1
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Miskin RP, DiPersio CM. Roles for epithelial integrin α3β1 in regulation of the microenvironment during normal and pathological tissue remodeling. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2024; 326:C1308-C1319. [PMID: 38497112 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00128.2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Revised: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Integrin receptors for the extracellular matrix activate intracellular signaling pathways that are critical for tissue development, homeostasis, and regeneration/repair, and their loss or dysregulation contributes to many developmental defects and tissue pathologies. This review will focus on tissue remodeling roles for integrin α3β1, a receptor for laminins found in the basement membranes (BMs) that underlie epithelial cell layers. As a paradigm, we will discuss literature that supports a role for α3β1 in promoting ability of epidermal keratinocytes to modify their tissue microenvironment during skin development, wound healing, or tumorigenesis. Preclinical and clinical studies have shown that this role depends largely on ability of α3β1 to govern the keratinocyte's repertoire of secreted proteins, or the "secretome," including 1) matrix proteins and proteases involved in matrix remodeling and 2) paracrine-acting growth factors/cytokines that stimulate other cells with important tissue remodeling functions (e.g., endothelial cells, fibroblasts, inflammatory cells). Moreover, α3β1 signaling controls gene expression that helps epithelial cells carry out these functions, including genes that encode secreted matrix proteins, proteases, growth factors, or cytokines. We will review what is known about α3β1-dependent gene regulation through both transcription and posttranscriptional mRNA stability. Regarding the latter, we will discuss examples of α3β1-dependent alternative splicing (AS) or alternative polyadenylation (APA) that prevents inclusion of cis-acting mRNA sequences that would otherwise target the transcript for degradation via nonsense-mediated decay or destabilizing AU-rich elements (AREs) in the 3'-untranslated region (3'-UTR). Finally, we will discuss prospects and anticipated challenges of exploiting α3β1 as a clinical target for the treatment of cancer or wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - C Michael DiPersio
- Department of Surgery, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York, United States
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York, United States
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2
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Balderson B, Fane M, Harvey TJ, Piper M, Smith A, Bodén M. Systematic analysis of the transcriptional landscape of melanoma reveals drug-target expression plasticity. Brief Funct Genomics 2024:elad055. [PMID: 38183207 DOI: 10.1093/bfgp/elad055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Metastatic melanoma originates from melanocytes of the skin. Melanoma metastasis results in poor treatment prognosis for patients and is associated with epigenetic and transcriptional changes that reflect the developmental program of melanocyte differentiation from neural crest stem cells. Several studies have explored melanoma transcriptional heterogeneity using microarray, bulk and single-cell RNA-sequencing technologies to derive data-driven models of the transcriptional-state change which occurs during melanoma progression. No study has systematically examined how different models of melanoma progression derived from different data types, technologies and biological conditions compare. Here, we perform a cross-sectional study to identify averaging effects of bulk-based studies that mask and distort apparent melanoma transcriptional heterogeneity; we describe new transcriptionally distinct melanoma cell states, identify differential co-expression of genes between studies and examine the effects of predicted drug susceptibilities of different cell states between studies. Importantly, we observe considerable variability in drug-target gene expression between studies, indicating potential transcriptional plasticity of melanoma to down-regulate these drug targets and thereby circumvent treatment. Overall, observed differences in gene co-expression and predicted drug susceptibility between studies suggest bulk-based transcriptional measurements do not reliably gauge heterogeneity and that melanoma transcriptional plasticity is greater than described when studies are considered in isolation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brad Balderson
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4072 Queensland, Australia
| | - Mitchell Fane
- Fox Chase Cancer Centre, Philadelphia, 19019 Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Tracey J Harvey
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4072 Queensland, Australia
| | - Michael Piper
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4072 Queensland, Australia
| | - Aaron Smith
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, 4072 Queensland, Australia
| | - Mikael Bodén
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4072 Queensland, Australia
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3
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Grafanaki K, Grammatikakis I, Ghosh A, Gopalan V, Olgun G, Liu H, Kyriakopoulos GC, Skeparnias I, Georgiou S, Stathopoulos C, Hannenhalli S, Merlino G, Marie KL, Day CP. Noncoding RNA circuitry in melanoma onset, plasticity, and therapeutic response. Pharmacol Ther 2023; 248:108466. [PMID: 37301330 PMCID: PMC10527631 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2023.108466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Melanoma, the cancer of the melanocyte, is the deadliest form of skin cancer with an aggressive nature, propensity to metastasize and tendency to resist therapeutic intervention. Studies have identified that the re-emergence of developmental pathways in melanoma contributes to melanoma onset, plasticity, and therapeutic response. Notably, it is well known that noncoding RNAs play a critical role in the development and stress response of tissues. In this review, we focus on the noncoding RNAs, including microRNAs, long non-coding RNAs, circular RNAs, and other small RNAs, for their functions in developmental mechanisms and plasticity, which drive onset, progression, therapeutic response and resistance in melanoma. Going forward, elucidation of noncoding RNA-mediated mechanisms may provide insights that accelerate development of novel melanoma therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katerina Grafanaki
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece
| | - Ioannis Grammatikakis
- Cancer Genetics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Arin Ghosh
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Vishaka Gopalan
- Cancer Data Science Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Gulden Olgun
- Cancer Data Science Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Huaitian Liu
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - George C Kyriakopoulos
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece
| | - Ilias Skeparnias
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Sophia Georgiou
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece
| | | | - Sridhar Hannenhalli
- Cancer Data Science Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Glenn Merlino
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Kerrie L Marie
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Function, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
| | - Chi-Ping Day
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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4
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Vand-Rajabpour F, Savage M, Belote RL, Judson-Torres RL. Critical Considerations for Investigating MicroRNAs during Tumorigenesis: A Case Study in Conceptual and Contextual Nuances of miR-211-5p in Melanoma. EPIGENOMES 2023; 7:9. [PMID: 37218870 PMCID: PMC10204420 DOI: 10.3390/epigenomes7020009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs are non-coding RNAs fundamental to metazoan development and disease. Although the aberrant regulation of microRNAs during mammalian tumorigenesis is well established, investigations into the contributions of individual microRNAs are wrought with conflicting observations. The underlying cause of these inconsistencies is often attributed to context-specific functions of microRNAs. We propose that consideration of both context-specific factors, as well as underappreciated fundamental concepts of microRNA biology, will permit a more harmonious interpretation of ostensibly diverging data. We discuss the theory that the biological function of microRNAs is to confer robustness to specific cell states. Through this lens, we then consider the role of miR-211-5p in melanoma progression. Using literature review and meta-analyses, we demonstrate how a deep understating of domain-specific contexts is critical for moving toward a concordant understanding of miR-211-5p and other microRNAs in cancer biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Vand-Rajabpour
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 14155-6447, Tehran 14176-13151, Iran
| | - Meghan Savage
- Department of Oncological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Rachel L. Belote
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Robert L. Judson-Torres
- Department of Oncological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
- Department of Dermatology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
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5
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Neuendorf HM, Simmons JL, Boyle GM. Therapeutic targeting of anoikis resistance in cutaneous melanoma metastasis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1183328. [PMID: 37181747 PMCID: PMC10169659 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1183328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The acquisition of resistance to anoikis, the cell death induced by loss of adhesion to the extracellular matrix, is an absolute requirement for the survival of disseminating and circulating tumour cells (CTCs), and for the seeding of metastatic lesions. In melanoma, a range of intracellular signalling cascades have been identified as potential drivers of anoikis resistance, however a full understanding of the process is yet to be attained. Mechanisms of anoikis resistance pose an attractive target for the therapeutic treatment of disseminating and circulating melanoma cells. This review explores the range of small molecule, peptide and antibody inhibitors targeting molecules involved in anoikis resistance in melanoma, and may be repurposed to prevent metastatic melanoma prior to its initiation, potentially improving the prognosis for patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah M. Neuendorf
- Cancer Drug Mechanisms Group, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, QLD, Australia
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Jacinta L. Simmons
- Cancer Drug Mechanisms Group, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, QLD, Australia
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Glen M. Boyle
- Cancer Drug Mechanisms Group, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, QLD, Australia
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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6
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Shoji KF, Bayet E, Leverrier-Penna S, Le Devedec D, Mallavialle A, Marionneau-Lambot S, Rambow F, Perret R, Joussaume A, Viel R, Fautrel A, Khammari A, Constantin B, Tartare-Deckert S, Penna A. The mechanosensitive TRPV2 calcium channel promotes human melanoma invasiveness and metastatic potential. EMBO Rep 2023; 24:e55069. [PMID: 36744297 PMCID: PMC10074106 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202255069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Melanoma is a highly aggressive cancer endowed with a unique capacity of rapidly metastasizing, which is fundamentally driven by aberrant cell motility behaviors. Discovering "migrastatics" targets, specifically controlling invasion and dissemination of melanoma cells during metastasis, is therefore of primary importance. Here, we uncover the prominent expression of the plasma membrane TRPV2 calcium channel as a distinctive feature of melanoma tumors, directly related to melanoma metastatic dissemination. In vitro as well as in vivo, TRPV2 activity is sufficient to confer both migratory and invasive potentials, while conversely TRPV2 silencing in highly metastatic melanoma cells prevents aggressive behavior. In invasive melanoma cells, TRPV2 channel localizes at the leading edge, in dynamic nascent adhesions, and regulates calcium-mediated activation of calpain and the ensuing cleavage of the adhesive protein talin, along with F-actin organization. In human melanoma tissues, TRPV2 overexpression correlates with advanced malignancy and poor prognosis, evoking a biomarker potential. Hence, by regulating adhesion and motility, the mechanosensitive TRPV2 channel controls melanoma cell invasiveness, highlighting a new therapeutic option for migrastatics in the treatment of metastatic melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji F Shoji
- Inserm, EHESP, IRSET, UMR_S 1085, Université de Rennes 1, Rennes, France
| | - Elsa Bayet
- Inserm, EHESP, IRSET, UMR_S 1085, Université de Rennes 1, Rennes, France.,CNRS, 4CS, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | | | - Dahiana Le Devedec
- Inserm, EHESP, IRSET, UMR_S 1085, Université de Rennes 1, Rennes, France
| | - Aude Mallavialle
- INSERM, C3M, team 'labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer 2022, Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France
| | | | - Florian Rambow
