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Roccuzzo G, Giordano S, Granato T, Cavallo F, Mastorino L, Avallone G, Pasini B, Quaglino P, Ribero S. Phenotypic and Dermoscopic Patterns of Familial Melanocytic Lesions: A Pilot Study in a Third-Level Center. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:3772. [PMID: 37568588 PMCID: PMC10416987 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15153772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous melanoma is a highly aggressive skin cancer. It is estimated that 5% to 10% of the underlying mutations are hereditary and responsible for familial (or hereditary) melanoma. These patients are prone to the early development and higher risk of multiple melanomas. In recent years, an increasing number of genes have been identified thanks to genetic testing, allowing the subsequent surveillance of individuals at risk, yet it is still difficult to predict the presence of these mutations on a clinical basis. In this scenario, specific phenotypic and dermoscopic features could help clinicians in their identification. The aim of this work has been to correlate mutations to prevalent dermoscopic patterns, paving the way for reference models useful in clinical practice. In our cohort, out of 115 patients referred to genetic counseling for melanoma, 25 tested positive (21.7%) for critical mutations: CDKN2A (n = 12), MITF (n = 3), BAP1 (n = 1), MC1R (n = 3), PTEN (n = 1), TYR (n = 2), OCA2 (n = 1), and SLC45A2 (n = 2). The phenotype profiles obtained through the digital acquisition, analysis, and description of both benign and malignant pigmented lesions showed a predominance of the type II skin phenotype, with an elevated mean total nevus number (182 moles, range 75-390). As for dermoscopic features, specific mutation-related patterns were described in terms of pigmentation, areas of regression, and vascular structures. Although further studies with larger cohorts are needed, our work represents the beginning of a new approach to the study and diagnosis of familial melanoma, underlining the importance of clinical and dermoscopic patterns, which may constitute a reference model for each gene, enabling comparison.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Roccuzzo
- Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Dermatology, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Silvia Giordano
- Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Dermatology, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Thomas Granato
- Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Dermatology, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Francesco Cavallo
- Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Dermatology, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Luca Mastorino
- Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Dermatology, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Gianluca Avallone
- Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Dermatology, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Barbara Pasini
- Medical Genetics Unit, AOU ‘Città Della Salute e Della Scienza’-‘Molinette’ Hospital, 10126 Turin, Italy;
| | - Pietro Quaglino
- Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Dermatology, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Simone Ribero
- Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Dermatology, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy
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Chikhaoui A, Jones M, Režen T, Ben Ahmed M, Naouali C, Komel R, Zghal M, Boubaker S, Abdelhak S, Yacoub-Youssef H. Inflammatory landscape in Xeroderma pigmentosum patients with cutaneous melanoma. Sci Rep 2022; 12:13854. [PMID: 35974070 PMCID: PMC9381529 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-17928-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) is a DNA repair disease that predisposes to early skin cancers as cutaneous melanoma. Melanoma microenvironment contains inflammatory mediators, which would be interesting biomarkers for the prognosis or for the identification of novel therapeutic targets. We used a PCR array to evaluate the transcriptional pattern of 84 inflammatory genes in melanoma tumors obtained from XP patients (XP-Mel) and in sporadic melanoma (SP-Mel) compared to healthy skin. Commonly expressed inflammatory genes were further explored via GTEx and GEPIA databases. The differentially expressed inflammatory genes in XP were compared to their expression in skin exposed to UVs, and evaluated on the basis of the overall survival outcomes of patients with melanoma. Monocyte subsets of patients with SP-Mel, XP and healthy donors were also assessed. PCR array data revealed that 34 inflammatory genes were under-expressed in XP-Mel compared to SP-Mel. Differentially expressed genes that were common in XP-Mel and SP-Mel were correlated with the transcriptomic datasets from GEPIA and GTEx and highlighted the implication of KLK1 and IL8 in the tumorigenesis. We showed also that in XP-Mel tumors, there was an overexpression of KLK6 and KLK10 genes, which seems to be associated with a bad survival rate. As for the innate immunity, we observed a decrease of intermediate monocytes in patients with SP-Mel and in XP. We highlight an alteration in the immune response in XP patients. We identified candidate biomarkers involved in the tumorigenesis, and in the survival of patients with melanoma. Intermediate monocyte's in patients at risk could be a prognostic biomarker for melanoma outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asma Chikhaoui
- Laboratoire de Génomique Biomédicale Et Oncogénétique (LR16IPT05), Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia.,Université Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Meriem Jones
- Département de Dermatologie, Hôpital Charles Nicolle de Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Tadeja Režen
- Faculty of Medicine, Centre for Functional Genomics and Bio-Chips and Medical Centre for Molecular Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Melika Ben Ahmed
- Laboratoire de Transmission, Contrôle Et Immunobiologie de L'infection, LR16IPT02, Institut Pasteur de Tunis Université de Tunis El Manar I, 2092, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Chokri Naouali
- Laboratoire de Génomique Biomédicale Et Oncogénétique (LR16IPT05), Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia.,Université Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Radovan Komel
- Faculty of Medicine, Centre for Functional Genomics and Bio-Chips and Medical Centre for Molecular Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Mohamed Zghal
- Département de Dermatologie, Hôpital Charles Nicolle de Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Samir Boubaker
- Laboratoire de Génomique Biomédicale Et Oncogénétique (LR16IPT05), Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia.,Université Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Sonia Abdelhak
- Laboratoire de Génomique Biomédicale Et Oncogénétique (LR16IPT05), Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia.,Université Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Houda Yacoub-Youssef
- Laboratoire de Génomique Biomédicale Et Oncogénétique (LR16IPT05), Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia. .,Université Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia.
