1
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Yu J, Leng J, Hou Z, Sun D, Wu LY. Incorporating network diffusion and peak location information for better single-cell ATAC-seq data analysis. Brief Bioinform 2024; 25:bbae093. [PMID: 38493346 PMCID: PMC10944575 DOI: 10.1093/bib/bbae093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Single-cell assay for transposase-accessible chromatin using sequencing (scATAC-seq) data provided new insights into the understanding of epigenetic heterogeneity and transcriptional regulation. With the increasing abundance of dataset resources, there is an urgent need to extract more useful information through high-quality data analysis methods specifically designed for scATAC-seq. However, analyzing scATAC-seq data poses challenges due to its near binarization, high sparsity and ultra-high dimensionality properties. Here, we proposed a novel network diffusion-based computational method to comprehensively analyze scATAC-seq data, named Single-Cell ATAC-seq Analysis via Network Refinement with Peaks Location Information (SCARP). SCARP formulates the Network Refinement diffusion method under the graph theory framework to aggregate information from different network orders, effectively compensating for missing signals in the scATAC-seq data. By incorporating distance information between adjacent peaks on the genome, SCARP also contributes to depicting the co-accessibility of peaks. These two innovations empower SCARP to obtain lower-dimensional representations for both cells and peaks more effectively. We have demonstrated through sufficient experiments that SCARP facilitated superior analyses of scATAC-seq data. Specifically, SCARP exhibited outstanding cell clustering performance, enabling better elucidation of cell heterogeneity and the discovery of new biologically significant cell subpopulations. Additionally, SCARP was also instrumental in portraying co-accessibility relationships of accessible regions and providing new insight into transcriptional regulation. Consequently, SCARP identified genes that were involved in key Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways related to diseases and predicted reliable cis-regulatory interactions. To sum up, our studies suggested that SCARP is a promising tool to comprehensively analyze the scATAC-seq data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiating Yu
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
- IAM, MADIS, NCMIS, Academy of Mathematics and Systems Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- School of Mathematical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jiacheng Leng
- IAM, MADIS, NCMIS, Academy of Mathematics and Systems Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- School of Mathematical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Zhejiang Lab, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Zhichao Hou
- IAM, MADIS, NCMIS, Academy of Mathematics and Systems Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- School of Mathematical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Duanchen Sun
- School of Mathematics, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Ling-Yun Wu
- IAM, MADIS, NCMIS, Academy of Mathematics and Systems Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- School of Mathematical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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2
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Wang QH, Wu RX, Ji JN, Zhang J, Niu SF, Tang BG, Miao BB, Liang ZB. Integrated Transcriptomics and Metabolomics Reveal Changes in Cell Homeostasis and Energy Metabolism in Trachinotus ovatus in Response to Acute Hypoxic Stress. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1054. [PMID: 38256129 PMCID: PMC10815975 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25021054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Trachinotus ovatus is an economically important mariculture fish, and hypoxia has become a critical threat to this hypoxia-sensitive species. However, the molecular adaptation mechanism of T. ovatus liver to hypoxia remains unclear. In this study, we investigated the effects of acute hypoxic stress (1.5 ± 0.1 mg·L-1 for 6 h) and re-oxygenation (5.8 ± 0.3 mg·L-1 for 12 h) in T. ovatus liver at both the transcriptomic and metabolic levels to elucidate hypoxia adaptation mechanism. Integrated transcriptomics and metabolomics analyses identified 36 genes and seven metabolites as key molecules that were highly related to signal transduction, cell growth and death, carbohydrate metabolism, amino acid metabolism, and lipid metabolism, and all played key roles in hypoxia adaptation. Of these, the hub genes FOS and JUN were pivotal hypoxia adaptation biomarkers for regulating cell growth and death. During hypoxia, up-regulation of GADD45B and CDKN1A genes induced cell cycle arrest. Enhancing intrinsic and extrinsic pathways in combination with glutathione metabolism triggered apoptosis; meanwhile, anti-apoptosis mechanism was activated after hypoxia. Expression of genes related to glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, amino acid metabolism, fat mobilization, and fatty acid biosynthesis were up-regulated after acute hypoxic stress, promoting energy supply. After re-oxygenation for 12 h, continuous apoptosis favored cellular function and tissue repair. Shifting from anaerobic metabolism (glycolysis) during hypoxia to aerobic metabolism (fatty acid β-oxidation and TCA cycle) after re-oxygenation was an important energy metabolism adaptation mechanism. Hypoxia 6 h was a critical period for metabolism alteration and cellular homeostasis, and re-oxygenation intervention should be implemented in a timely way. This study thoroughly examined the molecular response mechanism of T. ovatus under acute hypoxic stress, which contributes to the molecular breeding of hypoxia-tolerant cultivars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Hua Wang
- College of Fisheries, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China; (Q.-H.W.); (R.-X.W.); (J.-N.J.); (J.Z.); (B.-G.T.); (B.-B.M.); (Z.-B.L.)
| | - Ren-Xie Wu
- College of Fisheries, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China; (Q.-H.W.); (R.-X.W.); (J.-N.J.); (J.Z.); (B.-G.T.); (B.-B.M.); (Z.-B.L.)
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Zhanjiang 524025, China
| | - Jiao-Na Ji
- College of Fisheries, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China; (Q.-H.W.); (R.-X.W.); (J.-N.J.); (J.Z.); (B.-G.T.); (B.-B.M.); (Z.-B.L.)
| | - Jing Zhang
- College of Fisheries, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China; (Q.-H.W.); (R.-X.W.); (J.-N.J.); (J.Z.); (B.-G.T.); (B.-B.M.); (Z.-B.L.)
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Zhanjiang 524025, China
| | - Su-Fang Niu
- College of Fisheries, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China; (Q.-H.W.); (R.-X.W.); (J.-N.J.); (J.Z.); (B.-G.T.); (B.-B.M.); (Z.-B.L.)
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Zhanjiang 524025, China
| | - Bao-Gui Tang
- College of Fisheries, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China; (Q.-H.W.); (R.-X.W.); (J.-N.J.); (J.Z.); (B.-G.T.); (B.-B.M.); (Z.-B.L.)
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Zhanjiang 524025, China
| | - Ben-Ben Miao
- College of Fisheries, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China; (Q.-H.W.); (R.-X.W.); (J.-N.J.); (J.Z.); (B.-G.T.); (B.-B.M.); (Z.-B.L.)
| | - Zhen-Bang Liang
- College of Fisheries, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China; (Q.-H.W.); (R.-X.W.); (J.-N.J.); (J.Z.); (B.-G.T.); (B.-B.M.); (Z.-B.L.)
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3
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He Q, He Y, Li C, Wang J, Xia T, Xiong X, Xu J, Liu L. Downregulated BIRC5 inhibits proliferation and metastasis of melanoma through the β-catenin/HIF-1α/VEGF/MMPs pathway. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2023; 149:16797-16809. [PMID: 37728702 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-023-05425-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Melanoma is a malignant skin tumor caused by melanocytes and associated with high mortality rates. This study aims to investigate the specific mechanism of ZWZ-3 in melanoma proliferation and metastasis. METHODS RNA sequencing was performed to identify the effect of ZWZ-3 on gene expression. siRNA was used to inhibit BIRC5 gene expression in the B16F10 cell line. A zebrafish tumor model was used to assess the therapeutic effect of ZWZ-3 in vivo. Mechanistic insights into the inhibition of tumor metastasis by ZWZ-3 were obtained through analysis of tumor tissue sections in mice. RESULTS Our findings demonstrated that ZWZ-3 suppressed melanoma cell proliferation and migration. We performed RNA sequencing in melanoma cells after the treatment with ZWZ-3 and found that Birc5, which is closely associated with tumor metastasis, was significantly down-regulated. Bioinformatics analysis and the immuno-histochemical results of tissue chips for melanoma further confirmed the high expression of BIRC5 in melanoma and its effect on disease progression. Moreover, Birc5 knock-down significantly inhibited melanoma cell proliferation and metastasis, which was correlated with the β-catenin/HIF-1α/VEGF/MMPs pathway. Additionally, ZWZ-3 significantly inhibited tumor growth in the zebrafish tumor model without any evident side effects. Histological and immuno-histochemical analyses revealed that ZWZ-3 inhibited tumor cell metastasis by down-regulating HIF-1α, VEGF, and MMP9. CONCLUSION Our findings revealed that ZWZ-3 could downregulate BIRC5 and inhibit melanoma proliferation and metastasis through the β-catenin/HIF-1α/VEGF/MMPs pathway. Therefore, BIRC5 represents a promising therapeutic target for the treatment of melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingqing He
- Department of Dermatology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China
| | - Yijing He
- Department of Science and Technology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China
| | - Changqiang Li
- Department of Dermatology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China
| | - Jianv Wang
- Department of Dermatology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China
| | - Tong Xia
- Department of Dermatology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China
| | - Xia Xiong
- Department of Dermatology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China
| | - Jixiang Xu
- Department of Dermatology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China.
| | - Li Liu
- Department of Dermatology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China.