- Department of Applied Computational Cancer Research, Institute for AI in Medicine (IKIM), University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany.,University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Raul Perret
- Service de Dermatologie, CHU Nantes, CIC 1413, INSERM, Immunology and New Concepts in ImmunoTherapy, INCIT, UMR 1302, Nantes Université, Nantes, France
| | - Aurélie Joussaume
- Inserm, EHESP, IRSET, UMR_S 1085, Université de Rennes 1, Rennes, France
| | - Roselyne Viel
- CNRS, Inserm UMS Biosit, H2P2 Core Facility, Université de Rennes 1, Rennes, France
| | - Alain Fautrel
- CNRS, Inserm UMS Biosit, H2P2 Core Facility, Université de Rennes 1, Rennes, France
| | - Amir Khammari
- Service de Dermatologie, CHU Nantes, CIC 1413, INSERM, Immunology and New Concepts in ImmunoTherapy, INCIT, UMR 1302, Nantes Université, Nantes, France
| | | | - Sophie Tartare-Deckert
- INSERM, C3M, team 'labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer 2022, Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France
| | - Aubin Penna
- Inserm, EHESP, IRSET, UMR_S 1085, Université de Rennes 1, Rennes, France.,CNRS, 4CS, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
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7
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Pagliuca C, Di Leo L, De Zio D. New Insights into the Phenotype Switching of Melanoma. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14246118. [PMID: 36551603 PMCID: PMC9776915 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14246118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanoma is considered one of the deadliest skin cancers, partly because of acquired resistance to standard therapies. The most recognized driver of resistance relies on acquired melanoma cell plasticity, or the ability to dynamically switch among differentiation phenotypes. This confers the tumor noticeable advantages. During the last year, two new features have been included in the hallmarks of cancer, namely "Unlocking phenotypic plasticity" and "Non-mutational epigenetic reprogramming". Such are inextricably intertwined as, most of the time, plasticity is not discernable at the genetic level, as it rather consists of epigenetic reprogramming heavily influenced by external factors. By analyzing current literature, this review provides reasoning about the origin of plasticity and clarifies whether such features already exist among tumors or are acquired by selection. Moreover, markers of plasticity, molecular effectors, and related tumor advantages in melanoma will be explored. Ultimately, as this new branch of tumor biology opened a wide landscape of therapeutic possibilities, in the final paragraph of this review, we will focus on newly characterized drugs targeting melanoma plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Pagliuca
- Melanoma Research Team, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Luca Di Leo
- Melanoma Research Team, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Daniela De Zio
- Melanoma Research Team, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Correspondence:
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8
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Lopez-Bergami P. ROR2, a driver of "phenotype switching" in melanoma? Cancer Cell Int 2022; 22:288. [PMID: 36127680 PMCID: PMC9487041 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-022-02711-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Receptor tyrosine kinase-like orphan receptor 2 (ROR2) is a receptor for the Wnt5a ligand that was shown to play a dual role in cancer. ROR2 was shown to either suppress or promote tumor progression in different tumor types by regulating the same biological processes (i.e. proliferation, invasion) in opposite ways. We have recently observed that ROR2 plays multiple and somewhat contradictory roles in melanoma where it impairs cell proliferation but promotes migration, EMT and chemoresistance. In the present article, ROR2 is proposed to be a major driver of “phenotype switching” in melanoma that can tilt the cellular behavior toward proliferative or invasive phenotypes. This function of ROR2 has therapeutic implications since it would provide an opportunity for targeting specific phenotypes such as invasive and drug-resistant ones by inhibiting ROR2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Lopez-Bergami
- Centro de Estudios Biomédicos, Básicos, Aplicados y Desarrollo (CEBBAD), Universidad Maimónides, Hidalgo 775, 6th Floor, Lab 602, 1405, Buenos Aires, Argentina. .,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), 1425, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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9
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Li Y, Wu J, Tian Y, Zhu Q, Ge Y, Yu H, Huang J, Li H, Zhang J, Zhang L, Hu L. MED1 Downregulation Contributes to TGFβ-Induced Metastasis by Inhibiting SMAD2 Ubiquitination Degradation in Cutaneous Melanoma. J Invest Dermatol 2022; 142:2228-2237.e4. [PMID: 35131256 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2022.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Metastasis is the main reason for the high mortality of patients and indeed a difficult task in the treatment of cutaneous melanoma. Therefore, it is of great clinical value to explore the molecular mechanism of cutaneous metastatic melanoma and develop novel therapies. MED1, acting as a factor required for activator-dependent transcription, is reported to be involved in carcinogenesis and progression. In this study, we found that MED1 was highly expressed in patients with cutaneous melanoma. MED1 downregulation could induce cellular epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and promote migration, invasion, and metastasis of cutaneous melanoma in vivo and in vitro. Further analysis showed that in Med1 knockdown cells, the TGFβ/SMAD2 signaling pathway mediated an increase in epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition phenotype and migration. The opposite results were observed after treatment with TGFβ inhibitors. To further explore the mechanism, we found that MED1 interacted with SMAD2, and MED1 downregulation could protect SMAD2 from degradation by inhibiting SMAD2 ubiquitination. Together, these results suggest that MED1 inhibited TGFβ signaling pathway to reduce cell epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition phenotype and migration through SMAD2 ubiquitination in the metastasis of cutaneous melanoma. Our findings elucidated the role of MED1 in the metastasis of cutaneous melanoma and provided a target for the therapeutic strategies of cutaneous melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingxi Li
- Immunology Department, Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease (Ministry of Education), Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Jiangmei Wu
- Immunology Department, Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease (Ministry of Education), Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yao Tian
- Department of General Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Qianyu Zhu
- Immunology Department, Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease (Ministry of Education), Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yicheng Ge
- Immunology Department, Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease (Ministry of Education), Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Haoyue Yu
- Immunology Department, Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease (Ministry of Education), Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Junkai Huang
- Immunology Department, Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease (Ministry of Education), Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Hong Li
- Department of Dermatology, Tianjin Nankai Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Immunology Department, Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease (Ministry of Education), Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Litao Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Tianjin Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Lizhi Hu
- Immunology Department, Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease (Ministry of Education), Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.
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10
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Fane ME, Chhabra Y, Alicea GM, Maranto DA, Douglass SM, Webster MR, Rebecca VW, Marino GE, Almeida F, Ecker BL, Zabransky DJ, Hüser L, Beer T, Tang HY, Kossenkov A, Herlyn M, Speicher DW, Xu W, Xu X, Jaffee EM, Aguirre-Ghiso JA, Weeraratna AT. Stromal changes in the aged lung induce an emergence from melanoma dormancy. Nature 2022; 606:396-405. [PMID: 35650435 PMCID: PMC9554951 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-04774-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Disseminated cancer cells from primary tumours can seed in distal tissues, but may take several years to form overt metastases, a phenomenon that is termed tumour dormancy. Despite its importance in metastasis and residual disease, few studies have been able to successfully characterize dormancy within melanoma. Here we show that the aged lung microenvironment facilitates a permissive niche for efficient outgrowth of dormant disseminated cancer cells-in contrast to the aged skin, in which age-related changes suppress melanoma growth but drive dissemination. These microenvironmental complexities can be explained by the phenotype switching model, which argues that melanoma cells switch between a proliferative cell state and a slower-cycling, invasive state1-3. It was previously shown that dermal fibroblasts promote phenotype switching in melanoma during ageing4-8. We now identify WNT5A as an activator of dormancy in melanoma disseminated cancer cells within the lung, which initially enables the efficient dissemination and seeding of melanoma cells in metastatic niches. Age-induced reprogramming of lung fibroblasts increases their secretion of the soluble WNT antagonist sFRP1, which inhibits WNT5A in melanoma cells and thereby enables efficient metastatic outgrowth. We also identify the tyrosine kinase receptors AXL and MER as promoting a dormancy-to-reactivation axis within melanoma cells. Overall, we find that age-induced changes in distal metastatic microenvironments promote the efficient reactivation of dormant melanoma cells in the lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell E Fane
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Yash Chhabra
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Gretchen M Alicea
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Devon A Maranto
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Stephen M Douglass
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Vito W Rebecca
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Gloria E Marino
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Brett L Ecker
- The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Daniel J Zabransky
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Laura Hüser
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Skin Cancer Unit, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Ruprecht-Karl University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Wei Xu
- Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Xiaowei Xu
- Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Elizabeth M Jaffee
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Julio A Aguirre-Ghiso
- Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein Cancer Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Cancer Dormancy and Tumor Microenvironment Institute, Albert Einstein Cancer Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Gruss-Lipper Biophotonics Center, Albert Einstein Cancer Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Ruth L. and David S. Gottesman Institute for Stem Cell Research and Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Aging Research, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ashani T Weeraratna
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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11
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Single-cell RNA sequencing reveals the existence of pro-metastatic subpopulation within a parental B16 murine melanoma cell line. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2022; 613:120-126. [PMID: 35550198 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2022.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The mechanism of melanoma metastasis is poorly understood, especially at the single-cell level. To understand the evolution from primary melanoma to metastasis, we investigated single-cell transcriptome profiles of parental B16 melanoma cells (B16F0) and its highly metastatic subclone (B16F10). Genomic alterations between cells were also analyzed by whole-exome sequencing. We identified 274 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in B16F10, including upregulated genes related to metastasis, Lgals3, Sparc, Met, and Tmsb4x, and downregulated Mitf pathway genes, Ptgds, Cyb5a, and Cd63. The proportion of cycling cells and cells highly expressing Kdm5b was significantly high in B16F10 cells. Among the five subclusters of B16 cells (C1-5), C3/C4 clusters comprised both B16F0 and B16F10 cells and exhibited intermediate DEG patterns, whereas the C5 cluster mostly comprised B16F10 and showed typical metastatic characteristics. In trajectory analysis, the C4 cluster in B16F0, which showed unique characteristics (mainly cycling cells and upregulation of Mitf pathway genes), have transition potential to the C5 cluster (B16F10). Regarding genomic alterations, stepwise evolution with shared mutations, including Braf, Pten, and Trp53, and further specific alterations led to metastatic development. Our results provide deeper understanding of melanoma metastasis at the single-cell level, thus aiding further studies in melanoma metastasis control.
