1
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Gräfenstein A, Rumancev C, Pollak R, Hämisch B, Galbierz V, Schroeder WH, Garrevoet J, Falkenberg G, Vöpel T, Huber K, Ebbinghaus S, Rosenhahn A. Spatial Distribution of Intracellular Ion Concentrations in Aggregate-Forming HeLa Cells Analyzed by μ-XRF Imaging. ChemistryOpen 2022; 11:e202200024. [PMID: 35363437 PMCID: PMC8973254 DOI: 10.1002/open.202200024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein aggregation is a hallmark of several severe neurodegenerative disorders such as Huntington's, Parkinson's, or Alzheimer's disease. Metal ions play a profound role in protein aggregation and altered metal-ion homeostasis is associated with disease progression. Here we utilize μ-X-ray fluorescence imaging in combination with rapid freezing to resolve the elemental distribution of phosphorus, sulfur, potassium, and zinc in huntingtin exon-1-mYFP expressing HeLa cells. Using quantitative XRF analysis, we find a threefold increase in zinc and a 10-fold enrichment of potassium that can be attributed to cellular stress response. While the averaged intracellular ion areal masses are significantly different in aggregate-containing cells, a local intracellular analysis shows no different ion content at the location of intracellular inclusion bodies. The results are compared to corresponding experiments on HeLa cells forming pseudoisocyanine chloride aggregates. As those show similar results, changes in ion concentrations are not exclusively linked to huntingtin exon-1 amyloid formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Gräfenstein
- Analytical Chemistry – BiointerfacesRuhr University Bochum44801BochumGermany
| | - Christoph Rumancev
- Analytical Chemistry – BiointerfacesRuhr University Bochum44801BochumGermany
| | - Roland Pollak
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical ChemistryTU BraunschweigRebenring 5638106BraunschweigGermany
| | | | - Vanessa Galbierz
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESYNotkestrasse 85HamburgGermany
| | - Walter H. Schroeder
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESYNotkestrasse 85HamburgGermany
- Nanotech ConsultingLiblarer Strasse 850321BrühlGermany
| | - Jan Garrevoet
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESYNotkestrasse 85HamburgGermany
| | | | - Tobias Vöpel
- Physical Chemistry IIRuhr University Bochum44801BochumGermany
| | - Klaus Huber
- Physical ChemistryUniversity of Paderborn33098PaderbornGermany
| | - Simon Ebbinghaus
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical ChemistryTU BraunschweigRebenring 5638106BraunschweigGermany
| | - Axel Rosenhahn
- Analytical Chemistry – BiointerfacesRuhr University Bochum44801BochumGermany
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2
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Figon F, Hurbain I, Heiligenstein X, Trépout S, Lanoue A, Medjoubi K, Somogyi A, Delevoye C, Raposo G, Casas J. Catabolism of lysosome-related organelles in color-changing spiders supports intracellular turnover of pigments. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2103020118. [PMID: 34433668 PMCID: PMC8536372 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2103020118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Pigment organelles of vertebrates belong to the lysosome-related organelle (LRO) family, of which melanin-producing melanosomes are the prototypes. While their anabolism has been extensively unraveled through the study of melanosomes in skin melanocytes, their catabolism remains poorly known. Here, we tap into the unique ability of crab spiders to reversibly change body coloration to examine the catabolism of their pigment organelles. By combining ultrastructural and metal analyses on high-pressure frozen integuments, we first assess whether pigment organelles of crab spiders belong to the LRO family and second, how their catabolism is intracellularly processed. Using scanning transmission electron microscopy, electron tomography, and nanoscale Synchrotron-based scanning X-ray fluorescence, we show that pigment organelles possess ultrastructural and chemical hallmarks of LROs, including intraluminal vesicles and metal deposits, similar to melanosomes. Monitoring ultrastructural changes during bleaching suggests that the catabolism of pigment organelles involves the degradation and removal of their intraluminal content, possibly through lysosomal mechanisms. In contrast to skin melanosomes, anabolism and catabolism of pigments proceed within the same cell without requiring either cell death or secretion/phagocytosis. Our work hence provides support for the hypothesis that the endolysosomal system is fully functionalized for within-cell turnover of pigments, leading to functional maintenance under adverse conditions and phenotypic plasticity. First formulated for eye melanosomes in the context of human vision, the hypothesis of intracellular turnover of pigments gets unprecedented strong support from pigment organelles of spiders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florent Figon
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte, CNRS UMR 7261, Université de Tours, 37200 Tours, France;
| | - Ilse Hurbain
- Institut Curie, CNRS UMR 144, Structure and Membrane Compartments, Paris Sciences & Lettres (PSL) Research University, 75005 Paris, France
- Institut Curie, CNRS UMR 144, Cell and Tissue Imaging Facility (Plateforme d'Imagerie Cellulaire et Tissulaire, Infrastructures en Biologie, Santé et Agronomie [PICT-IBiSA]), PSL Research University, 75005 Paris, France
| | | | - Sylvain Trépout