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3
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Finberg A, Martin S, Gradecki S, Zlotoff B, Raghavan SS. Cutaneous Neurocristic Hamartoma Mimicking Basal Cell Carcinoma in a Patient With Xeroderma Pigmentosum. Am J Dermatopathol 2022; 44:e54-e56. [PMID: 35170472 DOI: 10.1097/dad.0000000000002133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Neurocristic hamartomas (NCH) of cutaneous origin are especially rare congenital or acquired neoplasms that often arise through aberrant embryologic development of pluripotent neural crest cells. Clinically, they often present as pigmented macules or papules on the scalp with associated alopecia. NCHs are characterized histopathologically by dermal melanocytic, fibroblastic, and neurosustentacular components. Correct identification of this etiology is critical because of potential for malignant transformation, particularly in acquired NCHs. Our patient was a 6-year-old girl with xeroderma pigmentosum and confirmed XPC mutation followed in our dermatology clinic since the age of 3. She had a history of multiple actinic keratoses but no prior skin cancers. A 4-mm homogenous pink papule on the left frontal scalp concerning for basal cell carcinoma was noted during routine skin examination. After a 3-month course of 3 times weekly topical imiquimod, the lesion had grown to a 6 mm diameter. The patient was then referred to plastic surgery for definitive excision. Histologically, the lesion showed a well-circumscribed proliferation of spindle cells with a trabecular and nested growth pattern. Perivascular pseudorosettes were identified, as were areas that resembled well-differentiated neural tissue. The spindle cells diffusely expressed S100 protein, SOX10, and CD34, with patchy expression of Melan-A and HMB-45. PRAME was negative, and p16 was retained. Array comparative genomic hybridization was performed, and no clinically significant copy number or single nucleotide variants were detected. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first documented case in the literature of a cutaneous neurocristic hamartoma arising in a patient with xeroderma pigmentosum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariel Finberg
- University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA
| | - Seth Martin
- Department of Dermatology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA; and
| | - Sarah Gradecki
- Department of Dermatopathology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA
| | - Barrett Zlotoff
- Department of Dermatology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA; and
| | - Shyam S Raghavan
- Department of Dermatopathology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA
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Abstract
Though melanocytic nevi are ubiquitous in the general population, they can also be key cutaneous manifestations of genetic syndromes. We describe genodermatoses associated with melanocytic nevi and discuss their clinical characteristics, cutaneous manifestations, underlying genetics, and, if applicable, guidelines for when genetic testing should be performed. We categorized these genodermatoses based on their association with congenital nevi, acquired nevi, or nevi whose first appearance is unknown. In many cases, the distinctive morphology or distribution of melanocytic nevi can be an important clue that an underlying genetic syndrome is present, allowing both the patient as well as family members to be screened for the more serious complications of their genetic disorder and receive education on potential preventative measures. As we continue to advance our understanding of how various genotypes give rise to the wide spectrum of phenotypes observed in these genodermatoses, we shall be able to better stratify risk and tailor our screening methods to clinically manage the heterogeneous manifestations of genodermatoses among these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Y Ramseier
- Department of Dermatology, Yale School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520
| | - Sara H Perkins
- Department of Dermatology, Yale School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520.
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5
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Moreno S, Maiques O, Barcelo C, Romero M, Santacana M, Gómez I, Cuevas D, Velasco A, Vea A, Macia A, Boix R, Valls J, Gatius S, Canti C, Matias-Guiu X, Soria X, Marti RM. Differential Immunoexpression of BRAF/V600E, Senescence Markers, PTEN, and T-type Calcium Channels in Acquired Naevi According to their Histopathological and Dermoscopic Classification. Acta Derm Venereol 2021; 101:adv00597. [PMID: 34643739 PMCID: PMC9455337 DOI: 10.2340/actadv.v101.361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BRAF/V600E mutation and other cell growth/growth-control mechanisms are involved in naevogenesis and melanomagenesis. Immunoexpression of BRAF/V600E and other molecules (p16, phosphatase and tensin homologue (PTEN), Ki67, hTERT and Cav3.1 and 3.2 calcium channels) were investigated in 80 histopathologically and dermoscopically classified acquired naevi. Regarding BRAF/V600E, dysplastic naevi showed lower immunostaining than common naevi, which was significant in comparison with intradermal naevi, which showed the highest BRAF/V600E histoscore. Junctional naevi showed the lowest BRAF/V600E levels. Globular/cobblestone and reticular dermoscopic patterns were consistently associated with high and low BRAF/V600E immunoexpression, respectively, but Zalaudek’s peripheral globule pattern (CR/PG) showed the highest BRAF/V600E immunoexpression. Among global patterns, the previously not investigated multicomponent pattern showed the lowest BRAF/V600E immunoexpression. Regarding the remaining biomarkers, new immunohistochemical features were found, in particular p16 and PTEN low expression in multicomponent pattern; and Ki67, hTERT and Cav.3.1 high expression in CR/PG. In conclusion, histopathology and dermoscopy provide complementary information regarding the biology of melanocytic naevi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Moreno
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital Universitari Arnau de Vilanova, University of Lleida, IRBLleida, Avda Alcalde Rovira Roure 80, ES-25198 Lleida, Spain.