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12
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Understanding Molecular Mechanisms of Phenotype Switching and Crosstalk with TME to Reveal New Vulnerabilities of Melanoma. Cells 2022; 11:cells11071157. [PMID: 35406721 PMCID: PMC8997563 DOI: 10.3390/cells11071157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 03/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanoma cells are notorious for their high plasticity and ability to switch back and forth between various melanoma cell states, enabling the adaptation to sub-optimal conditions and therapeutics. This phenotypic plasticity, which has gained more attention in cancer research, is proposed as a new paradigm for melanoma progression. In this review, we provide a detailed and deep comprehensive recapitulation of the complex spectrum of phenotype switching in melanoma, the key regulator factors, the various and new melanoma states, and corresponding signatures. We also present an extensive description of the role of epigenetic modifications (chromatin remodeling, methylation, and activities of long non-coding RNAs/miRNAs) and metabolic rewiring in the dynamic switch. Furthermore, we elucidate the main role of the crosstalk between the tumor microenvironment (TME) and oxidative stress in the regulation of the phenotype switching. Finally, we discuss in detail several rational therapeutic approaches, such as exploiting phenotype-specific and metabolic vulnerabilities and targeting components and signals of the TME, to improve the response of melanoma patients to treatments.
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13
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Fane ME, Chhabra Y, Spoerri L, Simmons JL, Ludwig R, Bonvin E, Goding CR, Sturm RA, Boyle GM, Haass NK, Piper M, Smith AG. Reciprocal regulation of BRN2 and NOTCH1/2 signaling synergistically drives melanoma cell migration and invasion. J Invest Dermatol 2021; 142:1845-1857. [PMID: 34958806 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2020.12.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Phenotypic plasticity drives cancer progression, impacts on treatment response and is a major driver of therapeutic resistance. In melanoma, a regulatory axis between the MITF and BRN2 transcription factors has been reported to promote tumor heterogeneity by mediating switching between proliferative and invasive phenotypes respectively. Despite strong evidence that subpopulations of cells that exhibit a BRN2high/MITFlow expression profile switch to a predominantly invasive phenotype, the mechanisms by which this switch is propagated and promotes invasion remain poorly defined. We have found that a reciprocal relationship between BRN2 and NOTCH1/2 signaling exists in melanoma cells in vitro, within patient datasets and in vivo primary and metastatic human tumors that bolsters acquisition of invasiveness. Working through the epigenetic modulator EZH2, the BRN2-NOTCH1/2 axis is potentially a key mechanism by which the invasive phenotype is maintained. Given the emergence of agents targeting both EZH2 and NOTCH, understanding the mechanism through which BRN2 promotes heterogeneity may provide crucial biomarkers to predict treatment response to prevent metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell E Fane
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation at the Translational Research Institute, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia; The School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore MD 21231; Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore MD 21231
| | - Yash Chhabra
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation at the Translational Research Institute, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia; Dermatology Research Centre, The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, 4102, Australia; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore MD 21231; Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore MD 21231
| | - Loredana Spoerri
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, 4102, Australia
| | - Jacinta L Simmons
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation at the Translational Research Institute, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia; The School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia; Cancer Drug Mechanisms Group, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, QLD, 4006, Australia
| | - Raquelle Ludwig
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation at the Translational Research Institute, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Elise Bonvin
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Colin R Goding
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Richard A Sturm
- Dermatology Research Centre, The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, 4102, Australia
| | - Glen M Boyle
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation at the Translational Research Institute, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia; The School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia; Cancer Drug Mechanisms Group, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, QLD, 4006, Australia
| | - Nikolas K Haass
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, 4102, Australia
| | - Michael Piper
- The School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Aaron G Smith
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation at the Translational Research Institute, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia; Dermatology Research Centre, The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, 4102, Australia.
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14
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Campbell NR, Rao A, Hunter MV, Sznurkowska MK, Briker L, Zhang M, Baron M, Heilmann S, Deforet M, Kenny C, Ferretti LP, Huang TH, Perlee S, Garg M, Nsengimana J, Saini M, Montal E, Tagore M, Newton-Bishop J, Middleton MR, Corrie P, Adams DJ, Rabbie R, Aceto N, Levesque MP, Cornell RA, Yanai I, Xavier JB, White RM. Cooperation between melanoma cell states promotes metastasis through heterotypic cluster formation. Dev Cell 2021; 56:2808-2825.e10. [PMID: 34529939 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2021.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Melanomas can have multiple coexisting cell states, including proliferative (PRO) versus invasive (INV) subpopulations that represent a "go or grow" trade-off; however, how these populations interact is poorly understood. Using a combination of zebrafish modeling and analysis of patient samples, we show that INV and PRO cells form spatially structured heterotypic clusters and cooperate in the seeding of metastasis, maintaining cell state heterogeneity. INV cells adhere tightly to each other and form clusters with a rim of PRO cells. Intravital imaging demonstrated cooperation in which INV cells facilitate dissemination of less metastatic PRO cells. We identified the TFAP2 neural crest transcription factor as a master regulator of clustering and PRO/INV states. Isolation of clusters from patients with metastatic melanoma revealed a subset with heterotypic PRO-INV clusters. Our data suggest a framework for the co-existence of these two divergent cell populations, in which heterotypic clusters promote metastasis via cell-cell cooperation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathaniel R Campbell
- Weill Cornell/Rockefeller Memorial Sloan Kettering Tri-Institutional MD-PhD Program, New York, NY 10065, USA; Computational and Systems Biology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; Cancer Biology and Genetics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Anjali Rao
- Institute for Computational Medicine, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Miranda V Hunter
- Cancer Biology and Genetics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Magdalena K Sznurkowska
- Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Luzia Briker
- Department of Dermatology, University of Zürich Hospital, University of Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Maomao Zhang
- Cancer Biology and Genetics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Maayan Baron
- Institute for Computational Medicine, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Silja Heilmann
- Computational and Systems Biology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Maxime Deforet
- Computational and Systems Biology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Colin Kenny
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Lorenza P Ferretti
- Department of Dermatology, University of Zürich Hospital, University of Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Molecular Mechanisms of Disease, University of Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ting-Hsiang Huang
- Cancer Biology and Genetics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Sarah Perlee
- Cancer Biology and Genetics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Manik Garg
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, UK
| | - Jérémie Nsengimana
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research at St. James's, University of Leeds School of Medicine, Leeds, UK
| | - Massimo Saini
- Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Emily Montal
- Cancer Biology and Genetics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Mohita Tagore
- Cancer Biology and Genetics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Julia Newton-Bishop
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research at St. James's, University of Leeds School of Medicine, Leeds, UK
| | - Mark R Middleton
- Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre and Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Pippa Corrie
- Cambridge Cancer Centre, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - David J Adams
- Experimental Cancer Genetics, the Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, UK
| | - Roy Rabbie
- Cambridge Cancer Centre, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK; Experimental Cancer Genetics, the Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, UK
| | - Nicola Aceto
- Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Mitchell P Levesque
- Department of Dermatology, University of Zürich Hospital, University of Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Robert A Cornell
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Itai Yanai
- Institute for Computational Medicine, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Joao B Xavier
- Computational and Systems Biology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA.
| | - Richard M White
- Cancer Biology and Genetics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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15
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Pillai M, Jolly MK. Systems-level network modeling deciphers the master regulators of phenotypic plasticity and heterogeneity in melanoma. iScience 2021; 24:103111. [PMID: 34622164 PMCID: PMC8479788 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.103111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Phenotypic (i.e. non-genetic) heterogeneity in melanoma drives dedifferentiation, recalcitrance to targeted therapy and immunotherapy, and consequent tumor relapse and metastasis. Various markers or regulators associated with distinct phenotypes in melanoma have been identified, but, how does a network of interactions among these regulators give rise to multiple "attractor" states and phenotypic switching remains elusive. Here, we inferred a network of transcription factors (TFs) that act as master regulators for gene signatures of diverse cell-states in melanoma. Dynamical simulations of this network predicted how this network can settle into different "attractors" (TF expression patterns), suggesting that TF network dynamics drives the emergence of phenotypic heterogeneity. These simulations can recapitulate major phenotypes observed in melanoma and explain de-differentiation trajectory observed upon BRAF inhibition. Our systems-level modeling framework offers a platform to understand trajectories of phenotypic transitions in the landscape of a regulatory TF network and identify novel therapeutic strategies targeting melanoma plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maalavika Pillai
- Centre for BioSystems Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
- Undergraduate Programme, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Mohit Kumar Jolly
- Centre for BioSystems Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
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16
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Huang F, Santinon F, Flores González RE, del Rincón SV. Melanoma Plasticity: Promoter of Metastasis and Resistance to Therapy. Front Oncol 2021; 11:756001. [PMID: 34604096 PMCID: PMC8481945 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.756001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanoma is the deadliest form of skin cancer. Although targeted therapies and immunotherapies have revolutionized the treatment of metastatic melanoma, most patients are not cured. Therapy resistance remains a significant clinical challenge. Melanoma comprises phenotypically distinct subpopulations of cells, exhibiting distinct gene signatures leading to tumor heterogeneity and favoring therapeutic resistance. Cellular plasticity in melanoma is referred to as phenotype switching. Regardless of their genomic classification, melanomas switch from a proliferative and differentiated phenotype to an invasive, dedifferentiated and often therapy-resistant state. In this review we discuss potential mechanisms underpinning melanoma phenotype switching, how this cellular plasticity contributes to resistance to both targeted therapies and immunotherapies. Finally, we highlight novel strategies to target plasticity and their potential clinical impact in melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Huang
- Lady Davis Institute, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Department of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - François Santinon
- Lady Davis Institute, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Department of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Raúl Ernesto Flores González
- Lady Davis Institute, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Department of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Sonia V. del Rincón
- Lady Davis Institute, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Department of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Department of Oncology, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
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17
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Molecular Changes Induced in Melanoma by Cell Culturing in 3D Alginate Hydrogels. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13164111. [PMID: 34439267 PMCID: PMC8394053 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13164111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 08/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The research field of 3D cell cultivation in hydrogels is continuously growing. To be able to analyze the reaction of melanoma cells to 3D cultivation in alginate hydrogel on a molecular level, whole transcriptome sequencing was performed. Intriguingly, we could not only unravel differences between the gene regulation in 2D and 3D cultures but could also correlate the culture switch to the physiological process of tumor plasticity based on the observed patterns. Thereby, the role of EGR1 in controlling tumor plasticity and progression in melanoma was revealed. We conclude that the combination of cell culture models using biomaterials and whole transcriptome analysis leads to a deeper molecular understanding of cancer cells, herewith defining new therapeutic targets. Abstract Alginate hydrogels have been used as a biomaterial for 3D culturing for several years. Here, gene expression patterns in melanoma cells cultivated in 3D alginate are compared to 2D cultures. It is well-known that 2D cell culture is not resembling the complex in vivo situation well. However, the use of very intricate 3D models does not allow performing high-throughput screening and analysis is highly complex. 3D cell culture strategies in hydrogels will better mimic the in vivo situation while they maintain feasibility for large-scale analysis. As alginate is an easy-to-use material and due to its favorable properties, it is commonly applied as a bioink component in the growing field of cell encapsulation and biofabrication. Yet, only a little information about the transcriptome in 3D cultures in hydrogels like alginate is available. In this study, changes in the transcriptome based on RNA-Seq data by cultivating melanoma cells in 3D alginate are analyzed and reveal marked changes compared to cells cultured on usual 2D tissue culture plastic. Deregulated genes represent valuable cues to signaling pathways and molecules affected by the culture method. Using this as a model system for tumor cell plasticity and heterogeneity, EGR1 is determined to play an important role in melanoma progression.