- Institut Curie, INSERM U1196, CNRS UMR 9187, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Arnaud Lanoue
- Biomolécules et Biotechnologies Végétales, Équipe d'Accueil 2106, Université de Tours, 37200 Tours, France
| | | | | | - Cédric Delevoye
- Institut Curie, CNRS UMR 144, Structure and Membrane Compartments, Paris Sciences & Lettres (PSL) Research University, 75005 Paris, France
- Institut Curie, CNRS UMR 144, Cell and Tissue Imaging Facility (Plateforme d'Imagerie Cellulaire et Tissulaire, Infrastructures en Biologie, Santé et Agronomie [PICT-IBiSA]), PSL Research University, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Graça Raposo
- Institut Curie, CNRS UMR 144, Structure and Membrane Compartments, Paris Sciences & Lettres (PSL) Research University, 75005 Paris, France
- Institut Curie, CNRS UMR 144, Cell and Tissue Imaging Facility (Plateforme d'Imagerie Cellulaire et Tissulaire, Infrastructures en Biologie, Santé et Agronomie [PICT-IBiSA]), PSL Research University, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Jérôme Casas
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte, CNRS UMR 7261, Université de Tours, 37200 Tours, France;
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3
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Figon F, Deravi LF, Casas J. Barriers and Promises of the Developing Pigment Organelle Field. Integr Comp Biol 2021; 61:1481-1489. [PMID: 34283212 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icab164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Many colors and patterns in nature are regulated by the packaging and processing of intracellular pigment-containing organelles within cells. Spanning both molecular and tissue-level spatial scales with chemical and physical (structural) elements of coloration, pigment organelles represent an important but largely understudied feature of every biological system capable of coloration. Although vertebrate melanosomes have historically been the best-known and most studied pigment organelle, recent reports suggest a surge in studies focusing on other pigment organelles producing a variety of non-melanic pigments, optic crystals and structural colors through their geometric arrangement. In this issue, we showcase the importance these integrative and comparative studies and discuss their results which aid in our understanding of organelle form and function in their native environment. Specifically, we highlight how pigment organelles can be studied at different scales of organization, across multiple species in biology, and with an interdisciplinary approach to better understand the biological and chemical mechanisms underlying color. This type of comparative approach provides evidence for a common origin and identity of membrane-bound pigment organelles not only in vertebrates, as was originally postulated 40 years ago, but in all animals. This indicates that we have much to gain by studying a variety of pigment organelles, as the specific biological context may provide important and unique insights into various aspects of its life. We conclude by highlighting some barriers to this research and discussing strategies to overcome them through a discussion of future directions for pigment organelle research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florent Figon
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte, UMR 7261, CNRS-Université de Tours, 37200 Tours, France
| | - Leila F Deravi
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jérôme Casas
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte, UMR 7261, CNRS-Université de Tours, 37200 Tours, France
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4
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Rumancev C, Vöpel T, Stuhr S, Gundlach AR, Senkbeil T, Osterhoff M, Sprung M, Garamus VM, Ebbinghaus S, Rosenhahn A. In Cellulo Analysis of Huntingtin Inclusion Bodies by Cryogenic Nanoprobe SAXS. CHEMSYSTEMSCHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/syst.202000050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Rumancev
- Analytical Chemistry – Biointerfaces Ruhr University Bochum Universitätsstr. 150 44780 Bochum Germany
| | - Tobias Vöpel
- Department of Physical Chemistry II Ruhr University Bochum Universitätsstr. 150 44780 Bochum Germany
| | - Susan Stuhr
- Analytical Chemistry – Biointerfaces Ruhr University Bochum Universitätsstr. 150 44780 Bochum Germany
| | - Andreas R. Gundlach
- Analytical Chemistry – Biointerfaces Ruhr University Bochum Universitätsstr. 150 44780 Bochum Germany
| | - Tobias Senkbeil
- Analytical Chemistry – Biointerfaces Ruhr University Bochum Universitätsstr. 150 44780 Bochum Germany
| | - Markus Osterhoff
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY Notkestr. 85 22607 Hamburg Germany
| | - Michael Sprung
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY Notkestr. 85 22607 Hamburg Germany
| | - Vasil M. Garamus
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht: Centre for Materials and Coast Research Institute of Materials Research Max-Planck-Str. 1 21502 Geesthacht Germany
| | - Simon Ebbinghaus
- Department of Physical Chemistry II Ruhr University Bochum Universitätsstr. 150 44780 Bochum Germany
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry TU Braunschweig Rebenring 56 38106 Braunschweig Germany
| | - Axel Rosenhahn
- Analytical Chemistry – Biointerfaces Ruhr University Bochum Universitätsstr. 150 44780 Bochum Germany
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5