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6
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Quintero-Ruiz N, Corradi C, Moreno NC, de Souza TA, Pereira Castro L, Rocha CRR, Menck CFM. Mutagenicity Profile Induced by UVB Light in Human Xeroderma Pigmentosum Group C Cells †. Photochem Photobiol 2021; 98:713-731. [PMID: 34516658 DOI: 10.1111/php.13516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Nucleotide excision repair (NER) is one of the main pathways for genome protection against structural DNA damage caused by sunlight, which in turn is extensively related to skin cancer development. The mutation spectra induced by UVB were investigated by whole-exome sequencing of randomly selected clones of NER-proficient and XP-C-deficient human skin fibroblasts. As a model, a cell line unable to recognize and remove lesions (XP-C) was used and compared to the complemented isogenic control (COMP). As expected, a significant increase of mutagenesis was observed in irradiated XP-C cells, mainly C>T transitions, but also CC>TT and C>A base substitutions. Remarkably, the C>T mutations occur mainly at the second base of dipyrimidine sites in pyrimidine-rich sequence contexts, with 5'TC sequence the most mutated. Although T>N mutations were also significantly increased, they were not directly related to pyrimidine dimers. Moreover, the large-scale study of a single UVB irradiation on XP-C cells allowed recovering the typical mutation spectrum found in human skin cancer tumors. Eventually, the data may be used for comparison with the mutational profiles of skin tumors obtained from XP-C patients and may help to understand the mutational process in nonaffected individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalia Quintero-Ruiz
- Laboratorio de reparo de DNA, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Camila Corradi
- Laboratorio de reparo de DNA, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Natália Cestari Moreno
- Laboratorio de reparo de DNA, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tiago Antonio de Souza
- Laboratorio de reparo de DNA, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Tau GC Bioinformatics, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ligia Pereira Castro
- Laboratorio de reparo de DNA, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Clarissa Ribeiro Reily Rocha
- Laboratorio de reparo de DNA, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Drug resistance and mutagenesis Laboratory, Departmento de Oncologia Clínica e Experimental, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carlos Frederico Martins Menck
- Laboratorio de reparo de DNA, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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7
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Rizza ERH, DiGiovanna JJ, Khan SG, Tamura D, Jeskey JD, Kraemer KH. Xeroderma Pigmentosum: A Model for Human Premature Aging. J Invest Dermatol 2021; 141:976-984. [PMID: 33436302 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2020.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 11/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Aging results from intrinsic changes (chronologic) and damage from external exposures (extrinsic) on the human body. The skin is ideal to visually differentiate their unique features. Inherited diseases of DNA repair, such as xeroderma pigmentosum (XP), provide an excellent model for human aging due to the accelerated accumulation of DNA damage. Poikiloderma, atypical lentigines, and skin cancers, the primary cutaneous features of XP, occur in the general population but at a much older age. Patients with XP also exhibit ocular changes secondary to premature photoaging, including ocular surface tumors and pterygium. Internal manifestations of premature aging, including peripheral neuropathy, progressive sensorineural hearing loss, and neurodegeneration, are reported in 25% of patients with XP. Internal malignancies, such as lung cancer, CNS tumors, and leukemia and/or lymphoma, occur at a younger age in patients with XP, as do thyroid nodules. Premature ovarian failure is overrepresented among females with XP, occurring 20 years earlier than in the general population. Taken together, these clinical findings highlight the importance of DNA repair in maintaining genomic integrity. XP is a unique model of human premature aging, which is revealing new insights into aging mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth R H Rizza
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - John J DiGiovanna
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Sikandar G Khan
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Deborah Tamura
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Jack D Jeskey
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA; Medical Research Scholar Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Kenneth H Kraemer
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
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8
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Stark MS, Denisova E, Kays TA, Heidenreich B, Rachakonda S, Requena C, Sturm RA, Soyer HP, Nagore E, Kumar R. Mutation Signatures in Melanocytic Nevi Reveal Characteristics of Defective DNA Repair. J Invest Dermatol 2020; 140:2093-2096.e2. [PMID: 32151667 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2020.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell S Stark
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Dermatology Research Centre, Brisbane, Australia.
| | - Evgeniya Denisova
- Division of Molecular Genetic Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany; Division of Applied Bioinformatics, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Trent A Kays
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Dermatology Research Centre, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Barbara Heidenreich
- Division of Molecular Genetic Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sivaramakrishna Rachakonda
- Division of Molecular Genetic Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany; Division of Functional Genome Analysis, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Celia Requena
- Department of Dermatology, Instituto Valenciano de Oncología, València, Spain
| | - Richard A Sturm
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Dermatology Research Centre, Brisbane, Australia
| | - H Peter Soyer
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Dermatology Research Centre, Brisbane, Australia; Department of Dermatology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Eduardo Nagore
- Department of Dermatology, Instituto Valenciano de Oncología, València, Spain; School of Medicine, Universidad Católica de Valencia San Vicente Mártir, València, Spain
| | - Rajiv Kumar
- Division of Molecular Genetic Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany; Division of Functional Genome Analysis, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
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Abstract
Melanoma accounts for 7% of all cancers in adolescents ages 15-19 years but is an unexpected malignancy in younger children. The prevalence of malignant melanoma is very rare in children ages 1-4 years, but certain non-modifiable risk factors such as xeroderma pigmentosum, congenital melanocytic nevus syndrome and other inherited traits increase the risk for its development in these young children. Recent genomic studies have identified characteristics of pediatric melanoma that differ from conventional melanoma seen in adults. In this review the authors inform on the types of melanoma seen in children and adolescents, discuss similarities and differences in melanoma between children and adults, and discuss the role of imaging in the care of these children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sue C Kaste
- Departments of Diagnostic Imaging and Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, MSN 220, Memphis, TN, 38105-3678, USA.
- Department of Radiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA.
