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Norris JN, Esplin N, Bharthi R, Patterson M, Tomycz ND. Inactivation of spinal cord stimulator implanted pulse generators after elective surgery: an under-recognized problem. Spinal Cord Ser Cases 2023; 9:29. [PMID: 37433771 PMCID: PMC10336009 DOI: 10.1038/s41394-023-00591-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023] Open
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN We retrospectively analyzed a database of implanted pulse generators (IPGs) for spinal cord stimulation (SCS) implanted by a single surgeon (NDT). We additionally report a series of five illustrative patient cases. OBJECTIVES The electronics of SCS IPGs are susceptible to damage when implanted patients undergo surgery. Some SCSs have a dedicated surgery mode, while others recommend turning the SCS off to protect it from damage. IPG inactivation may require resetting or replacement surgery. We aimed to explore the prevalence of this real-world problem which has not been studied. SETTING Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. METHODS Using a single surgeon SCS database, we identified cases of IPG inactivation after a non-SCS surgery and analyzed the management. We then reviewed the charts of five illustrative cases. RESULTS Among 490 SCS IPG implantations between 2016-2022, 15 (3%) of the 490 patients' IPGs became inactivated after another non-SCS surgery. 12 (80%) required surgical IPG replacement, while 3 (20%) were able to have their IPG function restored non-operatively. In cases analyzed thus far, surgery mode was often not activated prior to surgery. CONCLUSION SCS IPG inactivation by surgery is not a rare problem and is presumably engendered by monopolar electrocautery. Premature IPG replacement surgery carries risks and reduces the cost-effectiveness of SCS. Awareness of this problem may prompt more preventative measures to be taken by surgeons, patients, and caretakers, and encourage technological advances to render IPGs less vulnerable to surgical tools. Further research is needed to determine what quality improvement measures could prevent electrical damage to IPGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan N Norris
- University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, 3000 Arlington Ave, Toledo, OH, 43614, USA.
| | - Nathan Esplin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Allegheny Health Network, 320 East North Ave, Pittsburgh, PA, 15212, USA
| | - Rosh Bharthi
- Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine, 1858 W Grandview Blvd, Erie, PA, 16509, USA
| | - Michael Patterson
- Department of Neurosurgery, Allegheny Health Network, 320 East North Ave, Pittsburgh, PA, 15212, USA
| | - Nestor D Tomycz
- Department of Neurosurgery, Allegheny Health Network, 320 East North Ave, Pittsburgh, PA, 15212, USA
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Stühlinger M, Burri H, Vernooy K, Garcia R, Lenarczyk R, Sultan A, Brunner M, Sabbag A, Özcan EE, Ramos JT, Di Stolfo G, Suleiman M, Tinhofer F, Aristizabal JM, Cakulev I, Eidelman G, Yeo WT, Lau DH, Mulpuru SK, Nielsen JC, Heinzel F, Prabhu M, Rinaldi CA, Sacher F, Guillen R, de Pooter J, Gandjbakhch E, Sheldon S, Prenner G, Mason PK, Fichtner S, Nitta T. EHRA consensus on prevention and management of interference due to medical procedures in patients with cardiac implantable electronic devices. Europace 2022; 24:1512-1537. [PMID: 36228183 DOI: 10.1093/europace/euac040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Markus Stühlinger
- Department of Internal Medicine III - Cardiology and Angiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Haran Burri
- Department of Cardiology, University Hospital of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Kevin Vernooy
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Rodrigue Garcia
- Department of Cardiology, University Hospital of Poitiers, Poitiers, France
- Department of Cardiology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Radoslaw Lenarczyk
- Department of Cardiology, Congenital Heart Disease and Electrotherapy, Medical University of Silesia, Silesian Center of Heart Diseases, Zabrze, Poland
- Medical University of Silesia, Division of Medical Sciences, Department of Cardiology, Congenital Heart Diseases and Electrotherapy, Silesian Center for Heart Diseases, Zabrze, Poland
| | - Arian Sultan
- Department of Electrophysiology, Heart Center at University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Michael Brunner
- Department of Cardiology and Medical Intensive Care, St Josefskrankenhaus, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Avi Sabbag
- The Davidai Center for Rhythm Disturbances and Pacing, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Emin Evren Özcan
- Heart Rhythm Management Center, Dokuz Eylul University, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Jorge Toquero Ramos
- Cardiac Arrhythmia and Electrophysiology Unit, Cardiology Department, Puerta de Hierro University Hospital, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Giuseppe Di Stolfo
- Cardiac Intensive Care and Arrhythmology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy
| | - Mahmoud Suleiman
- Cardiology/Electrophysiology, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel
| | | | | | - Ivan Cakulev
- University Hospitals of Cleveland, Case Western University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Gabriel Eidelman
- San Isidro's Central Hospital, Diagnóstico Maipú, Buenos Aires Province, Argentina
| | - Wee Tiong Yeo
- Department of Cardiology, National University Heart Centre, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Dennis H Lau
- Centre for Heart Rhythm Disorders, The University of Adelaide and Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | | | - Jens Cosedis Nielsen
- Department of Cardiology, Aarhus University Hospital, and Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Frank Heinzel
- Department of Cardiology, Charité University Medicine, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Mukundaprabhu Prabhu
