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Chen J, Huang SB, Wang X, Huang L, Gao C, Huang XY, Zhao FJ. IAR4 mutation enhances cadmium toxicity by disturbing auxin homeostasis in Arabidopsis thaliana. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2024; 75:438-453. [PMID: 37721748 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) is highly toxic to plants, but the targets and modes of toxicity remain unclear. We isolated a Cd-hypersensitive mutant of Arabidopsis thaliana, Cd-induced short root 2 (cdsr2), in the background of the phytochelatin synthase-defective mutant cad1-3. Both cdsr2 and cdsr2 cad1-3 displayed shorter roots and were more sensitive to Cd than their respective wild type. Using genomic resequencing and complementation, IAR4 was identified as the causal gene, which encodes a putative mitochondrial pyruvate dehydrogenase E1α subunit. cdsr2 showed decreased pyruvate dehydrogenase activity and NADH content, but markedly increased concentrations of pyruvate and alanine in roots. Both Cd stress and IAR4 mutation decreased auxin level in the root tips, and the effect was additive. A higher growth temperature rescued the phenotypes in cdsr2. Exogenous alanine inhibited root growth and decreased auxin level in the wild type. Cadmium stress suppressed the expression of genes involved in auxin biosynthesis, hydrolysis of auxin-conjugates and auxin polar transport. Our results suggest that auxin homeostasis is a key target of Cd toxicity, which is aggravated by IAR4 mutation due to decreased pyruvate dehydrogenase activity. Decreased auxin level in cdsr2 is likely caused by increased auxin-alanine conjugation and decreased energy status in roots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Shao Bai Huang
- School of Molecular Science and ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Xue Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - LiZhen Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Cheng Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Xin-Yuan Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Fang-Jie Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
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2
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Li S, Wang HY, Zhang Y, Huang J, Chen Z, Shen RF, Zhu XF. Auxin is involved in cadmium accumulation in rice through controlling nitric oxide production and the ability of cell walls to bind cadmium. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 904:166644. [PMID: 37659569 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 07/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/04/2023]
Abstract
Although auxin has been linked to plants' responses to cadmium (Cd) stress, the exact mechanism is yet elusive. The objective of the current investigation was to determine the role and the mechanism of auxin in controlling rice's Cd accumulation. Rice roots with Cd stress have higher endogenous auxin levels, and exogenous auxin combined Cd treatment could reduce root cell wall's hemicellulose content when compared with Cd treatment alone, which in turn reduced its fixation of Cd, as well as decreased the expression of OsCd1 (a major facilitator superfamily gene), OsNRAMP1/5 (Natural Resistance-Associated Macrophage Protein 1/5), OsZIP5/9 (Zinc Transporter 5/9), and OsHMA2 (Heavy Metal ATPase 2) that participated in Cd uptake and root to shoot translocation. Furthermore, less Cd accumulated in the shoots as a result of auxin's impact in increasing the expression of OsCAL1 (Cadmium accumulation in Leaf 1), OsABCG36/OsPDR9 (G-type ATP-binding cassette transporter/Pleiotropic drug resistance 9), and OsHMA3, which were in charge of Cd efflux and sequestering into vacuoles, respectively. Additionally, auxin decreased endogenous nitric oxide (NO) levels and antioxidant enzyme activity, while treatment of a NO scavenger-cPTIO-reduced auxin's alleviatory effects. In conclusion, the rice's ability to tolerate Cd toxicity was likely increased by the auxin-accelerated cell wall Cd exclusion mechanism, a pathway that controlled by the buildup of NO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Li
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hao Yu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; College of Resources and Environmental Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jing Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhijian Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Ren Fang Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiao Fang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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3
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Jiang Y, Wei C, Jiao Q, Li G, Alyemeni MN, Ahmad P, Shah T, Fahad S, Zhang J, Zhao Y, Liu F, Liu S, Liu H. Interactive effect of silicon and zinc on cadmium toxicity alleviation in wheat plants. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 458:131933. [PMID: 37421854 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/10/2023]
Abstract
