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Westerkam LL, McShane DB, Nieman EL, Morrell DS. Treatment Options for Alopecia Areata in Children and Adolescents. Paediatr Drugs 2024; 26:245-257. [PMID: 38466519 DOI: 10.1007/s40272-024-00620-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
Alopecia areata (AA) lifetime incidence is around 2%, with many patients first experiencing symptoms during childhood. However, ritlecitinib is the only FDA-approved treatment for pediatric patients 12 years and older. This review outlines reported topical, injectable, and oral treatment options for pediatric patients with AA. Clinical studies were obtained via a PubMed search using the following search terms: alopecia areata, areata, universalis, or totalis and medication, therapy, treatment, drug, or management. Only studies with pediatric patients were included in this review. Commonly used therapies, including corticosteroids, methotrexate, and minoxidil, newer promising medications, such as Janus kinase inhibitors, and less frequently used topical and systemic treatments are included. A summary of the drug development pipeline and ongoing interventional clinical trials with pediatric patients is provided. Treatments demonstrate variable efficacy, and many patients require combination therapy for maximal response. More robust clinical data is needed for many of the medications reviewed in order to provide better care for these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Diana B McShane
- Department of Dermatology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Elizabeth L Nieman
- Department of Dermatology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Dean S Morrell
- Department of Dermatology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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2
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Ravipati A, Randolph M, Al-Salhi W, Tosti A. Use of Hydroxychloroquine in Hair Disorders. Skin Appendage Disord 2023; 9:416-422. [PMID: 38058539 PMCID: PMC10697765 DOI: 10.1159/000533583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) is an antimalarial that is utilized to treat a range of dermatologic and autoimmune disorders. With its ability to alter immunologic mechanisms, it has been used to slow or halt the progression of hair loss in conditions secondary to autoimmune dysfunction. Lichen planopilaris (LPP), frontal fibrosing alopecia (FFA), and alopecia areata (AA) are hair disorders with underlying autoimmune components and no standardized treatment guidelines. We summarized the available literature on the use of HCQ to treat LPP, FFA, and AA. For all three conditions, HCQ showed variable efficacy from halted hair loss to no improvement. While patients did show success with HCQ treatment, there were no clear treatment patterns. Regimens ranged from HCQ monotherapy to combination treatments with other agents like steroids. Overall, HCQ should certainly be considered by clinicians as a treatment option for patient suffering from these hair disorders. While there is no standardized treatment, incorporation of HCQ should take into consideration individual patient characteristics, clinical judgment, and risks of side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Advaitaa Ravipati
- Dr. Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Michael Randolph
- Department of Dermatology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA, USA
| | - Waleed Al-Salhi
- Department of Dermatology, Majmaah University College of Medicine, Al-Majmaah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Antonella Tosti
- Dr. Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
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3
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Osman S, Traboulsi D. Hydroxychloroquine for granuloma annulare: A case report on secondary hair growth in alopecia universalis. SAGE Open Med Case Rep 2023; 11:2050313X231152066. [PMID: 36744055 PMCID: PMC9893069 DOI: 10.1177/2050313x231152066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Alopecia areata is an autoimmune disease resulting in non-scarring hair loss. Alopecia areata can progress to become alopecia totalis (loss of hair from the entire scalp) or alopecia universalis (loss of hair form the entire body), with the progression estimated to range from 7% to 30%. There are no universally proven therapies that both induce and sustain remission, and furthermore, the course of alopecia areata tends to be unpredictable, with ~80% of patients achieving spontaneous remission within 1 year. We herein present the case of a 61-year-old female who presented with a 20-year history of alopecia universalis, and biopsy confirmed widespread granuloma annulare. Hydroxychloroquine was initiated to treat her granuloma annulare, with subsequent significant hair regrowth on her scalp, eyebrows, eyelashes, and arms. A review of the literature is presented showing that hydroxychloroquine has variable success in treatment of alopecia areata, alopecia totalis, and alopecia universalis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selena Osman
- Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada,Selena Osman, Suite 305, 8500 Blackfoot Trail SE, Calgary, AB T2J 7E1, Canada.
