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Liu S, Xu H, Wang G, Jin B, Cao F, Wang L. Tree Longevity: Multifaceted Genetic Strategies and Beyond. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2024. [PMID: 39254418 DOI: 10.1111/pce.15146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2024] [Revised: 08/22/2024] [Accepted: 08/24/2024] [Indexed: 09/11/2024]
Abstract
Old trees are remarkable for their ability to endure for centuries or even millennia, acting as recordkeepers of historical climate and custodians of genetic diversity. The secret to their longevity has long been a subject of fascination. Despite the challenges associated with studying old trees, such as massive size, slow growth rate, long lifespan and often remote habitat, accumulating studies have investigated the mechanisms underlying tree aging and longevity over the past decade. The recent publication of high-quality genomes of long-lived tree species, coupled with research on stem cell function and secondary metabolites in longevity, has brought us closer to unlocking the secrets of arboreal longevity. This review provides an overview of the global distribution of old trees and examines the environmental and anthropogenic factors that shape their presence. We summarize the contributions of physiological characteristics, stem cell activity, and immune system responses to their extraordinary longevity. We also explore the genetic and epigenetic 'longevity code', which consists of resistance and defense genes, DNA repair genes and patterns of DNA methylation modification. Further, we highlight key areas for future research that could enhance our understanding of the mechanisms underlying tree longevity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sian Liu
- College of Horticulture and Landscape, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Huimin Xu
- College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Guibin Wang
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Biao Jin
- College of Horticulture and Landscape, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Fuliang Cao
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Li Wang
- College of Horticulture and Landscape, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
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Yao X, Zhang G, Zhang G, Sun Q, Liu C, Chu J, Jing Y, Niu S, Fu C, Lew TTS, Lin J, Li X. PagARGOS promotes low-lignin wood formation in poplar. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2024; 22:2201-2215. [PMID: 38492213 PMCID: PMC11258991 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.14339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
Wood formation, which occurs mainly through secondary xylem development, is important not only for supplying raw material for the 'ligno-chemical' industry but also for driving the storage of carbon. However, the complex mechanisms underlying the promotion of xylem formation remain to be elucidated. Here, we found that overexpression of Auxin-Regulated Gene involved in Organ Size (ARGOS) in hybrid poplar 84 K (Populus alba × Populus tremula var. glandulosa) enlarged organ size. In particular, PagARGOS promoted secondary growth of stems with increased xylem formation. To gain further insight into how PagARGOS regulates xylem development, we further carried out yeast two-hybrid screening and identified that the auxin transporter WALLS ARE THIN1 (WAT1) interacts with PagARGOS. Overexpression of PagARGOS up-regulated WAT1, activating a downstream auxin response promoting cambial cell division and xylem differentiation for wood formation. Moreover, overexpressing PagARGOS caused not only higher wood yield but also lower lignin content compared with wild-type controls. PagARGOS is therefore a potential candidate gene for engineering fast-growing and low-lignin trees with improved biomass production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomin Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Efficient Production of Forest ResourcesCollege of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry UniversityBeijingChina
- National Engineering Research Center of Tree Breeding and Ecological RestorationCollege of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry UniversityBeijingChina
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular EngineeringNational University of SingaporeSingaporeSingapore
| | - Guifang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Efficient Production of Forest ResourcesCollege of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry UniversityBeijingChina
- National Engineering Research Center of Tree Breeding and Ecological RestorationCollege of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Geng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Efficient Production of Forest ResourcesCollege of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry UniversityBeijingChina
- National Engineering Research Center of Tree Breeding and Ecological RestorationCollege of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Qian Sun
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Lignocellulosic ChemistryCollege of Materials Science and Technology, Beijing Forestry UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Cuimei Liu
- National Centre for Plant Gene Research (Beijing)Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Jinfang Chu
- National Centre for Plant Gene Research (Beijing)Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Yanping Jing
- State Key Laboratory of Efficient Production of Forest ResourcesCollege of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry UniversityBeijingChina
- National Engineering Research Center of Tree Breeding and Ecological RestorationCollege of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Shihui Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Efficient Production of Forest ResourcesCollege of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry UniversityBeijingChina