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10
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cAMP-mediated regulation of melanocyte genomic instability: A melanoma-preventive strategy. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2018; 115:247-295. [PMID: 30798934 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apcsb.2018.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Malignant melanoma of the skin is the leading cause of death from skin cancer and ranks fifth in cancer incidence among all cancers in the United States. While melanoma mortality has remained steady for the past several decades, melanoma incidence has been increasing, particularly among fair-skinned individuals. According to the American Cancer Society, nearly 10,000 people in the United States will die from melanoma this year. Individuals with dark skin complexion are protected damage generated by UV-light due to the high content of UV-blocking melanin pigment in their epidermis as well as better capacity for melanocytes to cope with UV damage. There is now ample evidence that suggests that the melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R) is a major melanoma risk factor. Inherited loss-of-function mutations in MC1R are common in melanoma-prone persons, correlating with a less melanized skin complexion and poorer recovery from mutagenic photodamage. We and others are interested in the MC1R signaling pathway in melanocytes, its mechanisms of enhancing genomic stability and pharmacologic opportunities to reduce melanoma risk based on those insights. In this chapter, we review melanoma risk factors, the MC1R signaling pathway, and the relationship between MC1R signaling and DNA repair.
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Wilmott JS, Johansson PA, Newell F, Waddell N, Ferguson P, Quek C, Patch AM, Nones K, Shang P, Pritchard AL, Kazakoff S, Holmes O, Leonard C, Wood S, Xu Q, Saw RPM, Spillane AJ, Stretch JR, Shannon KF, Kefford RF, Menzies AM, Long GV, Thompson JF, Pearson JV, Mann GJ, Hayward NK, Scolyer RA. Whole genome sequencing of melanomas in adolescent and young adults reveals distinct mutation landscapes and the potential role of germline variants in disease susceptibility. Int J Cancer 2018; 144:1049-1060. [DOI: 10.1002/ijc.31791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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12
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Craig S, Earnshaw CH, Virós A. Ultraviolet light and melanoma. J Pathol 2018; 244:578-585. [DOI: 10.1002/path.5039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Revised: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Craig
- Skin Cancer and Ageing Laboratory, CRUK Manchester Institute; University of Manchester; Manchester UK
| | - Charles H Earnshaw
- Department of Dermatology, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust; Manchester UK
| | - Amaya Virós
- Skin Cancer and Ageing Laboratory, CRUK Manchester Institute; University of Manchester; Manchester UK
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13
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High cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 and phospho-Akt expression in tumor samples predicts poor clinical outcomes in ipilimumab-treated melanoma patients. Melanoma Res 2018; 27:24-31. [PMID: 27768639 DOI: 10.1097/cmr.0000000000000305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Ipilimumab, a fully human monoclonal antibody against cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4), is the first immune checkpoint inhibitor approved for the treatment of unresectable melanoma on the basis of its overall survival (OS) benefit. However, ipilimumab is associated with significant immune-related adverse events. We hypothesized that biomarker exploration of pretreatment tumor samples and correlation with clinical outcome would enable patient selection with an increased benefit/risk ratio for ipilimumab therapy. At the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, a total of 81 advanced melanoma patients were treated on the Ipilimumab Expanded Access Program from 2007 to 2008. Using immunohistochemistry, we analyzed the expression of immune checkpoint (CTLA-4, PD-1, PD-L1) and Akt-pathway proteins in formalin-fixed tumor tissue. Associations between these biomarkers and progression-free survival (PFS) and OS were analyzed with univariate and multivariate Cox proportional-hazards models. There was a significant correlation between high CTLA-4 protein expression levels in tumor cells and risk of death (P=0.02) and decreased PFS (P=0.023). In addition, high expression of CTLA-4 in peritumoral lymphocytes correlated with poor OS (P=0.023). In multivariate analysis, patients with high CTLA-4 and phospho-Akt (p-Akt) expression correlated with poor OS (log-rank test, P=0.039) and PFS (log-rank test, P=0.014). High levels of CTLA-4 and p-Akt expression in pretreatment tumor cells in melanoma patients were associated with poor clinical outcomes. Immunohistochemistry analysis of CTLA-4 and p-Akt in pretreatment tumor samples provides useful biomarkers that may enable improved patient selection for ipilimumab therapy. Prospective clinical studies are warranted to investigate the predictive value of these biomarkers.