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Islam R, Zhao L, Zhang X, Liu LZ. MiR-218-5p/EGFR Signaling in Arsenic-Induced Carcinogenesis. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:1204. [PMID: 36831545 PMCID: PMC9954652 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15041204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Arsenic is a well-known carcinogen inducing lung, skin, bladder, and liver cancer. Abnormal epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) expression is common in lung cancer; it is involved in cancer initiation, development, metastasis, and treatment resistance. However, the underlying mechanism for arsenic-inducing EGFR upregulation remains unclear. METHODS RT-PCR and immunoblotting assays were used to detect the levels of miR-218-5p and EGFR expression. The Luciferase assay was used to test the transcriptional activity of EGFR mediated by miR-218-5p. Cell proliferation, colony formation, wound healing, migration assays, tube formation assays, and tumor growth assays were used to study the function of miR-218-5p/EGFR signaling. RESULTS EGFR and miR-218-5p were dramatically upregulated and downregulated in arsenic-induced transformed (As-T) cells, respectively. MiR-218-5p acted as a tumor suppressor to inhibit cell proliferation, migration, colony formation, tube formation, tumor growth, and angiogenesis. Furthermore, miR-218-5p directly targeted EGFR by binding to its 3'-untranslated region (UTR). Finally, miR-218-5p exerted its antitumor effect by inhibiting its direct target, EGFR. CONCLUSION Our study highlights the vital role of the miR-218-5p/EGFR signaling pathway in arsenic-induced carcinogenesis and angiogenesis, which may be helpful for the treatment of lung cancer induced by chronic arsenic exposure in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ling-Zhi Liu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
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5
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Karimi Dermani F, Datta I, Gholamzadeh Khoei S. MicroRNA-452: a double-edged sword in multiple human cancers. Clin Transl Oncol 2023; 25:1189-1206. [PMID: 36622551 DOI: 10.1007/s12094-022-03041-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small, noncoding RNAs with important functions in development, cell differentiation, and regulation of cell cycle and apoptosis. MiRNA expression is deregulated in various pathological processes including tumorigenesis and cancer progression through various mechanisms including amplification or deletion of miRNA genes, mutations, and epigenetic silencing and defects in the miRNA biogenesis machinery. Several studies have now shown abnormal miRNA profiles and proved their involvement in the initiation and progression of cancer. Since miR-452 has diverse roles (as suppressor or oncogene) in different cellular processes including epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), proliferation, migration, and invasion, in this review we highlight a brief overview of the biological function and regulatory mechanism of miR-452 and its involvement as a potential biomarker for diagnosis and treatment of various cancer types.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ishwaree Datta
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Saeideh Gholamzadeh Khoei
- Clinical Research Development Unit, Kowsar Hospital, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran.
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6
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Boussadia Z, Gambardella AR, Mattei F, Parolini I. Acidic and Hypoxic Microenvironment in Melanoma: Impact of Tumour Exosomes on Disease Progression. Cells 2021; 10:3311. [PMID: 34943819 PMCID: PMC8699343 DOI: 10.3390/cells10123311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms of melanoma progression have been extensively studied in the last decade, and despite the diagnostic and therapeutic advancements pursued, malignant melanoma still accounts for 60% of skin cancer deaths. Therefore, research efforts are required to better define the intercellular molecular steps underlying the melanoma development. In an attempt to represent the complexity of the tumour microenvironment (TME), here we analysed the studies on melanoma in acidic and hypoxic microenvironments and the interactions with stromal and immune cells. Within TME, acidity and hypoxia force melanoma cells to adapt and to evolve into a malignant phenotype, through the cooperation of the tumour-surrounding stromal cells and the escape from the immune surveillance. The role of tumour exosomes in the intercellular crosstalk has been generally addressed, but less studied in acidic and hypoxic conditions. Thus, this review aims to summarize the role of acidic and hypoxic microenvironment in melanoma biology, as well as the role played by melanoma-derived exosomes (Mexo) under these conditions. We also present a perspective on the characteristics of acidic and hypoxic exosomes to disclose molecules, to be further considered as promising biomarkers for an early detection of the disease. An update on the use of exosomes in melanoma diagnosis, prognosis and response to treatment will be also provided and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaira Boussadia
- National Center for Drug Research and Evaluation, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy;
| | - Adriana Rosa Gambardella
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy;
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI), University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Mattei
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy;
| | - Isabella Parolini
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy;
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The role of Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-1alpha and its signaling in melanoma. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 141:111873. [PMID: 34225012 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Adaptation to the loss of O2 is regulated via the activity of hypoxia-inducible factors such as Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-1 (HIF-1). HIF-1 acts as a main transcriptional mediator in the tissue hypoxia response that regulates over 1000 genes related to low oxygen tension. The role of HIF-1α in oncogenic processes includes angiogenesis, tumor metabolism, cell proliferation, and metastasis, which has been examined in various malignancies, such as melanoma. Melanoma is accompanied by a high death rate and a cancer type whose incidence has risen over the last decades. The linkage between O2 loss and melanogenesis had extensively studied over decades. Recent studies revealed that HIF-1α contributes to melanoma progression via different signaling pathways such as PI3K/Akt/mTOR, RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK, JAK/STAT, Wnt/β-catenin, Notch, and NF-κB. Also, various microRNAs (miRs) are known to mediate the HIF-1α role in melanoma. Therefore, HIF-1α offers a diagnostic/prognostic biomarker and a candidate for targeted therapy in melanoma.
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Lazăr AD, Dinescu S, Costache M. The Non-Coding Landscape of Cutaneous Malignant Melanoma: A Possible Route to Efficient Targeted Therapy. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12113378. [PMID: 33203119 PMCID: PMC7696690 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12113378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Considered to be highly lethal if not diagnosed in early stages, cutaneous malignant melanoma is among the most aggressive and treatment-resistant human cancers, and its incidence continues to rise, largely due to ultraviolet radiation exposure, which is the main carcinogenic factor. Over the years, researchers have started to unveil the molecular mechanisms by which malignant melanoma can be triggered and sustained, in order to establish specific, reliable biomarkers that could aid the prognosis and diagnosis of this fatal disease, and serve as targets for development of novel efficient therapies. The high mutational burden and heterogeneous nature of melanoma shifted the main focus from the genetic landscape to epigenetic and epitranscriptomic modifications, aiming at elucidating the role of non-coding RNA molecules in the fine tuning of melanoma progression. Here we review the contribution of microRNAs and lncRNAs to melanoma invasion, metastasis and acquired drug resistance, highlighting their potential for clinical applications as biomarkers and therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreea D. Lazăr
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Bucharest, 050095 Bucharest, Romania; (A.D.L.); (M.C.)
| | - Sorina Dinescu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Bucharest, 050095 Bucharest, Romania; (A.D.L.); (M.C.)
- Research Institute of the University of Bucharest, 050663 Bucharest, Romania
- Correspondence:
| | - Marieta Costache
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Bucharest, 050095 Bucharest, Romania; (A.D.L.); (M.C.)