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18
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de Winde CM, George SL, Crosas-Molist E, Hari-Gupta Y, Arp AB, Benjamin AC, Millward LJ, Makris S, Carver A, Imperatore V, Martínez VG, Sanz-Moreno V, Acton SE. Podoplanin drives dedifferentiation and amoeboid invasion of melanoma. iScience 2021; 24:102976. [PMID: 34485858 PMCID: PMC8405990 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.102976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Melanoma is an aggressive skin cancer developing from melanocytes, frequently resulting in metastatic disease. Melanoma cells utilize amoeboid migration as mode of local invasion. Amoeboid invasion is characterized by rounded cell morphology and high actomyosin contractility driven by Rho GTPase signalling. Migrastatic drugs targeting actin polymerization and contractility are therefore a promising treatment option for metastatic melanoma. To predict amoeboid invasion and metastatic potential, biomarkers functionally linked to contractility pathways are needed. The glycoprotein podoplanin drives actomyosin contractility in lymphoid fibroblasts and is overexpressed in many cancers. We show that podoplanin enhances amoeboid invasion in melanoma. Podoplanin expression in murine melanoma drives rounded cell morphology, increasing motility, and invasion in vivo. Podoplanin expression is increased in a subset of dedifferentiated human melanoma, and in vitro is sufficient to upregulate melanoma-associated marker Pou3f2/Brn2. Together, our data define podoplanin as a functional biomarker for dedifferentiated invasive melanoma and a promising migrastatic therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte M. de Winde
- Stromal Immunology Group, MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Samantha L. George
- Stromal Immunology Group, MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK,Barts Cancer Institute, John Vane Science Building, Charterhouse Square, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Eva Crosas-Molist
- Barts Cancer Institute, John Vane Science Building, Charterhouse Square, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Yukti Hari-Gupta
- Stromal Immunology Group, MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Abbey B. Arp
- Stromal Immunology Group, MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Agnesska C. Benjamin
- Stromal Immunology Group, MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Lindsey J. Millward
- Stromal Immunology Group, MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Spyridon Makris
- Stromal Immunology Group, MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Alexander Carver
- Stromal Immunology Group, MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Valerio Imperatore
- Stromal Immunology Group, MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK,Cell Biogenesis and Tissue Regeneration Group, MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Víctor G. Martínez
- Stromal Immunology Group, MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Victoria Sanz-Moreno
- Barts Cancer Institute, John Vane Science Building, Charterhouse Square, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Sophie E. Acton
- Stromal Immunology Group, MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK,Corresponding author
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19
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Hamm M, Sohier P, Petit V, Raymond JH, Delmas V, Le Coz M, Gesbert F, Kenny C, Aktary Z, Pouteaux M, Rambow F, Sarasin A, Charoenchon N, Bellacosa A, Sanchez-Del-Campo L, Mosteo L, Lauss M, Meijer D, Steingrimsson E, Jönsson GB, Cornell RA, Davidson I, Goding CR, Larue L. BRN2 is a non-canonical melanoma tumor-suppressor. Nat Commun 2021; 12:3707. [PMID: 34140478 PMCID: PMC8211827 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-23973-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
While the major drivers of melanoma initiation, including activation of NRAS/BRAF and loss of PTEN or CDKN2A, have been identified, the role of key transcription factors that impose altered transcriptional states in response to deregulated signaling is not well understood. The POU domain transcription factor BRN2 is a key regulator of melanoma invasion, yet its role in melanoma initiation remains unknown. Here, in a BrafV600E PtenF/+ context, we show that BRN2 haplo-insufficiency promotes melanoma initiation and metastasis. However, metastatic colonization is less efficient in the absence of Brn2. Mechanistically, BRN2 directly induces PTEN expression and in consequence represses PI3K signaling. Moreover, MITF, a BRN2 target, represses PTEN transcription. Collectively, our results suggest that on a PTEN heterozygous background somatic deletion of one BRN2 allele and temporal regulation of the other allele elicits melanoma initiation and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Hamm
- Institut Curie, Université PSL, CNRS UMR3347, Inserm U1021, Normal and Pathological Development of Melanocytes, Orsay, France
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS UMR3347, Inserm U1021, Signalisation radiobiologie et cancer, Orsay, France
- Equipes Labellisées Ligue Contre le Cancer, Paris, France
| | - Pierre Sohier
- Institut Curie, Université PSL, CNRS UMR3347, Inserm U1021, Normal and Pathological Development of Melanocytes, Orsay, France
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS UMR3347, Inserm U1021, Signalisation radiobiologie et cancer, Orsay, France
- Equipes Labellisées Ligue Contre le Cancer, Paris, France
| | - Valérie Petit
- Institut Curie, Université PSL, CNRS UMR3347, Inserm U1021, Normal and Pathological Development of Melanocytes, Orsay, France
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS UMR3347, Inserm U1021, Signalisation radiobiologie et cancer, Orsay, France
- Equipes Labellisées Ligue Contre le Cancer, Paris, France
| | - Jérémy H Raymond
- Institut Curie, Université PSL, CNRS UMR3347, Inserm U1021, Normal and Pathological Development of Melanocytes, Orsay, France
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS UMR3347, Inserm U1021, Signalisation radiobiologie et cancer, Orsay, France
- Equipes Labellisées Ligue Contre le Cancer, Paris, France
| | - Véronique Delmas
- Institut Curie, Université PSL, CNRS UMR3347, Inserm U1021, Normal and Pathological Development of Melanocytes, Orsay, France
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS UMR3347, Inserm U1021, Signalisation radiobiologie et cancer, Orsay, France
- Equipes Labellisées Ligue Contre le Cancer, Paris, France
| | - Madeleine Le Coz
- Institut Curie, Université PSL, CNRS UMR3347, Inserm U1021, Normal and Pathological Development of Melanocytes, Orsay, France
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS UMR3347, Inserm U1021, Signalisation radiobiologie et cancer, Orsay, France
- Equipes Labellisées Ligue Contre le Cancer, Paris, France
| | - Franck Gesbert
- Institut Curie, Université PSL, CNRS UMR3347, Inserm U1021, Normal and Pathological Development of Melanocytes, Orsay, France
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS UMR3347, Inserm U1021, Signalisation radiobiologie et cancer, Orsay, France
- Equipes Labellisées Ligue Contre le Cancer, Paris, France
| | - Colin Kenny
- Department of Anatomy and Cell biology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Zackie Aktary
- Institut Curie, Université PSL, CNRS UMR3347, Inserm U1021, Normal and Pathological Development of Melanocytes, Orsay, France
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS UMR3347, Inserm U1021, Signalisation radiobiologie et cancer, Orsay, France
- Equipes Labellisées Ligue Contre le Cancer, Paris, France
| | - Marie Pouteaux
- Institut Curie, Université PSL, CNRS UMR3347, Inserm U1021, Normal and Pathological Development of Melanocytes, Orsay, France
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS UMR3347, Inserm U1021, Signalisation radiobiologie et cancer, Orsay, France
- Equipes Labellisées Ligue Contre le Cancer, Paris, France
| | - Florian Rambow
- Institut Curie, Université PSL, CNRS UMR3347, Inserm U1021, Normal and Pathological Development of Melanocytes, Orsay, France
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS UMR3347, Inserm U1021, Signalisation radiobiologie et cancer, Orsay, France
- Equipes Labellisées Ligue Contre le Cancer, Paris, France
| | - Alain Sarasin
- Laboratory of Genetic Instability and Oncogenesis, UMR8200 CNRS, Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Sud, Villejuif, France
| | - Nisamanee Charoenchon
- Institut Curie, Université PSL, CNRS UMR3347, Inserm U1021, Normal and Pathological Development of Melanocytes, Orsay, France
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS UMR3347, Inserm U1021, Signalisation radiobiologie et cancer, Orsay, France
- Equipes Labellisées Ligue Contre le Cancer, Paris, France
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Alfonso Bellacosa
- Cancer Epigenetics Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Luis Sanchez-Del-Campo
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford, UK
| | - Laura Mosteo
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford, UK
| | - Martin Lauss
- Department of Oncology, Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University and Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - Dies Meijer
- Centre of Neuroregeneration, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Eirikur Steingrimsson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Department of Anatomy, BioMedical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Göran B Jönsson
- Department of Oncology, Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University and Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - Robert A Cornell
- Department of Anatomy and Cell biology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Irwin Davidson
- Department of Anatomy and Cell biology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
- Department of Functional Genomics and Cancer, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS/INSERM/UNISTRA, 1 Rue Laurent Fries, 67404, Illkirch, Cedex, France
| | - Colin R Goding
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford, UK.
| | - Lionel Larue
- Institut Curie, Université PSL, CNRS UMR3347, Inserm U1021, Normal and Pathological Development of Melanocytes, Orsay, France.