- National Engineering Research Center of Tree Breeding and Ecological RestorationCollege of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Chunxiang Fu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Energy Genetics and CAS Key Laboratory of BiofuelsQingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of SciencesQingdaoChina
| | - Tedrick Thomas Salim Lew
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular EngineeringNational University of SingaporeSingaporeSingapore
| | - Jinxing Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Efficient Production of Forest ResourcesCollege of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry UniversityBeijingChina
- National Engineering Research Center of Tree Breeding and Ecological RestorationCollege of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Xiaojuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Efficient Production of Forest ResourcesCollege of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry UniversityBeijingChina
- National Engineering Research Center of Tree Breeding and Ecological RestorationCollege of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry UniversityBeijingChina
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Singh P, Kumari A, Khaladhar VC, Singh N, Pathak PK, Kumar V, Kumar RJ, Jain P, Thakur JK, Fernie AR, Bauwe H, Raghavendra AS, Gupta KJ. Serine hydroxymethyltransferase6 is involved in growth and resistance against pathogens via ethylene and lignin production in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 119:1920-1936. [PMID: 38924321 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Revised: 06/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Photorespiratory serine hydroxymethyltransferases (SHMTs) are important enzymes of cellular one-carbon metabolism. In this study, we investigated the potential role of SHMT6 in Arabidopsis thaliana. We found that SHMT6 is localized in the nucleus and expressed in different tissues during development. Interestingly SHMT6 is inducible in response to avirulent, virulent Pseudomonas syringae and to Fusarium oxysporum infection. Overexpression of SHMT6 leads to larger flowers, siliques, seeds, roots, and consequently an enhanced overall biomass. This enhanced growth was accompanied by increased stomatal conductance and photosynthetic capacity as well as ATP, protein, and chlorophyll levels. By contrast, a shmt6 knockout mutant displayed reduced growth. When challenged with Pseudomonas syringae pv tomato (Pst) DC3000 expressing AvrRpm1, SHMT6 overexpression lines displayed a clear hypersensitive response which was characterized by enhanced electrolyte leakage and reduced bacterial growth. In response to virulent Pst DC3000, the shmt6 mutant developed severe disease symptoms and becomes very susceptible, whereas SHMT6 overexpression lines showed enhanced resistance with increased expression of defense pathway associated genes. In response to Fusarium oxysporum, overexpression lines showed a reduction in symptoms. Moreover, SHMT6 overexpression lead to enhanced production of ethylene and lignin, which are important components of the defense response. Collectively, our data revealed that SHMT6 plays an important role in development and defense against pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Singh
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Aprajita Kumari
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | | | - Namrata Singh
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Pradeep Kumar Pathak
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Vinod Kumar
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Ritika Jantu Kumar
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Priyanka Jain
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India
- AIMMSCR, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Sector 125, Noida, 201313, India
| | - Jitendra Kumar Thakur
- Plant Transcription Regulation Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Alisdair R Fernie
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Hermann Bauwe
- Department of Plant Physiology, University of Rostock, Rostock, D-18051, Germany
| | - A S Raghavendra
- School of Life Sciences, Department of Plant Sciences University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, 500046, India
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Peng Q, Shrestha A, Zhang Y, Fan J, Yu F, Wang G. How lignin biosynthesis responds to nitrogen in plants: a scoping review. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2024. [PMID: 39032003 DOI: 10.1111/plb.13627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 07/22/2024]
Abstract
Nitrogen (N) plays a critical role in the functioning of key amino acids and synthetic enzymes responsible for the various stages of lignin biosynthesis. However, the precise mechanisms through which N influences lignin biosynthesis have not been fully elucidated. This scoping review explores how lignin biosynthesis responds to N in plants. A systematic search of the literature in several databases was conducted using relevant keywords. Only 44 of the 1842 selected studies contained a range of plant species, experimental conditions, and research approaches. Lignin content, structure, and biosynthetic pathways in response to N are discussed, and possible response mechanisms of lignin under low N are proposed. Among the selected studies, 64.52% of the studies reter to lignin content found a negative correlation between N availability and lignin content. Usually, high N decreases the lignin content, delays cell lignification, increases p-hydroxyphenyl propane (H) monomer content, and regulates lignin synthesis through the expression of key genes (PAL, 4CL, CCR, CAD, COMT, LAC, and POD) encoding miRNAs and transcription factors (e.g., MYB, bHLH). N deficiency enhances lignin synthesis through the accumulation of phenylpropanoids, phenolics, and soluble carbohydrates, and indirect changes in phytohormones, secondary metabolites, etc. This review provides new insights and important references for future studies on the regulation of lignin biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q Peng