- Research Institute of the University of Bucharest, 050663 Bucharest, Romania
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Liu LL, Qiao S, Wang ML, Wu HK, Su YX, Wang KM, Liu XW. MiR224-5p Inhibitor Restrains Neuronal Apoptosis by Targeting NR4A1 in the Oxygen-Glucose Deprivation (OGD) Model. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:613. [PMID: 32670010 PMCID: PMC7330102 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
This study was designed to investigate the molecular mechanism of stroke and to explore the effect of miR-224-5p in hypoxic cortical neurons. Firstly, we established a middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model with Sprague–Dawley rats. Triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining showed the brain infarction of an MCAO rat. Longa scores of rats were significantly increased in 12th, 24th, and 48th hours after MCAO. Then, we found that miR-224-5p was increased after MCAO in rats by qRT-PCR. In order to investigate the effect of miR-224-5p in hypoxic neurons, we established an oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) model with cortical neurons. MiR-224-5p was also upregulated in neurons after OGD by qRT-PCR. After transfection of the miR-224-5p inhibitor, the number of neurons in the anti-miR-224-5p group significantly increased (P < 0.01) in comparison to the anti-NC group. Furthermore, Tuj1+ (neuronal marker) staining and TUNEL assay (to detect apoptotic cells) were performed in neurons. The survival of neurons in the anti-miR-224-5p group was significantly improved (P < 0.01), while the apoptosis of neurons in the anti-miR-224-5p group was significantly decreased (P < 0.01), when compared with that of the anti-NC group. In addition, we predicted that potential target genes of miR-224-5p were nuclear receptor subfamily 4 group A member 1 (NR4A1), interleukin 1 receptor antagonist (IL1RN), and ring finger protein 38 (RNF38) with bioinformatics databases, such as TargetScan, miRDB, miRmap, and miRanda. The result of qRT-PCR confirmed that NR4A1 was significantly decreased after hypoxic injury (P < 0.01). Meanwhile, luciferase reporter’s assay indicated that NR4A1 was the direct target of miR-224-5p. Compared with the anti-miR-224-5p + siNC group, the number of cortical neurons and the length of the neuron axon in the anti-miR-224-5p + si-NR4A1 group were significantly decreased (P < 0.01), and the number of neuronal apoptosis in the anti-miR-224-5p + si-NR4A1 group was increased (P < 0.01). In conclusion, miR-224-5p played a crucial role in hypoxic neuron injury through NR4A1, which might be an important regulatory mechanism in OGD injury of neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling-Ling Liu
- Department of Neurology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Department of Neurology, Liaocheng People's Hospital, Liaocheng, China
| | - Shan Qiao
- Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, The First Hospital Affiliated With Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Mei-Ling Wang
- Department of Neurology, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, China
| | - Huai-Kuan Wu
- Department of Neurology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yong-Xin Su
- Department of Neurology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Ke-Mo Wang
- Department of Neurology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Xue-Wu Liu
- Department of Neurology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
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Linck-Paulus L, Hellerbrand C, Bosserhoff AK, Dietrich P. Dissimilar Appearances Are Deceptive-Common microRNAs and Therapeutic Strategies in Liver Cancer and Melanoma. Cells 2020; 9:E114. [PMID: 31906510 PMCID: PMC7017070 DOI: 10.3390/cells9010114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
: In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on miRNAs as therapeutic targets in two cancer types that were frequently described to be driven by miRNAs-melanoma and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). By focusing on common microRNAs and associated pathways in these-at first sight-dissimilar cancer types, we aim at revealing similar molecular mechanisms that are evolved in microRNA-biology to drive cancer progression. Thereby, we also want to outlay potential novel therapeutic strategies. After providing a brief introduction to general miRNA biology and basic information about HCC and melanoma, this review depicts prominent examples of potent oncomiRs and tumor-suppressor miRNAs, which have been proven to drive diverse cancer types including melanoma and HCC. To develop and apply miRNA-based therapeutics for cancer treatment in the future, it is essential to understand how miRNA dysregulation evolves during malignant transformation. Therefore, we highlight important aspects such as genetic alterations, miRNA editing and transcriptional regulation based on concrete examples. Furthermore, we expand our illustration by focusing on miRNA-associated proteins as well as other regulators of miRNAs which could also provide therapeutic targets. Finally, design and delivery strategies of miRNA-associated therapeutic agents as well as potential drawbacks are discussed to address the question of how miRNAs might contribute to cancer therapy in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Linck-Paulus
- Institute of Biochemistry, Emil-Fischer-Zentrum, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (L.L.-P.); (C.H.)
| | - Claus Hellerbrand
- Institute of Biochemistry, Emil-Fischer-Zentrum, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (L.L.-P.); (C.H.)
- Comprehensive Cancer Center (CCC) Erlangen-EMN, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Anja K. Bosserhoff
- Institute of Biochemistry, Emil-Fischer-Zentrum, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (L.L.-P.); (C.H.)
- Comprehensive Cancer Center (CCC) Erlangen-EMN, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Peter Dietrich
- Institute of Biochemistry, Emil-Fischer-Zentrum, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (L.L.-P.); (C.H.)
- Department of Medicine 1, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
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12
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Gajos-Michniewicz A, Czyz M. Role of miRNAs in Melanoma Metastasis. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:E326. [PMID: 30866509 PMCID: PMC6468614 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11030326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumour metastasis is a multistep process. Melanoma is a highly aggressive cancer and metastasis accounts for the majority of patient deaths. microRNAs (miRNAs) are non-coding RNAs that affect the expression of their target genes. When aberrantly expressed they contribute to the development of melanoma. While miRNAs can act locally in the cell where they are synthesized, they can also influence the phenotype of neighboring melanoma cells or execute their function in the direct tumour microenvironment by modulating ECM (extracellular matrix) and the activity of fibroblasts, endothelial cells, and immune cells. miRNAs are involved in all stages of melanoma metastasis, including intravasation into the lumina of vessels, survival during circulation in cardiovascular or lymphatic systems, extravasation, and formation of the pre-metastatic niche in distant organs. miRNAs contribute to metabolic alterations that provide a selective advantage during melanoma progression. They play an important role in the development of drug resistance, including resistance to targeted therapies and immunotherapies. Distinct profiles of miRNA expression are detected at each step of melanoma development. Since miRNAs can be detected in liquid biopsies, they are considered biomarkers of early disease stages or response to treatment. This review summarizes recent findings regarding the role of miRNAs in melanoma metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Gajos-Michniewicz
- Department of Molecular Biology of Cancer, Medical University of Lodz, 6/8 Mazowiecka Street, 92-215 Lodz, Poland.
| | - Malgorzata Czyz
- Department of Molecular Biology of Cancer, Medical University of Lodz, 6/8 Mazowiecka Street, 92-215 Lodz, Poland.
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13
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MicroRNA-224 Promotes Tumorigenesis through Downregulation of Caspase-9 in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer. DISEASE MARKERS 2019; 2019:7378967. [PMID: 30886656 PMCID: PMC6388334 DOI: 10.1155/2019/7378967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Revised: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) harbors genetic heterogeneity and generally has more aggressive clinical outcomes. As such, there is urgency in identifying new prognostic targets and developing novel therapeutic strategies. In this study, miR-224 was overexpressed in breast cancer cell lines and TNBC primary cancer samples. Knockdown of miR-224 in MDA-MB-231 cancer cells reduced cell proliferation, migration, and invasion. Through integrating in silico prediction algorithms with KEGG pathway and Gene Ontology analyses, CASP9 was identified to be a potential target of miR-224. miR-224 knockdown significantly increased CASP9 transcript and protein levels. Furthermore, luciferase reporter assays confirmed a direct interaction of miR-224 with CASP9. Our findings have demonstrated that the miR-224/CASP9 axis plays an important role in TNBC progression, providing evidence in support of a promising therapeutic strategy for this disease.
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14
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Falzone L, Romano GL, Salemi R, Bucolo C, Tomasello B, Lupo G, Anfuso CD, Spandidos DA, Libra M, Candido S. Prognostic significance of deregulated microRNAs in uveal melanomas. Mol Med Rep 2019; 19:2599-2610. [PMID: 30816460 PMCID: PMC6423615 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2019.9949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Uveal melanoma (UM) represents the most frequent primary tumor of the eye. Despite the development of new drugs and screening programs, the prognosis of patients with UM remains poor and no effective prognostic biomarkers are yet able to identify high-risk patients. Therefore, in the present study, microRNA (miRNA or miR) expression data, contained in the TCGA UM (UVM) database, were analyzed in order to identify a set of miRNAs with prognostic significance to be used as biomarkers in clinical practice. Patients were stratified into 2 groups, including tumor stage (high-grade vs. low-grade) and status (deceased vs. alive); differential analyses of miRNA expression among these groups were performed. A total of 20 deregulated miRNAs for each group were identified. In total 7 miRNAs were common between the groups. The majority of common miRNAs belonged to the miR-506-514 cluster, known to be involved in UM development. The prognostic value of the 20 selected miRNAs related to tumor stage was assessed. The deregulation of 12 miRNAs (6 upregulated and 6 downregulated) was associated with a worse prognosis of patients with UM. Subsequently, miRCancerdb and microRNA Data Integration Portal bioinformatics tools were used to identify a set of genes associated with the 20 miRNAs and to establish their interaction levels. By this approach, 53 different negatively and positively associated genes were identified. Finally, DIANA-mirPath prediction pathway and Gene Ontology enrichment analyses were performed on the lists of genes previously generated to establish their functional involvement in biological processes and molecular pathways. All the miRNAs and genes were involved in molecular pathways usually altered in cancer, including the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway. Overall, the findings of the presents study demonstrated that the miRNAs of the miR-506-514 cluster, hsa-miR-592 and hsa-miR-199a-5p were the most deregulated miRNAs in patients with high-grade disease compared to those with low-grade disease and were strictly related to the overall survival (OS) of the patients. However, further in vitro and translational approaches are required to validate these preliminary findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Falzone
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Giovanni L Romano
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Rossella Salemi
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Claudio Bucolo
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Barbara Tomasello
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Gabriella Lupo
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Carmelina D Anfuso
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Demetrios A Spandidos
- Laboratory of Clinical Virology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Massimo Libra
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Saverio Candido
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
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15
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Yang W, Ma J, Zhou W, Cao B, Zhou X, Zhang H, Zhao Q, Hong L, Fan D. Reciprocal regulations between miRNAs and HIF-1α in human cancers. Cell Mol Life Sci 2019; 76:453-471. [PMID: 30317527 PMCID: PMC11105242 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-018-2941-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2017] [Revised: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Hypoxia inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) is a central molecule involved in mediating cellular processes. Alterations of HIF-1α and hypoxically regulated microRNAs (miRNAs) are correlated with patients' outcome in various cancers, indicating their crucial roles on cancer development. Recently, an increasing number of studies have revealed the intricate regulations between miRNAs and HIF-1α in modulating a wide variety of processes, including proliferation, metastasis, apoptosis, and drug resistance, etc. miRNAs are a class of small noncoding RNAs which function as negative regulators by directly targeting mRNAs. Evidence shows that miRNAs can be regulated by HIF-1α at transcriptional level. In turn, HIF-1α itself can be modulated by many miRNAs whose alterations have been implicated in tumorigenesis, thus forming a reciprocal regulation network. These findings add a new layer of complexity to our understanding of HIF-1α regulatory networks. Here, we will provide a comprehensive overview of the current advances about the bidirectional interactions between HIF-1α and miRNAs in human cancers. Besides, the review will summarize the roles of miRNAs/HIF-1α crosstalk according to various cellular processes. Finally, the potential values of miRNAs/HIF-1α loops in clinical applications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanli Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Air Force Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jiaojiao Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Air Force Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Wei Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Air Force Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Bo Cao
- Air Force Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xin Zhou
- Air Force Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Hongwei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Air Force Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Qingchuan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Air Force Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Liu Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Air Force Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.