Silicon (Si) and Zinc (Zn) have been frequently used to alleviate cadmium (Cd) toxicity, which are feasible strategies for crop safety production. However, the mechanisms underlying the interaction of Si and Zn on alleviating Cd toxicity are not well understood. A hydroponic system was adopted to evaluate morphological, physiological-biochemical responses, and related gene expression of wheat seedlings to Si (1 mM) and Zn (50 µM) addition under Cd stress (10 µM). Cd induced obvious inhibition of wheat growth by disturbing photosynthesis and chlorophyll synthesis, provoking generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and interfering ion homeostasis. Cd concentration was decreased by 68.3%, 43.1% and 73.3% in shoot, and 78.9%, 44.1% and 85.8% in root by Si, Zn, and combination of Si with Zn, relative to Cd only, respectively. Si and Zn effectively ameliorated Cd toxicity and enhanced wheat growth; but single Si or combination of Si with Zn had more efficient ability on alleviating Cd stress than only Zn, indicating Si and Zn have synergistic effect on Cd toxicity; Interaction of them alleviated oxidative stress by reducing ROS content, improving AsA-GSH cycle and antioxidant enzymes activities, and regulating Cd into vacuole through PC-Cd complexes transported by HMA3 transporter. Our results suggest that fertilizers including Si and Zn should be made to reduce Cd content, which will beneficial for food production and safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Jiang
- College of Resources and Environment, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, PR China
| | - Chang Wei
- College of Resources and Environment, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, PR China
| | - Qiujuan Jiao
- College of Resources and Environment, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, PR China
| | - Gezi Li
- National Engineering Research Center for Wheat, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, PR China
| | - Mohammed Nasser Alyemeni
- Botany and Microbiology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Parvaiz Ahmad
- Department of Botany, GDC Pulwama, 192301 Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Tariq Shah
- Plant Science Research Unit, United States Department for Agriculture (USDA), ARS, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Shah Fahad
- Department of Agronomy, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 23200, Pakistan
| | - Jingjing Zhang
- College of Resources and Environment, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, PR China
| | - Ying Zhao
- College of Resources and Environment, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, PR China
| | - Fang Liu
- College of Resources and Environment, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, PR China
| | - Shiliang Liu
- College of Resources and Environment, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, PR China
| | - Haitao Liu
- College of Resources and Environment, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, PR China.
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Bustillo-Avendaño E, Serrano-Ron L, Moreno-Risueno MA. The Root Clock as a Signal Integrator System: Ensuring Balance for Survival. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:886700. [PMID: 35665188 PMCID: PMC9161171 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.886700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The root system is essential for the survival of terrestrial plants, plant development, and adaptation to changing environments. The development of the root system relies on post-embryonic organogenesis and more specifically on the formation and growth of lateral roots (LR). The spacing of LR along the main root is underpinned by a precise prepatterning mechanism called the Root Clock. In Arabidopsis, the primary output of this mechanism involves the generation of periodic gene expression oscillations in a zone close to the root tip called the Oscillation Zone (OZ). Because of these oscillations, pre-branch sites (PBS) are established in the positions from which LR will emerge, although the oscillations can also possibly regulate the root wavy pattern and growth. Furthermore, we show that the Root Clock is present in LR. In this review, we describe the recent advances unraveling the inner machinery of Root Clock as well as the new tools to track the Root Clock activity. Moreover, we discuss the basis of how Arabidopsis can balance the creation of a repetitive pattern while integrating both endogenous and exogenous signals to adapt to changing environmental conditions. These signals can work as entrainment signals, but in occasions they also affect the periodicity and amplitude of the oscillatory dynamics in gene expression. Finally, we identify similarities with the Segmentation Clock of vertebrates and postulate the existence of a determination front delimiting the end of the oscillations in gene expression and initiating LR organogenesis through the activation of PBS in an ARF7 dependent-manner.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Miguel A. Moreno-Risueno
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (Universidad Politécnica de Madrid – Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria), Madrid, Spain