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Department of Forest Resources Management, Faculty of Forestry, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - A Shrestha
- Department of Forest Resources Management, Faculty of Forestry, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Y Zhang
- Department of Forest Resources Management, Faculty of Forestry, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - J Fan
- College of Horticulture, Jinling Institute of Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - F Yu
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - G Wang
- Department of Forest Resources Management, Faculty of Forestry, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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Pérez-de-Lis G, Richard B, Quilès F, Deveau A, Adikurnia IK, Rathgeber CBK. Multimodal imaging analysis in silver fir reveals coordination in cellulose and lignin deposition. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 195:2428-2442. [PMID: 38590143 PMCID: PMC11213250 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiae203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
Despite lignin being a key component of wood, the dynamics of tracheid lignification are generally overlooked in xylogenesis studies, which hampers our understanding of environmental drivers and blurs the interpretation of isotopic and anatomical signals stored in tree rings. Here, we analyzed cell wall formation in silver fir (Abies alba Mill.) tracheids to determine if cell wall lignification lags behind secondary wall deposition. For this purpose, we applied a multimodal imaging approach combining transmitted light microscopy (TLM), confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM), and confocal Raman microspectroscopy (RMS) on anatomical sections of wood microcores collected in northeast France on 11 dates during the 2010 growing season. Wood autofluorescence after laser excitation at 405 and 488 nm associated with the RMS scattering of lignin and cellulose, respectively, which allowed identification of lignifying cells (cells showing lignified and nonlignified wall fractions at the same time) in CLSM images. The number of lignifying cells in CLSM images mirrored the number of wall-thickening birefringent cells in polarized TLM images, revealing highly synchronized kinetics for wall thickening and lignification (similar timings and durations at the cell level). CLSM images and RMS chemical maps revealed a substantial incorporation of lignin into the wall at early stages of secondary wall deposition. Our results show that most of the cellulose and lignin contained in the cell wall undergo concurrent periods of deposition. This suggests a strong synchronization between cellulose and lignin-related features in conifer tree-ring records, as they originated over highly overlapped time frames.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonzalo Pérez-de-Lis
- BIOAPLIC, Departamento de Botánica, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, EPSE, Campus Terra, 27002 Lugo, Spain
- Université de Lorraine, AgroParisTech, INRAE, SILVA, F-54000 Nancy, France
| | - Béatrice Richard
- Université de Lorraine, AgroParisTech, INRAE, SILVA, F-54000 Nancy, France
| | | | - Aurélie Deveau
- Université de Lorraine, INRAE, IAM, F-54000 Nancy, France
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Li ZY, Ma N, Zhang FJ, Li LZ, Li HJ, Wang XF, Zhang Z, You CX. Functions of Phytochrome Interacting Factors (PIFs) in Adapting Plants to Biotic and Abiotic Stresses. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2198. [PMID: 38396875 PMCID: PMC10888771 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25042198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2024] [Revised: 02/03/2024] [Accepted: 02/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Plants possess the remarkable ability to sense detrimental environmental stimuli and launch sophisticated signal cascades that culminate in tailored responses to facilitate their survival, and transcription factors (TFs) are closely involved in these processes. Phytochrome interacting factors (PIFs) are among these TFs and belong to the basic helix-loop-helix family. PIFs are initially identified and have now been well established as core regulators of phytochrome-associated pathways in response to the light signal in plants. However, a growing body of evidence has unraveled that PIFs also play a crucial role in adapting plants to various biological and environmental pressures. In this review, we summarize and highlight that PIFs function as a signal hub that integrates multiple environmental cues, including abiotic (i.e., drought, temperature, and salinity) and biotic stresses to optimize plant growth and development. PIFs not only function as transcription factors to reprogram the expression of related genes, but also interact with various factors to adapt plants to harsh environments. This review will contribute to understanding the multifaceted functions of PIFs in response to different stress conditions, which will shed light on efforts to further dissect the novel functions of PIFs, especially in adaption to detrimental environments for a better survival of plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao-Yang Li
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Wheat Improvement, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271000, China; (Z.-Y.L.); (N.M.); (F.-J.Z.); (L.-Z.L.); (H.-J.L.); (X.-F.W.)