- Associate Professor in Cardiology, In charge of EP Division, Kasturba Medical College Manipal, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | | | - Frederic Sacher
- Bordeaux University Hospital, Univ. Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Raul Guillen
- Sanatorio Adventista del Plata, Del Plata Adventist University Entre Rios Argentina, Entre Rios, Argentina
| | - Jan de Pooter
- Professor of Cardiology, Ghent University, Deputy Head of Clinic, Heart Center UZ Gent, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Estelle Gandjbakhch
- AP-HP Sorbonne Université, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Institut de Cardiologie, ICAN, Paris, France
| | - Seth Sheldon
- The Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Kansas Health System, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | | | - Pamela K Mason
- Director, Electrophysiology Laboratory, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Stephanie Fichtner
- LMU Klinikum, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik I, Campus Großhadern, München, Germany
| | - Takashi Nitta
- Emeritus Professor, Nippon Medical School, Presiding Consultant of Cardiology, Hanyu General Hospital, Saitama, Japan
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4
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Rosero EB, Rajan N, Joshi GP. Pro-Con Debate: Are Patients With a Cardiovascular Implantable Electronic Device Suitable to Receive Care in a Free-Standing Ambulatory Surgery Center? Anesth Analg 2022; 134:919-925. [PMID: 35427265 DOI: 10.1213/ane.0000000000005776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Migration of surgical and other procedures that require anesthesia care from a hospital to a free-standing ambulatory surgery center (ASC) continues to grow. Patients with cardiac implantable electronic devices (CIED) might benefit from receiving their care in a free-standing ASC setting. However, these patients have cardiovascular comorbidities that can elevate the risk of major adverse cardiovascular events. CIEDs are also complex devices and perioperative management varies between devices marketed by various manufacturers and require consultation and ancillary services, which may not be available in a free-standing ASC. Thus, perioperative care of these patients can be challenging. Therefore, the suitability of this patient population in a free-standing ASC remains highly controversial. Although applicable advisories exist, considerable discussion continues with surgeons and other proceduralists about the concerns of anesthesiologists. In this Pro-Con commentary article, we discuss the arguments for and against scheduling a patient with a CIED in a free-standing ASC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric B Rosero
- From the Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Management, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Niraja Rajan
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Penn State Health, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Girish P Joshi
- From the Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Management, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
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Niedermeier A, Vitali-Serdoz L, Fischlein T, Kirste W, Buia V, Walaschek J, Rittger H, Bastian D. Perioperative Sensor and Algorithm Programming in Patients with Implanted ICDs and Pacemakers for Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21248346. [PMID: 34960440 PMCID: PMC8705781 DOI: 10.3390/s21248346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background: ICDs and pacemakers for cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) are complex devices with different sensors and automatic algorithms implanted in patients with advanced cardiac diseases. Data on the perioperative management and outcome of CRT carriers undergoing surgery unrelated to the device are scarce. Methods: Data from 198 CRT device carriers (100 with active rate responsive sensor) were evaluated regarding perioperative adverse (device-related) events (A(D)E) and lead parameter changes. Results: Thirty-nine adverse observations were documented in 180 patients during preoperative interrogation, which were most often related to the left-ventricular lead and requiring intervention/reprogramming in 22 cases (12%). Anesthesia-related events occurred in 69 patients. There was no ADE for non-cardiac surgery and in pacemaker-dependent patients not programmed to an asynchronous pacing mode. Post-operative device interrogation showed significant lead parameter changes in 64/179 patients (36%) requiring reprogramming in 29 cases (16%). Conclusion: The left-ventricular pacing lead represents the most vulnerable system component. Comprehensive pre and post-interventional device interrogation is mandatory to ensure proper system function. The type of ICD function suspension has no impact on each patient’s outcome. Precautionary activity sensor deactivation is not required for non-cardiac interventions. Routine prophylactic device reprogramming to asynchronous pacing appears inessential. Most of the CRT pacemakers do not require surgery-related reprogramming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Niedermeier
- Faculty of Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuernberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany;
| | - Laura Vitali-Serdoz
- Department of Cardiology, Klinikum Fuerth, Teaching Hospital of Erlangen-Nuernberg University, 90766 Fuerth, Germany; (V.B.); (J.W.); (H.R.); (D.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-911-7580-992981
| | - Theodor Fischlein
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Cardiovascular Center, Klinikum Nuernberg—Paracelsus Medical University, Breslauer Str. 201, 90419 Nuremberg, Germany;
| | - Wolfgang Kirste
- Outpatient Clinic for Cardiology and Diabetes, 91126 Schwabach, Germany;
| | - Veronica Buia
- Department of Cardiology, Klinikum Fuerth, Teaching Hospital of Erlangen-Nuernberg University, 90766 Fuerth, Germany; (V.B.); (J.W.); (H.R.); (D.B.)