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5
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Brassinosteroids Mitigate Cadmium Effects in Arabidopsis Root System without Any Cooperation with Nitric Oxide. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23020825. [PMID: 35055009 PMCID: PMC8776143 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23020825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 01/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The heavy metal cadmium (Cd) affects root system development and quiescent center (QC)-definition in Arabidopsis root-apices. The brassinosteroids-(BRs)-mediated tolerance to heavy metals has been reported to occur by a modulation of nitric oxide (NO) and root auxin-localization. However, how BRs counteract Cd-action in different root types is unknown. This research aimed to find correlations between BRs and NO in response to Cd in Arabidopsis’s root system, monitoring their effects on QC-definition and auxin localization in root-apices. To this aim, root system developmental changes induced by low levels of 24-epibrassinolide (eBL) or by the BR-biosynthesis inhibitor brassinazole (Brz), combined or not with CdSO4, and/or with the NO-donor nitroprusside (SNP), were investigated using morpho-anatomical and NO-epifluorescence analyses, and monitoring auxin-localization by the DR5::GUS system. Results show that eBL, alone or combined with Cd, enhances lateral (LR) and adventitious (AR) root formation and counteracts QC-disruption and auxin-delocalization caused by Cd in primary root/LR/AR apices. Exogenous NO enhances LR and AR formation in Cd-presence, without synergism with eBL. The NO-signal is positively affected by eBL, but not in Cd-presence, and BR-biosynthesis inhibition does not change the low NO-signal caused by Cd. Collectively, results show that BRs ameliorate Cd-effects on all root types acting independently from NO.
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6
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Li H, Gao MY, Mo CH, Wong MH, Chen XW, Wang JJ. Potential use of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi for simultaneous mitigation of arsenic and cadmium accumulation in rice. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:50-67. [PMID: 34610119 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Rice polluted by metal(loid)s, especially arsenic (As) and cadmium (Cd), imposes serious health risks. Numerous studies have demonstrated that the obligate plant symbionts arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) can reduce As and Cd concentrations in rice. The behaviours of metal(loid)s in the soil-rice-AMF system are of significant interest for scientists in the fields of plant biology, microbiology, agriculture, and environmental science. We review the mechanisms of As and Cd accumulation in rice with and without the involvement of AMF. In the context of the soil-rice-AMF system, we assess and discuss the role of AMF in affecting soil ion mobility, chemical forms, transport pathways (including the symplast and apoplast), and genotype variation. A potential strategy for AMF application in rice fields is considered, followed by future research directions to improve theoretical understanding and encourage field application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Li
- Guangdong Provincial Research Centre for Environment Pollution Control and Remediation Materials, Department of Ecology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Meng Ying Gao
- Guangdong Provincial Research Centre for Environment Pollution Control and Remediation Materials, Department of Ecology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Ce Hui Mo
- Guangdong Provincial Research Centre for Environment Pollution Control and Remediation Materials, Department of Ecology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Ming Hung Wong
- Guangdong Provincial Research Centre for Environment Pollution Control and Remediation Materials, Department of Ecology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Integrated Surface Water-Groundwater Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Consortium on Health, Environment, Education and Research (CHEER), The Education University of Hong Kong, Tai Po, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xun Wen Chen
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Integrated Surface Water-Groundwater Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Jun-Jian Wang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Integrated Surface Water-Groundwater Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
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7