| | - Daiming Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Air Force Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
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16
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Silberman A, Goldman O, Boukobza Assayag O, Jacob A, Rabinovich S, Adler L, Lee JS, Keshet R, Sarver A, Frug J, Stettner N, Galai S, Persi E, Halpern KB, Zaltsman-Amir Y, Pode-Shakked B, Eilam R, Anikster Y, Nagamani SCS, Ulitsky I, Ruppin E, Erez A. Acid-Induced Downregulation of ASS1 Contributes to the Maintenance of Intracellular pH in Cancer. Cancer Res 2018; 79:518-533. [PMID: 30573518 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-18-1062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Revised: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Downregulation of the urea cycle enzyme argininosuccinate synthase (ASS1) by either promoter methylation or by HIF1α is associated with increased metastasis and poor prognosis in multiple cancers. We have previously shown that in normoxic conditions, ASS1 downregulation facilitates cancer cell proliferation by increasing aspartate availability for pyrimidine synthesis by the enzyme complex CAD. Here we report that in hypoxia, ASS1 expression in cancerous cells is downregulated further by HIF1α-mediated induction of miR-224-5p, making the cells more invasive and dependent on upstream substrates of ASS1 for survival. ASS1 was downregulated under acidic conditions, and ASS1-depleted cancer cells maintained a higher intracellular pH (pHi), depended less on extracellular glutamine, and displayed higher glutathione levels. Depletion of substrates of urea cycle enzymes in ASS1-deficient cancers decreased cancer cell survival. Thus, ASS1 levels in cancer are differentially regulated in various environmental conditions to metabolically benefit cancer progression. Understanding these alterations may help uncover specific context-dependent cancer vulnerabilities that may be targeted for therapeutic purposes. SIGNIFICANCE: Cancer cells in an acidic or hypoxic environment downregulate the expression of the urea cycle enzyme ASS1, which provides them with a redox and pH advantage, resulting in better survival.Graphical Abstract: http://cancerres.aacrjournals.org/content/canres/79/3/518/F1.large.jpg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alon Silberman
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Omer Goldman
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | | | - Adi Jacob
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Shiran Rabinovich
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Lital Adler
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Joo Sang Lee
- Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology and Dept. of Computer Science, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland.,Cancer Data Science Lab, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Rom Keshet
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Alona Sarver
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Julia Frug
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Noa Stettner
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.,Department of Veterinary Resources, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Sivan Galai
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Erez Persi
- Computational Biology and Bioinformatics Branch (CBB), National Library of Medicine, National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Keren Bahar Halpern
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | | | - Ben Pode-Shakked
- Metabolic Disease Unit, Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel.,The Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Raya Eilam
- Department of Veterinary Resources, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Yair Anikster
- Metabolic Disease Unit, Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel.,The Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Sandesh C S Nagamani
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Igor Ulitsky
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Eytan Ruppin
- Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology and Dept. of Computer Science, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland.,Cancer Data Science Lab, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Ayelet Erez
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.
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17
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Sabry D, El-Deek SEM, Maher M, El-Baz MAH, El-Bader HM, Amer E, Hassan EA, Fathy W, El-Deek HEM. Role of miRNA-210, miRNA-21 and miRNA-126 as diagnostic biomarkers in colorectal carcinoma: impact of HIF-1α-VEGF signaling pathway. Mol Cell Biochem 2018; 454:177-189. [PMID: 30357530 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-018-3462-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a major cause of death worldwide. Novel non-invasive, high diagnostic value screening test is urgently needed to improve survival rate, treatment and prognosis. Stable, small, circulating microRNA (miRNA) offers unique opportunities for the early diagnosis of several diseases. It acts as tumor oncogenes or suppressors and involve in cell death, survival, and metastasis. Communication between miRNA and carcinogenesis is critical but it still not clear and needs further investigation. The aim of our study is to evaluate the role of miR-210, miR-21, miR-126, as non-invasive diagnostic biomarkers for screening, early detection of CRC, studying their correlation with prognostic variables, and clarifying the roles of miRNAs on HIF-1α-VEGF signaling pathway. The expression of miR-210, miR-21 and miR-126 was performed using qRT-PCR in adenocarcinoma (no = 35), adenomas (no = 51), and neoplasm free controls (no = 101). Serum levels of VEGF and HIF-1α was determined by ELISA Kit. The results show that the expression of miR-210, miR-21, VEGF, HIF-1α was significantly up-regulated while that miRNA-126 was down-regulated in both adenocarcinoma and adenomas compared with controls (p < 0.001 for each). No significant difference was noted comparing patients with adenocarcinoma and adenomas. The three miRNAs correlated with VEGF, HIF-α. The miR-210 and miR-21 associated with TNM classification and clinical staging of adenocarcinoma (p < 0.001) and they show high diagnostic value with sensitivity and specificity 88.6%, 90.1% and 91.4%, 95.0% respectively. Our study revealed that circulating miR-210, miR-21 were up-regulated while miR-126 was down-regulated in CRC and adenomas patients, they all correlated with TNM staging and they had high diagnostic value. HIF-1α VEGF signaling pathways regulated by miRNAs played a role in colon cancer initiation. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study of this miRNAs panel in CRC in our community. These data suggested that these biomarkers could be a potential novel, non-invasive marker for early diagnosis, screening and predicting prognosis of CRC. Understanding the molecular functions by which miRNAs affect cancer and understanding its roles in modulating the signaling output of VEGF might be fruitful in reducing the incidence and slowing the progression of this dark malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dina Sabry
- Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Sahar E M El-Deek
- Medical Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Moataz Maher
- Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mona A H El-Baz
- Medical Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Hala M El-Bader
- Medical Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Eman Amer
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ahram Canadian University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Elham A Hassan
- Tropical Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Wael Fathy
- Tropical Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Beny Suef University, Beny Suef, Egypt
| | - Heba E M El-Deek
- Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
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18
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Eminaga O, Fries J, Neiß S, Heitmann M, Wötzel F, Heidenreich A, Bruns C, Alakus H, Warnecke-Eberz U. The upregulation of hypoxia-related miRNA 210 in primary tumor of lymphogenic metastatic prostate cancer. Epigenomics 2018; 10:1347-1359. [DOI: 10.2217/epi-2017-0114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: To show the association between the expression level of hsa-miR-210 (miR-210) and tumor progression in prostate cancer (PCa). Methods: Quantitative PCR was performed to measure miR-210 on 55 subjects with different tumor stages; our results were then validated using three external datasets. ANOVA and Tukey's post hoc analysis were performed for comparative analyses between different tumor stages. Using the transcriptome data from The Cancer Genome Atlas for CaP, the gene expression analyses were performed on experimentally validated target genes of miR-210 identified in Tarbase and miRWalk datasets. Results & conclusion: miR-210 was significantly higher in N1 PCa compared with nonmetastatic PCa, whereas the metastatic tumor revealed a lower expression level of miR-210 than the primary tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Okyaz Eminaga
- Department of Urology, University Hospital of Cologne, Kerpenerstr. 62, D-50937 Cologne, Germany
- Department of Urology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Jochen Fries
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital of Cologne, Kerpenerstr. 62, D-50937 Cologne, Germany
| | - Susanne Neiß
- Laboratory for Molecular Oncology, University Hospital of Cologne, Kerpener Strasse 62, D-50937 Cologne, Germany
| | - Michaela Heitmann
- Laboratory for Molecular Oncology, University Hospital of Cologne, Kerpener Strasse 62, D-50937 Cologne, Germany
| | - Fabian Wötzel
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital of Muenster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, D- 48149 Muenster, Germany
| | - Axel Heidenreich
- Department of Urology, University Hospital of Cologne, Kerpenerstr. 62, D-50937 Cologne, Germany
| | - Christiane Bruns
- Laboratory for Molecular Oncology, University Hospital of Cologne, Kerpener Strasse 62, D-50937 Cologne, Germany
| | - Hakan Alakus