| | - Janusch Walaschek
- Department of Cardiology, Klinikum Fuerth, Teaching Hospital of Erlangen-Nuernberg University, 90766 Fuerth, Germany; (V.B.); (J.W.); (H.R.); (D.B.)
| | - Harald Rittger
- Department of Cardiology, Klinikum Fuerth, Teaching Hospital of Erlangen-Nuernberg University, 90766 Fuerth, Germany; (V.B.); (J.W.); (H.R.); (D.B.)
| | - Dirk Bastian
- Department of Cardiology, Klinikum Fuerth, Teaching Hospital of Erlangen-Nuernberg University, 90766 Fuerth, Germany; (V.B.); (J.W.); (H.R.); (D.B.)
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Implementation of a Postoperative Electronic Health Record Alert for Cardiac Implantable Electronic Device Patients. J Perianesth Nurs 2021; 36:345-350.e1. [PMID: 33714713 DOI: 10.1016/j.jopan.2020.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Approximately 2% of surgical patients have an existing cardiac implantable electronic device (CIED). Perioperative device reprogramming requires postoperative care to ensure that device settings are restored. Electronic health record (EHR) alerts have been shown to improve communication between providers and decrease time to necessary interventions in other areas of medicine. The aim of this quality improvement project was to create an EHR alert for postoperative CIED patients who require device reprogramming to help clinicians track, remember, and document the timely and safe restoration of device settings. DESIGN This project used a pre-post observational design. METHODS This project was conducted at a major academic medical center using a pre-post observational design. To prevent anesthesia providers from closing an encounter in the EHR before postoperative restoration of device settings, an alert was developed and embedded within the intraoperative EHR to track preoperative device reprogramming, and alert anesthesia providers to perform and document postoperative restoration of safe settings. FINDINGS The postimplementation group (n = 272) had fewer unknown or undocumented preoperative CIED interventions (12.9% vs 30.9%), a 7.3% shorter device suspension time (median = 165 minutes vs 178 minutes), 6.8% improvement in documentation of postoperative re-enabling of device therapies (78.8% vs 72.0%), and a 72.48% decrease in length of stay (median = 625 hours vs 172 hours) when compared with the preimplementation group (n = 132). CONCLUSION Electronic prompts effectively captured patients who received preoperative CIED reprogramming and provided a process for reprogramming devices to safe settings, both significant steps in preventing negative patient outcomes associated with undocumented CIED interventions. Perioperative CIED documentation improved, and length of stay decreased after project implementation.
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Czermak T, Fichtner S. [Cardiac implantable electronic devices : Electromagnetic interference from electrocauterization, lithotripsy and physiotherapy]. Herzschrittmacherther Elektrophysiol 2019; 30:168-176. [PMID: 31016389 DOI: 10.1007/s00399-019-0620-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The management of patients with a cardiac implantable electronic device (CIED) poses a particular challenge in the peri-interventional and perioperative medical environment due to the many forms of possible electromagnetic interference. Although the devices encountered nowadays are of increasing complexity, the vast majority of procedures can be safely performed in patients. The existing position statements and recommendations, however, have a low level of evidence and are often contradictory. In the context of intraoperative electrocauterization, one of the most important sources of electromagnetic interference in the medical environment, recent studies have suggested an increasingly pragmatically perioperative CIED management, which is not represented in the existing recommendations. This article gives an example of these newer findings and reports the currently used and appropriately adapted perioperative CIED management protocol. Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy was thought to cause severe interference in CIED patients based on older studies and in vitro experiments. Although electromagnetic interference is possible, clinical observations with modern devices show that the procedure can generally be safely applied in CIED patients. Physiotherapy often utilizes a variety of electromechanical devices, which can be a relevant source of electromagnetic interference. Although some of these therapies can be safely used, coordination with the responsible CIED unit is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Czermak
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik I, Klinikum der Universität München, Marchioninistraße 15, 81377, München, Deutschland.
| | - Stephanie Fichtner
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik I, Klinikum der Universität München, Marchioninistraße 15, 81377, München, Deutschland
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