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Zhu T, Liu X, Zhang M, Chen M. Mechanism of cadmium tolerance in Salicornia europaea at optimum levels of NaCl. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2022; 24:41-51. [PMID: 34748692 DOI: 10.1111/plb.13348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Many saline-alkali soils around the world are polluted by the heavy metal Cd, restricting the development of agriculture and ecology in those regions. The halophyte Salicornia europaea L. is capable of growing healthily in Cd-contaminated saline-alkali soil, suggesting that the species is tolerant to stress caused by both salt and heavy metals. In this study, the mechanism of Cd tolerance in this species was explored under 200 mM NaCl. Flame spectrophotometric assays for ions content and spectrophotometric for organic soluble substances, antioxidant enzyme activity, phytochelatins (PCs) content and phytochelatin synthase (PCS) activity, the photosynthetic parameters by portable photosynthesis measurement system, genes expression by qRT-PCR analysis were carried out. Cd treatment significantly decreased the dry weight, photosynthetic rate, K+ , Zn2+ , and Fe2+/3+ content, while significantly increasing Na+ and Cd+ , soluble organic matter, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels. Compared with Cd treatment at 0 mM NaCl, Cd treatment at 200 mM NaCl significantly increased dry weight and photosynthetic rate while significantly decreasing ROS content through increased antioxidant enzyme activity. When exposed to Cd stress, treatment with 200 mM NaCl significantly increased PCs content and PCS activity and up-regulated the expression of the phytochelatin synthase genes CDA1 and PCS1 were, thereby increasing resistance to Cd. NaCl treatment increases the tolerance of S. europaea to the heavy metal Cd by growing rapidly, reducing the quantity of Cd2+ from entering the plant shoots, increasing the levels of PCs that chelate Cd2+ , thereby reducing its toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Zhu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Research, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Shandong, China
| | - X Liu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Research, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Shandong, China
| | - M Zhang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Research, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Shandong, China
| | - M Chen
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Research, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Shandong, China
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8
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Piacentini D, Della Rovere F, Bertoldi I, Massimi L, Sofo A, Altamura MM, Falasca G. Peroxisomal PEX7 Receptor Affects Cadmium-Induced ROS and Auxin Homeostasis in Arabidopsis Root System. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10091494. [PMID: 34573126 PMCID: PMC8471170 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10091494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisomes are important in plant physiological functions and stress responses. Through the production of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS and RNS), and antioxidant defense enzymes, peroxisomes control cellular redox homeostasis. Peroxin (PEX) proteins, such as PEX7 and PEX5, recognize peroxisome targeting signals (PTS1/PTS2) important for transporting proteins from cytosol to peroxisomal matrix. pex7-1 mutant displays reduced PTS2 protein import and altered peroxisomal metabolism. In this research we analyzed the role of PEX7 in the Arabidopsis thaliana root system exposed to 30 or 60 μM CdSO4. Cd uptake and translocation, indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) levels, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) levels and catalase activity were analyzed in pex7-1 mutant primary and lateral roots in comparison with the wild type (wt). The peroxisomal defect due to PEX7 mutation did not reduce Cd-uptake but reduced its translocation to the shoot and the root cell peroxisomal signal detected by 8-(4-Nitrophenyl) Bodipy (N-BODIPY) probe. The trend of nitric oxide (NO) and peroxynitrite in pex7-1 roots, exposed/not exposed to Cd, was as in wt, with the higher Cd-concentration inducing higher levels of these RNS. By contrast, PEX7 mutation caused changes in Cd-induced hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and superoxide anion (O2●-) levels in the roots, delaying ROS-scavenging. Results show that PEX7 is involved in counteracting Cd toxicity in Arabidopsis root system by controlling ROS metabolism and affecting auxin levels. These results add further information to the important role of peroxisomes in plant responses to Cd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Piacentini
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (D.P.); (F.D.R.); (I.B.); (L.M.); (M.M.A.)
| | - Federica Della Rovere
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (D.P.); (F.D.R.); (I.B.); (L.M.); (M.M.A.)
| | - Ilaria Bertoldi
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (D.P.); (F.D.R.); (I.B.); (L.M.); (M.M.A.)
| | - Lorenzo Massimi
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (D.P.); (F.D.R.); (I.B.); (L.M.); (M.M.A.)
| | - Adriano Sofo
- Department of European and Mediterranean Cultures: Architecture, Environment, and Cultural Heritage (DICEM), University of Basilicata, Via San Rocco 3, 75100 Matera, Italy;
| | - Maria Maddalena Altamura
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (D.P.); (F.D.R.); (I.B.); (L.M.); (M.M.A.)