- Laboratory for Molecular Oncology, University Hospital of Cologne, Kerpener Strasse 62, D-50937 Cologne, Germany
| | - Ute Warnecke-Eberz
- Laboratory for Molecular Oncology, University Hospital of Cologne, Kerpener Strasse 62, D-50937 Cologne, Germany
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19
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Pilli VS, Datta A, Afreen S, Catalano D, Szabo G, Majumder R. Hypoxia downregulates protein S expression. Blood 2018; 132:452-455. [PMID: 29784640 PMCID: PMC6071559 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2018-04-841585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Vijaya S Pilli
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, LSU Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA; and
| | - Arani Datta
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, LSU Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA; and
| | - Sadaf Afreen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, LSU Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA; and
| | - Donna Catalano
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA
| | - Gyongyi Szabo
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA
| | - Rinku Majumder
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, LSU Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA; and
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20
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Wang J, Sheng Z, Cai Y. SIRT6 overexpression inhibits HIF1α expression and its impact on tumor angiogenesis in lung cancer. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGY 2018; 11:2940-2947. [PMID: 31938419 PMCID: PMC6958067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effect of silencing information regulator 6 (SIRT6) on HIF1α expression of cell line A549 in non-small cell lung cancer and on tumor angiogenesis in lung cancer. METHODS Cell line A549 in the logarithmic growth phase was transfected with Ad-SIRT6 and Ad-null respectively. According to the study design, the cells were divided into control group, Ad-null group and Ad-SIRT6 group. The HIF1α and HIF2α mRNA expression in each group were detected by real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR). The level of prolyl hydroxylase (PHD) 1-3 after 48 h of Ad-SIRT6-transfected cell line A549 and the levels of VEGF-C, VEGF-D, VEGFR-2 and VEGFR-3 in the supernatants were determined by ELISA. The nude mice were injected subcutaneously with Ad-null or Ad-SIRT6 transfected cell line A549. The tumor volume was observed at 6, 12, 18, 24 and 30 d after inoculation, and the tumor mass was weighed at 30 d. Also, microvessel density (MVD) and the number of positive HIF1α and VEGF cells were detected by immunohistochemistry. The VEGF and HIF1α levels in tumor tissue were detected by ELISA and qPCR respectively. RESULTS qPCR showed that the levels of HIF-1α mRNA, VEGF-C, VEGF-D, VEGFR-2 and VEGFR-3 in the supernatant were decreased, the level of PHD2 was increased (P<0.05), and the levels of HIF-2α mRNA, PHD1 and PHD3 did not change much (P>0.05) in the Ad-SIRT6 group as compared with those in the control group and Ad-null group. The tumor growth rate was decreased, and the tumor volume at 12-30 d after inoculation was less in the Ad-SIRT6 group than in the control group and Ad-null group (P<0.05); the tumor mass was also lower than that of control and Ad-null groups (P<0.05). Immunohistochemistry showed that MVD and the number of HIF-1α and VEGF positive cells were less in the Ad-SIRT6 group than in control and Ad-null groups (P<0.05); and HIF-1α and VEGF levels in tumor tissue were decreased in the Ad-SIRT6 group compared to the control and Ad-null groups (P<0.05). There were no significant differences in the above measurements between the control group and Ad-null group (P>0.05). CONCLUSION SIRT6 overexpression can inhibit HIF1α and VEGF expression, promoting PHD2 expression, which can inhibit angiogenesis and xenograft growth and may play a role in reducing HIF1α and VEGF expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiying Wang
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of MedicineChina
| | - Zhaoying Sheng
- Radiation Oncology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of MedicineChina
| | - Yong Cai
- Radiation Oncology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of MedicineChina
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21
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Feng Z, Zhang L, Zhou J, Zhou S, Li L, Guo X, Feng G, Ma Z, Huang W, Huang F. mir-218-2 promotes glioblastomas growth, invasion and drug resistance by targeting CDC27. Oncotarget 2018; 8:6304-6318. [PMID: 27974673 PMCID: PMC5351633 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.13850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioma has become a significant global health problem with substantial morbidity and mortality, underscoring the importance of elucidating its underlying molecular mechanisms. Recent studies have identified mir-218 as an anti-oncogene; however, the specific functions of mir-218-1 and mir-218-2 remain unknown, especially the latter. The objective of this study was to further investigate the role of mir-218-2 in glioma. Our results indicated that mir-218-2 is highly overexpressed in glioma. Furthermore, we showed that mir-218-2 is positively correlated with the growth, invasion, migration, and drug susceptibility (to β-lapachone) of glioma cells. In vitro, the overexpression of mir-218-2 promoted glioma cell proliferation, invasion, and migration. In addition, the overexpression of mir-218-2 in vivo was found to increase glioma tumor growth. Accordingly, the inhibition of mir-218-2 resulted in the opposite effects. Cell division cycle 27 (CDC27), the downstream target of mir-218-2, is involved in the regulation of glioma cells. Our results indicate that the overexpression of CDC27 counteracted the function of mir-218-2 in glioma cells. These novel findings provide new insight in the application of mir-218-2 as a potential glioma treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuoying Feng
- Institute of Human Anatomy and Histology and Embryology, Otology & Neuroscience Center, Binzhou Medical University, Laishan District, Shandong Province, 264003,China
| | - Luping Zhang
- Institute of Human Anatomy and Histology and Embryology, Otology & Neuroscience Center, Binzhou Medical University, Laishan District, Shandong Province, 264003,China
| | - Junchen Zhou
- Institute of Human Anatomy and Histology and Embryology, Otology & Neuroscience Center, Binzhou Medical University, Laishan District, Shandong Province, 264003,China
| | - Shuai Zhou
- Institute of Human Anatomy and Histology and Embryology, Otology & Neuroscience Center, Binzhou Medical University, Laishan District, Shandong Province, 264003,China
| | - Li Li
- Institute of Human Anatomy and Histology and Embryology, Otology & Neuroscience Center, Binzhou Medical University, Laishan District, Shandong Province, 264003,China
| | - Xuyan Guo
- Institute of Human Anatomy and Histology and Embryology, Otology & Neuroscience Center, Binzhou Medical University, Laishan District, Shandong Province, 264003,China
| | - Guoying Feng
- Institute of Human Anatomy and Histology and Embryology, Otology & Neuroscience Center, Binzhou Medical University, Laishan District, Shandong Province, 264003,China
| | - Ze Ma
- Institute of Human Anatomy and Histology and Embryology, Otology & Neuroscience Center, Binzhou Medical University, Laishan District, Shandong Province, 264003,China
| | - Wenhua Huang
- Institute of Clinical Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Fei Huang
- Institute of Human Anatomy and Histology and Embryology, Otology & Neuroscience Center, Binzhou Medical University, Laishan District, Shandong Province, 264003,China
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22
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Thyagarajan A, Shaban A, Sahu RP. MicroRNA-Directed Cancer Therapies: Implications in Melanoma Intervention. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2018; 364:1-12. [PMID: 29054858 PMCID: PMC5733457 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.117.242636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Acquired tumor resistance to cancer therapies poses major challenges in the treatment of cancers including melanoma. Among several signaling pathways or factors that affect neocarcinogenesis, cancer progression, and therapies, altered microRNAs (miRNAs) expression has been identified as a crucial player in modulating the key pathways governing these events. While studies in the miRNA field have grown exponentially in the last decade, much remains to be discovered, particularly with respect to their roles in cancer therapies. Since immune and nonimmune signaling cascades prevail in cancers, identification and evaluation of miRNAs, their molecular mechanisms and cellular targets involved in the underlying development of cancers, and acquired therapeutic resistance would help in devising new strategies for the prognosis, treatment, and an early detection of recurrence. Importantly, in-depth validation of miRNA-targeted molecular events could lead to the development of accurate progression-risk biomarkers, improved effectiveness, and improved patient responses to standard therapies. The current review focuses on the roles of miRNAs with recent updates on regulated cell cycle and proliferation, immune responses, oncogenic/epigenetic signaling pathways, invasion, metastasis, and apoptosis, with broader attention paid to melanomagenesis and melanoma therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Thyagarajan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, Dayton, Ohio (A.T., R.P.S.); and Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of veterinary medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt (A.S.)
| | - Ahmed Shaban
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, Dayton, Ohio (A.T., R.P.S.); and Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of veterinary medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt (A.S.)
| | - Ravi Prakash Sahu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, Dayton, Ohio (A.T., R.P.S.); and Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of veterinary medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt (A.S.)