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Wakamatsu K, Zippin JH, Ito S. Chemical and biochemical control of skin pigmentation with special emphasis on mixed melanogenesis. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2021; 34:730-747. [PMID: 33751833 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Melanins are widely distributed in animals and plants; in vertebrates, most melanins are present on the body surface. The diversity of pigmentation in vertebrates is mainly attributed to the quantity and ratio of eumelanin and pheomelanin synthesis. Most natural melanin pigments in animals consist of both eumelanin and pheomelanin in varying ratios, and thus, their combined synthesis is called "mixed melanogenesis." Gene expression is an established mechanism for controlling melanin synthesis; however, there are multiple factors that affect melanin synthesis besides gene expression. Due to the differential sensitivity of the eumelanin and pheomelanin synthetic pathways to pH, melanosomal pH likely plays a major role in mixed melanogenesis. Here, we focused on various factors affecting mixed melanogenesis including (1) chemical regulation of melanin synthesis, (2) melanosomal pH regulation during normal melanogenesis and effect on mixed melanogenesis, and (3) mechanisms of melanosomal pH control (proton pumps, channels, transporters, and signaling pathways).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazumasa Wakamatsu
- Institute for Melanin Chemistry, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Japan
| | - Jonathan H Zippin
- Department of Dermatology, Joan and Sanford I. Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Shosuke Ito
- Institute for Melanin Chemistry, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Japan
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6
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Rumancev C, Gräfenstein A, Vöpel T, Stuhr S, von Gundlach AR, Senkbeil T, Garrevoet J, Jolmes L, König B, Falkenberg G, Ebbinghaus S, Schroeder WH, Rosenhahn A. X-ray fluorescence analysis of metal distributions in cryogenic biological samples using large-acceptance-angle SDD detection and continuous scanning at the Hard X-ray Micro/Nano-Probe beamline P06 at PETRA III. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2020; 27:60-66. [PMID: 31868737 PMCID: PMC6927521 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577519014048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A new Rococo 2 X-ray fluorescence detector was implemented into the cryogenic sample environment at the Hard X-ray Micro/Nano-Probe beamline P06 at PETRA III, DESY, Hamburg, Germany. A four sensor-field cloverleaf design is optimized for the investigation of planar samples and operates in a backscattering geometry resulting in a large solid angle of up to 1.1 steradian. The detector, coupled with the Xspress 3 pulse processor, enables measurements at high count rates of up to 106 counts per second per sensor. The measured energy resolution of ∼129 eV (Mn Kα at 10000 counts s-1) is only minimally impaired at the highest count rates. The resulting high detection sensitivity allows for an accurate determination of trace element distributions such as in thin frozen hydrated biological specimens. First proof-of-principle measurements using continuous-movement 2D scans of frozen hydrated HeLa cells as a model system are reported to demonstrate the potential of the new detection system.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Rumancev
- Analytical Chemistry – Biointerfaces, Ruhr University Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - A. Gräfenstein
- Analytical Chemistry – Biointerfaces, Ruhr University Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - T. Vöpel
- Department of Physical Chemistry II, Ruhr University Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - S. Stuhr
- Analytical Chemistry – Biointerfaces, Ruhr University Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - A. R. von Gundlach
- Analytical Chemistry – Biointerfaces, Ruhr University Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - T. Senkbeil
- Analytical Chemistry – Biointerfaces, Ruhr University Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - J. Garrevoet
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, Hamburg, Germany
| | - L. Jolmes
- Analytical Chemistry – Biointerfaces, Ruhr University Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - B. König
- Analytical Chemistry – Biointerfaces, Ruhr University Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - G. Falkenberg
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, Hamburg, Germany
| | - S. Ebbinghaus
- Department of Physical Chemistry II, Ruhr University Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, TU Braunschweig, Rebenring 56, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - W. H. Schroeder
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, Hamburg, Germany
- Nanotech Consulting, Arnoldsweilerstrasse 10, 52382 Niederzier, Germany
| | - A. Rosenhahn
- Analytical Chemistry – Biointerfaces, Ruhr University Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany
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7