| | - Danya Traboulsi
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
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4
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Birkett L, Singh P, Mosahebi A, Dhar S. Possible Associations Between Alopecia Areata and COVID-19 Vaccination and Infection. Aesthet Surg J 2022; 42:NP699-NP702. [PMID: 35724419 PMCID: PMC9384321 DOI: 10.1093/asj/sjac165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Liam Birkett
- Corresponding Author: Dr Liam Birkett, Department of Plastic Surgery, Royal Free Hospital, Pond Street, London NW3 2QG, UK. E-mail:
| | - Prateush Singh
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Royal Free Hospital, London, UK
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5
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[Translated article] Hydroxychloroquine: An Essential Drug in Dermatology and Its Controversial Use in COVID-19. ACTAS DERMO-SIFILIOGRAFICAS 2022. [PMCID: PMC8893285 DOI: 10.1016/j.ad.2022.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydroxychloroquine is an antimalarial drug with immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and antiviral properties. It has a good safety profile, can be used in children and in pregnant and breastfeeding women, and does not suppress the immune system. Regular screening for retinopathy, one of the drug’s most feared adverse effects, is necessary. Hydroxychloroquine is a widely used, essential drug in dermatology. Clinical response rates are good in lupus erythematous, where it is a first-line therapy, as well in numerous autoimmune/inflammatory diseases, including lichen planus, polymorphic light eruption, porphyria cutanea tarda, granuloma annulare, and sarcoidosis. In 2020, it was widely prescribed both to prevent and to treat COVID-19 caused by SARS-CoV-2. Its increased use led to serious supply shortages and in some cases stocks were entirely depleted. Recent meta-analyses have concluded that hydroxychloroquine is ineffective against COVID-19 and have advised against its use.
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6
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Morgado-Carrasco D, Ibaceta-Ayala J, Piquero-Casals J. [Hydroxychloroquine: An Essential Drug in Dermatology and Its Controversial Use in COVID-19]. ACTAS DERMO-SIFILIOGRAFICAS 2022; 113:166-175. [PMID: 34366433 PMCID: PMC8326180 DOI: 10.1016/j.ad.2021.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydroxychloroquine is an antimalarial drug with immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and antiviral properties. It has a good safety profile, can be used in children and in pregnant and breastfeeding women, and does not suppress the immune system. Regular screening for retinopathy, one of the drug's most feared adverse effects, is necessary. Hydroxychloroquine is a widely used, essential drug in dermatology. Clinical response rates are good in lupus erythematous, where it is a first-line therapy, as well in numerous autoimmune/inflammatory diseases, including lichen planus, polymorphic light eruption, porphyria cutanea tarda, granuloma annulare, and sarcoidosis. In 2020, it was widely prescribed both to prevent and to treat COVID-19 caused by SARS-CoV-2. Its increased use led to serious supply shortages and in some cases stocks were entirely depleted. Recent meta-analyses have concluded that hydroxychloroquine is ineffective against COVID-19 and have advised against its use.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Morgado-Carrasco
- Servicio de Dermatología, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, España.
| | | | - J Piquero-Casals
- Dermik. Clínica Dermatológica Multidisciplinar, Barcelona, España
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Morgado-Carrasco D, Ibaceta-Ayala J, Piquero-Casals J. Hydroxychloroquine: An Essential Drug in Dermatology and Its Controversial Use in COVID-19. ACTAS DERMO-SIFILIOGRAFICAS 2021:S1578-2190(21)00324-3. [PMID: 34848889 PMCID: PMC8616710 DOI: 10.1016/j.adengl.2021.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydroxychloroquine is an antimalarial drug with immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and antiviral properties. It has a good safety profile, can be used in children and in pregnant and breastfeeding women, and does not suppress the immune system. Regular screening for retinopathy, one of the drug's most feared adverse effects, is necessary. Hydroxychloroquine is a widely used, essential drug in dermatology. Clinical response rates are good in lupus erythematous, where it is a first-line therapy, as well in numerous autoimmune/inflammatory diseases, including lichen planus, polymorphic light eruption, porphyria cutanea tarda, granuloma annulare, and sarcoidosis. In 2020, it was widely prescribed both to prevent and to treat COVID-19 caused by SARS-CoV-2. Its increased use led to serious supply shortages and in some cases stocks were entirely depleted. Recent meta-analyses have concluded that hydroxychloroquine is ineffective against COVID-19 and have advised against its use.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Morgado-Carrasco
- Servicio de Dermatología, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - J Piquero-Casals
- Dermik, Clínica Dermatológica Multidisciplinar, Barcelona, Spain
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8