| | - Ning Ma
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Wheat Improvement, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271000, China; (Z.-Y.L.); (N.M.); (F.-J.Z.); (L.-Z.L.); (H.-J.L.); (X.-F.W.)
| | - Fu-Jun Zhang
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Wheat Improvement, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271000, China; (Z.-Y.L.); (N.M.); (F.-J.Z.); (L.-Z.L.); (H.-J.L.); (X.-F.W.)
- Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China
| | - Lian-Zhen Li
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Wheat Improvement, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271000, China; (Z.-Y.L.); (N.M.); (F.-J.Z.); (L.-Z.L.); (H.-J.L.); (X.-F.W.)
| | - Hao-Jian Li
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Wheat Improvement, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271000, China; (Z.-Y.L.); (N.M.); (F.-J.Z.); (L.-Z.L.); (H.-J.L.); (X.-F.W.)
| | - Xiao-Fei Wang
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Wheat Improvement, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271000, China; (Z.-Y.L.); (N.M.); (F.-J.Z.); (L.-Z.L.); (H.-J.L.); (X.-F.W.)
| | - Zhenlu Zhang
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Wheat Improvement, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271000, China; (Z.-Y.L.); (N.M.); (F.-J.Z.); (L.-Z.L.); (H.-J.L.); (X.-F.W.)
| | - Chun-Xiang You
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Wheat Improvement, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271000, China; (Z.-Y.L.); (N.M.); (F.-J.Z.); (L.-Z.L.); (H.-J.L.); (X.-F.W.)
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Agho CA, Kaurilind E, Tähtjärv T, Runno-Paurson E, Niinemets Ü. Comparative transcriptome profiling of potato cultivars infected by late blight pathogen Phytophthora infestans: Diversity of quantitative and qualitative responses. Genomics 2023; 115:110678. [PMID: 37406973 PMCID: PMC10548088 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2023.110678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
The Estonia potato cultivar Ando has shown elevated field resistance to Phytophthora infestans, even after being widely grown for over 40 years. A comprehensive transcriptional analysis was performed using RNA-seq from plant leaf tissues to gain insight into the mechanisms activated for the defense after infection. Pathogen infection in Ando resulted in about 5927 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) compared to 1161 DEGs in the susceptible cultivar Arielle. The expression levels of genes related to plant disease resistance such as serine/threonine kinase activity, signal transduction, plant-pathogen interaction, endocytosis, autophagy, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), and others were significantly enriched in the upregulated DEGs in Ando, whereas in the susceptible cultivar, only the pathway related to phenylpropanoid biosynthesis was enriched in the upregulated DEGs. However, in response to infection, photosynthesis was deregulated in Ando. Multi-signaling pathways of the salicylic-jasmonic-ethylene biosynthesis pathway were also activated in response to Phytophthora infestans infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Agho
- Chair of Crop Science and Plant Biology, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 1, Tartu 51006, Estonia.