| | - Giuseppina Falasca
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (D.P.); (F.D.R.); (I.B.); (L.M.); (M.M.A.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-(0)6-4992-2839
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9
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Duan X, Xu S, Xie Y, Li L, Qi W, Parizot B, Zhang Y, Chen T, Han Y, Van Breusegem F, Beeckman T, Shen W, Xuan W. Periodic root branching is influenced by light through an HY1-HY5-auxin pathway. Curr Biol 2021; 31:3834-3847.e5. [PMID: 34283998 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2021.06.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The spacing of lateral roots (LRs) along the main root in plants is driven by an oscillatory signal, often referred to as the "root clock" that represents a pre-patterning mechanism that can be influenced by environmental signals. Light is an important environmental factor that has been previously reported to be capable of modulating the root clock, although the effect of light signaling on the LR pre-patterning has not yet been fully investigated. In this study, we reveal that light can activate the transcription of a photomorphogenic gene HY1 to maintain high frequency and amplitude of the oscillation signal, leading to the repetitive formation of pre-branch sites. By grafting and tissue-specific complementation experiments, we demonstrated that HY1 generated in the shoot or locally in xylem pole pericycle cells was sufficient to regulate LR branching. We further found that HY1 can induce the expression of HY5 and its homolog HYH, and act as a signalosome to modulate the intracellular localization and expression of auxin transporters, in turn promoting auxin accumulation in the oscillation zone to stimulate LR branching. These fundamental mechanistic insights improve our understanding of the molecular basis of light-controlled LR formation and provide a genetic interconnection between shoot- and root-derived signals in regulating periodic LR branching.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingliang Duan
- College of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 71, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium; VIB-UGent Center for Plant Systems Biology, Technologiepark 71, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sheng Xu
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Yuanming Xie
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 71, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium; VIB-UGent Center for Plant Systems Biology, Technologiepark 71, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium; MOA Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Fertilization in Lower-Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River and State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Lun Li
- MOA Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Fertilization in Lower-Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River and State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Weicong Qi
- Institute of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Boris Parizot
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 71, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium; VIB-UGent Center for Plant Systems Biology, Technologiepark 71, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Yonghong Zhang
- Laboratory of Medicinal Plant, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Biomedical Research Institute, Hubei Key Laboratory of Wudang Local Chinese Medicine Research, Hubei Key Laboratory of Embryonic Stem Cell Research, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Tao Chen
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui 230009, PR China
| | - Yi Han
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui 230009, PR China
| | - Frank Van Breusegem
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 71, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium; VIB-UGent Center for Plant Systems Biology, Technologiepark 71, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Tom Beeckman
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 71, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium; VIB-UGent Center for Plant Systems Biology, Technologiepark 71, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Wenbiao Shen
- College of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Wei Xuan
- MOA Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Fertilization in Lower-Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River and State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
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10
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Tran Q, Osabe K, Entani T, Nagai T. A novel petal up-regulated PhXTH7 promoter analysis in Petunia hybrida by using bioluminescence reporter gene. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY (TOKYO, JAPAN) 2021; 38:197-204. [PMID: 34393598 PMCID: PMC8329265 DOI: 10.5511/plantbiotechnology.21.0130a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Flower opening is an important phenomenon in plant that indicates the readiness of the flower for pollination leading to petal expansion and pigmentation. This phenomenon has great impact on crop yield, which makes researches of its mechanism attractive for both plant physiology study and agriculture. Gene promoters directing the expression in petal during the petal cell wall modification and expansion when flower opens could be a convenient tool to analyze or monitor gene expression targeting this event. However, there are no reports of isolated gene promoters that can direct gene expression in petal or petal limb during the rapid cell wall dynamics when the flower opens. Xyloglucan endotransglucosylase/hydrolase 7 (XTH7), a cell wall modifying enzyme, was reported having up-regulated gene expression in the petal of Arabidopsis thaliana and Petunia hybrida. In this study, we fused a 1,904 bp length P. hybrida XTH7 promoter with a gene encoding a bright bioluminescent protein (Green enhanced Nano-lantern) to report gene expression and observed petal up-regulated bioluminescence activity by means of a consumer-grade camera. More importantly, this novel promoter demonstrated up-regulated activity in the petal limb of P. hybrida matured flower during flower opening. P. hybrida XTH7 promoter would be a useful tool for flowering study, especially for petal expansion research during flower opening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quang Tran