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS UMR3347, Inserm U1021, Signalisation radiobiologie et cancer, Orsay, France.
- Equipes Labellisées Ligue Contre le Cancer, Paris, France.
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20
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Adane B, Alexe G, Seong BKA, Lu D, Hwang EE, Hnisz D, Lareau CA, Ross L, Lin S, Dela Cruz FS, Richardson M, Weintraub AS, Wang S, Iniguez AB, Dharia NV, Conway AS, Robichaud AL, Tanenbaum B, Krill-Burger JM, Vazquez F, Schenone M, Berman JN, Kung AL, Carr SA, Aryee MJ, Young RA, Crompton BD, Stegmaier K. STAG2 loss rewires oncogenic and developmental programs to promote metastasis in Ewing sarcoma. Cancer Cell 2021; 39:827-844.e10. [PMID: 34129824 PMCID: PMC8378827 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2021.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The core cohesin subunit STAG2 is recurrently mutated in Ewing sarcoma but its biological role is less clear. Here, we demonstrate that cohesin complexes containing STAG2 occupy enhancer and polycomb repressive complex (PRC2)-marked regulatory regions. Genetic suppression of STAG2 leads to a compensatory increase in cohesin-STAG1 complexes, but not in enhancer-rich regions, and results in reprogramming of cis-chromatin interactions. Strikingly, in STAG2 knockout cells the oncogenic genetic program driven by the fusion transcription factor EWS/FLI1 was highly perturbed, in part due to altered enhancer-promoter contacts. Moreover, loss of STAG2 also disrupted PRC2-mediated regulation of gene expression. Combined, these transcriptional changes converged to modulate EWS/FLI1, migratory, and neurodevelopmental programs. Finally, consistent with clinical observations, functional studies revealed that loss of STAG2 enhances the metastatic potential of Ewing sarcoma xenografts. Our findings demonstrate that STAG2 mutations can alter chromatin architecture and transcriptional programs to promote an aggressive cancer phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biniam Adane
- Dana-Farber/Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Boston, MA, USA; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Gabriela Alexe
- Dana-Farber/Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Boston, MA, USA; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA; Bioinformatics Graduate Program, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Bo Kyung A Seong
- Dana-Farber/Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Boston, MA, USA; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Diana Lu
- Dana-Farber/Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Elizabeth E Hwang
- Dana-Farber/Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Denes Hnisz
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Caleb A Lareau
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Linda Ross
- Dana-Farber/Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Shan Lin
- Dana-Farber/Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Filemon S Dela Cruz
- Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Abraham S Weintraub
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA; Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Sarah Wang
- Dana-Farber/Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Neekesh V Dharia
- Dana-Farber/Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Boston, MA, USA; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Amy Saur Conway
- Dana-Farber/Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Amanda L Robichaud
- Dana-Farber/Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Jason N Berman
- Department of Pediatrics and Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada; Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Andrew L Kung
- Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Steven A Carr
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Martin J Aryee
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA; Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Richard A Young
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA; Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Brian D Crompton
- Dana-Farber/Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Boston, MA, USA; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - Kimberly Stegmaier
- Dana-Farber/Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Boston, MA, USA; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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21
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Vandyck HHLD, Hillen LM, Bosisio FM, van den Oord J, zur Hausen A, Winnepenninckx V. Rethinking the biology of metastatic melanoma: a holistic approach. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2021; 40:603-624. [PMID: 33870460 PMCID: PMC8213587 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-021-09960-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Over the past decades, melanoma-related mortality has remained nearly stable. The main reason is treatment failure of metastatic disease and the inherently linked knowledge gap regarding metastasis formation. In order to elicit invasion, melanoma cells manipulate the tumor microenvironment, gain motility, and adhere to the extracellular matrix and cancer-associated fibroblasts. Melanoma cells thereby express different cell adhesion molecules like laminins, integrins, N-cadherin, and others. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is physiological during embryologic development, but reactivated during malignancy. Despite not being truly epithelial, neural crest-derived malignancies like melanoma share similar biological programs that enable tumorigenesis, invasion, and metastasis. This complex phenomenon is termed phenotype switching and is intertwined with oncometabolism as well as dormancy escape. Additionally, it has been shown that primary melanoma shed exosomes that create a favorable premetastatic niche in the microenvironment of secondary organs and lymph nodes. Although the growing body of literature describes the aforementioned concepts separately, an integrative holistic approach is missing. Using melanoma as a tumor model, this review will shed light on these complex biological principles in an attempt to clarify the mechanistic metastatic pathways that dictate tumor and patient fate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hendrik HLD Vandyck
- Department of Pathology, GROW-School for Oncology & Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Center, MUMC+, PO Box 5800, 6202 AZ Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Lisa M Hillen
- Department of Pathology, GROW-School for Oncology & Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Center, MUMC+, PO Box 5800, 6202 AZ Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Francesca M Bosisio
- Laboratory of Translational Cell and Tissue Research (TCTR), Department of Pathology, KU Leuven and UZ Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Joost van den Oord
- Laboratory of Translational Cell and Tissue Research (TCTR), Department of Pathology, KU Leuven and UZ Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Axel zur Hausen
- Department of Pathology, GROW-School for Oncology & Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Center, MUMC+, PO Box 5800, 6202 AZ Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Véronique Winnepenninckx
- Department of Pathology, GROW-School for Oncology & Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Center, MUMC+, PO Box 5800, 6202 AZ Maastricht, The Netherlands
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22
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Integrin α3β1 Promotes Invasive and Metastatic Properties of Breast Cancer Cells through Induction of the Brn-2 Transcription Factor. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13030480. [PMID: 33513758 PMCID: PMC7866210 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13030480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Metastatic triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is highly lethal with limited therapy options. Integrin α3β1 is a cell surface receptor that interacts with the extracellular matrix and facilitates communication between tumor cells and their microenvironment. α3β1 is implicated in breast cancer progression and metastasis, so understanding mechanisms by which α3β1 promotes invasion and metastasis will facilitate the development of this integrin as a potential therapeutic target. Here we identify a novel role for α3β1 in promoting the expression of the transcription factor Brain-2 (Brn-2) in triple-negative breast cancer cells. We further report that Brn-2 promotes invasion and metastasis and partially restores invasion to cells in which expression of α3β1 has been suppressed. Bioinformatic analysis of patient datasets revealed a positive correlation between the expression of the genes encoding the integrin α3 subunit and Brn-2. In summary, our work identifies α3β1-mediated induction of Brn-2 as a mechanism that regulates invasive and metastatic properties of breast cancer cells. Abstract In the current study, we demonstrate that integrin α3β1 promotes invasive and metastatic traits of triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) cells through induction of the transcription factor, Brain-2 (Brn-2). We show that RNAi-mediated suppression of α3β1 in MDA-MB-231 cells caused reduced expression of Brn-2 mRNA and protein and reduced activity of the BRN2 gene promoter. In addition, RNAi-targeting of Brn-2 in MDA-MB-231 cells decreased invasion in vitro and lung colonization in vivo, and exogenous Brn-2 expression partially restored invasion to cells in which α3β1 was suppressed. α3β1 promoted phosphorylation of Akt in MDA-MB-231 cells, and treatment of these cells with a pharmacological Akt inhibitor (MK-2206) reduced both Brn-2 expression and cell invasion, indicating that α3β1-Akt signaling contributes to Brn-2 induction. Analysis of RNAseq data from patients with invasive breast carcinoma revealed that high BRN2 expression correlates with poor survival. Moreover, high BRN2 expression positively correlates with high ITGA3 expression in basal-like breast cancer, which is consistent with our experimental findings that α3β1 induces Brn-2 in TNBC cells. Together, our study demonstrates a pro-invasive/pro-metastatic role for Brn-2 in breast cancer cells and identifies a role for integrin α3β1 in regulating Brn-2 expression, thereby revealing a novel mechanism of integrin-dependent breast cancer cell invasion.