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Romano G, Kwong LN. miRNAs, Melanoma and Microenvironment: An Intricate Network. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18112354. [PMID: 29112174 PMCID: PMC5713323 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18112354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2017] [Revised: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
miRNAs are central players in cancer biology and they play a pivotal role in mediating the network communication between tumor cells and their microenvironment. In melanoma, miRNAs can impair or facilitate a wide array of processes, and here we will focus on: the epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT), the immune milieu, and metabolism. Multiple miRNAs can affect the EMT process, even at a distance, for example through exosome-mediated mechanisms. miRNAs also strongly act on some components of the immune system, regulating the activity of key elements such as antigen presenting cells, and can facilitate an immune evasive/suppressive phenotype. miRNAs are also involved in the regulation of metabolic processes, specifically in response to hypoxic stimuli where they can mediate the metabolic switch from an oxidative to a glycolytic metabolism. Overall, this review discusses and summarizes recent findings on miRNA regulation in the melanoma tumor microenvironment, analyzing their potential diagnostic and therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Romano
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Lawrence N Kwong
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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MicroRNA-210-mediated proliferation, survival, and angiogenesis promote cardiac repair post myocardial infarction in rodents. J Mol Med (Berl) 2017; 95:1369-1385. [PMID: 28948298 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-017-1591-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Revised: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
An innovative approach for cardiac regeneration following injury is to induce endogenous cardiomyocyte (CM) cell cycle re-entry. In the present study, CMs from adult rat hearts were isolated and transfected with cel-miR-67 (control) and rno-miR-210. A significant increase in CM proliferation and mono-nucleation were observed in miR-210 group, in addition to a reduction in CM size, multi-nucleation, and cell death. When compared to control, β-catenin and Bcl-2 were upregulated while APC (adenomatous polyposis coli), p16, and caspase-3 were downregulated in miR-210 group. In silico analysis predicted cell cycle inhibitor, APC, as a direct target of miR-210 in rodents. Moreover, compared to control, a significant increase in CM survival and proliferation were observed with siRNA-mediated inhibition of APC. Furthermore, miR-210 overexpressing C57BL/6 mice (210-TG) were used for short-term ischemia/reperfusion study, revealing smaller cell size, increased mono-nucleation, decreased multi-nucleation, and increased CM proliferation in 210-TG hearts in contrast to wild-type (NTG). Likewise, myocardial infarction (MI) was created in adult mice, echocardiography was performed, and the hearts were harvested for immunohistochemistry and molecular studies. Compared to NTG, 210-TG hearts showed a significant increase in CM proliferation, reduced apoptosis, upregulated angiogenesis, reduced infarct size, and overall improvement in cardiac function following MI. β-catenin, Bcl-2, and VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor) were upregulated while APC, p16, and caspase-3 were downregulated in 210-TG hearts. Overall, constitutive overexpression of miR-210 rescues heart function following cardiac injury in adult mice via promoting CM proliferation, cell survival, and angiogenesis. KEY MESSAGES MiRNA-210 transfected adult rat CMs show proliferation and reduced cell death in vitro. Cell cycle inhibitor APC is a target of miR-210. MiR-210 overexpressing (210-TG) mouse hearts show CMs cell cycle re-entry and survival post myocardial injury. 210-TG mice show significant neovascularization and angiogenic potential post myocardial infarction. 210-TG hearts show reduced infarct size following ischemic injury.
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Hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha as a therapeutic target for primary effusion lymphoma. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13:e1006628. [PMID: 28922425 PMCID: PMC5619862 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Revised: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary effusion lymphoma (PEL) is an aggressive B-cell lymphoma with poor prognosis caused by Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV). Previous studies have revealed that HIF-1α, which mediates much of the cellular response to hypoxia, plays an important role in life cycle of KSHV. KSHV infection promotes HIF-1α activity, and several KSHV genes are in turn activated by HIF-1α. In this study, we investigated the effects of knocking down HIF-1α in PELs. We observed that HIF-1α knockdown in each of two PEL lines leads to a reduction in both aerobic and anaerobic glycolysis as well as lipid biogenesis, indicating that HIF-1α is necessary for maintaining a metabolic state optimal for growth of PEL. We also found that HIF-1α suppression leads to a substantial reduction in activation of lytic KSHV genes, not only in hypoxia but also in normoxia. Moreover, HIF-1α knockdown led to a decrease in the expression of various KSHV latent genes, including LANA, vCyclin, kaposin, and miRNAs, under both normoxic and hypoxic conditions. These observations provide evidence that HIF-1α plays an important role in PEL even in normoxia. Consistent with these findings, we observed a significant inhibition of growth of PEL in normoxia upon HIF-1α suppression achieved by either HIF-1α knockdown or treatment with PX-478, a small molecule inhibitor of HIF-1α. These results offer further evidence that HIF-1α plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of PEL, and that inhibition of HIF-1α can be a potential therapeutic strategy in this disease. Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is an oncogenic herpesvirus that causes several malignancies including primary effusion lymphoma (PEL). PEL is an aggressive B-cell lymphoma that usually develops in a hypoxic environment. There is no standard treatment for PEL and it carries a poor prognosis. Previous studies have revealed that certain KSHV-encoded genes are activated by hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1), an intracellular factor that mediates much of the cellular response to hypoxia. KSHV in turn can upregulate HIF-1, suggesting HIF-1 might play a substantial role in PEL oncogenesis. Here, we report for the first time the effects of suppressing HIF-1α, an oxygen-sensitive subunit of HIF-1, in PEL tumor cells. We demonstrate that suppressing HIF-1α can dramatically affect the oncogenic metabolic signature of PELs, replication of KSHV, expression of KSHV-encoded oncogenes, and the growth of PEL cells. Findings presented here not only provide new insights into the role of HIF-1α in KSHV-induced tumors but also provide a rationale for using anti-HIF-1α agents as a therapeutic strategy for PEL and potentially other KSHV-associated malignancies.
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Wang Z, Deng M, Liu Z, Wu S. Hypoxia-induced miR-210 promoter demethylation enhances proliferation, autophagy and angiogenesis of schwannoma cells. Oncol Rep 2017; 37:3010-3018. [PMID: 28440459 DOI: 10.3892/or.2017.5511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia, a dominant feature in cancer occurrence and evolution, exists throughout the progression of most malignant tumors. This study focused on the mechanism of hypoxia-induced miR-210 upregulation, and the miR-210 functions in schwannoma. We detected microvascular density, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and miR-210 expression levels using schwannoma tissue mciroarray. The results showed that miR-210 expression was significantly associated with VEGF. Moreover, the cytological tests showed that hypoxia induced miR-210 expression, while reduce ephrin-A3 expression. The bisulfate genomic sequencing PCR results showed that miR-210 promoter region was hypermethylated in RT4-D6P2T in normoxia, while demethylated in hypoxia, and the region included the hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) response element site. Cellular function research showed that hypoxia resulted in RT4-D6P2T apoptosis, higher autophage and invasion. Besides, hypoxia can affect HIF-1α/VEGF-mediated angiogenesis. To learn about the specific functions of miR-210, we found that with miR-210 inhibition, tumor cell apoptosis increased, autophagy and angiogenesis reduced, and the cell cycle was arrested. Hypoxia promoted miR-210 expression through promoter demethylation, then consequently enhanced tumor cell proliferation and autophagy, increasing tumor cell angiogenesis. Thus, miR-210 could be a potential marker for judging tumor malignancy and be taken as an effective target for clinical auxiliary treatment of neurilemmoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengguang Wang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, P.R. China
| | - Mingsi Deng
- Department of Orthodontics, The Stomatological Hospital of Changsha, Changsha, Hunan 410005, P.R. China
| | - Zhendong Liu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, P.R. China
| | - Song Wu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, P.R. China
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He C, Wang L, Zhang J, Xu H. Hypoxia-inducible microRNA-224 promotes the cell growth, migration and invasion by directly targeting RASSF8 in gastric cancer. Mol Cancer 2017; 16:35. [PMID: 28173803 PMCID: PMC5297251 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-017-0603-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hypoxia plays an important role in the development of various cancers. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) act as post-transcriptional regulators of gene expression and modulate the tumorigenesis, including gastric cancer. However, the roles and molecular mechanism of miR-224 in gastric cancer under hypoxia remain poorly understood. Method Real-time PCR and Northern blot assay were used to examine the effects of hypoxia and HIF-1α on miR-224 expression. Luciferase and ChIP assays were performed to determine whether miR-224 was a transcriptional target of HIF-1α. Then MTT, colony formation, in vitro scratch and invasion assays were used to detect the effects of miR-224 on cell growth, migration and invasion under hypoxia, as well as the in vivo animal study. Luciferase assay and Western blot were performed to validate the targets of miR-224. Functional studies were performed to determine the roles of RASSF8 as that of miR-224 under hypoxia. The effects of RASSF8 knockdown on the transcriptional activity and translocation of NF-κB were investigated using Luciferase assay and Western blot, respectively. Finally, the expression levels of miR-224 and RASSF8 were detected using real-time PCR in gastric cancer tissues as well as lymph node metastasis tissues. Results We demonstrated that miR-224 was upregulated by hypoxia and HIF-1α. HIF-1α affected miR-224 expression at the transcriptional level. MiR-224 inhibition suppressed cell growth, migration and invasion induced by hypoxia, while miR-224 overexpression resulted in opposite effects. MiR-224 inhibition also suppressed tumor growth in vivo. We then validated that RASSF8 was a direct target of miR-224. RASSF8 overexpression inhibited cell growth and invasion, while RASSF8 knockdown ameliorated the inhibitory effects of miR-224 inhibition on cell growth and invasion. Furthermore, we found that RASSF8 knockdown enhanced the transcriptional activity of NF-κB and p65 translocation, while RASSF8 overexpression resulted in opposite effects. Inhibition of NF-κB activity by PDTC attenuated the effects of RASSF8 knockdown on cell proliferation and invasion. Finally, miR-224 was upregulated in both gastric cancer tissues and lymph node metastasis positive tissues, while RASSF8 expression was opposite to that of miR-224. Conclusion These results indicate that hypoxia-inducible miR-224 promotes gastric cancer cell growth, migration and invasion by downregulating RASSF8 and acts as an oncogene, implying that inhibition of miR-224 may have potential as a therapeutic target for patients with hypoxic gastric tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan He
- Department of Gastroenterology, First Hospital of Jilin University, No.71 Xinmin Street, Changchun, Jilin, 130021, People's Republic of China
| | - Libo Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, First Hospital of Jilin University, No.71 Xinmin Street, Changchun, Jilin, 130021, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiantao Zhang
- Department of Colorectal and anal surgery, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130021, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, First Hospital of Jilin University, No.71 Xinmin Street, Changchun, Jilin, 130021, People's Republic of China.