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kenji Osabe
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- SANKEN (The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research), Osaka University, 8-1 Mihogaoka, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, Japan
| | - Tetsuyuki Entani
- SANKEN (The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research), Osaka University, 8-1 Mihogaoka, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, Japan
| | - Takeharu Nagai
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- SANKEN (The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research), Osaka University, 8-1 Mihogaoka, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, Japan
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Li Y, Shao J, Xie Y, Jia L, Fu Y, Xu Z, Zhang N, Feng H, Xun W, Liu Y, Shen Q, Xuan W, Zhang R. Volatile compounds from beneficial rhizobacteria Bacillus spp. promote periodic lateral root development in Arabidopsis. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2021; 44:1663-1678. [PMID: 33548150 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Lateral root formation is coordinated by both endogenous and external factors. As biotic factors, plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria can affect lateral root formation, while the regulation mechanism is unclear. In this study, by applying various marker lines, we found that volatile compounds (VCs) from Bacillus amyloliquefaciens SQR9 induced higher frequency of DR5 oscillation and prebranch site formation, accelerated the development and emergence of the lateral root primordia and thus promoted lateral root development in Arabidopsis. We demonstrated a critical role of auxin on B. amyloliquefaciens VCs-induced lateral root formation via respective mutants and pharmacological experiments. Our results showed that auxin biosynthesis, polar transport and signalling pathway are involved in B. amyloliquefaciens VCs-induced lateral roots formation. We further showed that acetoin, a major component of B. amyloliquefaciens VCs, is less active in promoting root development compared to VC blends from B. amyloliquefaciens, indicating the presence of yet uncharacterized/unknown VCs might contribute to B. amyloliquefaciens effect on lateral root formation. In summary, our study revealed an auxin-dependent mechanism of B. amyloliquefaciens VCs in regulating lateral root branching in a non-contact manner, and further efforts will explore useful VCs to promote plant root development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yucong Li
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for Organic Solid Waste Utilization, National Engineering Research Center for Organic-based Fertilizers, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiahui Shao
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for Organic Solid Waste Utilization, National Engineering Research Center for Organic-based Fertilizers, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuanming Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement and MOA Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Fertilization in Lower-Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Letian Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement and MOA Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Fertilization in Lower-Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yansong Fu
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for Organic Solid Waste Utilization, National Engineering Research Center for Organic-based Fertilizers, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhihui Xu
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for Organic Solid Waste Utilization, National Engineering Research Center for Organic-based Fertilizers, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Nan Zhang
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for Organic Solid Waste Utilization, National Engineering Research Center for Organic-based Fertilizers, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Haichao Feng
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for Organic Solid Waste Utilization, National Engineering Research Center for Organic-based Fertilizers, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Weibing Xun
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for Organic Solid Waste Utilization, National Engineering Research Center for Organic-based Fertilizers, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yunpeng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources Collection and Preservation, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qirong Shen
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for Organic Solid Waste Utilization, National Engineering Research Center for Organic-based Fertilizers, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wei Xuan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement and MOA Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Fertilization in Lower-Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ruifu Zhang
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for Organic Solid Waste Utilization, National Engineering Research Center for Organic-based Fertilizers, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources Collection and Preservation, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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12