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14
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Li H, Yuan SM, Yang M, Zha H, Li XR, Sun H, Duan L, Gu Y, Li AF, Weng YG, Luo JY, He TC, Wang Y, Li CY, Li FQ, Wang ZB, Zhou L. High intensity focused ultrasound inhibits melanoma cell migration and metastasis through attenuating microRNA-21-mediated PTEN suppression. Oncotarget 2018; 7:50450-50460. [PMID: 27391071 PMCID: PMC5226595 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.10433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 05/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
High intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) technology is becoming a potential noninvasive treatment for solid tumor. To explore whether HIFU can be applied to treat melanoma and its metastasis, we investigated the effect of HIFU on murine melanoma model. While there was little influence on cell survival, viability or apoptosis, HIFU exposure suppressed melanoma cell migration in vitro and metastasis in vivo. The expression of microRNA-21(miR-21) was down-regulated and PTEN expression was up-regulated in response to HIFU exposure, which was in concomitant with the reduction of AKT activity. Furthermore, ectopic miR-21 expression suppressed this effect of HIFU. These results demonstrate that HIFU exposure can inhibit AKT-mediated melanoma metastasis via miR-21 inhibition to restore PTEN expression. Therefore, targeting the miR-21/PTEN/AKT pathway might be a novel strategy of HIFU in treatment of melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Li
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis of Education Ministry, College of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Shi-Mei Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis of Education Ministry, College of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Min Yang
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis of Education Ministry, College of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - He Zha
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis of Education Ministry, College of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Xue-Ru Li
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis of Education Ministry, College of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Hui Sun
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis of Education Ministry, College of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Liang Duan
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis of Education Ministry, College of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Yue Gu
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis of Education Ministry, College of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Ai-Fang Li
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis of Education Ministry, College of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Ya-Guang Weng
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis of Education Ministry, College of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Jin-Yong Luo
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis of Education Ministry, College of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Tong-Chuan He
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis of Education Ministry, College of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China.,Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Yan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Ultrasound Engineering in Medicine Co-founded by Chongqing and The Ministry of Science and Technology, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ultrasound in Medicine and Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Chong-Yan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Ultrasound Engineering in Medicine Co-founded by Chongqing and The Ministry of Science and Technology, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ultrasound in Medicine and Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Fa-Qi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Ultrasound Engineering in Medicine Co-founded by Chongqing and The Ministry of Science and Technology, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ultrasound in Medicine and Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Zhi-Biao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Ultrasound Engineering in Medicine Co-founded by Chongqing and The Ministry of Science and Technology, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ultrasound in Medicine and Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Lan Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis of Education Ministry, College of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
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15
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Bukowska B, Karwowski BT. Actual state of knowledge in the field of diseases related with defective nucleotide excision repair. Life Sci 2018; 195:6-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2017.12.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Revised: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 12/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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16
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ATR Mutations Promote the Growth of Melanoma Tumors by Modulating the Immune Microenvironment. Cell Rep 2017; 18:2331-2342. [PMID: 28273450 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.02.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Revised: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanomas accumulate a high burden of mutations that could potentially generate neoantigens, yet somehow suppress the immune response to facilitate continued growth. In this study, we identify a subset of human melanomas that have loss-of-function mutations in ATR, a kinase that recognizes and repairs UV-induced DNA damage and is required for cellular proliferation. ATR mutant tumors exhibit both the accumulation of multiple mutations and the altered expression of inflammatory genes, resulting in decreased T cell recruitment and increased recruitment of macrophages known to spur tumor invasion. Taken together, these studies identify a mechanism by which melanoma cells modulate the immune microenvironment to promote continued growth.
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17
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Cleaver JE. Transcription coupled repair deficiency protects against human mutagenesis and carcinogenesis. DNA Repair (Amst) 2017; 58:21-28. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2017.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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18
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Chan XY, Singh A, Osman N, Piva TJ. Role Played by Signalling Pathways in Overcoming BRAF Inhibitor Resistance in Melanoma. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18071527. [PMID: 28708099 PMCID: PMC5536016 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18071527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Revised: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The discovery of the BRAFV600E mutation led to the development of vemurafenib (PLX4032), a selective BRAF inhibitor specific to the kinase, for the treatment of metastatic melanomas. However, initial success of the drug was dampened by the development of acquired resistance. Melanoma was shown to relapse in patients following treatment with vemurafenib which eventually led to patients' deaths. It has been proposed that mechanisms of resistance can be due to (1) reactivation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signalling pathway via secondary mutations, amplification or activation of target kinase(s), (2) the bypass of oncogenic pathway via activation of alternative signalling pathways, (3) other uncharacterized mechanisms. Studies showed that receptor tyrosine kinases (RTK) such as PDGFRβ, IGF1R, EGFR and c-Met were overexpressed in melanoma cells. Along with increased secretion of growth factors such as HGF and TGF-α, this will trigger intracellular signalling cascades. This review discusses the role MAPK and Phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase-protein kinase B-mammalian target of rapamycin (PI3K-AKT-mTOR) pathways play in the mechanism of resistance of melanomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian Yang Chan
- School of Health & Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora 3083, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Alamdeep Singh
- School of Health & Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora 3083, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Narin Osman
- School of Health & Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora 3083, Victoria, Australia.
- Department of Immunology, Monash University, Melbourne 3004, Victoria, Australia.
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Queensland, Woolloongabba 4102, Queensland, Australia.
| | - Terrence J Piva
- School of Health & Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora 3083, Victoria, Australia.
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19
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Melanocytic nevi and melanoma: unraveling a complex relationship. Oncogene 2017; 36:5771-5792. [PMID: 28604751 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2017.189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Revised: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Approximately 33% of melanomas are derived directly from benign, melanocytic nevi. Despite this, the vast majority of melanocytic nevi, which typically form as a result of BRAFV600E-activating mutations, will never progress to melanoma. Herein, we synthesize basic scientific insights and data from mouse models with common observations from clinical practice to comprehensively review melanocytic nevus biology. In particular, we focus on the mechanisms by which growth arrest is established after BRAFV600E mutation. Means by which growth arrest can be overcome and how melanocytic nevi relate to melanoma are also considered. Finally, we present a new conceptual paradigm for understanding the growth arrest of melanocytic nevi in vivo termed stable clonal expansion. This review builds upon the canonical hypothesis of oncogene-induced senescence in growth arrest and tumor suppression in melanocytic nevi and melanoma.