| | - E Kaurilind
- Chair of Crop Science and Plant Biology, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 1, Tartu 51006, Estonia
| | - T Tähtjärv
- Centre of Estonian Rural Research and Knowledge, J. Aamisepa 1, 48309 Jõgeva, Estonia
| | - E Runno-Paurson
- Chair of Crop Science and Plant Biology, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 1, Tartu 51006, Estonia
| | - Ü Niinemets
- Chair of Crop Science and Plant Biology, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 1, Tartu 51006, Estonia; Estonian Academy of Sciences, Kohtu 6, Tallinn 10130, Estonia
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Ranade SS, García-Gil MR. Clinal variation in PHY (PAS domain) and CRY (CCT domain)-Signs of local adaptation to light quality in Norway spruce. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2023. [PMID: 37291974 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Detection of the genomic basis of local adaptation to environmental conditions is challenging in forest trees. Phytochromes (PHY) and cryptochromes (CRY) perceive the red (R)/far-red (FR) and blue light respectively, thus playing a fundamental role in regulating plant growth and development. PHYO and PHYP from conifers are the equivalents of PHYA/PHYC and PHYB in angiosperms, respectively. Norway spruce shows an adaptive latitudinal cline for shade (low R:FR or FR-enriched light) tolerance and requirement of FR light for its growth. We analyzed the exome capture data that included a uniquely large data set of 1654 Norway spruce trees sampled across many latitudes in Sweden to capture the natural clines for photoperiod and FR light exposure during the growth season. Statistically significant clinal variation was detected in allele and genotype frequencies of missense mutations in coding regions belonging to well-defined functional domains of PHYO (PAS-B), PHYP2 (PAS fold-2), CRY1 (CCT1) and CRY2 (CCT2) that strongly correlates with the latitudinal gradient in response to variable light quality in Norway spruce. The missense SNP in PHYO resulting in Asn835Ser, displayed the steepest cline among all other polymorphisms. We propose that these variations in the photoreceptors represent signs of local adaptation to light quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonali Sachin Ranade
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
| | - María Rosario García-Gil
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
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Ranade SS, Seipel G, Gorzsás A, García‐Gil MR. Adaptive strategies of Scots pine under shade: Increase in lignin synthesis and ecotypic variation in defense-related gene expression. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2022; 174:e13792. [PMID: 36177740 PMCID: PMC9827939 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Shade is a stressful condition for plants characterized by low Red:Far-Red (R:FR) ratio. The northern latitudes in Sweden daily receive more hours of FR-enriched light (twilight) or shade-like conditions compared to southern forests during the growing season. Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) is a shade-intolerant species. Yet, it is well adapted to this latitudinal variation in light, which is evident by a northward increase in FR requirement to maintain growth. Shade adversely affects plant growth; it makes the plant weak and, therefore, susceptible to pathogen attack. Lignin is involved in plant protection against pathogen invasion mainly by forming a physical barrier. We studied lignin synthesis and expression of defense-related genes (growth-defense trade-offs) under a low R:FR (shade) ratio in Scots pine. A higher number of immunity/defense-related genes were up-regulated in response to shade in northern populations compared to southern ones, which can be viewed as a local adaptation to light quality for optimal growth and survival. Light quality regulates lignin metabolism; light stimulates lignin synthesis, while shade causes a decrease in lignin synthesis in most angiosperms. In contrast, Scots pine shows an increase in lignin synthesis supported by the higher expression of a few key genes in the lignin biosynthetic pathway, a novel finding reported by our study. These findings can be applied to future breeding strategies in forestry to produce disease-resilient trees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonali Sachin Ranade
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant PhysiologyUmeå Plant Science Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural SciencesUmeåSweden
| | - George Seipel
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant PhysiologyUmeå Plant Science Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural SciencesUmeåSweden
| | | | - María Rosario García‐Gil
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant PhysiologyUmeå Plant Science Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural SciencesUmeåSweden
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