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Wang HQ, Xuan W, Huang XY, Mao C, Zhao FJ. Cadmium Inhibits Lateral Root Emergence in Rice by Disrupting OsPIN-Mediated Auxin Distribution and the Protective Effect of OsHMA3. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 62:166-177. [DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcaa150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) strongly inhibits root growth, especially the formation of lateral roots (LRs). The mechanism of Cd inhibition on LR formation in rice (Oryza sativa) remains unclear. In this study, we found that LR emergence in rice was inhibited significantly by 1 �M Cd and almost completely arrested by 5 �M Cd. Cd suppressed both the formation and subsequent development of the lateral root primordium (LRP). By using transgenic rice expressing the auxin response reporters DR5::GUS and DR5rev::VENUS, we found that Cd markedly reduced the auxin levels in the stele and LRP. Cd rapidly downregulated the expression of the auxin efflux transporter genes OsPIN1b, OsPIN1c and OsPIN9 in the stele and LRP. The emergence of LRs in a rice cultivar with a null allele of OsHMA3 (Heavy Metal ATPase 3) was more sensitive to Cd than cultivars with functional alleles. Overexpression of functional OsHMA3 in rice greatly alleviated the inhibitory effect of Cd, but the protective effect of OsHMA3 was abolished by the auxin polar transport inhibitor 1-N-naphthylphthalamic acid. The results suggest that Cd inhibits LR development in rice by disrupting OsPIN-mediated auxin distribution to LRP and OsHMA3 protects against Cd toxicity by sequestering Cd into the vacuoles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han-Qing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Wei Xuan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xin-Yuan Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Chuanzao Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Fang-Jie Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
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Xuan W, De Gernier H, Beeckman T. The dynamic nature and regulation of the root clock. Development 2020; 147:147/3/dev181446. [DOI: 10.1242/dev.181446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Plants explore the soil by continuously expanding their root system, a process that depends on the production of lateral roots (LRs). Sites where LRs can be produced are specified in the primary root axis through a pre-patterning mechanism, determined by a biological clock that is coordinated by temporal signals and positional cues. This ‘root clock’ generates an oscillatory signal that is translated into a developmental cue to specify a set of founder cells for LR formation. In this Review, we summarize recent findings that shed light on the mechanisms underlying the oscillatory signal and discuss how a periodic signal contributes to the conversion of founder cells into LR primordia. We also provide an overview of the phases of the root clock that may be influenced by endogenous factors, such as the plant hormone auxin, and by exogenous environmental cues. Finally, we discuss additional aspects of the root-branching process that act independently of the root clock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Xuan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement and MOA Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Fertilization in Lower-Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Hugues De Gernier
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 71, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
- VIB-UGent Center for Plant Systems Biology, Technologiepark 71, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Tom Beeckman
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 71, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
- VIB-UGent Center for Plant Systems Biology, Technologiepark 71, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
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Gu L, Zhao M, Ge M, Zhu S, Cheng B, Li X. Transcriptome analysis reveals comprehensive responses to cadmium stress in maize inoculated with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 186:109744. [PMID: 31627093 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.109744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Revised: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/29/2019] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Biological strategy of utilization of plants-microbe's interactions to remediate cadmium (Cd) contaminated soils is effective and practical. However, limited evidence at transcriptome level is available about how microbes work with host plants to alleviate Cd stress. In the present study, comparative transcriptomic analysis was performed between maize seedlings inoculated with arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi and non-AM fungi inoculation under distinct concentrations of CdCl2 (0, 25, and 50 mg per kg soil). Significantly higher levels of Cd were found in root tissues of maize colonized by AM fungi, whereas, Cd content was reduced as much as 50% in leaf tissues when compared to non-AM seedlings, indicating that symbiosis between AM fungi and maize seedlings can significantly block translocation of Cd from roots to leaf tissues. Moreover, a total of 5827 differentially expressed genes (DEG) were determined and approximately 68.54% DEGs were downregulated when roots were exposed to high Cd stress. In contrast, 67.16% (595) DEGs were significantly up-regulated when seedlings were colonized by AM fungi under 0 mg CdCl2. Based on hierarchical clustering analysis, global expression profiles were split into eight distinct clusters. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis revealed that hundreds of genes functioning in plant hormone signal transduction, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway and glutathione metabolism were enriched. Furthermore, MapMan pathway analysis indicated a more comprehensive overview response, including hormone metabolism, especially in JA, glutathione metabolism, transcription factors and secondary metabolites, to Cd stress in mycorrhizal maize seedlings. These results provide an overview, at the transcriptome level, of how inoculation of maize seedlings by AM fungi could facilitate the relief of Cd stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longjiang Gu
- National Engineering Laboratory of Crop Stress Resistance Breeding, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Manli Zhao
- Schools of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Min Ge
- Schools of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Suwen Zhu
- National Engineering Laboratory of Crop Stress Resistance Breeding, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China; Schools of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Beijiu Cheng
- National Engineering Laboratory of Crop Stress Resistance Breeding, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China; Schools of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China.
| | - Xiaoyu Li
- National Engineering Laboratory of Crop Stress Resistance Breeding, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China.
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