CRT-Ps were a small and increasing share of CRT devices, growing from 12% to 20% in this study period. Compared to CRT-D recipients, CRT-P recipients were older (median age 76 versus 67), and more likely to be female (40% versus 30%). Pre-implant use of β-blockers and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin II receptor blockers was low in both CRT-D (46%) and CRT-P (31%) patients. The fraction of CRT-P devices among all new implants varied widely across states. Compared to the increasing national trend, the share of CRT-P implants was relatively increasing in Kansas and relatively decreasing in Minnesota and Oregon. CONCLUSIONS In this large, contemporary heart failure population, CRT-D use dwarfed CRT-P, though the latter nearly doubled over 6 years. Practice patterns vary substantially across states and over time. Medical therapy appears suboptimal in real-world practice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel B Kramer
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA Richard A. and Susan F. Smith Center for Outcomes Research in Cardiology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA
| | | | | | - Sharon-Lise T Normand
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
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Barra S, Providência R, Tang A, Heck P, Virdee M, Agarwal S. Importance of Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillator Back-Up in Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy Recipients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Am Heart Assoc 2015; 4:e002539. [PMID: 26546574 PMCID: PMC4845241 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.115.002539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It remains to be determined whether patients receiving cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) benefit from the addition of an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD). METHODS AND RESULTS We performed a literature search looking for studies of patients implanted with CRTs. Comparisons were performed between patients receiving CRT-defibrillator (CRT-D) versus CRT-pacemaker (CRT-P). The primary outcome was all-cause mortality. Data were pooled using a random-effects model. The relative risk (RR) and hazard ratio (HR, when available) were used as measurements of treatment effect. Nineteen entries were entitled for inclusion, comprising 12 378 patients (7030 receiving CRT-D and 5348 receiving CRT-P) and 29 799 patient-years of follow-up. Those receiving CRT-D were younger, were more often males, had lower NYHA class, lower prevalence of atrial fibrillation, higher prevalence of ischemic heart disease, and were more often on beta-blockers. Ten studies showed significantly lower mortality rates with the CRT-D device, while the remaining 9 were neutral. The pooled data of studies revealed that CRT-D patients had significantly lower mortality rates compared with CRT-P patients (mortality rates: CRT-D 16.6% versus CRT-P 27.1%; RR=0.69, 95% CI 0.62-0.76; P<0.00001). The number needed to treat to prevent one death was 10. The observed I(2) values showed moderate heterogeneity among studies (I(2)=48%). The benefit of CRT-D was more pronounced in ischemic cardiomyopathy (HR=0.70, 95% CI 0.59-0.83, P<0.001, I(2)=0%), but a trend for benefit, albeit of lower magnitude, could also be seen in non-ischemic dilated cardiomyopathy (HR=0.79, 95% CI 0.61-1.02, P=0.07, I(2)=36%). CONCLUSIONS The addition of the ICD associates with a reduction in the risk of all-cause mortality in CRT patients. This seems to be more pronounced in patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sérgio Barra
- Cardiology DepartmentPapworth Hospital NHS Foundation TrustCambridgeUK
| | | | - Anthony Tang
- University of Western OntarioLondonOntarioCanada
| | - Patrick Heck
- Cardiology DepartmentPapworth Hospital NHS Foundation TrustCambridgeUK
| | - Munmohan Virdee
- Cardiology DepartmentPapworth Hospital NHS Foundation TrustCambridgeUK
| | - Sharad Agarwal
- Cardiology DepartmentPapworth Hospital NHS Foundation TrustCambridgeUK
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