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23
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Douglass SM, Fane ME, Sanseviero E, Ecker BL, Kugel CH, Behera R, Kumar V, Tcyganov EN, Yin X, Liu Q, Chhabra Y, Alicea GM, Kuruvilla R, Gabrilovich DI, Weeraratna AT. Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells Are a Major Source of Wnt5A in the Melanoma Microenvironment and Depend on Wnt5A for Full Suppressive Activity. Cancer Res 2020; 81:658-670. [PMID: 33262126 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-20-1238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Metastatic dissemination remains a significant barrier to successful therapy for melanoma. Wnt5A is a potent driver of invasion in melanoma and is believed to be secreted from the tumor microenvironment (TME). Our data suggest that myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC) in the TME are a major source of Wnt5A and are reliant upon Wnt5A for multiple actions. Knockdown of Wnt5A specifically in the myeloid cells demonstrated a clear decrease in Wnt5A expression within the TME in vivo as well as a decrease in intratumoral MDSC and regulatory T cell (Treg). Wnt5A knockdown also decreased the immunosuppressive nature of MDSC and decreased expression of TGFβ1 and arginase 1. In the presence of Wnt5A-depleted MDSC, tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes expressed decreased PD-1 and LAG3, suggesting a less exhausted phenotype. Myeloid-specific Wnt5A knockdown also led to decreased lung metastasis. Tumor-infiltrating MDSC from control animals showed a strong positive correlation with Treg, which was completely ablated in animals with Wnt5A-negative MDSC. Overall, our data suggest that while MDSC contribute to an immunosuppressive and less immunogenic environment, they exhibit an additional function as the major source of Wnt5A in the TME. SIGNIFICANCE: These findings demonstrate that myeloid cells provide a major source of Wnt5A to facilitate metastatic potential in melanoma cells and rely on Wnt5A for their immunosuppressive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen M Douglass
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland.,Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Mitchell E Fane
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland.,Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | | | - Brett L Ecker
- Department of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | | | - Reeti Behera
- The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Vinit Kumar
- The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | | | - Xiangfan Yin
- The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Qin Liu
- The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Yash Chhabra
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland.,Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Gretchen M Alicea
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland.,Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Rejji Kuruvilla
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | | | - Ashani T Weeraratna
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland. .,Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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24
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Smart JA, Oleksak JE, Hartsough EJ. Cell Adhesion Molecules in Plasticity and Metastasis. Mol Cancer Res 2020; 19:25-37. [PMID: 33004622 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-20-0595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Prior to metastasis, modern therapeutics and surgical intervention can provide a favorable long-term survival for patients diagnosed with many types of cancers. However, prognosis is poor for patients with metastasized disease. Melanoma is the deadliest form of skin cancer, yet in situ and localized, thin melanomas can be biopsied with little to no postsurgical follow-up. However, patients with metastatic melanoma require significant clinical involvement and have a 5-year survival of only 34% to 52%, largely dependent on the site of colonization. Melanoma metastasis is a multi-step process requiring dynamic changes in cell surface proteins regulating adhesiveness to the extracellular matrix (ECM), stroma, and other cancer cells in varied tumor microenvironments. Here we will highlight recent literature to underscore how cell adhesion molecules (CAM) contribute to melanoma disease progression and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica A Smart
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Julia E Oleksak
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences and Professional Studies, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Edward J Hartsough
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
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25
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Massi D, Mihic-Probst D, Schadendorf D, Dummer R, Mandalà M. Dedifferentiated melanomas: Morpho-phenotypic profile, genetic reprogramming and clinical implications. Cancer Treat Rev 2020; 88:102060. [PMID: 32619863 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2020.102060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Phenotypic plasticity of malignant melanoma is a well-known phenomenon. Several translational studies and small case series have reported this clinical and biological entity, particularly in metastatic melanoma, showing frequent aberrant expression of non-melanocytic differentiation markers of different lineages, posing remarkable challenges due to several alternative differential diagnoses including undifferentiated carcinoma and sarcomas. When melanoma loses its typical morpho-phenotype by routinely used diagnostic immunohistochemical markers, it is defined as "dedifferentiated melanoma". Historically, this process was closely related to diagnostic interpretative difficulties. In recent years, however, dedifferentiation has been increasingly recognized as an important biological phenomenon that demonstrates the phenotypic and genetic plasticity of melanoma, and specifically the non-irreversibility of the multistep cancerogenesis. Furthermore, dedifferentiation emerged as a general hallmark of cancer evolution and a common denominator of cross-resistance to both targeted and immunotherapy. In this review, we summarize the histopathological features, the genetic and epigenetic bases underlying the dedifferentiated phenotype in melanomas and provide additional support that dedifferentiation is a mechanism of resistance to immunotherapy and targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Massi
- Section of Anatomic Pathology, Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Italy
| | - Daniela Mihic-Probst
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Pathology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Dirk Schadendorf
- Department of Dermatology ,University Hospital Essen, West German Cancer Center, University Duisburg-Essen and the German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Reinhard Dummer
- University Hospital Zürich Skin Cancer Center, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Mario Mandalà
- Unit of Melanoma, Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Oncology and Haematology, Papa Giovanni XXIII Cancer Center Hospital, Bergamo, Italy.
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26
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Carceles-Cordon M, Kelly WK, Gomella L, Knudsen KE, Rodriguez-Bravo V, Domingo-Domenech J. Cellular rewiring in lethal prostate cancer: the architect of drug resistance. Nat Rev Urol 2020; 17:292-307. [PMID: 32203305 PMCID: PMC7218925 DOI: 10.1038/s41585-020-0298-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Over the past 5 years, the advent of combination therapeutic strategies has substantially reshaped the clinical management of patients with advanced prostate cancer. However, most of these combination regimens were developed empirically and, despite offering survival benefits, are not enough to halt disease progression. Thus, the development of effective therapeutic strategies that target the mechanisms involved in the acquisition of drug resistance and improve clinical trial design are an unmet clinical need. In this context, we hypothesize that the tumour engineers a dynamic response through the process of cellular rewiring, in which it adapts to the therapy used and develops mechanisms of drug resistance via downstream signalling of key regulatory cascades such as the androgen receptor, PI3K-AKT or GATA2-dependent pathways, as well as initiation of biological processes to revert tumour cells to undifferentiated aggressive states via phenotype switching towards a neuroendocrine phenotype or acquisition of stem-like properties. These dynamic responses are specific for each patient and could be responsible for treatment failure despite multi-target approaches. Understanding the common stages of these cellular rewiring mechanisms to gain a new perspective on the molecular underpinnings of drug resistance might help formulate novel combination therapeutic regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Carceles-Cordon
- Medical Oncology Department, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - W Kevin Kelly
- Medical Oncology Department, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Leonard Gomella
- Urology Department, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Karen E Knudsen
- Medical Oncology Department, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Urology Department, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Cancer Biology Department, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Veronica Rodriguez-Bravo
- Cancer Biology Department, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Josep Domingo-Domenech
- Medical Oncology Department, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- Cancer Biology Department, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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27
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Janssen SM, Moscona R, Elchebly M, Papadakis AI, Redpath M, Wang H, Rubin E, van Kempen LC, Spatz A. BORIS/CTCFL promotes a switch from a proliferative towards an invasive phenotype in melanoma cells. Cell Death Discov 2020; 6:1. [PMID: 32123577 PMCID: PMC7026120 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-019-0235-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanoma is among the most aggressive cancers due to its tendency to metastasize early. Phenotype switching between a proliferative and an invasive state has been suggested as a critical process for metastasis, though the mechanisms that regulate state transitions are complex and remain poorly understood. Brother of Regulator of Imprinted Sites (BORIS), also known as CCCTC binding factor-Like (CTCFL), is a transcriptional modulator that becomes aberrantly expressed in melanoma. Yet, the role of BORIS in melanoma remains elusive. Here, we show that BORIS is involved in melanoma phenotype switching. Genetic modification of BORIS expression in melanoma cells combined with whole-transcriptome analysis indicated that BORIS expression contributes to an invasion-associated transcriptome. In line with these findings, inducible BORIS overexpression in melanoma cells reduced proliferation and increased migration and invasion, demonstrating that the transcriptional switch is accompanied by a phenotypic switch. Mechanistically, we reveal that BORIS binds near the promoter of transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TFGB1), a well-recognized factor involved in the transition towards an invasive state, which coincided with increased expression of TGFB1. Overall, our study indicates a pro-invasive role for BORIS in melanoma via transcriptional reprogramming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanne Marlijn Janssen
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Montréal, QC Canada
- Department of Pathology, McGill University, Montréal, QC Canada
| | - Roy Moscona
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Mounib Elchebly
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Montréal, QC Canada
| | | | - Margaret Redpath
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Montréal, QC Canada
- Department of Pathology, McGill University, Montréal, QC Canada
- Division of Pathology, Department of Laboratory medicine, McGill University Health Center, Montreal, QC Canada
| | - Hangjun Wang
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Montréal, QC Canada
- Department of Pathology, McGill University, Montréal, QC Canada
- Division of Pathology, Department of Laboratory medicine, McGill University Health Center, Montreal, QC Canada
| | - Eitan Rubin
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Léon Cornelis van Kempen
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Montréal, QC Canada
- Department of Pathology, McGill University, Montréal, QC Canada
- Department of Pathology, Laboratory for Molecular Pathology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Alan Spatz
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Montréal, QC Canada
- Department of Pathology, McGill University, Montréal, QC Canada
- Division of Pathology, Department of Laboratory medicine, McGill University Health Center, Montreal, QC Canada
- Department of Oncology, McGill University, Montréal, QC Canada
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28
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Yadav R, Srivastava P. Establishment of resveratrol and its derivatives as neuroprotectant against monocrotophos-induced alteration in NIPBL and POU4F1 protein through molecular docking studies. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:291-304. [PMID: 31786755 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-06806-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Monocrotophos (MCP) is a broad spectrum organophosphorus insecticide, which is widely used as foliar spray to the different important crops. MCP may reach the soil and the aquatic environment directly or indirectly during and after the application, which leads to the different environmental issues. MCP is found to be associated with neurotoxicity and its toxic effects have been monitored during different stages of neuronal development. Identification of gene expression in MCP-induced neurotoxicity during neuronal developmental stage is a major area of genomic research interest. In accordance with this identification, screening of potential neuroprotective, natural resources are also required as a preventive aspects by targeting the impaired genes. In this current course of work, microarray experiment has been used to identify genes that were expressed in monocrotophos (MCP)-induced mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) and also the neuroprotectant activity of RV on MCP-exposed MSCs. Microarray experiment data have been deposited in NCBI's Gene Expression Omnibus database and are accessible through GEO Series accession number GSE121261. In this paper, we have discussed two important genes NIPBL (nipped-B-like protein) and POU4F1 (POU domain, class 4, transcription factor 1). These genes were found to be significantly expressed in MCP-exposed MSC and show minimum expression in presence of RV. Homology modelling and docking study was done to identify the interaction and binding affinity of resveratrol and its derivatives with NIPBL and POU4F1 protein. Docking analysis shows that RV and its derivatives have strong interaction with NIPBL and POU4F1 protein hence proves the significance of resveratrol as potential neuroprotectant. This paper highlights the hazardous impact of MCP on neuronal development disorders and repairing potentiality of RV and its derivatives on altered genes involved in neuronal diseases. Graphical Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruchi Yadav
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Lucknow, U.P., India
| | - Prachi Srivastava
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Lucknow, U.P., India.