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20
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Giordano CN, Yew YW, Spivak G, Lim HW. Understanding photodermatoses associated with defective DNA repair: Syndromes with cancer predisposition. J Am Acad Dermatol 2017; 75:855-870. [PMID: 27745641 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2016.03.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2015] [Revised: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Hereditary photodermatoses are a spectrum of rare photosensitive disorders that are often caused by genetic deficiency or malfunction of various components of the DNA repair pathway. This results clinically in extreme photosensitivity, with many syndromes exhibiting an increased risk of cutaneous malignancies. This review will focus specifically on the syndromes with malignant potential, including xeroderma pigmentosum, Bloom syndrome, and Rothmund-Thomson syndrome. The typical phenotypic findings of each disorder will be examined and contrasted, including noncutaneous identifiers to aid in diagnosis. The management of these patients will also be discussed. At this time, the mainstay of therapy remains strict photoprotection; however, genetic therapies are under investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yik Weng Yew
- Department of Dermatology, National Skin Centre, Singapore
| | - Graciela Spivak
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Henry W Lim
- Department of Dermatology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan.
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21
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Next-Generation Sequencing Reveals Pathway Activations and New Routes to Targeted Therapies in Cutaneous Metastatic Melanoma. Am J Dermatopathol 2017; 39:1-13. [PMID: 28045747 DOI: 10.1097/dad.0000000000000729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Comprehensive genomic profiling of clinical samples by next-generation sequencing (NGS) can identify one or more therapy targets for the treatment of metastatic melanoma (MM) with a single diagnostic test. METHODS NGS was performed on hybridization-captured, adaptor ligation-based libraries using DNA extracted from 4 formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded sections cut at 10 microns from 30 MM cases. The exons of 182 cancer-related genes were fully sequenced using the Illumina HiSeq 2000 at an average sequencing depth of 1098X and evaluated for genomic alterations (GAs) including point mutations, insertions, deletions, copy number alterations, and select gene fusions/rearrangements. Clinically relevant GAs (CRGAs) were defined as those identifying commercially available targeted therapeutics or therapies in registered clinical trials. RESULTS The 30 American Joint Committee on Cancer Stage IV MM included 17 (57%) male and 13 (43%) female patients with a mean age of 59.5 years (range 41-83 years). All MM samples had at least 1 GA, and an average of 2.7 GA/sample (range 1-7) was identified. The mean number of GA did not differ based on age or sex; however, on average, significantly more GAs were identified in amelanotic and poorly differentiated MM. GAs were most commonly identified in BRAF (12 cases, 40%), CDKN2A (6 cases, 20%), NF1 (8 cases, 26.7%), and NRAS (6 cases, 20%). CRGAs were identified in all patients, and represented 77% of the GA (64/83) detected. The median and mean CRGAs per tumor were 2 and 2.1, respectively (range 1-7). CONCLUSION Comprehensive genomic profiling of MM, using a single diagnostic test, uncovers an unexpectedly high number of CRGA that would not be identified by standard of care testing. Moreover, NGS has the potential to influence therapy selection and can direct patients to enter relevant clinical trials evaluating promising targeted therapies.
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22
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Jarrett SG, D'Orazio JA. Hormonal Regulation of the Repair of UV Photoproducts in Melanocytes by the Melanocortin Signaling Axis. Photochem Photobiol 2016; 93:245-258. [PMID: 27645605 DOI: 10.1111/php.12640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Melanoma is the deadliest form of skin cancer because of its propensity to spread beyond the primary site of disease and because it resists many forms of treatment. Incidence of melanoma has been increasing for decades. Although ultraviolet radiation (UV) has been identified as the most important environmental causative factor for melanoma development, UV-protective strategies have had limited efficacy in melanoma prevention. UV mutational burden correlates with melanoma development and tumor progression, underscoring the importance of UV in melanomagenesis. However, besides amount of UV exposure, melanocyte UV mutational load is influenced by the robustness of nucleotide excision repair, the genome maintenance pathway charged with removing UV photoproducts before they cause permanent mutations in the genome. In this review, we highlight the importance of the melanocortin hormonal signaling axis on regulating efficiency of nucleotide excision repair in melanocytes. By understanding the molecular mechanisms by which nucleotide excision repair can be increased, it may be possible to prevent many cases of melanoma by reducing UV mutational burden over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart G Jarrett
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY
| | - John A D'Orazio
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY.,Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY.,Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY.,Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY
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23
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Evangelisti C, Cenni V, Lattanzi G. Potential therapeutic effects of the MTOR inhibitors for preventing ageing and progeria-related disorders. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2016; 82:1229-1244. [PMID: 26952863 PMCID: PMC5061804 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.12928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Revised: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway is an highly conserved signal transduction axis involved in many cellular processes, such as cell growth, survival, transcription, translation, apoptosis, metabolism, motility and autophagy. Recently, this signalling pathway has come to the attention of the scientific community owing to the unexpected finding that inhibition of mTOR by rapamycin, an antibiotic with immunosuppressant and chemotherapeutic properties, extends lifespan in diverse animal models. Moreover, rapamycin has been reported to rescue the cellular phenotype in a progeroid syndrome [Hutchinson–Gilford Progeria syndrome (HGPS)] that recapitulates most of the traits of physiological ageing. The promising perspectives raised by these results warrant a better understanding of mTOR signalling and the potential applications of mTOR inhibitors to counteract ageing‐associated diseases and increase longevity. This review is focused on these issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Evangelisti
- CNR Institute for Molecular Genetics, Unit of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.,Rizzoli Orthopedic Institute, Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Cell Biology, Bologna, Italy
| | - Vittoria Cenni
- CNR Institute for Molecular Genetics, Unit of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.,Rizzoli Orthopedic Institute, Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Cell Biology, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giovanna Lattanzi
- CNR Institute for Molecular Genetics, Unit of Bologna, Bologna, Italy. .,Rizzoli Orthopedic Institute, Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Cell Biology, Bologna, Italy.