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Abstract
The link between inflammation, immunity and cancer is well established. In the last decade, there has been considerable excitement over cancer stem cells, believed to be a subset of tumour cells responsible for their initiation, propagation and resistance to conventional chemoradiotherapy. In this review, we discuss the characterization of cancer stem cells and describe their modulation by inflammation with a focus on melanoma.
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Pittayapruek P, Meephansan J, Prapapan O, Komine M, Ohtsuki M. Role of Matrix Metalloproteinases in Photoaging and Photocarcinogenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17060868. [PMID: 27271600 PMCID: PMC4926402 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17060868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 592] [Impact Index Per Article: 74.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Revised: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 05/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are zinc-containing endopeptidases with an extensive range of substrate specificities. Collectively, these enzymes are able to degrade various components of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins. Based on their structure and substrate specificity, they can be categorized into five main subgroups, namely (1) collagenases (MMP-1, MMP-8 and MMP-13); (2) gelatinases (MMP-2 and MMP-9); (3) stromelysins (MMP-3, MMP-10 and MMP-11); (4) matrilysins (MMP-7 and MMP-26); and (5) membrane-type (MT) MMPs (MMP-14, MMP-15, and MMP-16). The alterations made to the ECM by MMPs might contribute in skin wrinkling, a characteristic of premature skin aging. In photocarcinogenesis, degradation of ECM is the initial step towards tumor cell invasion, to invade both the basement membrane and the surrounding stroma that mainly comprises fibrillar collagens. Additionally, MMPs are involved in angiogenesis, which promotes cancer cell growth and migration. In this review, we focus on the present knowledge about premature skin aging and skin cancers such as basal cell carcinoma (BCC), squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), and melanoma, with our main focus on members of the MMP family and their functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavida Pittayapruek
- Division of Dermatology, Chulabhorn International College of Medicine, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani 12000, Thailand.
| | - Jitlada Meephansan
- Division of Dermatology, Chulabhorn International College of Medicine, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani 12000, Thailand.
| | - Ornicha Prapapan
- Division of Dermatology, Chulabhorn International College of Medicine, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani 12000, Thailand.
| | - Mayumi Komine
- Department of Dermatology, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan.
| | - Mamitaro Ohtsuki
- Department of Dermatology, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan.
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Rambow F, Bechadergue A, Luciani F, Gros G, Domingues M, Bonaventure J, Meurice G, Marine JC, Larue L. Regulation of Melanoma Progression through the TCF4/miR-125b/NEDD9 Cascade. J Invest Dermatol 2016; 136:1229-1237. [PMID: 26968260 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2016.02.803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Revised: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Melanoma progression from a primary lesion to a distant metastasis is a complex process associated with genetic alterations, epigenetic modifications, and phenotypic switches. Elucidation of these phenomena may indicate how to interfere with this fatal disease. The role of microRNAs as key negative regulators of gene expression, controlling all cellular processes including cell migration and invasion, is now being recognized. Here, we used in silico analysis of microRNA expression profiles of primary and metastatic melanomas and functional experiments to show that microRNA-125b (miR-125b) is a determinant candidate of melanoma progression: (i) miR-125b is more strongly expressed in aggressive metastatic than primary melanomas, (ii) there is an inverse correlation between the amount of miR-125b and overall patient survival, (iii) invasion/migration potentials in vitro are inversely correlated with the amount of miR-125b in a series of human melanoma cell lines, and (iv) inhibition of miR-125b reduces migratory and invasive potentials without affecting cell proliferation in vitro. Furthermore, we show that neural precursor cell expressed developmentally down-regulated protein 9 (i.e., NEDD9) is a direct target of miR-125b and is involved in modulating melanoma cell migration and invasion. Also, transcription factor 4, associated with epithelial-mesenchymal transition and invasion, induces the transcription of miR-125b-1. In conclusion, the transcription factor 4/miR-125b/NEDD9 cascade promotes melanoma cell migration/invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Rambow
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM U1021, Normal and Pathological Development of Melanocytes, Orsay, France; Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS UMR 3347, Orsay, France; Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Orsay, France
| | - Audrey Bechadergue
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM U1021, Normal and Pathological Development of Melanocytes, Orsay, France; Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS UMR 3347, Orsay, France; Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Orsay, France
| | - Flavie Luciani
- Laboratory for Molecular Cancer Biology, Center for Human Genetics, University of Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; VIB Center for the Biology of Disease, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Gwendoline Gros
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM U1021, Normal and Pathological Development of Melanocytes, Orsay, France; Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS UMR 3347, Orsay, France; Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Orsay, France
| | - Melanie Domingues
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM U1021, Normal and Pathological Development of Melanocytes, Orsay, France; Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS UMR 3347, Orsay, France; Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Orsay, France
| | - Jacky Bonaventure
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM U1021, Normal and Pathological Development of Melanocytes, Orsay, France; Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS UMR 3347, Orsay, France; Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Orsay, France
| | - Guillaume Meurice
- Plateforme de Bioinformatique, UMS AMMICA, Gustave-Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Jean-Christophe Marine
- Laboratory for Molecular Cancer Biology, Center for Human Genetics, University of Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; VIB Center for the Biology of Disease, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lionel Larue
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM U1021, Normal and Pathological Development of Melanocytes, Orsay, France; Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS UMR 3347, Orsay, France; Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Orsay, France.
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Potential Role of Epigenetic Mechanism in Manganese Induced Neurotoxicity. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 2016:2548792. [PMID: 27314012 PMCID: PMC4899583 DOI: 10.1155/2016/2548792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 05/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Manganese is a vital nutrient and is maintained at an optimal level (2.5–5 mg/day) in human body. Chronic exposure to manganese is associated with neurotoxicity and correlated with the development of various neurological disorders such as Parkinson's disease. Oxidative stress mediated apoptotic cell death has been well established mechanism in manganese induced toxicity. Oxidative stress has a potential to alter the epigenetic mechanism of gene regulation. Epigenetic insight of manganese neurotoxicity in context of its correlation with the development of parkinsonism is poorly understood. Parkinson's disease is characterized by the α-synuclein aggregation in the form of Lewy bodies in neuronal cells. Recent findings illustrate that manganese can cause overexpression of α-synuclein. α-Synuclein acts epigenetically via interaction with histone proteins in regulating apoptosis. α-Synuclein also causes global DNA hypomethylation through sequestration of DNA methyltransferase in cytoplasm. An individual genetic difference may also have an influence on epigenetic susceptibility to manganese neurotoxicity and the development of Parkinson's disease. This review presents the current state of findings in relation to role of epigenetic mechanism in manganese induced neurotoxicity, with a special emphasis on the development of Parkinson's disease.
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Effect of MicroRNA-218 on the viability, apoptosis and invasion of renal cell carcinoma cells under hypoxia by targeted downregulation of CXCR7 expression. Biomed Pharmacother 2016; 80:213-219. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2016.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Revised: 03/12/2016] [Accepted: 03/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Abstract
Recent investigations have highlighted the importance of the non-coding genome in regions of hypoxia in tumours. Such regions are frequently found in solid tumours, and are associated with worse patient survival and therapy resistance. Hypoxia stabilises the transcription factors, hypoxia inducible factors (HIF1α and HIF2α) which coordinate transcriptomic changes that occur in hypoxia. The changes in gene expression induced by HIF1α and HIF2α contribute to many of the hallmarks of cancer phenotypes and enable tumour growth, survival and invasion in the hypoxic tumour microenvironment. Non-coding RNAs, in particular microRNAs (miRNAs), which regulate mRNA stability and translation, and long-non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), which have diverse functions including chromatin modification and transcriptional regulation, are also important in enabling the key hypoxia regulated processes. They have roles in the regulation of metabolism, angiogenesis, autophagy, invasion and metastasis in the hypoxic microenvironment. Furthermore, HIF1α and HIF2α expression and stabilisation are also regulated by both miRNAs and lncRNAs. Here we review the recent developments in the expression, regulation and functions of miRNAs, lncRNAs and other non-coding RNA classes in tumour hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hani Choudhry
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Center of Innovation in Personalized Medicine, King Fahd Center for Medical Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Adrian L Harris
- Molecular Oncology Laboratories, Department of Oncology, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK.
| | - Alan McIntyre
- Cancer Biology, Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, QMC, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK.