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Figon F, Casas J. Ommochromes in invertebrates: biochemistry and cell biology. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2019; 94:156-183. [PMID: 29989284 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Revised: 06/09/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Ommochromes are widely occurring coloured molecules of invertebrates, arising from tryptophan catabolism through the so-called Tryptophan → Ommochrome pathway. They are mainly known to mediate compound eye vision, as well as reversible and irreversible colour patterning. Ommochromes might also be involved in cell homeostasis by detoxifying free tryptophan and buffering oxidative stress. These biological functions are directly linked to their unique chromophore, the phenoxazine/phenothiazine system. The most recent reviews on ommochrome biochemistry were published more than 30 years ago, since when new results on the enzymes of the ommochrome pathway, on ommochrome photochemistry as well as on their antiradical capacities have been obtained. Ommochromasomes are the organelles where ommochromes are synthesised and stored. Hence, they play an important role in mediating ommochrome functions. Ommochromasomes are part of the lysosome-related organelles (LROs) family, which includes other pigmented organelles such as vertebrate melanosomes. Ommochromasomes are unique because they are the only LRO for which a recycling process during reversible colour change has been described. Herein, we provide an update on ommochrome biochemistry, photoreactivity and antiradical capacities to explain their diversity and behaviour both in vivo and in vitro. We also highlight new biochemical techniques, such as quantum chemistry, metabolomics and crystallography, which could lead to major advances in their chemical and functional characterisation. We then focus on ommochromasome structure and formation by drawing parallels with the well-characterised melanosomes of vertebrates. The biochemical, genetic, cellular and microscopic tools that have been applied to melanosomes should provide important information on the ommochromasome life cycle. We propose LRO-based models for ommochromasome biogenesis and recycling that could be tested in the future. Using the context of insect compound eyes, we finally emphasise the importance of an integrated approach in understanding the biological functions of ommochromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florent Figon
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte, UMR CNRS 7261, Université de Tours, 37200 Tours, France
| | - Jérôme Casas
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte, UMR CNRS 7261, Université de Tours, 37200 Tours, France
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8
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Particle Size Characterization of Sepia Ink Eumelanin Biopolymers by SEM, DLS, and AF4-MALLS: a Comparative Study. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-019-01448-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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9
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Edwards NP, van Veelen A, Anné J, Manning PL, Bergmann U, Sellers WI, Egerton VM, Sokaras D, Alonso-Mori R, Wakamatsu K, Ito S, Wogelius RA. Elemental characterisation of melanin in feathers via synchrotron X-ray imaging and absorption spectroscopy. Sci Rep 2016; 6:34002. [PMID: 27658854 PMCID: PMC5034265 DOI: 10.1038/srep34002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanin is a critical component of biological systems, but the exact chemistry of melanin is still imprecisely known. This is partly due to melanin’s complex heterogeneous nature and partly because many studies use synthetic analogues and/or pigments extracted from their natural biological setting, which may display important differences from endogenous pigments. Here we demonstrate how synchrotron X-ray analyses can non-destructively characterise the elements associated with melanin pigment in situ within extant feathers. Elemental imaging shows that the distributions of Ca, Cu and Zn are almost exclusively controlled by melanin pigment distribution. X-ray absorption spectroscopy demonstrates that the atomic coordination of zinc and sulfur is different within eumelanised regions compared to pheomelanised regions. This not only impacts our fundamental understanding of pigmentation in extant organisms but also provides a significant contribution to the evidence-based colour palette available for reconstructing the appearance of fossil organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas P Edwards
- University of Manchester, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Williamson Research Centre for Molecular Environmental Science, M13 9PL, UK.,University of Manchester, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Interdisciplinary Centre for Ancient Life, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Arjen van Veelen
- University of Manchester, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Williamson Research Centre for Molecular Environmental Science, M13 9PL, UK.,University of Manchester, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Interdisciplinary Centre for Ancient Life, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Jennifer Anné
- University of Manchester, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Williamson Research Centre for Molecular Environmental Science, M13 9PL, UK.,University of Manchester, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Interdisciplinary Centre for Ancient Life, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Phillip L Manning
- University of Manchester, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Interdisciplinary Centre for Ancient Life, Manchester M13 9PL, UK.,College of Charleston, Department of Geology and Environmental Geosciences, Charleston, SC, 29424, USA
| | - Uwe Bergmann
- Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - William I Sellers
- University of Manchester, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Williamson Research Centre for Molecular Environmental Science, M13 9PL, UK.,University of Manchester, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Interdisciplinary Centre for Ancient Life, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Victoria M Egerton