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24
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Abstract
Xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) is a rare disorder of defective UV-radiation induced damage repair that is characterized by photosensitivity with easy skin burning following minimal sun exposure, early freckling and development of lentiginous pigmentation along with other features of poikiloderma and a propensity for developing skin cancer at an early age. In this short review, the clinical, pathological, genetic and molecular aspects of XP are reviewed in the current literature. XP encompasses a spectrum of disease that overlaps with other diseases of DNA repair systems. In addition to cutaneous complications, patients are susceptible to eye conditions, neurodegenerative processes, central nervous system tumors and other tumors as a result of UV radiation exposure and its byproducts. Patients with XP frequently experience a shorter life span due to skin cancer and neurodegenerative sequelae, but aggressive preventative measures to minimize UV radiation exposure and damage can improve the course of disease and prolong life. The disease has served as a model for photoaging and UV radiation-induced cancer and has led to a better understanding of cell processes that prevent development of these disease features in normal individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer O. Black
- Division of Pediatric Pathology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children’s Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 13123 East 16th Avenue, Box 120, Aurora, CO 80045 USA
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25
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Pal HC, Hunt KM, Diamond A, Elmets CA, Afaq F. Phytochemicals for the Management of Melanoma. Mini Rev Med Chem 2016; 16:953-79. [PMID: 26864554 PMCID: PMC4980238 DOI: 10.2174/1389557516666160211120157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Revised: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 02/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Melanoma claims approximately 80% of skin cancer-related deaths. Its life-threatening nature is primarily due to a propensity to metastasize. The prognosis for melanoma patients with distal metastasis is bleak, with median survival of six months even with the latest available treatments. The most commonly mutated oncogenes in melanoma are BRAF and NRAS accounting approximately 60% and 20% of cases, respectively. In malignant melanoma, accumulating evidence suggests that multiple signaling pathways are constitutively activated and play an important role in cell proliferation, cell survival, epithelial to mesenchymal transition, metastasis and resistance to therapeutic regimens. Phytochemicals are gaining considerable attention because of their low toxicity, low cost, and public acceptance as dietary supplements. Cell culture and animals studies have elucidated several cellular and molecular mechanisms by which phytochemicals act in the prevention and treatment of metastatic melanoma. Several promising phytochemicals, such as, fisetin, epigallocatechin-3-gallate, resveratrol, curcumin, proanthocyanidins, silymarin, apigenin, capsaicin, genistein, indole-3-carbinol, and luteolin are gaining considerable attention and found in a variety of fresh fruits, vegetables, roots, and herbs. In this review, we will discuss the preventive potential, therapeutic effects, bioavailability and structure activity relationship of these selected phytochemicals for the management of melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Farrukh Afaq
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Volker Hall, Room 501, 1670 University Blvd., Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA.
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26
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Berwick M, Buller DB, Cust A, Gallagher R, Lee TK, Meyskens F, Pandey S, Thomas NE, Veierød MB, Ward S. Melanoma Epidemiology and Prevention. Cancer Treat Res 2016; 167:17-49. [PMID: 26601858 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-22539-5_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The epidemiology of melanoma is complex, and individual risk depends on sun exposure, host factors, and genetic factors, and in their interactions as well. Sun exposure can be classified as intermittent, chronic, or cumulative (overall) exposure, and each appears to have a different effect on type of melanoma. Other environmental factors, such as chemical exposures-either through occupation, atmosphere, or food-may increase risk for melanoma, and this area warrants further study. Host factors that are well known to be important are the numbers and types of nevi and the skin phenotype. Genetic factors are classified as high-penetrant genes, moderate-risk genes, or low-risk genetic polymorphisms. Subtypes of tumors, such as BRAF-mutated tumors, have different risk factors as well as different therapies. Prevention of melanoma has been attempted using various strategies in specific subpopulations, but to date optimal interventions to reduce incidence have not emerged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianne Berwick
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico, MSC10-5550, Albuquerque, NM, 87131-0001, USA.
| | - David B Buller
- Klein Buendel, Inc., 1667 Cole Boulevard, Suite 225, Golden, CO, 80401, USA.
| | - Anne Cust
- Sydney School of Public Health, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Level 6, 119-143 Missenden Road, Camperdown, NSW, 2050, Australia.
| | - Richard Gallagher
- Cancer Control Research Program, BC Cancer Agency, 675 West 10th Avenue, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 1L3, Canada.
| | - Tim K Lee
- Cancer Control Research Program, BC Cancer Agency, 675 West 10th Avenue, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 1L3, Canada.
| | - Frank Meyskens
- Public Health and Epidemiology, University of California, Irvine, USA.
| | - Shaily Pandey
- Mount Sinai School of Medicine, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY, 10029, USA.
| | - Nancy E Thomas
- University of North Carolina, 413 Mary Ellen Jones Bldg. CB#7287, Chapel Hill, NC, 275992, USA.
| | - Marit B Veierød
- Department of Biostatistics, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 1122 Blindern, 0317, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Sarah Ward
- Centre for Genetic Origins of Health and Disease (GOHaD), The University of Western Australia, M409, 35 Stirling Hwy, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia.