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Wozniak M, Sztiller-Sikorska M, Czyz M. Diminution of miR-340-5p levels is responsible for increased expression of ABCB5 in melanoma cells under oxygen-deprived conditions. Exp Mol Pathol 2015; 99:707-16. [PMID: 26554847 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2015.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2015] [Revised: 11/06/2015] [Accepted: 11/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Melanoma is usually highly refractory to chemotherapy. This resistance to treatment is mainly due to high heterogeneity and plasticity of melanoma cells strictly connected to changes in tumor microenvironment. Hypoxia can drastically alter cancer biology. Solid tumor cells under hypoxia gain stem-like features, they are more invasive and drug-resistant than their normoxic counterparts. These effects could be mediated by changes in miRNA expression under hypoxia. MiRNAs are small non-coding RNA molecules that can negatively control gene expression. In the present study using microarray technology we evaluated the expression of miRNAs in melanoma cells derived from nodular melanoma and grown under normoxic and hypoxic conditions. Using R environment for statistical analysis we found that 70 miRNAs were differentially-expressed, and 16 of them were significantly down-regulated in melanoma cells grown in hypoxic conditions compared to cells grown in normoxia. We intended to find transcripts whose expression is increased due to down-regulation of selected miRNAs. Bioinformatics analysis revealed that increased levels of HIF-2α, ABCB5, OCT4, SOX2 and ZEB1 in different melanoma populations under hypoxia could be a result of significant down-regulation of miR-340-5p. Inhibition of miR-340-5p confirmed that this miRNA negatively influences the expression of ABCB5. This is the first study showing the relationship between miR-340-5p and expression of ABCB5, a transmembrane transporter involved in drug resistance considered as a marker of melanoma stem-like cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Wozniak
- Department of Molecular Biology of Cancer, Medical University of Lodz, 6/8 Mazowiecka Street, 92-215 Lodz, Poland.
| | - Malgorzata Sztiller-Sikorska
- Department of Molecular Biology of Cancer, Medical University of Lodz, 6/8 Mazowiecka Street, 92-215 Lodz, Poland
| | - Malgorzata Czyz
- Department of Molecular Biology of Cancer, Medical University of Lodz, 6/8 Mazowiecka Street, 92-215 Lodz, Poland
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MicroRNA-224: as a potential target for miR-based therapy of cancer. Tumour Biol 2015; 36:6645-52. [PMID: 26254100 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-3883-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Accepted: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small noncoding RNA molecules which regulate the target gene expression posttranscriptionally. Increasing studies have shown that microRNAs play important roles in multiple biological pathways. For instance, aberrant expression of microRNA-224 (miR-224) plays a vital role in tumor biology in various types of human cancer. Here, we aim to summarize the molecular mechanisms that lead to the overexpression of miR-224 in cancers, analyze the effect of miR-224 on tumor biology, and reveal the clinical significance of miR-224. MiR-224 regulates its targets by modulating messenger RNA (mRNA) stability and/or protein translation, and it would provide new insight into molecular targeting cancer treatment.
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36
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Paul S, Giri AK. Epimutagenesis: A prospective mechanism to remediate arsenic-induced toxicity. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2015; 81:8-17. [PMID: 25898228 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2015.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2014] [Revised: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 04/10/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Arsenic toxicity is a global issue, addressed by the World Health Organization as one of the major natural calamities faced by humans. More than 137 million individuals in 70 nations are affected by arsenic mainly through drinking water and also through diet. Chronic arsenic exposure leads to various types of patho-physiological end points in humans including cancers. Arsenic, a xenobiotic substance, is biotransformed in the body to its methylated species by using the physiological S-adenosyl methionine (SAM). SAM dictates methylation status of the genome and arsenic metabolism leads to depletion of SAM leading to an epigenetic disequilibrium. Since epigenetics is one of the major phenomenon at the interface between the environment and human health impact, its disequilibrium by arsenic inflicts upon the chromatin compaction, gene expression, genomic stability and a host of biomolecular interactions, the interactome within the cell. Since arsenic is not mutagenic but is carcinogenic in nature, arsenic induced epimutagenesis has come to the forefront since it determines the transcriptional and genomic integrity of the cell. Arsenic toxicity brings forth several pathophysiological manifestations like dermatological non-cancerous, pre-cancerous and cancerous lesions, peripheral neuropathy, DNA damage, respiratory disorders and cancers of several internal organs. Recently, several diseases of similar manifestations have been explained with the relevant epigenetic perspectives regarding the possible molecular mechanism for their onset. Hence, in the current review, we comprehensively try to intercalate the information on arsenic-induced epigenetic alterations of DNA, histones and microRNA so as to understand whether the arsenic-induced toxic manifestations are brought about by the epigenetic changes. We highlight the need to understand the aspect of epimutagenesis and subsequent alterations in the cellular interactome due to arsenic-induced molecular changes, which may be utilized to develop putative therapeutic strategies targeting both oxidative potential and epimutagenesis in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somnath Paul
- Molecular and Human Genetics Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Ashok K Giri
- Molecular and Human Genetics Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata 700032, India.
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37
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Li Y, Wei Y, Guo J, Cheng Y, He W. Interactional role of microRNAs and bHLH-PAS proteins in cancer (Review). Int J Oncol 2015; 47:25-34. [PMID: 25997457 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2015.3007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Accepted: 04/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are recognized as an emerging class of master regulators that regulate human gene expression at the post-transcriptional level and are involved in many normal and pathological cellular processes. Mammalian basic HLH (helix-loop-helix)-PER-ARNT-SIM (bHLH-PAS) proteins are heterodimeric transcriptional regulators that sense and respond to environmental signals (such as chemical pollutants) or to physiological signals (for instance hypoxia). In the normal state, bHLH-PAS proteins are responsible for multiple critical aspects of physiology to ensure the cell accurate homeostasis, but dysregulation of these proteins has been shown to contribute to carcinogenic events such as tumor initiation, promotion, and progression. Increasing epidemiological and experimental studies have shown that bHLH-PAS proteins regulate a panel of miRNAs, whereas some miRNAs also target bHLH-PAS proteins. The interaction between miRNAs and certain bHLH-PAS proteins [hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) and aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR)] is relevant to many vital events associated with tumorigenesis. This review will summarize recent findings on the interesting and complicated underlying mechanisms that miRNAs interact with HIFs or AHR in tumors, hopefully to benefit the discovery of novel drug-interfering targets for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumin Li
- The Second Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730030, P.R. China
| | - Yucai Wei
- The Second Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730030, P.R. China
| | - Jiwu Guo
- The Second Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730030, P.R. China
| | - Yusheng Cheng
- The Second Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730030, P.R. China
| | - Wenting He
- The Second Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730030, P.R. China
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Dang K, Myers KA. The role of hypoxia-induced miR-210 in cancer progression. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:6353-72. [PMID: 25809609 PMCID: PMC4394536 DOI: 10.3390/ijms16036353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2015] [Revised: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Prolonged hypoxia, the event of insufficient oxygen, is known to upregulate tumor development and growth by promoting the formation of a neoplastic environment. The recent discovery that a subset of cellular microRNAs (miRs) are upregulated during hypoxia, where they function to promote tumor development, highlights the importance of hypoxia-induced miRs as targets for continued investigation. miRs are short, non-coding transcripts involved in gene expression and regulation. Under hypoxic conditions, miR-210 becomes highly upregulated in response to hypoxia inducing factors (HIFs). HIF-1α drives miR-210’s overexpression and the resultant alteration of cellular processes, including cell cycle regulation, mitochondria function, apoptosis, angiogenesis and metastasis. Here we discuss hypoxia-induced dysregulation of miR-210 and the resultant changes in miR-210 protein targets that regulate cancer progression. Potential methods of targeting miR-210 as a therapeutic tool are also explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyvan Dang
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Sciences, 600 S. 43rd Str., Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Kenneth A Myers
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Sciences, 600 S. 43rd Str., Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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Mione M, Bosserhoff A. MicroRNAs in melanocyte and melanoma biology. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2015; 28:340-54. [PMID: 25515738 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2014] [Accepted: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The importance of microRNAs as key molecular components of cellular processes is now being recognized. Recent reports have shown that microRNAs regulate processes as diverse as protein expression and nuclear functions inside cells and are able to signal extracellularly, delivered via exosomes, to influence cell fate at a distance. The versatility of microRNAs as molecular tools inspires the design of novel strategies to control gene expression, protein stability, DNA repair and chromatin accessibility that may prove very useful for therapeutic approaches due to the extensive manageability of these small molecules. However, we still lack a comprehensive understanding of the microRNA network and its interactions with the other layers of regulatory elements in cellular and extracellular functions. This knowledge may be necessary before we exploit microRNA versatility in therapeutic settings. To identify rules of interactions between microRNAs and other regulatory systems, we begin by reviewing microRNA activities in a single cell type: the melanocyte, from development to disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Mione
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Eggestein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
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