- University of Manchester, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Interdisciplinary Centre for Ancient Life, Manchester M13 9PL, UK.,College of Charleston, Department of Geology and Environmental Geosciences, Charleston, SC, 29424, USA
| | - Dimosthenis Sokaras
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Roberto Alonso-Mori
- Linac Coherent Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - Kazumasa Wakamatsu
- Department of Chemistry, Fujita Health University, School of Health Sciences, Toyoake, Aichi 470-1192, Japan
| | - Shosuke Ito
- Department of Chemistry, Fujita Health University, School of Health Sciences, Toyoake, Aichi 470-1192, Japan
| | - Roy A Wogelius
- University of Manchester, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Williamson Research Centre for Molecular Environmental Science, M13 9PL, UK.,University of Manchester, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Interdisciplinary Centre for Ancient Life, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
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10
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Lindgren J, Moyer A, Schweitzer MH, Sjövall P, Uvdal P, Nilsson DE, Heimdal J, Engdahl A, Gren JA, Schultz BP, Kear BP. Interpreting melanin-based coloration through deep time: a critical review. Proc Biol Sci 2016; 282:20150614. [PMID: 26290071 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2015.0614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Colour, derived primarily from melanin and/or carotenoid pigments, is integral to many aspects of behaviour in living vertebrates, including social signalling, sexual display and crypsis. Thus, identifying biochromes in extinct animals can shed light on the acquisition and evolution of these biological traits. Both eumelanin and melanin-containing cellular organelles (melanosomes) are preserved in fossils, but recognizing traces of ancient melanin-based coloration is fraught with interpretative ambiguity, especially when observations are based on morphological evidence alone. Assigning microbodies (or, more often reported, their 'mouldic impressions') as melanosome traces without adequately excluding a bacterial origin is also problematic because microbes are pervasive and intimately involved in organismal degradation. Additionally, some forms synthesize melanin. In this review, we survey both vertebrate and microbial melanization, and explore the conflicts influencing assessment of microbodies preserved in association with ancient animal soft tissues. We discuss the types of data used to interpret fossil melanosomes and evaluate whether these are sufficient for definitive diagnosis. Finally, we outline an integrated morphological and geochemical approach for detecting endogenous pigment remains and associated microstructures in multimillion-year-old fossils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan Lindgren
- Department of Geology, Lund University, 223 62 Lund, Sweden
| | - Alison Moyer
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Mary H Schweitzer
- Department of Geology, Lund University, 223 62 Lund, Sweden Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA North Carolina Museum of Natural Sciences, Raleigh, NC 27601, USA
| | - Peter Sjövall
- SP Technical Research Institute of Sweden, Chemistry, Materials and Surfaces, 501 15 Borås, Sweden
| | - Per Uvdal
- MAX-IV laboratory, Lund University, 221 00 Lund, Sweden Chemical Physics, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Dan E Nilsson
- Department of Biology, Lund University, 223 62 Lund, Sweden
| | - Jimmy Heimdal
- MAX-IV laboratory, Lund University, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Johan A Gren
- Department of Geology, Lund University, 223 62 Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Benjamin P Kear
- Museum of Evolution, Uppsala University, 752 36 Uppsala, Sweden Palaeobiology Programme, Department of Earth Sciences, Uppsala University, 752 36 Uppsala, Sweden
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11
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Imaging trace element distributions in single organelles and subcellular features. Sci Rep 2016; 6:21437. [PMID: 26911251 PMCID: PMC4766485 DOI: 10.1038/srep21437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2014] [Accepted: 01/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The distributions of chemical elements within cells are of prime importance in a wide range of basic and applied biochemical research. An example is the role of the subcellular Zn distribution in Zn homeostasis in insulin producing pancreatic beta cells and the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus. We combined transmission electron microscopy with micro- and nano-synchrotron X-ray fluorescence to image unequivocally for the first time, to the best of our knowledge, the natural elemental distributions, including those of trace elements, in single organelles and other subcellular features. Detected elements include Cl, K, Ca, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn and Cd (which some cells were supplemented with). Cell samples were prepared by a technique that minimally affects the natural elemental concentrations and distributions, and without using fluorescent indicators. It could likely be applied to all cell types and provide new biochemical insights at the single organelle level not available from organelle population level studies.
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