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27
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Damanpour S, Grichnik JM. Conceptual approach to early melanoma detection: models, tools, issues and challenges. Melanoma Manag 2015; 2:327-337. [PMID: 30190861 PMCID: PMC6094681 DOI: 10.2217/mmt.15.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Identification and removal of melanoma early in its development remains the most effective treatment. However, identification of early melanoma remains challenging and may result in unnecessary morbidity due to the excess excision of benign melanocytic nevi. Herein, we present a conceptual model of benign and malignant melanocytic growths. The potential differences in the location of the cell of origin as well as considerations for neoplasm progression are also reviewed. Several of the clinical tools currently available, the integration of information from those different sources, and approaches to set an optimum biopsy threshold are discussed. While early detection remains a challenge, significant progress has been made. Insight into melanoma growth processes and appropriate use of available tools can result in the detection of thinner melanomas while also decreasing overall biopsy rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shadi Damanpour
- Department of Dermatology & Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
- Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - James M Grichnik
- Department of Dermatology & Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
- Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
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28
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Goto N, Bazar G, Kovacs Z, Kunisada M, Morita H, Kizaki S, Sugiyama H, Tsenkova R, Nishigori C. Detection of UV-induced cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers by near-infrared spectroscopy and aquaphotomics. Sci Rep 2015; 5:11808. [PMID: 26133899 PMCID: PMC4488872 DOI: 10.1038/srep11808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2015] [Accepted: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Ultraviolet (UV) radiation causes cellular DNA damage, among which cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPDs) are responsible for a variety of genetic mutations. Although several approaches have been developed for detection of CPDs, conventional methods require time-consuming steps. Aquaphotomics, a new approach based on near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) and multivariate analysis that determines interactions between water and other components of the solution, has become an effective method for qualitative and quantitative parameters measurement in the solutions. NIR spectral patterns of UVC-irradiated and nonirradiated DNA solutions were evaluated using aquaphotomics for detection of UV-induced CPDs. Groups of UV-irradiated and nonirradiated DNA samples were classified (87.5% accuracy) by soft independent modeling of class analogy (SIMCA). A precise regression model calculated from NIR water spectral patterns based on UVC doses (r Val = 0.9457) and the concentration of cis-syn cyclobutane thymine dimers (cis-syn T<>Ts; r Val = 0.9993) was developed using partial least squares regression (PLSR), while taking advantage of water spectral patterns, particularly around 1400-1500 nm. Our results suggested that, in contrast to DNA, the formation of cis-syn T<>Ts increased the strongly hydrogen bonded water. Additionally, NIRS could qualitatively and quantitatively detect cis-syn T<>Ts in isolated DNA aqueous solutions upon UVC exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriko Goto
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Internal Related, Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
| | - Gyorgy Bazar
- 1] Biomeasurement Technology Laboratory, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan [2] Institute of Food and Agricultural Product Qualification, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Kaposvar University, Kaposvar 7401, Hungary
| | - Zoltan Kovacs
- 1] Biomeasurement Technology Laboratory, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan [2] Department of Physics and Control, Corvinus University of Budapest, Budapest 1118, Hungary
| | - Makoto Kunisada
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Internal Related, Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Morita
- Biomeasurement Technology Laboratory, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Seiichiro Kizaki
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Sugiyama
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Roumiana Tsenkova
- Biomeasurement Technology Laboratory, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Chikako Nishigori
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Internal Related, Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
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29
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Kraemer KH, DiGiovanna JJ. Forty years of research on xeroderma pigmentosum at the US National Institutes of Health. Photochem Photobiol 2015; 91:452-9. [PMID: 25220021 PMCID: PMC4355260 DOI: 10.1111/php.12345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2014] [Accepted: 09/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In 1968, Dr. James Cleaver reported defective DNA repair in cultured cells from patients with xeroderma pigmentosum. This link between clinical disease and molecular pathophysiology has sparked interest in understanding not only the clinical characteristics of sun sensitivity, damage and cancer that occurred in XP patients but also the mechanisms underlying the damage and repair. While affected patients are rare, their exaggerated UV damage provides a window into the workings of DNA repair. These studies have clarified the importance of a functioning DNA repair system to the maintenance of skin and neurologic health in the general population. Understanding the role of damage in causing cancer, neurologic degeneration, hearing loss and internal cancers provides an opportunity for prevention and treatment. Characterizing complementation groups pointed to the importance of different underlying genes. Studying differences in cancer age of onset and underlying molecular signatures in cancers occurring either in XP patients or the general population has led to insights into differences in carcinogenic mechanisms. The accelerated development of cancers in XP has been used as a model to discover new cancer chemopreventive agents. An astute insight can be a "tipping point" triggering decades of productive inquiry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth H. Kraemer
- Dermatology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - John J. DiGiovanna
- Dermatology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
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Brash DE. UV signature mutations. Photochem Photobiol 2014; 91:15-26. [PMID: 25354245 DOI: 10.1111/php.12377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 255] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 10/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Sequencing complete tumor genomes and exomes has sparked the cancer field's interest in mutation signatures for identifying the tumor's carcinogen. This review and meta-analysis discusses signatures and their proper use. We first distinguish between a mutagen's canonical mutations—deviations from a random distribution of base changes to create a pattern typical of that mutagen—and the subset of signature mutations, which are unique to that mutagen and permit inference backward from mutations to mutagen. To verify UV signature mutations, we assembled literature datasets on cells exposed to UVC, UVB, UVA, or solar simulator light (SSL) and tested canonical UV mutation features as criteria for clustering datasets. A confirmed UV signature was: ≥60% of mutations are C→T at a dipyrimidine site, with ≥5% CC→TT. Other canonical features such as a bias for mutations on the nontranscribed strand or at the 3' pyrimidine had limited application. The most robust classifier combined these features with criteria for the rarity of non-UV canonical mutations. In addition, several signatures proposed for specific UV wavelengths were limited to specific genes or species; UV's nonsignature mutations may cause melanoma BRAF mutations; and the mutagen for sunlight-related skin neoplasms may vary between continents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas E Brash
- Departments of Therapeutic Radiology and Dermatology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
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