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29
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da Cunha FFM, Mugnol KCU, de Melo FM, Nascimento MVSQ, de Azevedo RA, Santos RTS, Magalhães JA, Miguel DC, Tada DB, Mortara RA, Travassos LR, Arruda DC. Peptide R18H from BRN2 Transcription Factor POU Domain Displays Antitumor Activity In Vitro and In Vivo and Induces Apoptosis in B16F10-Nex2 Cells. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2019; 19:389-401. [PMID: 30417795 DOI: 10.2174/1871520618666181109164246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Revised: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND BRN2 transcription factor is associated with the development of malignant melanoma. The cytotoxic activities and cell death mechanism against B16F10-Nex2 cells were determined with synthetic peptide R18H derived from the POU domain of the BRN2 transcription factor. OBJECTIVE To determine the cell death mechanisms and in vivo activity of peptide R18H derived from the POU domain of the BRN2 transcription factor against B16F10-Nex2 cells. METHODS Cell viability was determined by the MTT method. C57Bl/6 mice were challenged with B16F10-Nex2 cells and treated with R18H. To identify the type of cell death, we used TUNEL assay, Annexin V and PI, Hoechst, DHE, and determination of caspase activation and cytochrome c release. Transmission electron microscopy was performed to verify morphological alterations after peptide treatment. RESULTS Peptide R18H displayed antitumor activity in the first hours of treatment and the EC50% was calculated for 2 and 24h, being 0.76 ± 0.045 mM and 0.559 ± 0.053 mM, respectively. After 24h apoptosis was evident, based on DNA degradation, chromatin condensation, increase of superoxide anion production, phosphatidylserine translocation, activation of caspases 3 and 8, and release of extracellular cytochrome c in B16F10-Nex2 cells. The peptide cytotoxic activity was not affected by necroptosis inhibitors and treated cells did not release LDH in the extracellular medium. Moreover, in vivo antitumor activity was observed following treatment with peptide R18H. CONCLUSION Peptide R18H from BRN2 transcription factor induced apoptosis in B16F10-Nex2 and displayed antitumor activity in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda F M da Cunha
- Nucleo Integrado de Biotecnologia (NIB), Universidade de Mogi das Cruzes, UMC, Mogi das Cruzes, SP, Brazil
| | - Katia C U Mugnol
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigacao Bioquimica (CIIB) Universidade de Mogi das Cruzes, UMC, Mogi das Cruzes, SP, Brazil
| | - Filipe M de Melo
- Departamento de Imunologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Marta V S Q Nascimento
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigacao Bioquimica (CIIB) Universidade de Mogi das Cruzes, UMC, Mogi das Cruzes, SP, Brazil
| | - Ricardo A de Azevedo
- Unidade de Oncologia Experimental (UNONEX), Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo (UNIFESP), Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Raquel T S Santos
- Nucleo Integrado de Biotecnologia (NIB), Universidade de Mogi das Cruzes, UMC, Mogi das Cruzes, SP, Brazil
| | - Jéssica A Magalhães
- Laboratorio de Nanomateriais e Nanotoxicologia, Instituto de Ciencia e Tecnologia, Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo (UNIFESP), Sao Jose dos Campos, SP, Brazil
| | - Danilo C Miguel
- Departamento de Biologia Animal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Dayane B Tada
- Laboratorio de Nanomateriais e Nanotoxicologia, Instituto de Ciencia e Tecnologia, Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo (UNIFESP), Sao Jose dos Campos, SP, Brazil
| | - Renato A Mortara
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo (UNIFESP), Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Luiz R Travassos
- Unidade de Oncologia Experimental (UNONEX), Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo (UNIFESP), Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Denise C Arruda
- Nucleo Integrado de Biotecnologia (NIB), Universidade de Mogi das Cruzes, UMC, Mogi das Cruzes, SP, Brazil
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30
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Lugassy C, Kleinman HK, Vermeulen PB, Barnhill RL. Angiotropism, pericytic mimicry and extravascular migratory metastasis: an embryogenesis-derived program of tumor spread. Angiogenesis 2019; 23:27-41. [PMID: 31720876 DOI: 10.1007/s10456-019-09695-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Intravascular dissemination of tumor cells is the accepted mechanism of cancer metastasis. However, the phenomenon of angiotropism, pericyte mimicry (PM), and extravascular migratory metastasis (EVMM) has questioned the concept that tumor cells metastasize exclusively via circulation within vascular channels. This new paradigm of cancer spread and metastasis suggests that metastatic cells employ embryonic mechanisms for attachment to the abluminal surfaces of blood vessels (angiotropism) and spread via continuous migration, competing with and replacing pericytes, i.e., pericyte mimicry (PM). This is an entirely extravascular phenomenon (i.e., extravascular migratory metastasis or EVMM) without entry (intravasation) into vascular channels. PM and EVMM have mainly been studied in melanoma but also occur in other cancer types. PM and EVMM appear to be a reversion to an embryogenesis-derived program. There are many analogies between embryogenesis and cancer progression, including the important role of laminins, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, and the re-activation of embryonic signals by cancer cells. Furthermore, there is no circulation of blood during the first trimester of embryogenesis, despite the fact that there is extensive migration of cells to distant sites and formation of organs and tissues during this period. Embryonic migration therefore is a continuous extravascular migration as are PM and EVMM, supporting the concept that these embryonic migratory events appear to recur abnormally during the metastatic process. Finally, the perivascular location of tumor cells intrinsically links PM to vascular co-option. Taken together, these two new paradigms may greatly influence the development of new effective therapeutics for metastasis. In particular, targeting embryonic factors linked to migration that are detected during cancer metastasis may be particularly relevant to PM/EVMM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Lugassy
- Department of Translational Research, Institut Curie, Paris, France.
| | - Hynda K Kleinman
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Biochemistry, The George Washington School of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Peter B Vermeulen
- Translational Cancer Research Unit, GZA Hospitals, Sint-Augustinus, Antwerp, Belgium.,Center for Oncological Research (CORE, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences), University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Raymond L Barnhill
- Department of Translational Research, Institut Curie, Paris, France.,University of Paris, Réné Descartes Faculty of Medicine, Paris, France
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31
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Travnickova J, Wojciechowska S, Khamseh A, Gautier P, Brown DV, Lefevre T, Brombin A, Ewing A, Capper A, Spitzer M, Dilshat R, Semple CA, Mathers ME, Lister JA, Steingrimsson E, Voet T, Ponting CP, Patton EE. Zebrafish MITF-Low Melanoma Subtype Models Reveal Transcriptional Subclusters and MITF-Independent Residual Disease. Cancer Res 2019; 79:5769-5784. [PMID: 31582381 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-19-0037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Revised: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The melanocyte-inducing transcription factor (MITF)-low melanoma transcriptional signature is predictive of poor outcomes for patients, but little is known about its biological significance, and animal models are lacking. Here, we used zebrafish genetic models with low activity of Mitfa (MITF-low) and established that the MITF-low state is causal of melanoma progression and a predictor of melanoma biological subtype. MITF-low zebrafish melanomas resembled human MITF-low melanomas and were enriched for stem and invasive (mesenchymal) gene signatures. MITF-low activity coupled with a p53 mutation was sufficient to promote superficial growth melanomas, whereas BRAFV600E accelerated MITF-low melanoma onset and further promoted the development of MITF-high nodular growth melanomas. Genetic inhibition of MITF activity led to rapid regression; recurrence occurred following reactivation of MITF. At the regression site, there was minimal residual disease that was resistant to loss of MITF activity (termed MITF-independent cells) with very low-to-no MITF activity or protein. Transcriptomic analysis of MITF-independent residual disease showed enrichment of mesenchymal and neural crest stem cell signatures similar to human therapy-resistant melanomas. Single-cell RNA sequencing revealed MITF-independent residual disease was heterogeneous depending on melanoma subtype. Further, there was a shared subpopulation of residual disease cells that was enriched for a neural crest G0-like state that preexisted in the primary tumor and remained present in recurring melanomas. These findings suggest that invasive and stem-like programs coupled with cellular heterogeneity contribute to poor outcomes for MITF-low melanoma patients and that MITF-independent subpopulations are an important therapeutic target to achieve long-term survival outcomes. SIGNIFICANCE: This study provides a useful model for MITF-low melanomas and MITF-independent cell populations that can be used to study the mechanisms that drive these tumors as well as identify potential therapeutic options.Graphical Abstract: http://cancerres.aacrjournals.org/content/canres/79/22/5769/F1.large.jpg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Travnickova
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.,CRUK Edinburgh Centre, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Sonia Wojciechowska
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.,CRUK Edinburgh Centre, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Ava Khamseh
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.,Higgs Centre for Theoretical Physics, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Philippe Gautier
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel V Brown
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Leuven, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Immunology Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Australia
| | - Thomas Lefevre
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Leuven, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Alessandro Brombin
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.,CRUK Edinburgh Centre, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Ailith Ewing
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Amy Capper
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.,CRUK Edinburgh Centre, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Michaela Spitzer
- Open Targets, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom; and European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Ramile Dilshat
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Colin A Semple
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Marie E Mathers
- Department of Pathology, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - James A Lister
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics and Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Eiríkur Steingrimsson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Thierry Voet
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Leuven, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Chris P Ponting
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - E Elizabeth Patton
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom. .,CRUK Edinburgh Centre, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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Abstract
An incomplete view of the mechanisms that drive metastasis, the primary cause of cancer-related death, has been a major barrier to development of effective therapeutics and prognostic diagnostics. Increasing evidence indicates that the interplay between microenvironment, genetic lesions, and cellular plasticity drives the metastatic cascade and resistance to therapies. Here, using melanoma as a model, we outline the diversity and trajectories of cell states during metastatic dissemination and therapy exposure, and highlight how understanding the magnitude and dynamics of nongenetic reprogramming in space and time at single-cell resolution can be exploited to develop therapeutic strategies that capitalize on nongenetic tumor evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Rambow