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Waśkiel‐Burnat A, Kołodziejak M, Sikora M, Stochmal A, Rakowska A, Olszewska M, Rudnicka L. Therapeutic management in paediatric alopecia areata: A systematic review. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2021; 35:1299-1308. [DOI: 10.1111/jdv.17187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Waśkiel‐Burnat
- Department of Dermatology Medical University of Warsaw Warsaw Poland
| | - M. Kołodziejak
- Department of Dermatology Medical University of Warsaw Warsaw Poland
| | - M. Sikora
- Department of Dermatology Medical University of Warsaw Warsaw Poland
| | - A. Stochmal
- Department of Dermatology Medical University of Warsaw Warsaw Poland
| | - A. Rakowska
- Department of Dermatology Medical University of Warsaw Warsaw Poland
| | - M. Olszewska
- Department of Dermatology Medical University of Warsaw Warsaw Poland
| | - L. Rudnicka
- Department of Dermatology Medical University of Warsaw Warsaw Poland
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Barton VR, Toussi A, Awasthi S, Kiuru M. Treatment of pediatric alopecia areata: A systematic review. J Am Acad Dermatol 2021; 86:1318-1334. [PMID: 33940103 PMCID: PMC8556406 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2021.04.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Background: Alopecia areata (AA) is an autoimmune, nonscarring hair loss disorder with slightly greater prevalence in children than adults. Various treatment modalities exist; however, their evidence in pediatric AA patients is lacking. Objective: To evaluate the evidence of current treatment modalities for pediatric AA. Methods: We conducted a systematic review on the PubMed database in October 2019 for all published articles involving patients <18 years old. Articles discussing AA treatment in pediatric patients were included, as were articles discussing both pediatric and adult patients, if data on individual pediatric patients were available. Results: Inclusion criteria were met by 122 total reports discussing 1032 patients. Reports consisted of 2 randomized controlled trials, 4 prospective comparative cohorts, 83 case series, 2 case-control studies, and 31 case reports. Included articles assessed the use of aloe, apremilast, anthralin, anti-interferon gamma antibodies, botulinum toxin, corticosteroids, contact immunotherapies, cryotherapy, hydroxychloroquine, hypnotherapy, imiquimod, Janus kinase inhibitors, laser and light therapy, methotrexate, minoxidil, phototherapy, psychotherapy, prostaglandin analogs, sulfasalazine, topical calcineurin inhibitors, topical nitrogen mustard, and ustekinumab. Limitations: English-only articles with full texts were used. Manuscripts with adult and pediatric data were only incorporated if individual-level data for pediatric patients were provided. No meta-analysis was performed. Conclusion: Topical corticosteroids are the preferred first-line treatment for pediatric AA, as they hold the highest level of evidence, followed by contact immunotherapy. More clinical trials and comparative studies are needed to further guide management of pediatric AA and to promote the potential use of pre-existing, low-cost, and novel therapies, including Janus kinase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia R Barton
- Department of Dermatology, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California
| | - Atrin Toussi
- Department of Dermatology, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California
| | - Smita Awasthi
- Department of Dermatology, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California; Department of Pediatrics, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California
| | - Maija Kiuru
- Department of Dermatology, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California.
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10
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Ramos PM, Anzai A, Duque-Estrada B, Melo DF, Sternberg F, Santos LDN, Alves LD, Mulinari-Brenner F. Consensus on the treatment of alopecia areata - Brazilian Society of Dermatology. An Bras Dermatol 2020; 95 Suppl 1:39-52. [PMID: 33183894 PMCID: PMC7772599 DOI: 10.1016/j.abd.2020.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alopecia areata is a highly frequent disease with an impact on quality of life and several treatment options with little clinical confirmatory evidence. OBJECTIVE To disseminate the recommendations of Brazilian dermatologists with expertise in the treatment of alopecia areata. METHODS Eight specialists with expertise in alopecia areata from different university centers were appointed by the Brazilian Society of Dermatology to reach a consensus on its treatment. Based on the adapted DELPHI methodology, the relevant elements were considered; then, an analysis of recent literature was carried out and the consensus was written down. Consensus on the management of alopecia areata was defined with the approval of at least 70% of the panel. RESULTS/CONCLUSIONS Intralesional injectable corticotherapy was considered the first option for localized disease in adults. In extensive cases with signs of activity, systemic corticosteroid therapy should be considered and can be used together with immunosuppressants (corticosteroid-sparing agents). The use of an immunosensitizer (diphencyprone) is an option for stable long-term cases. Evaluation of side effects is as important as the rate of hair regrowth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo Müller Ramos
- Department of Dermatology and Radiotherapy, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, SP, Brazil.