- Laboratory for Molecular Cancer Biology, Center for Cancer Biology, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie (VIB), Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Laboratory for Molecular Cancer Biology, Department of Oncology, KULeuven, Herestraat 49, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jean-Christophe Marine
- Laboratory for Molecular Cancer Biology, Center for Cancer Biology, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie (VIB), Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Laboratory for Molecular Cancer Biology, Department of Oncology, KULeuven, Herestraat 49, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Colin R Goding
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford OX3 7DQ, United Kingdom
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33
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Abstract
In this review, Goding and Arnheiter present the current understanding of MITF's role and regulation in development and disease and highlight key areas where our knowledge of MITF regulation and function is limited. All transcription factors are equal, but some are more equal than others. In the 25 yr since the gene encoding the microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) was first isolated, MITF has emerged as a key coordinator of many aspects of melanocyte and melanoma biology. Like all transcription factors, MITF binds to specific DNA sequences and up-regulates or down-regulates its target genes. What marks MITF as being remarkable among its peers is the sheer range of biological processes that it appears to coordinate. These include cell survival, differentiation, proliferation, invasion, senescence, metabolism, and DNA damage repair. In this article we present our current understanding of MITF's role and regulation in development and disease, as well as those of the MITF-related factors TFEB and TFE3, and highlight key areas where our knowledge of MITF regulation and function is limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin R Goding
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford OX3 7DQ, United Kingdom
| | - Heinz Arnheiter
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Heath, Bethesda, Maryland 20824, USA
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34
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Smith MP, Rana S, Ferguson J, Rowling EJ, Flaherty KT, Wargo JA, Marais R, Wellbrock C. A PAX3/BRN2 rheostat controls the dynamics of BRAF mediated MITF regulation in MITF high /AXL low melanoma. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2019; 32:280-291. [PMID: 30277012 PMCID: PMC6392120 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Revised: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The BRAF kinase and the MAPK pathway are targets of current melanoma therapies. However, MAPK pathway inhibition results in dynamic changes of downstream targets that can counteract inhibitor-action not only in during treatment, but also in acquired resistant tumours. One such dynamic change involves the expression of the transcription factor MITF, a crucial regulator of cell survival and proliferation in untreated as well as drug-addicted acquired resistant melanoma. Tight control over MITF expression levels is required for optimal melanoma growth, and while it is well established that the MAPK pathway regulates MITF expression, the actual mechanism is insufficiently understood. We reveal here, how BRAF through action on the transcription factors BRN2 and PAX3 executes control over the regulation of MITF expression in a manner that allows for considerable plasticity. This plasticity provides robustness to the BRAF mediated MITF regulation and explains the dynamics in MITF expression that are observed in patients in response to MAPK inhibitor therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael P. Smith
- Manchester Cancer Research Centre, Faculty of Biology, Medicine & Health, Division of Cancer SciencesThe University of ManchesterManchesterUK
| | - Sareena Rana
- Division of Molecular PathologyThe Institute of Cancer ResearchLondonUK
| | - Jennifer Ferguson
- Manchester Cancer Research Centre, Faculty of Biology, Medicine & Health, Division of Cancer SciencesThe University of ManchesterManchesterUK
| | - Emily J. Rowling
- Manchester Cancer Research Centre, Faculty of Biology, Medicine & Health, Division of Cancer SciencesThe University of ManchesterManchesterUK
| | | | - Jennifer A. Wargo
- Divison of Surgical OncologyUniversity of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHoustonTexas
| | - Richard Marais
- Molecular Oncology GroupCancer Research UK Manchester Institute, The University of Manchester, Astra Zeneca Logistics CentreMacclesfieldUK
| | - Claudia Wellbrock
- Manchester Cancer Research Centre, Faculty of Biology, Medicine & Health, Division of Cancer SciencesThe University of ManchesterManchesterUK
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35
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Herbert K, Binet R, Lambert JP, Louphrasitthiphol P, Kalkavan H, Sesma-Sanz L, Robles-Espinoza CD, Sarkar S, Suer E, Andrews S, Chauhan J, Roberts ND, Middleton MR, Gingras AC, Masson JY, Larue L, Falletta P, Goding CR. BRN2 suppresses apoptosis, reprograms DNA damage repair, and is associated with a high somatic mutation burden in melanoma. Genes Dev 2019; 33:310-332. [PMID: 30804224 PMCID: PMC6411009 DOI: 10.1101/gad.314633.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Herbert et al. show that BRN2 is associated with DNA damage response proteins and suppresses an apoptosis-associated gene expression program to protect against UVB-, chemotherapy-, and vemurafenib-induced apoptosis. Whether cell types exposed to a high level of environmental insults possess cell type-specific prosurvival mechanisms or enhanced DNA damage repair capacity is not well understood. BRN2 is a tissue-restricted POU domain transcription factor implicated in neural development and several cancers. In melanoma, BRN2 plays a key role in promoting invasion and regulating proliferation. Here we found, surprisingly, that rather than interacting with transcription cofactors, BRN2 is instead associated with DNA damage response proteins and directly binds PARP1 and Ku70/Ku80. Rapid PARP1-dependent BRN2 association with sites of DNA damage facilitates recruitment of Ku80 and reprograms DNA damage repair by promoting Ku-dependent nonhomologous end-joining (NHEJ) at the expense of homologous recombination. BRN2 also suppresses an apoptosis-associated gene expression program to protect against UVB-, chemotherapy- and vemurafenib-induced apoptosis. Remarkably, BRN2 expression also correlates with a high single-nucleotide variation prevalence in human melanomas. By promoting error-prone DNA damage repair via NHEJ and suppressing apoptosis of damaged cells, our results suggest that BRN2 contributes to the generation of melanomas with a high mutation burden. Our findings highlight a novel role for a key transcription factor in reprogramming DNA damage repair and suggest that BRN2 may impact the response to DNA-damaging agents in BRN2-expressing cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharine Herbert
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford OX3 7DQ, United Kingdom
| | - Romuald Binet
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford OX3 7DQ, United Kingdom
| | - Jean-Philippe Lambert
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X5, Canada.,Department of Molecular Medicine, Cancer Research Centre, Université Laval, Quebec G1V 0A6, Canada; CHU de Québec Research Center, CHUL, Quebec G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Pakavarin Louphrasitthiphol
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford OX3 7DQ, United Kingdom
| | - Halime Kalkavan
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, USA
| | - Laura Sesma-Sanz
- Genome Stability Laboratory, CHU de Oncology Division, Québec Research Center, Québec City, Quebec G1R 3S3, Canada.,Department of Molecular Biology, Medical Biochemistry, and Pathology, Laval University Cancer Research Center, Québec City, Quebec G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Carla Daniela Robles-Espinoza
- Laboratorio Internacional de Investigación Sobre el Genoma Humano, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Santiago de Querétaro 76230, Mexico.,Experimental Cancer Genetics, The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SA, United Kingdom
| | - Sovan Sarkar
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford OX3 7DQ, United Kingdom
| | - Eda Suer
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford OX3 7DQ, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Andrews
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford OX3 7DQ, United Kingdom
| | - Jagat Chauhan
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford OX3 7DQ, United Kingdom
| | - Nicola D Roberts
- The Cancer Genome Project, The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SA, United Kingdom
| | - Mark R Middleton
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford OX3 7DQ, United Kingdom
| | - Anne-Claude Gingras
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X5, Canada.,Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Jean-Yves Masson
- Genome Stability Laboratory, CHU de Oncology Division, Québec Research Center, Québec City, Quebec G1R 3S3, Canada.,Department of Molecular Biology, Medical Biochemistry, and Pathology, Laval University Cancer Research Center, Québec City, Quebec G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Lionel Larue
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Normal and Pathological Development of Melanocytes, U1021, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), 91405 Orsay, France.,University Paris-Sud, University Paris-Saclay, UMR 3347, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), 91505 Orsay, France.,Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Paola Falletta
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford OX3 7DQ, United Kingdom.,Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milano, 20132 Milano MI, Italy
| | - Colin R Goding
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford OX3 7DQ, United Kingdom
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36
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Targeted Therapy-Resistant Melanoma Cells Acquire Transcriptomic Similarities with Human Melanoblasts. Cancers (Basel) 2018; 10:cancers10110451. [PMID: 30453548 PMCID: PMC6265976 DOI: 10.3390/cancers10110451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Revised: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms of adaptive and acquired drug resistance in tumors are not completely understood. So far, gene amplifications or mutations, leading to the reactivation of the MAPK or PI3K pathways have been described. In this study, we used two different methods to generate human melanoblasts: (1) via differentiation from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and (2) via dedifferentiation from melanocytes. The melanoblast transcriptomes were then compared to the transcriptome of MAPK inhibitor-resistant melanoma cells. We observed that the expression of genes associated with cell cycle control, DNA damage control, metabolism, and cancer was altered in both melanoblast populations and in both adaptive and acquired resistant melanoma samples, compared to drug-sensitive samples. However, genes involved in antigen presentation and cellular movement were only regulated in the melanoblast populations and in the acquired resistant melanoma samples, compared to the drug-sensitive samples. Moreover, melanocyte-derived melanoblasts and adaptive resistant melanoma samples were characterized by different expression levels of certain transcription factors or genes involved in the CDK5 pathway. In conclusion, we show here that in vitro models of human melanoblasts are very important tools to comprehend the expression profiles of drug-resistant melanoma.
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37
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Fane ME, Sturm RA. Four! Drivers of melanoma differentiation-When to use iron. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2018; 31:658-660. [PMID: 30015373 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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38
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Abstract
One of the remaining challenges in treating melanoma is its strong propensity to metastasize. Thus, there is considerable interest in understanding the alterations that drive progression of the disease. In this issue of Cancer Cell, Shain et al. and Zheng et al. provide insights implicating p16INK4A in melanoma invasiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaurav Pathria
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Ze'ev A Ronai
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA; Technion Integrated Cancer Center, Technion, Haifa, Israel.
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