| | - Alessandra Anzai
- Department of Dermatology, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Bruna Duque-Estrada
- Centro de Estudos dos Cabelos, Instituto de Dermatologia Prof. Rubem David Azulay, Santa Casa da Misericórdia do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Daniel Fernandes Melo
- Department of Dermatology, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Flavia Sternberg
- Department of Dermatology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Leopoldo Duailibe Nogueira Santos
- Department of Medicine, Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Hospital do Servidor Público Municipal, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Lorena Dourado Alves
- Department of Tropical Medicine and Dermatology, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
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11
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Sgubbi P, Savoia F, Calderoni O, Longo R, Stinchi C, Tabanelli M. Alopecia areata in a patient with SARS-Cov-2 infection. Dermatol Ther 2020; 33:e14295. [PMID: 32909635 DOI: 10.1111/dth.14295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2020] [Revised: 08/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paola Sgubbi
- Dermatology Unit, Santa Maria delle Croci Hospital, Ravenna, Italy
| | - Francesco Savoia
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Rosita Longo
- Dermatology Unit, Santa Maria delle Croci Hospital, Ravenna, Italy
| | - Caterina Stinchi
- Dermatology Unit, Santa Maria delle Croci Hospital, Ravenna, Italy
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12
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Akdogan N, Ersoy-Evans S. Hydroxychloroquine treatment for Alopecia Universalis: Report of six cases. Australas J Dermatol 2020; 62:e83-e85. [PMID: 32638352 DOI: 10.1111/ajd.13391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Recent reports indicate that hydroxychloroquine is a potential new treatment option for alopecia universalis; thus, we aimed to report on the safety and efficacy of hydroxychloroquine in 6 patients with refractory alopecia universalis that were treated with 400 mg/d continuously for ≥6 months. The treatment outcome was retrospectively evaluated using the Severity of Alopecia Tool (SALT), and at the end of 6 months, patients with a ≥50% decrease in the SALT score were considered as strong responders, a 5%-50% decrease as intermediate responders and a <5% decrease as non-responders. The present findings indicate that hydroxychloroquine is not an effective treatment since in 5 of the 6 patients it was discontinued at the end of 6 months due to lack of hair regrowth, whereas only a 6-year-old boy responded with a SALT score change of 8% after the 12th month.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neslihan Akdogan
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, School of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Sibel Ersoy-Evans
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, School of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
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13
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Chew CY, Mar A, Nikpour M, Saracino AM. Hydroxychloroquine in dermatology: New perspectives on an old drug. Australas J Dermatol 2019; 61:e150-e157. [PMID: 31612996 DOI: 10.1111/ajd.13168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Hydroxychloroquine is an age-old drug whose use as an immunomodulatory agent with a low side-effect profile continues to expand. We present a review of this drug including recently updated prescribing recommendations and a summary of its clinical application in dermatology. A maximum daily dose of 5.0 mg/kg based on actual body weight and no greater than 400 mg is advised in order to reduce the risk of retinopathy, which is potentially permanent and has an estimated prevalence of 7.5% at 5 years on standard dosing. Baseline ophthalmologic assessment followed by annual screening after 5 years is recommended; however, closer monitoring should be considered in the setting of existing retinopathy, a cumulative dose > 1000 g or renal dysfunction. Hydroxychloroquine is now considered to be safe in pregnancy, and routine glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency testing is not required. Smoking can significantly decrease its efficacy although the reason is still uncertain. Hydroxychloroquine appears to also demonstrate antineoplastic and cardioprotective benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Adrian Mar
- Department of Dermatology, Monash Health, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mandana Nikpour
- The University of Melbourne at St. Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Amanda M Saracino
- Division of Medicine, Centre for Rheumatology and Connective Tissue Diseases, University College London at Royal Free Hospital London, London, UK
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14
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Crowley EL, Fine SC, Katipunan KK, Gooderham MJ. The Use of Janus Kinase Inhibitors in Alopecia Areata: A Review of the Literature. J Cutan Med Surg 2019; 23:289-297. [DOI: 10.1177/1203475418824079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Alopecia areata (AA) is a chronic, immune-mediated disorder that targets hair follicle epithelium, thereby restricting hair growth in localized patches. Although several therapies for AA have been tested, responses with traditional therapies have been limited. In recent years, numerous reports have been published of patients with AA responding to Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitors. This literature review aims to describe AA pathophysiology, explore how and why JAK inhibitors can be used for AA treatment, and review published case reports, case series, and open-label studies published to date. Pathogenesis of AA includes interactions between genetic, environmental, and immune factors and is mediated by the cytokines interferon-γ and interleukin (IL)-15. JAK inhibition resulting in hair regrowth in some cases supports that AA is associated with the Janus kinase-signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK-STAT) signaling pathway. The emergence of JAK inhibitors for AA therapy is changing the way health care providers think about and treat AA. A mixture of animal model studies and human case studies have reported the use of baricitinib (JAK 1/2), ruxolitinib (JAK 1/2), and tofacitinib (JAK 1/3) for the management of AA. JAK inhibition has shown potential as an effective AA therapy when used in case studies, case series, and open-label trials. Formal clinical trials are ongoing and will yield more definitive conclusions about the safety and efficacy of JAK inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika L. Crowley
- SKiN Centre for Dermatology, Peterborough, ON, Canada
- Trent University, Peterborough, ON, Canada
| | - Shamone C. Fine
- SKiN Centre for Dermatology, Peterborough, ON, Canada
- Trent University, Peterborough, ON, Canada
| | - Kathleen Kwan Katipunan
- SKiN Centre for Dermatology, Peterborough, ON, Canada
- Probity Medical Research, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Melinda J. Gooderham
- SKiN Centre for Dermatology, Peterborough, ON, Canada
- Probity Medical Research, Waterloo, ON, Canada
- Queen’s University, Kingston, ON, Canada
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